Q1/

1. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons,
but the same number of protons and electrons.
Example:
Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen and is used to make things such as clock faces
and wristwatches glow in the dark. Tritium provides an extremely bright self-
activated, self-sustaining light source that will stay bright throughout the night
and has a life span of twenty years.
2. also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons
and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus.
Example:
3717Cl has a mass number of 37. Its nucleus contains 17 protons and 20 neutrons.
The mass number of carbon-13 is 13. When a number is given following an element
name, this is its isotope, which basically states the mass number. To find the
number of neutrons in an atom of the isotope, simply subtract the number of protons
(atomic number). So, carbon-13 has 7 neutrons, because carbon has atomic number 6.
3. The atomic number of a chemical element is the number of protons in the nucleus
of an atom of the element. It is the charge number of the nucleus since neutrons
carry no net electrical charge.
Example:
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1; the atomic number of carbon is 6, and the
atomic number of silver is 47: any atom with 47 protons is an atom of silver.
Varying the number of neutrons in an element changes its isotopes while changing
the numbers of electrons makes it an ion.
4. Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic
attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply
different electronegativities, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic
compounds.
Example:
NaBr: sodium bromide
KBr: potassium bromide
NaCl: sodium chloride
NaF: sodium fluoride
5. The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared pair of electrons
towards itself is known as electronegativity.
Example:
The chlorine atom has a higher electronegativity than the hydrogen atom, so the
bonding electrons will be closer to the Cl than to the H in the HCl molecule. In
the O 2 molecule, both atoms have the same electronegativity. The electrons in the
covalent bond are shared equally between the two oxygen atoms.
6. Geometric isomers are chemical species with the same type and quantity of atoms
as one another, yet having different geometric structures. In geometric isomers,
atoms or groups exhibit different spatial arrangements on either side of a chemical
bond or ring structure.
Example:
Geometric Isomers cannot move freely due to rigid structures like carbon-carbon,
carbon-nitrogen, or nitrogen-nitrogen. Rigidity is due to a double bond. Some
geometrical isomerism examples are : stilbene, C14H12, a cyclic compound, rigid due
to the ring structure.

Q2/
1. Polar covalent bond
2. Ionic bonding
3. Covalent bond
4. Organic chemistry
5. Two ? bonds
6. Pi bond
7. Isomers