1

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the compilation of the related literature and

studies that are collected by the researchers to establish the contributions

that the research topic already had in the past in order to promote its value for

today’s research readers and academic people who are involved in research

studies.

Related Literature

Gender

(Jessica Hallam, 2016 Jun 27.) ”Although there are clear gender
differences in the prevalence and health consequences of obesity,
relatively little recent work has investigated gender differences in
craving, or any sex-hormone-based differences as they relate to phases of
the menstrual cycle. Here, we propose that gender-related differences in
food craving contribute to gender-related differences in obesity. Drawing
on findings in the addiction literature, we highlight ways to incorporate
gender-based differences in food craving into treatment approaches,
potentially improving the efficacy of obesity and weight loss treatment.
Overall, this review aims to emphasize the importance of investigating
gender differences in food craving, with a view towards informing the
development of more effective treatments for obesity and weight loss.”
based on the article the gender knows what they like to eat because
based on observation and investigation the different genders have their
own cravings and to know the bad effects of this on each of the different
genders.

Age
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(Smithwick, February 15, 2023) ”The 2022 July University of Michigan

National Poll on Healthy Aging found more than one in eight adults over

50 show signs of food addiction. Symptoms include feeling a loss of

control over consumption, intense cravings, and signs of withdrawal

(e.g., irritability, difficulty concentrating, or headaches). Nearly half of

adults in this age range (44%) indicated at least one symptom of

addiction to highly processed food.” based on the article, there are people

who are 50 years old and above who are addicted to junk food and they

eat too much of it, many bad effects can happen to their body.

Budget

(CATALANO, January 02, 2021)” The word "budget"—much like the word "C
connotations. Budgets and diets are viewed as restrictive reminders of
things we cannot have. This is linguistic nonsense. A budget and a diet
are both tools. If the tools are used properly, they lead to the desired
outcome. Nobody dislikes the word "shovel," even though the use of the
shovel requires effort. People use a shovel to dig a hole; they use a diet to
develop a healthy body, and they use a budget to develop a fiscally
responsible lifestyle. If it makes you feel better about the process, drop
the word "budget" and call it a "spending plan." Instead of viewing the
plan as restrictive, think about the things it allows you to buy. After all, a
budget is nothing more than a plan for how you will spend your money. “
based on this article budget is a tool in food addiction and it is used to
plan what kind of junk food you crave.
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Food choice

(Wongprawmas, febuary 3 2021)”Food choices are complex and are affected by

a combination of various factors, including biological determinants (e.g.,
hunger, appetite, and taste), psychological determinants (e.g., mood,
stress, and guilt), physiological determinants (e.g., access, education,
and time), social determinants (e.g., culture, family, and peers), and
economic determinants (e.g., cost, income, and availability). Attitudes,
beliefs, and knowledge about food also have an influence on food
choices [5]. However, these factors could affect people differently,
depending upon their context, personality, social groups, and socio-
cultural position.” according to the article, food choice is choosing what
you want to eat, what is your favorite, we end up making unhealthy
choices because it takes us too long to process the information about
whether a food is healthy. "We also found that people who take longer
to decide what to eat end up making more healthy choices.

Stress reliever

(Siegel, March 26, 2019) “There are many ways to manage and even
reduce stress levels when you’re feeling tense. Food can be one of your
biggest allies — or enemies. It can make your stress levels go down or
up, so it’s critical to pay attention to what you’re eating when you’re
feeling frazzled. Not to mention, just being stressed can increase your
need for certain nutrients, such as vitamin C, vitamin B, selenium, and
magnesium, noted a review published in June 2016 in the Journal of
Nutrition & Food Sciences”.
according to the article the stress reliever in junk food can reduce a
person's stress when they eat their favorite junk food because of its taste
and it becomes a hobby for them to eat it.
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Weight

(Carrie R Ferrario1, 2016)” For example, obese and overweight people

report greater food craving and consume larger portions in response to
food cues. A wealth of preclinical studies have demonstrated that these
cue-triggered motivational responses are mediated by brain
mesocorticolimbic circuits, particularly dopamine and glutamate
transmission within the nucleus accumbens (NAc). In humans, the
magnitude of activations in the NAc in response to food cues predicts
future weight gain in normal-weight people and inability to lose weight
after obesity onset. This suggests that differences in NAc function may
mediate enhanced cue-triggered urges to eat in susceptible individuals
both before and after weight gain. The overlap in the neural systems
involved and similarities between responses to food, addictive drugs, and
cues associated with them have sparked vibrant discussion about ‘food
addiction.” based on the article, those who love junk food are usually
obese or overweight. However, it will not satisfy the nutrition your body
needs. Even if the fat, sugar, and salt in junk food doesn't result in extra
weight, it can still harm your body.

Cravings

(Oginsky, 2016)” Although urges to eat are regulated by hunger, satiety,

and energy demand, they are also strongly influenced by stimuli in the
environment that are associated with food (food cues). For example, in
non-obese people, exposure to food cues increases food craving and the
amount of food consumed.”
According to the article, cravings a food is choosing what you want to
eat, craving can signal something is out of balance, but it doesn't always
mean you need a certain type of food.
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Peers Influence

(Yarimoglu, 2019)”Junk food producers, sellers, fast food restaurants

and public policies should encourage healthy lifestyles, particularly for
children. Junk food producers and fast food restaurants should offer
healthier nutritional options. Governmental policies should include legal
regulations to restrict marketing strategies for unhealthy products.
Parents, as the primary influencers of children, should be educated
regarding the anti-consumption of junk food.”
According to the article, the peer influence in eating junk food is what
you see in the people you meet and you imitate it and you will like it.
people will ate more food if they were told their peers had eaten more.

Eating habits

(eating, 2018)” Energy-rich and nutrient-poor foods are commonly

termed as ‘junk food’ as it is rich in fat, sugar, salt and poor in general
nutritive value. ‘Junk food’ is an informal word coined by Michael
Jacobson, director of the Centre for Science in the Public Interest, in
1972. Junk food has also created an appealing and everlasting effect on
almost all the food lovers especially children, reason being its handiness,
price and taste. As children do not really care about their health, failure to
notice the fact that junk food is a honey-trap for obesity results in
diabetes, chronic illness, low self-esteem and even depression, as well as
affecting their performance in school and extra-curricular activities.
Research has shown that children who eat fast-food were more likely to
be overweight, but they were also less likely to be unhappy. This could
perhaps be another factor for change in eating habit of children as it
typically makes them feel good and happy.” article said the eating habit
is the repeated eating of junk food and causes the risk of obesity and can
harm your body if it is neglected.
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Cravings

(MamaSezz, 2023)”Eating unhealthy, or "junk" food is more than just an

indulgence - it can be an addiction. The science behind this lies in the
chemical reaction in our brains when we consume these foods, creating a
strong craving. Expert tips to break this addiction include eating more
nutritious foods, such as fruits and vegetables, not depriving yourself
completely, and focusing on reducing portions. With the right strategies,
it is possible to shed the junk food habit and feel great.” According to the
article, cravings are a type of addiction and when you are used to it, you
will always look for it in your daily food.

Affordable

(Hill, 1 December 2016 )”Many

consumers report that healthy eating is more
expensive than unhealthy eating (the affordability axiom). We
hypothesize that endorsement of this belief may be driven by the
motivation to eat unhealthy foods. We tested this hypothesis in three
studies. Study 1 revealed that the affordability axiom is associated with
poorer eating habits and higher Body Mass Index (BMI). Study 2 found
that the presence of a tasty food cue in the environment increased
endorsement of affordability axiom.”based on the article junk food is
affordable because it tends to be cheaper but unhealthy.

Famous

(Silva, 23 December 2021 )”Four

advertising patterns were identified in the
PCA of Facebook and Instagram. In both platforms, the components for
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kids and product exaltation were similar. On Facebook, a pattern

corresponding to economic appeal was identified as price and discount,
while on Instagram, this pattern also included a practical approach. On
Facebook, the fourth component was named celebrity, while on
Instagram it was celebrity/innovation since on this second social media
the component also included the ‘new brand development’ variable. On
YouTube, three advertising patterns were identified in PCA. Similar to
the other platforms, the first and the second patterns were called for kids
and price and discount, and the third component referred to both celebrity
and commemorative dates.” based on the article junk food is famous
because junk foods are easy to find, easy to make, and a lot of them just
flat out taste good.

Availability

(Gilbert, 15 March 2016 )”Thecontinuous availability of food resources on

landfill has facilitated year-round nest use in white storks and is
influencing their home ranges and movement behaviour. White storks
rely on landfill sites for foraging especially during the non-breeding
season when other food resources are scarcer and this artificial food
supplementation probably facilitated the establishment of resident
populations. The closure of landfills, as required by EU Landfill
Directives, will likely cause dramatic impacts on white stork
populations.” based on the article availability in junk food are sources of
food They're easy to prepare, and you can stockpile them in your kitchen
cabinet for a long time.

Advertising influence

(Harris, 13 November 2020 )”Adolescents

may be even more vulnerable to junk
food marketing appeals than younger children. Additional research on
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how food marketing uniquely affects adolescents and efficacy of

potential solutions to protect them from harm are critical to support
stronger restrictions on junk food marketing to all children.”based on the
article and advertising influence affects adolescents or children because
they are influenced to buy what is in the advertisement.

Family bonding

(roshgadol, 2020 )”The

meta-analysis shows that eating together as a family
also has a slightly positive outcome with regards to sugar-sweetened
beverages like soft drinks. However, the analysis is inconclusive
regarding other “unhealthy”. There are thousands of individual studies
that examine the impact of family meals on nutrition and family
behavior, but this new meta-analyses looks at the relationship between
family meal frequency and family functioning outcomes,” said David
Fikes, executive director of the Food Marketing Institute Foundation, the
organization that provided a research grant for this study.”according to
the article, the whole family eating together is a bonding of the family,
but because of this, everyone eats even if it's bad for them to eat what
they eat.

Family influence

(children, August 17 2020)”A

parent’s preference for sugar, fat and salt in their
diet as well as their views of self-control come together to influence their
choice to regularly give a child junk food,” Cornwell said. “Parents with
a lower preference for sugar, fat and salt and with a growth mindset
regarding developing self-control tend to limit the amount of junk food
they provide to their children. Parents, she said, should explore their own
beliefs about self-control to understand how they influence their
children’s developing food preferences. Doing so, she said, may help
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parents improve their own diets in a way that benefits how their children
eat.” based on the article family influence is that your parents like to eat
junk food, this may influence their children to eat junk food.

Food preference

(Almeida, 25 July 2017 )”All participants perceived their neighbourhoods as

favourable regarding the availability of ultra-processed foods. Three
barriers were identified: health concerns, not appreciating the taste of
these foods and not being used to eating them. Five facilitators,
however, were identified: appreciating the taste of these foods, their
children’s preference, convenience, addiction and cost.” According to
the article food preferences are the evaluative attitudes that people
express toward foods. Food preferences include the qualitative
evaluation of foods, and also how much people like and dislike them.

Family habit

(Schnettler, 1 October 2018 )”The objectives of the present study were to

identify adolescent classes based on perceptions of their family's eating
habits and to determine whether these classes differ in terms of family
meal frequency and source, parents and adolescent diet quality,
nutritional status, satisfaction with life, family life and food-related life.
Questionnaires were administered to a sample of 300 two-parent
families with one child between 10 and 17 years in Chile. Questionnaires
included the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the Satisfaction with
Food-related Life scale (SWFoL), the Satisfaction with Family Life scale
(SWFaL) and the Adapted Healthy Eating Index (AHEI). Adolescents also
answered the Family Eating Habits Questionnaire (FEHQ). Latent class
(LC) analysis was used to estimate the number of classes associated with
the adolescent's perceptions about their family's eating habits, based on
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the three factors detected in the FEHQ.” according to the article, the
family habit is to base the children's diet on their parents. If their
parents always eat junk food, their child will eat it too.

Taste preference

(preferences, 2015 )”We conclude that culture and age are important
determinants of taste preferences in pre-adolescent children. The cross-
sectional data show that objectively measured taste preferences are
associated with the weight status of primary school children across
varying food cultures. We hypothesise that this association is mediated
by an unfavourable food choice as a food pattern characterised by sweet
and fatty foods is associated with excess weight gain in these children.”It
is said in this article that their taste is what causes them to eat junk food
often. The innate liking for sweet and salty taste can make it difficult to
move consumers away from nutrient poor foods. However, taste
preferences can be changed by repeated exposure especially during
childhood during which taste preferences.

Family patterns

(xu, 2019 )”Several lines of evidence have shown that eating patterns are
associated with mental health in adolescents. For example, the diverse
eating patterns were negatively associated with mental disorders, and
the “junk/convenient” eating pattern was positively associated with
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.” according to this article is the
eating pattern of the whole family. It represents all of what individuals
habitually eat and drink, and these dietary components work together
to impact health.
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FOREIGN

(Jahan, 2020-04-30)”Junk food consumption is progressing from being

just an unhealthy life style habit to a full-fledged addiction. To assess the

health problems related to junk food habits; To assess the burden of

addiction to junk food using a novel junk food addiction scale and to

describe the alternate diets followed. Addiction to junk food was assessed

by a novel Junk Food Addiction Scale developed for the study.

Junk food addiction was observed in more than one tenth of the subjects.

Majority had mild addiction and observed equally between Millennials

and Generation Z. Obesity, habits and gadgets had independent effects on

junk food addiction. More than one forth subjects followed fad diets.”

“Evidence is growing that highly processed (HP)

(Gearhardt, oct 28 2020)
foods (i.e., foods high in refined carbohydrates and fat) are highly
effective in activating reward systems and may even be capable of
triggering addictive processes. Unlike traditional drugs of abuse,
exposure to HP foods is common very early in development. HP food
addiction has been associated with negative outcomes, including higher
body mass index (BMI), more frequent binge eating, greater failure in
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weight loss treatment trials, and poorer mental and physical health.
Although most research on HP food addiction has been conducted using
adult samples, research on this topic now spans across the life span
beginning in utero and extending through older adulthood. HP food
addiction and related reward-based changes are associated with negative
outcomes at every life stage, which has important implications for
developmentally tailored prevention and treatment efforts. Using a
developmentally informed approach, the current study comprehensively
reviews the existing research on HP food addiction across the lifespan
and highlights important areas of future research.”

“Junk foods are rich in calories, salt and fats. Excess

(Arya1, Aug 2013 )
consumption of junk foods leads rise to wide variety of health disorders.
School canteens are offering foods high in fat and sugar which actually
contributing to the youth weight gain along with other problems like
infections, food poisonings and dental diseases. Consuming junk foods
might stop the children from taking healthy meals either at school or at
home. The practice of high consumption of junk foods like maggi
noodles, burgers, pao-bhaji, sandwiches, hot dogs, patties, pastries, pop-
corn, potato chips, carbonated drinks, biscuits, muffins, toast, kulcha-
channa, samosa, chocolates etc have become common feature of
adolescent’s diet throughout the world.. They frequently over consume
fast foods and under consume fruits, vegetables and dairy products.
According to WHO, in India, more than 3 per cent of the population is in
the obese category. Obesity is an emerging major public health problem
throughout the world among adolescents. It is one of the most effective
tool of changing the food habits without affecting their sentiments.
Nutrition counseling regarding the importance of balanced diet, harmful
effects of junk foods will help to curb the junk food addiction and
improving their nutritional status. Iit should be suggested that there is a
need to focus on nutrition counseling to facilitate the intake of healthy
junk foods like fermented foods, wheat noodles by adding lots of
vegetables, sprouted pulses, sprouted tikki, vegetable samosa & cutlets,
wheat and multigrain bread..”
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(Zaidi, 2020)”Useof high calorie junk foods has increased dramatically in

the recent past, leading to many social and health problems. Pakistan is
facing the same situation. It is therefore, a strong need to develop public
health strategies targeting to reduce intake of junk food. Junk food is
quickly replacing the traditional home made and healthy foods. Health
Education sessions regarding risks and hazards associated with junk food
consumption must be done regularly in schools/ colleges to prevent junk
food epidemic especially among youth.”

(Mohiuddin, 2019)”Fast food/Junk food is designed to be tasty, comforting

and convenient. Unfortunately, whilst these foods contain lots of calories,
they often have far lower levels of fiber, water and minerals as compared
to natural foods. Packaged food and snacks are also created specifically
so that we get enough texture and taste from each bite to tantalize our
taste buds; but not enough to make us feel full. It’s evident that fast food
feels good to eat and tempts us in many different situations. Fast food
first popularized in the 1970s in the United States, which has today the
largest fast food industry in the world. As taste, time considerations,
convenience, and cost are major factors that contribute to an adolescent’s
or young adult’s food choices, fast food restaurants serve as popular sites
for their meals eaten outside the home. An adequate, nutritious, and
balanced diet is essential to maintain health for one’s lifetime. To achieve
this healthy diet, fast food consumption should be limited.”

LOCAL
(Gravoso, June 22 2022)”Exposure
to junk food information leads to high junk
food consumption among children. This situation has raised concerns
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among agencies and organizations mandated to ensure children's health

because high junk foods consumption results in several health problems.
This study aimed to ascertain the effects of a media literacy intervention
on elementary school children's knowledge, attitude towards junk foods,
subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention to eat junk
foods and consume junk foods. Treatment groups included
analysis+analysis, analysis+production, and no intervention. Children
who underwent the analysis+production approach had significantly
higher improvement in their attitude, subjective norm, perceived
behavioral control, and intention during the post-test and the delayed
post-test than those in the analysis+analysis approach and those not
treated with any intervention. Results suggest that the
analysis+production approach could improve children's knowledge of
junk foods' health impacts and reduce their attitude towards eating junk
foods, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention to eat
junk foods. Overall findings indicate that initiatives aimed to encourage
children to eat nutritious foods need repetition of the message. “

(Reyes, November 03 2022)”When it comes to sweets and other unhealthy

food, the struggle is real. Ensuring a child has a healthy diet and regular
physical activity can be challenging for parents and caregivers alike. So
often, whether it is due to cost, taste, availability, accessibility, or other
factors, a bag of chips or a piece of cupcake seems to be the choice
instead of fresh fruits or a nutritious sandwich. But, such convenience or
satisfaction, no matter how smile-inducing, is usually short-lived. Eating
healthy foods and having an active lifestyle, on the other hand, can bring
a lifetime of benefits. Unfortunately, children in the Philippines are
increasingly becoming overweight and obese. Results from the Expanded
National Nutrition Survey conducted by the country’s Department of
Science and Technology – Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI)
in 2019 reported that nearly one in 10 children, aged 5 to 10 years old
and 10 to 19 years old respectively, are considered to be overweight.
Overweight and obesity are defined by the World Health Organization
(WHO) as “abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to
health”. Along with being underweight and micronutrient deficient in the
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body, overweight and obesity are part of the triple burden of malnutrition
affecting children around the Philippines. A child suffering from obesity
is at a serious disadvantage in life, prone to non-communicable diseases,
such as diabetes, cancer, and heart failure.”

“A typical diet of a young Filipino includes instant

(Natividad, 2014)
noodles, chips, grilled street food and carbonated drinks. This was one of
the findings of the 2013 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study
conducted by the Demographic Research and Development Foundation
and the University of the Philippines Population Institute (UPPI). This is
the fourth time that such survey was conducted and the first time that
questions about nutrition were asked of respondents. The study
interviewed around 19,000 young Filipinos aged 15-24. Sixty eight
percent reported that they consume carbonated drinks at least once a
week. Six in 10 have instant noodles and chips in their weekly fare while
slightly more than half eat grilled street food at least once a week. But
according to Dr. Grace Cruz, a demographer and the main author of the
study, “they still consider themselves of good health, with 16 percent
even giving themselves very healthy self-assessment, while 26 percent
said they are healthier than average”. In addition, they also find their
body weight as “normal” or “alright” while 20 percent said that they feel
they are too thin.”
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Based on the study findings of the research conducted by (Carrie R

Ferrario1, 2016)” For example, obese and overweight people report

greater food craving and consume larger portions in response to food

cues.(Wongprawmas, febuary 3 2021)”Attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge

about food also have an influence on food choices . However, these

factors could affect people differently, depending upon their context,

personality, social groups, and socio-cultural position.” (Harris, 13

November 2020 )”Adolescents may be even more vulnerable to junk

food marketing appeals than younger children. (Jahan, 2020-04-

30)”Junk food consumption is progressing from being just an unhealthy

life style habit to a full-fledged addiction.(Arya1, Aug 2013 ) “Junk

foods are rich in calories, salt and fats. Excess consumption of junk foods

leads rise to wide variety of health disorders.(Zaidi, 2020)”Use of high

calorie junk foods has increased dramatically in the recent past, leading

to many social and health problems.

Synthesis

A student’s academic achievement depends on the effort that he/she

applies in learning such as creating a study habit. However, there are

significant factors that matter in terms of the effort a student applies in

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learning. These are the age, gender, parent’s occupation, parent’s academic

achievement and a student’s average grade. As well as the study habits three

related factors: study environment, home environment and school factors.

The studies that the researchers acquired stated that study habit is a helpful

activity that can improve your academic performance. It was also said that

women are practices study habit than those of male.

This study aims to find out the impact of applying and not applying

study habit to the academic status of students in Grade 11 HUMSS. This

study will give out the effect of different factors about the study habit of a

student in Grade 11 HUMSS.