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A GROUNDED THEORY STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF STUDY JUNK

FOOD ADDICTION IN THE HEALTH CONDITION OF THE STUDENTS
IN UPLAND INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL,
SCHOOL YEAR 2020-2022

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A Research Paper
Presented to the
Faculty of Senior High School
Upland Integrated National High School
Barangay Lazaan-Malinao
Nagcarlan Laguna

__________________________________________________

In Partial of Fulfillment
Of the Requirements in
Practical Research 1
Grade 11 HOME ECONOMICS

JUAN MIGUEL T. CAPARAS

ERWIN P. PANDACAN
STEPHEN P. PLATERO
ANGELICA A. DE VILLA
JUSTPHER T. GUTIEREZ

Researchers
June 2023
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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

 Most of the student are obsessed with eating junk food, Junk food is

made for your taste and brain to find but when its eaten often it has

bad effect on your body. Eating junk food is very worrying because of

the bad effects it cause on the body. The researcher want to know

the effect of Junk food addiction in the health condition. The

independent variable is the effect of junk food addiction and the

dependent variable is the health condition of the eating junk food of

the students.

 The purpose of our research is that we want to know how much

eating too much effects the health condition of students. We see

many students eating junk food, based on our survey 27 out of 33

students of grade 11 Home Economics eating junk food.

 “This gets (addictive?, piedmont.org, N.D.)into the wonderful world of

the science of food,” she explains. “Processed foods are mainly salt,

sugar, fat and preservatives — all of which create a combination of

different sensations in your mouth. Your brain is involved as well.

Foods that rapidly vanish or ‘melt in your mouth’ signal to your brain

that you’re not eating as much as you actually are. In other words,

these foods literally tell your brain that you’re not full and you need
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more of the food. It sounds so good, but actually, you are not fueling

your body, but burdening it to work very hard to metabolize junk

food.”

Background of the Study

This section provides an overview of the research topic and its

historical developments in related literature, reasons for conducting this

research study, and the missing gaps in the existing knowledge and literature

that needs to be addressed.

Republic Act 10611

As stated in R.A. 10611 (Albert P. Aquino, 2013) “Otherwise know as the food safety
Act of 2013) The low primarily adheres to the Philippine Constitution’s declaration to
protect and promote the right of the people health and keep its populace from the
threat of trade malpractices and substandard and Hazardous product.”To protect
and to reduce the possible harmful effects of eating junk food on the body.

Municipal ordinance
As stated in (Perlada, 2018)” Based on the ordinance, junk food is defined as
foods that are not made of indigenous, natural, fortified food products. This
also include foods that are low in nutritional content and high in calories, salt
and fats such as but not limited to “Sitsirya”, instant noodles, street foods and
those that shall be determined by the Joint Task Force .”The ingredients used
in junk food have calories, salt and fats that affect the body of those who eat it
and they get little nutrition from it, their body may be affected because they
are lacking in nutrition and will be overloaded with calories, fats and salt etc.
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Dep Ed Orders no. 13

As stated in (Mateo, 2017)” The Dep Ed said consumption of unhealthy
foods outside the school premises are at the discretion of the parents.”This is
related to our topic because the dep Ed is correct in choosing what the child
will eat because unhealthy foods can cause illness in a student's body.

As mentioned in (Max F Oginsky, 2016)”Obese people are more sensitive to

food cues, reporting stronger craving and consuming larger portions after

food cue exposure. The nucleus accumbens mediates cue-triggered

motivational responses, and activations in the NAC triggered by food cues are

stronger in people who are susceptible to obesity. “It became related to our

research because, many people are triggered because of food because of the

net taste.

As mentioned in (Bhaskar, May-June 2012)”Junk refer to fast food which

are easy to make and easy to consume. Michael Jacobson aptly coins the
phrase junk food in 1972 as slang for foods of useless or low nutritional value.
Junk food so called HFSS (High fat, sugar or salt). Various type of Junk food
that available in restaurants is cold-drinks, pizza, burger, and sandwich etc.
The number of fast food restaurants and chain is increasing because people
around the world like to eat junk food .USA, Canada, Britain, Australia, Japan,
Sweden etc. are the countries with most junk food consumption around the
world. Junk food is more popular because of experience of great taste, better
shelf life and easy transportation. But it should be avoided, because of lack
of energy, high cholesterol and poor concentration. It causes a lot of harmful
effect on the body like obesity, diabetes, heart disease and various types of
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skin cancers. Eliminating the temptation for junk food and developing the
awareness for fitness can be helping in avoid the junk food from the healthy
diet regimen.”There are many people who like to eat junk food around the
world because of the taste that people like because of this they always look
for junk food but there are many bad effects on the body so it should be
avoided.

As mentioned in (willner, 2023) “Cravings for junk food are common reasons
people ‘fall off the wagon’ with their healthy-eating plans. They can lead to
unhealthy eating habits and be one of the biggest obstacles to weight loss. As
surprising as it might sound, it’s possible to reverse these cravings so you stop
eating junk food and start craving healthy food – or have no cravings at all. This
change doesn’t happen overnight, but it’s achievable over time by moving
towards a way of eating based primarily on eating natural foods, having plenty of
protein and healthy fats, and reducing your consumption of highly-processed
carbohydrates (crisps, cakes, biscuits, etc.).It sounds easier said than done,
which is why a lot of the secret is finding recipes that you genuinely love, that are
easy to make and don’t lead to further junk-food cravings because they’re based
on real food.” More people choose junk food than healthy foods because junk
food is spreading and becoming more popular, more and more people eat
junk food and choose it more than healthy food, so it is better to choose to
crave healthy food for the good of our body.

As mentioned in (Solutions, 2021)”The scary part is that food addiction is

similar to substance abuse disorders or drug addiction. It is real, and it’s a
hard habit to break, no matter how hard some people try. This article is all
about food addiction and how to overcome it.” Eating junk food can no longer
be stopped because they are used to it in their daily eating they need to stop
it because it has a bad effect we must still balance what we eat also eat
nutritious food and avoid sometimes food can harm our body.

As mentioned in (Medicine, 2023)”Food provides needed sustenance and

adds a gratification factor through various tastes, smells, textures, etc.
However, for many individuals, food addiction can become as serious as
drugs are to a substance abuser. For men and women suffering from an
addiction to food, highly palatable foods (often rich in fat, sugar, and salt)
trigger chemical reactions in the brain that induce pleasure and satisfaction.”
Food addicts become dependent upon the "good" feelings from consuming
certain foods, which often perpetuates a continued need to eat, even when
not hungry.even if they are not hungry yet they are still looking for it because
of the quality of junk food such as the taste smell etc. and because of this
they always like it and look for it in their daily meals.
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To warn students who always eat too much junk food to reduce their eating
because of the bad effects on the body when you eat too much junk foods.
And we want to know the effects on the body of eating too much junk foods
so we can know if eating too much junk foods can be harmful or good.

Theoretical Framework

In order to explain why the research problem of this study exists and

provide an evaluation and explanation on the relationship of the concepts in

this research study, the following theories are presented and discussed.

(#1) Theory of The Theory of BF Skinner: Operant Conditioning

As stated in (Saul Mcleod, 1948)” Skinner is regarded as the father of

Operant Conditioning, but his work was based on Thorndike’s (1898) law of

effect. According to this principle, behavior that is followed by pleasant

consequences is likely to be repeated, and behavior followed by unpleasant

consequences is less likely to be repeated.

Skinner introduced a new term into the Law of Effect – Reinforcement.

behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated (i.e., strengthened);
behavior which is not reinforced tends to die out-or be extinguished (i.e.,
weakened).”Their behavior changes because they always want to eat junk
food repeatedly.
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(#2) The Theory of Classical Conditioning :

As stated in (Pavlov., N.D.)”Refers to learning that occurs when a neutral
stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that
naturally produces a behaviour. After the association is learned, the
previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behaviour.”when your
body is used to always eating junk food you will have a behavior that you will
always look for junk food.

(#3) The Theory of Planned Behavior

As stated in (Behavior, sphweb.bumc.bu.edu, 1980) “(TPB) started as the

Theory of Reasoned Action in 1980 to predict an individual's intention to
engage in a behavior at a specific time and place. The theory was intended to
explain all behaviors over which people have the ability to exert self-control.
The key component to this model is behavioral intent; behavioral intentions
are influenced by the attitude about the likelihood that the behavior will have
the expected outcome and the subjective evaluation of the risks and benefits
of that outcome.” other people who have self-control because they know the
effect that eating junk food is bad for the body but they already like it and
even though it is bad for the body, they still don't stop their behavior of eating
junk food.

Conceptual Framework
This conceptual framework was explain the connection of variables used in
this research. It is composed of two variables the independent and
dependent variables.
Our independent variable list is consisting of (1) Profile of respondents
(Weight,
Gender, Age, Budget, Cravings). (2) Personal behavior factors (Eating habits,
Peers influence, Stress reliever, Food choice, Taste preference). (3)
Economic Factors (Cravings, Affordable, Famous, Availability, Advertising
influence). (4) Home Environment Factors (Family eating pattern, Family
bonding, Family influence, Family habit, Food Preference).
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Our Dependent variable list is consisting of HEALTH CONDITION

BMI
- Below 18.5 – you're in the underweight range.

- Between 18.5 and 24.9 – you're in the healthy weight range.

- Between 25 and 29.9 – you're in the overweight range.

- 30 or over – you're in the obese range.

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Research Paradigm

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

I. Profile of respondents HEALTH CONDITION

- Weight BMI
- Gender
- Below 18.5 – you're in the
- Age underweight range.
- Budget
- Cravings
- Between 18.5 and 24.9 –
you're in the healthy weight
Independent variables
range.
Junk food addiction
- Between 25 and 29.9 –
II. Related variables you're in the overweight
range.
A. Personal Behavior
- 30 or over – you're in the
- Eating habits obese range.
- Peers influence
- Stress reliever
- Food choice
- Taste preference

B. Economic Factors

- Cravings
- Affordable
- Famous
- Availability
- Advertising influence

C. Home Environment

- Family eating pattern

- Family bonding
- Family influence
- Family habit
- Food Preference
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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the addiction of eating junk food effect on

health condition of Grade 11 Home Economics. Upland Integrated National

High School during the second semester of the school year 2020-2023.

Specifically, the study sought to answer the following research questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

- Weight
- Gender
- Age
- Budget
- Cravings
2. Which of the Parental Involvement related factors is/are considered by

the respondents as having the greatest effect in their class

performance?

Personal Behavior Factors

- Eating habits
- Peers influence
- Stress reliever
- Food choice
- Taste preference

Figure 1 This Conceptual Framework diagram presents the Independent

Variables which is composed of Junk food addiction and the Dependent
3. Which
Variable which is theofhealthy
the Home Environmental
condition related factors is/are considered by
of a student.

the respondents as having the greatest effect in their class performance?

Economic Factors

- Cravings
- Affordable
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- Famous
- Availability
- Advertising influence

4. Which of the Student Attitude related factors is/are considered by the

respondents as having the greatest effect in their class performance?

Home Environment Factors

- Family eating pattern

- Family bonding
- Family influence
- Family habit
- Food Preference
5. “What is the overall health status of grade 11 Home economics student”

6. What is the overall effect of Junk food addiction to the healthy condition of

Home Economics 11 students?

Significance of the Study

The researchers identified the following people as those who was benefit

from the results and findings of this research undertaking:

Parents. What we think was benefit is that their children who consume
too much junk food can be prevented because they was know the possible
effect if they continue to eat junk food repeatedly every day.
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School.

What we thought would be possible benefits to the school for those who eat
too much junk food and was add to the students' knowledge that it is bad
when they eat too much junk food, this is a big benefit to the school because
when the students have a healthy body they was be active and the teacher
was not worry about them because they have a healthy body.

This study has the following scope and delimitation to guide the

readers of this paper on the parameters of this research work:

This study aims to warn the students that always eat junk food to

prevent the effect on the health condition of students if they continue to

always eat junk food. It covers the following variables: Independent variable is

Health status of students and Dependent variable is addiction of eating junk

foods. Its respondents are the 7 students of Grade 11 Home Economics. Who

are selected based on our observation that they are always like to eat junk

food. Upland Integrated National High School is the research locale. The data

in this research was cover 2nd Semester, School year 2022-2023. This

research study was be conducted from March to June 2022.

The research was be conducted using qualitative research design that

is descriptive research, specifically, this is a Grounded theory study that was

find real data based on our topic junk food addiction and we was determine

why it is not good to eat junk food and we was interview the respondents

being a researcher we was ask them honestly and correctly.

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This research study has the following delimitations: (1) It was not

include this/these objective/s the study of the causes nor the symptoms of the

research topic in this thesis.; (2) The following question are not included in

this study: What are the causes of junk food addiction and? What are the

symptoms of junk food addiction. ; (3) These variables are not included in this

research work: variables concerning the business involved in selling junk food

; variables related to the chemical component of junk food; and variables

related to the cure on the effects of eating too much junk food. and (4) This

analysis technique, of the use of statistical method of analysis was not be

used in this research work.

Definition of Terms

In order to assist the readers in understanding the content of this

research work, the definition of the following words is enumerated:

AGE- The length of time that a person has lived or a thing has existed.

AFFORDABLE- Inexpensive; reasonably priced.

AVAILABILITY - The quality of being able to be used or obtained.

ADVERTISING INFLUENCE -The influence of advertising in everyday life is
the power to alter what consumers think and feel. A successful ad cultivates
desire within the viewer and makes her want to buy a product while
minimizing any doubts she has about the product.

BUDGET - An estimate of income and expenditure for a set period of time.

CRAVINGS- A powerful desire for something.
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EATING HABITS- are defined as “conscious, collective, and repetitive

behaviors, which lead people to select, consume, and use certain foods or
diets, in response to social and cultural influences”
FAMOUS- known about by many people.
FAMILY EATING PATTERNS- Family meals are linked to children eating
healthy foods more often, being less likely to engage in disordered eating,
and having a healthy weight.
FOOD CHOICE- refers to how people decide on what to buy and eat. A
complex set of factors that vary from person to person and depend on culture,
heritage and up-bringing all influence food choice. We may look for price if we
need to stick to a budget, or look for allergen information if we have a food
allergy.
FAMILY BONDING-happens when you take time to connect with your family
members and improve your relationship. You can do this over family dinners,
by making memories, or by learning something new together.
FAMILY INFLUENCE- It is the parents who influence their child to eat junk
food.
FAMILY HABITS- are much more than a mere activity practised at home to
form a healthy family. It is a way of life that brings the entire family together
and strengthens the eternal bond of love and support shared by each
member of the clan.
FOOD PREFERENCE- is making a food choice based on what you enjoy
most, find most satisfying, feel best eating, etc. based on your body's needs
and desires. This decision comes from within you, not based on diet culture or
what you feel is the “right” answer. It's you genuinely liking one thing over
another.
GENDER-This word refers to the state of being male or female of the chosen

respondents from the identified grade level and section.

PEERS INFLUENCE- is making a food choice based on what you enjoy most,
find most satisfying, feel best eating, etc. based on your body's needs and
desires. This decision comes from within you, not based on diet culture or
what you feel is the “right” answer. It's you genuinely liking one thing over
another.
STRESS RELIEVER- something that relieves pain, stress, etc. pain relievers
like aspirin and ibuprofen. Exercise is a good stress reliever.
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TASTE PREFERENCE- can therefore be defined as making a food selection

based on one's own subjective, hedonic (“pleasant”, “unpleasant”)
perceptions.
WEIGHT- a body's relative mass or the quantity of matter contained by it,
giving rise to a downward force; the heaviness of a person or thing.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the compilation of the related literature and

studies that are collected by the researchers to establish the contributions

that the research topic already had in the past in order to promote its value for

today’s research readers and academic people who are involved in research

studies.

Related Literature

Gender

(Jessica Hallam, 2016 Jun 27.) ”Although there are clear gender
differences in the prevalence and health consequences of obesity,
relatively little recent work has investigated gender differences in
craving, or any sex-hormone-based differences as they relate to phases of
the menstrual cycle. Here, we propose that gender-related differences in
food craving contribute to gender-related differences in obesity. Drawing
on findings in the addiction literature, we highlight ways to incorporate
gender-based differences in food craving into treatment approaches,
potentially improving the efficacy of obesity and weight loss treatment.
Overall, this review aims to emphasize the importance of investigating
gender differences in food craving, with a view towards informing the
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development of more effective treatments for obesity and weight loss.”

based on the article the gender knows what they like to eat because
based on observation and investigation the different genders have their
own cravings and to know the bad effects of this on each of the different
genders.

Age

(Smithwick, February 15, 2023) ”The 2022 July University of Michigan

National Poll on Healthy Aging found more than one in eight adults over

50 show signs of food addiction. Symptoms include feeling a loss of

control over consumption, intense cravings, and signs of withdrawal

(e.g., irritability, difficulty concentrating, or headaches). Nearly half of

adults in this age range (44%) indicated at least one symptom of

addiction to highly processed food.” based on the article, there are people

who are 50 years old and above who are addicted to junk food and they

eat too much of it, many bad effects can happen to their body.

Budget

(CATALANO, January 02, 2021)”The word "budget"—much like the word "C
connotations. Budgets and diets are viewed as restrictive reminders of
things we cannot have. This is linguistic nonsense. A budget and a diet
are both tools. If the tools are used properly, they lead to the desired
outcome. Nobody dislikes the word "shovel," even though the use of the
shovel requires effort. People use a shovel to dig a hole; they use a diet to
develop a healthy body, and they use a budget to develop a fiscally
responsible lifestyle. If it makes you feel better about the process, drop
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the word "budget" and call it a "spending plan." Instead of viewing the
plan as restrictive, think about the things it allows you to buy. After all, a
budget is nothing more than a plan for how you will spend your money. “
based on this article budget is a tool in food addiction and it is used to
plan what kind of junk food you crave.

Food choice

(Wongprawmas, febuary 3 2021)”Food choices are complex and are affected by a

combination of various factors, including biological determinants (e.g.,
hunger, appetite, and taste), psychological determinants (e.g., mood, stress,
and guilt), physiological determinants (e.g., access, education, and time),
social determinants (e.g., culture, family, and peers), and economic
determinants (e.g., cost, income, and availability). Attitudes, beliefs, and
knowledge about food also have an influence on food choices [5]. However,
these factors could affect people differently, depending upon their context,
personality, social groups, and socio-cultural position.” according to the
article, food choice is choosing what you want to eat, what is your favorite, we
end up making unhealthy choices because it takes us too long to process the
information about whether a food is healthy. "We also found that people who
take longer to decide what to eat end up making more healthy choices.

Stress reliever
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(Siegel, March 26, 2019) “There are many ways to manage and even
reduce stress levels when you’re feeling tense. Food can be one of your
biggest allies — or enemies. It can make your stress levels go down or
up, so it’s critical to pay attention to what you’re eating when you’re
feeling frazzled. Not to mention, just being stressed can increase your
need for certain nutrients, such as vitamin C, vitamin B, selenium, and
magnesium, noted a review published in June 2016 in the Journal of
Nutrition & Food Sciences”.
according to the article the stress reliever in junk food can reduce a
person's stress when they eat their favorite junk food because of its taste
and it becomes a hobby for them to eat it.

Weight

(Carrie R Ferrario1, 2016)” For example, obese and overweight people

report greater food craving and consume larger portions in response to
food cues. A wealth of preclinical studies have demonstrated that these
cue-triggered motivational responses are mediated by brain
mesocorticolimbic circuits, particularly dopamine and glutamate
transmission within the nucleus accumbens (NAc). In humans, the
magnitude of activations in the NAc in response to food cues predicts
future weight gain in normal-weight people and inability to lose weight
after obesity onset. This suggests that differences in NAc function may
mediate enhanced cue-triggered urges to eat in susceptible individuals
both before and after weight gain. The overlap in the neural systems
involved and similarities between responses to food, addictive drugs, and
cues associated with them have sparked vibrant discussion about ‘food
addiction.” based on the article, those who love junk food are usually
obese or overweight. However, it was not satisfy the nutrition your body
needs. Even if the fat, sugar, and salt in junk food doesn't result in extra
weight, it can still harm your body.
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Cravings

(Oginsky, 2016)” Although urges to eat are regulated by hunger, satiety,

and energy demand, they are also strongly influenced by stimuli in the
environment that are associated with food (food cues). For example, in
non-obese people, exposure to food cues increases food craving and the
amount of food consumed.”
According to the article, cravings a food is choosing what you want to
eat, craving can signal something is out of balance, but it doesn't always
mean you need a certain type of food.

Peers Influence

(Yarimoglu, 2019)”Junk food producers, sellers, fast food restaurants

and public policies should encourage healthy lifestyles, particularly for
children. Junk food producers and fast food restaurants should offer
healthier nutritional options. Governmental policies should include legal
regulations to restrict marketing strategies for unhealthy products.
Parents, as the primary influencers of children, should be educated
regarding the anti-consumption of junk food.”
According to the article, the peer influence in eating junk food is what
you see in the people you meet and you imitate it and you was like it.
people was ate more food if they were told their peers had eaten more.

Eating habits

(eating, 2018)” Energy-rich and nutrient-poor foods are commonly

termed as ‘junk food’ as it is rich in fat, sugar, salt and poor in general
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nutritive value. ‘Junk food’ is an informal word coined by Michael

Jacobson, director of the Centre for Science in the Public Interest, in
1972. Junk food has also created an appealing and everlasting effect on
almost all the food lovers especially children, reason being its handiness,
price and taste. As children do not really care about their health, failure to
notice the fact that junk food is a honey-trap for obesity results in
diabetes, chronic illness, low self-esteem and even depression, as well as
affecting their performance in school and extra-curricular activities.
Research has shown that children who eat fast-food were more likely to
be overweight, but they were also less likely to be unhappy. This could
perhaps be another factor for change in eating habit of children as it
typically makes them feel good and happy.” article said the eating habit
is the repeated eating of junk food and causes the risk of obesity and can
harm your body if it is neglected.

Cravings

(MamaSezz, 2023)”Eating unhealthy, or "junk" food is more than just an

indulgence - it can be an addiction. The science behind this lies in the
chemical reaction in our brains when we consume these foods, creating a
strong craving. Expert tips to break this addiction include eating more
nutritious foods, such as fruits and vegetables, not depriving yourself
completely, and focusing on reducing portions. With the right strategies,
it is possible to shed the junk food habit and feel great.” According to the
article, cravings are a type of addiction and when you are used to it, you
was always look for it in your daily food.

Affordable
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(Hill, 1 December 2016 )”Many

consumers report that healthy eating is more
expensive than unhealthy eating (the affordability axiom). We
hypothesize that endorsement of this belief may be driven by the
motivation to eat unhealthy foods. We tested this hypothesis in three
studies. Study 1 revealed that the affordability axiom is associated with
poorer eating habits and higher Body Mass Index (BMI). Study 2 found
that the presence of a tasty food cue in the environment increased
endorsement of affordability axiom. ”based on the article junk food is
affordable because it tends to be cheaper but unhealthy.

Famous

(Silva, 23 December 2021 )”Four

advertising patterns were identified in the
PCA of Facebook and Instagram. In both platforms, the components for
kids and product exaltation were similar. On Facebook, a pattern
corresponding to economic appeal was identified as price and discount,
while on Instagram, this pattern also included a practical approach. On
Facebook, the fourth component was named celebrity, while on
Instagram it was celebrity/innovation since on this second social media
the component also included the ‘new brand development’ variable. On
YouTube, three advertising patterns were identified in PCA. Similar to
the other platforms, the first and the second patterns were called for kids
and price and discount, and the third component referred to both celebrity
and commemorative dates.” based on the article junk food is famous
because junk foods are easy to find, easy to make, and a lot of them just
flat out taste good.

Availability

(Gilbert, 15 March 2016 )”The

continuous availability of food resources on
landfill has facilitated year-round nest use in white storks and is
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influencing their home ranges and movement behaviour. White storks

rely on landfill sites for foraging especially during the non-breeding
season when other food resources are scarcer and this artificial food
supplementation probably facilitated the establishment of resident
populations. The closure of landfills, as required by EU Landfill
Directives, will likely cause dramatic impacts on white stork
populations.” based on the article availability in junk food are sources of
food They're easy to prepare, and you can stockpile them in your kitchen
cabinet for a long time.

Advertising influence

(Harris, 13 November 2020 )”Adolescents

may be even more vulnerable to junk
food marketing appeals than younger children. Additional research on
how food marketing uniquely affects adolescents and efficacy of
potential solutions to protect them from harm are critical to support
stronger restrictions on junk food marketing to all children.”based on the
article and advertising influence affects adolescents or children because
they are influenced to buy what is in the advertisement.

Family bonding

(roshgadol, 2020 )”The

meta-analysis shows that eating together as a family
also has a slightly positive outcome with regards to sugar-sweetened
beverages like soft drinks. However, the analysis is inconclusive
regarding other “unhealthy”. There are thousands of individual studies
that examine the impact of family meals on nutrition and family
behavior, but this new meta-analyses looks at the relationship between
family meal frequency and family functioning outcomes,” said David
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Fikes, executive director of the Food Marketing Institute Foundation, the

organization that provided a research grant for this study.”according to
the article, the whole family eating together is a bonding of the family,
but because of this, everyone eats even if it's bad for them to eat what
they eat.

Family influence

(children, August 17 2020)”A

parent’s preference for sugar, fat and salt in their
diet as well as their views of self-control come together to influence their
choice to regularly give a child junk food,” Cornwell said. “Parents with
a lower preference for sugar, fat and salt and with a growth mindset
regarding developing self-control tend to limit the amount of junk food
they provide to their children. Parents, she said, should explore their own
beliefs about self-control to understand how they influence their
children’s developing food preferences. Doing so, she said, may help
parents improve their own diets in a way that benefits how their children
eat.” based on the article family influence is that your parents like to eat
junk food, this may influence their children to eat junk food.

Food preference

(Almeida, 25 July 2017 )”All participants perceived their neighbor hoods as

favourable regarding the availability of ultra-processed foods. Three barriers
were identified: health concerns, not appreciating the taste of these foods and
not being used to eating them. Five facilitators, however, were identified:
appreciating the taste of these foods, their children’s preference,
convenience, addiction and cost.” According to the article food preferences
are the evaluative attitudes that people express toward foods. Food
preferences include the qualitative evaluation of foods, and also how much
people like and dislike them.
 24

Family habit

(Schnettler, 1 October 2018 )”The objectives of the present study were to identify
adolescent classes based on perceptions of their family's eating habits and to
determine whether these classes differ in terms of family meal frequency and
source, parents and adolescent diet quality, nutritional status, satisfaction with
life, family life and food-related life. Questionnaires were administered to a
sample of 300 two-parent families with one child between 10 and 17 years in
Chile. Questionnaires included the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the
Satisfaction with Food-related Life scale (SWFoL), the Satisfaction with
Family Life scale (SWFaL) and the Adapted Healthy Eating Index (AHEI).
Adolescents also answered the Family Eating Habits Questionnaire (FEHQ).
Latent class (LC) analysis was used to estimate the number of classes
associated with the adolescent's perceptions about their family's eating
habits, based on the three factors detected in the FEHQ.” according to the
article, the family habit is to base the children's diet on their parents. If their
parents always eat junk food, their child was eat it too.

Taste preference

(preferences, 2015 )”We conclude that culture and age are important
determinants of taste preferences in pre-adolescent children. The cross-
sectional data show that objectively measured taste preferences are
associated with the weight status of primary school children across
varying food cultures. We hypothesise that this association is mediated
by an unfavourable food choice as a food pattern characterised by sweet
and fatty foods is associated with excess weight gain in these children.”It
is said in this article that their taste is what causes them to eat junk food
often. The innate liking for sweet and salty taste can make it difficult to
move consumers away from nutrient poor foods. However, taste
preferences can be changed by repeated exposure especially during
childhood during which taste preferences.
 25

Family patterns

(xu, 2019 )”Several lines of evidence have shown that eating patterns are
associated with mental health in adolescents. For example, the diverse eating
patterns were negatively associated with mental disorders, and the
“junk/convenient” eating pattern was positively associated with attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder.” according to this article is the eating pattern of
the whole family. It represents all of what individuals habitually eat and drink,
and these dietary components work together to impact health.

FOREIGN

(Jahan, 2020-04-30)”Junk food consumption is progressing from being

just an unhealthy life style habit to a full-fledged addiction. To assess the

health problems related to junk food habits; To assess the burden of

addiction to junk food using a novel junk food addiction scale and to

describe the alternate diets followed. Addiction to junk food was assessed

by a novel Junk Food Addiction Scale developed for the study.

Junk food addiction was observed in more than one tenth of the subjects.
 26

Majority had mild addiction and observed equally between Millennials

and Generation Z. Obesity, habits and gadgets had independent effects on

junk food addiction. More than one forth subjects followed fad diets.”

“Evidence is growing that highly processed (HP)

(Gearhardt, oct 28 2020)
foods (i.e., foods high in refined carbohydrates and fat) are highly
effective in activating reward systems and may even be capable of
triggering addictive processes. Unlike traditional drugs of abuse,
exposure to HP foods is common very early in development. HP food
addiction has been associated with negative outcomes, including higher
body mass index (BMI), more frequent binge eating, greater failure in
weight loss treatment trials, and poorer mental and physical health.
Although most research on HP food addiction has been conducted using
adult samples, research on this topic now spans across the life span
beginning in utero and extending through older adulthood. HP food
addiction and related reward-based changes are associated with negative
outcomes at every life stage, which has important implications for
developmentally tailored prevention and treatment efforts. Using a
developmentally informed approach, the current study comprehensively
reviews the existing research on HP food addiction across the lifespan
and highlights important areas of future research.”

“Junk foods are rich in calories, salt and fats. Excess

(Arya1, Aug 2013 )
consumption of junk foods leads rise to wide variety of health disorders.
School canteens are offering foods high in fat and sugar which actually
contributing to the youth weight gain along with other problems like
infections, food poisonings and dental diseases. Consuming junk foods
might stop the children from taking healthy meals either at school or at
home. The practice of high consumption of junk foods like maggi
noodles, burgers, pao-bhaji, sandwiches, hot dogs, patties, pastries, pop-
 27

corn, potato chips, carbonated drinks, biscuits, muffins, toast, kulcha-

channa, samosa, chocolates etc have become common feature of
adolescent’s diet throughout the world.. They frequently over consume
fast foods and under consume fruits, vegetables and dairy products.
According to WHO, in India, more than 3 per cent of the population is in
the obese category. Obesity is an emerging major public health problem
throughout the world among adolescents. It is one of the most effective
tool of changing the food habits without affecting their sentiments.
Nutrition counseling regarding the importance of balanced diet, harmful
effects of junk foods will help to curb the junk food addiction and
improving their nutritional status. Iit should be suggested that there is a
need to focus on nutrition counseling to facilitate the intake of healthy
junk foods like fermented foods, wheat noodles by adding lots of
vegetables, sprouted pulses, sprouted tikki, vegetable samosa & cutlets,
wheat and multigrain bread..”

(Zaidi, 2020)”Useof high calorie junk foods has increased dramatically in

the recent past, leading to many social and health problems. Pakistan is
facing the same situation. It is therefore, a strong need to develop public
health strategies targeting to reduce intake of junk food. Junk food is
quickly replacing the traditional home made and healthy foods. Health
Education sessions regarding risks and hazards associated with junk food
consumption must be done regularly in schools/ colleges to prevent junk
food epidemic especially among youth.”

(Mohiuddin, 2019)”Fastfood/Junk food is designed to be tasty, comforting

and convenient. Unfortunately, whilst these foods contain lots of calories,
they often have far lower levels of fiber, water and minerals as compared
to natural foods. Packaged food and snacks are also created specifically
so that we get enough texture and taste from each bite to tantalize our
taste buds; but not enough to make us feel full. It’s evident that fast food
feels good to eat and tempts us in many different situations. Fast food
 28

first popularized in the 1970s in the United States, which has today the
largest fast food industry in the world. As taste, time considerations,
convenience, and cost are major factors that contribute to an adolescent’s
or young adult’s food choices, fast food restaurants serve as popular sites
for their meals eaten outside the home. An adequate, nutritious, and
balanced diet is essential to maintain health for one’s lifetime. To achieve
this healthy diet, fast food consumption should be limited.”

LOCAL
(Gravoso, June 22 2022)”Exposureto junk food information leads to high junk
food consumption among children. This situation has raised concerns
among agencies and organizations mandated to ensure children's health
because high junk foods consumption results in several health problems.
This study aimed to ascertain the effects of a media literacy intervention
on elementary school children's knowledge, attitude towards junk foods,
subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention to eat junk
foods and consume junk foods. Treatment groups included
analysis+analysis, analysis+production, and no intervention. Children
who underwent the analysis+production approach had significantly
higher improvement in their attitude, subjective norm, perceived
behavioral control, and intention during the post-test and the delayed
post-test than those in the analysis+analysis approach and those not
treated with any intervention. Results suggest that the
analysis+production approach could improve children's knowledge of
junk foods' health impacts and reduce their attitude towards eating junk
foods, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention to eat
junk foods. Overall findings indicate that initiatives aimed to encourage
children to eat nutritious foods need repetition of the message. “
 29

(Reyes, November 03 2022)”When it comes to sweets and other unhealthy

food, the struggle is real. Ensuring a child has a healthy diet and regular
physical activity can be challenging for parents and caregivers alike. So
often, whether it is due to cost, taste, availability, accessibility, or other
factors, a bag of chips or a piece of cupcake seems to be the choice
instead of fresh fruits or a nutritious sandwich. But, such convenience or
satisfaction, no matter how smile-inducing, is usually short-lived. Eating
healthy foods and having an active lifestyle, on the other hand, can bring
a lifetime of benefits. Unfortunately, children in the Philippines are
increasingly becoming overweight and obese. Results from the Expanded
National Nutrition Survey conducted by the country’s Department of
Science and Technology – Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI)
in 2019 reported that nearly one in 10 children, aged 5 to 10 years old
and 10 to 19 years old respectively, are considered to be overweight.
Overweight and obesity are defined by the World Health Organization
(WHO) as “abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to
health”. Along with being underweight and micronutrient deficient in the
body, overweight and obesity are part of the triple burden of malnutrition
affecting children around the Philippines. A child suffering from obesity
is at a serious disadvantage in life, prone to non-communicable diseases,
such as diabetes, cancer, and heart failure.”

“A typical diet of a young Filipino includes instant

(Natividad, 2014)
noodles, chips, grilled street food and carbonated drinks. This was one of
the findings of the 2013 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study
conducted by the Demographic Research and Development Foundation
and the University of the Philippines Population Institute (UPPI). This is
the fourth time that such survey was conducted and the first time that
questions about nutrition were asked of respondents. The study
interviewed around 19,000 young Filipinos aged 15-24. Sixty eight
percent reported that they consume carbonated drinks at least once a
week. Six in 10 have instant noodles and chips in their weekly fare while
slightly more than half eat grilled street food at least once a week. But
according to Dr. Grace Cruz, a demographer and the main author of the
study, “they still consider themselves of good health, with 16 percent
 30

even giving themselves very healthy self-assessment, while 26 percent

said they are healthier than average”. In addition, they also find their
body weight as “normal” or “alright” while 20 percent said that they feel
they are too thin.”

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the Research Designs, Respondents of the

Study, Sample Size and Sampling Techniques, Research Instruments,

Research Procedures, and Data Analysis to be used in this study.

Research Designs

The research designs that was be used in this study are as follows:

descriptive research, qualitative research and Grounded theory approach of

treating the data.

(McCombes, January 2, 2023 ) “Descriptive research aims to

accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or
phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when and how questions, but
not why questions. A descriptive research design can use a wide variety
of research methods to investigate one or more variables. Unlike
in experimental research, the researcher does not control or manipulate any
of the variables, but only observes and measures them.

(Auerbach, N.D.) “As a casual perusal of the Journal of Traumatic

Stress shows, the vast majority of trauma studies are conducted using
 31

traditional, standard quantitative research methodology. The goal of this

article is to examine an alternative methodology for studying trauma —

qualitative research. Before beginning, it is necessary to narrow the article’s

scope, because a comprehensive account of qualitative trauma research is

not possible in a short space, any more than a comprehensive account of

quantitative trauma research would be. In order to narrow the topic down to

manageable size, this article will focus on the grounded theory approach to

qualitative research.

(Design, N.D.) “Researchers using Grounded Theory research design assume

that people use a universal structure or essence to make sense of their

experience. They interpret the participants’ feelings, perceptions, and beliefs

to clarify the essence of the phenomenon under investigation. Grounded

Theory research design requires the researcher to bracket whatever a priori

assumption they have about the experience or phenomenon.

The Grounded Theory research was be used since this study aims to know

the effects of junk food if you are always eating junk food . Qualitative

research was be applied in the type of research instrument that was be used

as well as the kind of data to be collected. On the other hand, the Grounded

Theory approach was be used in the way the subjects-respondents was be

treated as researcher-observer. This study was focus only in narrating the

effect of eating junk food in health status of students.

Respondents of the Study

 32

The Respondents of the study are the seven students from Grade 11

Home Economics that are chosen based on the purposeful random sampling

procedure. They are under the supervision of their class adviser Mrs. Belinda

A. Salutem. The total population of Grade 11 HE is 33 but only seven are

chosen as respondents of this research study. These students are enrolled in

Upland Integrated National High School for the School Year 2021-2022

Second Semester.

Population Sampling

Purposeful-Random sampling is used as the sampling technique since

the students need to be chosen purposefully because the researchers need

to choose respondents who have intensive knowledge on the topic of this

research; and who are exposed to the problem at hand. Then the identified

students are randomly selected since they are more than the required number

of sample size which is only seven.

Research Instrument

In order to gather all the pertinent data, the researcher was conduct an

interview with the seven subject – respondents.

Interview

The Interview Form that was be used as a data gathering tool for the

seven Grade 11 Home Economics students on April 19-27, 2023 is composed

 33

of three parts labeled as Part I Respondents Profile; Part II Junk food

addiction Related Factors; and Part III Health Condition

Part I. Respondents’ Profile has five (5) items:

Age, Gender, Weight, Budget, Cravings

Part II. Junk food addiction

Personal Behavior Factors

- Eating Habits

- Peers Influence

- Stress Reliever

- Food Choice

- Taste Preference

Economic Factors

- Cravings

- Affordable

- Famous

- Availability

- Advertising Influence

Home Environment factors

 34

- Family Eating Pattern

- Family Bonding

- Family Influence

- Family Habit

- Food Choice

- Part III. Health Condition

Research Procedures

This study went through a series of processes in order to ensure very

thematic and conceptualized research documentation.

a. Title/ Topic of the Study

The researchers did a series of consultation with their research teacher

and fellow researchers who have knowledge in their target topic for a couple

of days. They surveyed the available references and studies previously

published to ensure its feasibility and timeliness. With their significant reviews

of related literature, they are able to establish the worth of the study during

the title defense on March 2 2023.

b. Background of the Study

 35

In order to further strengthen the community value associated with the

study, the researchers conducted an in-depth inquiry on the setting of the

study and its target clientele.

c. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

The availability of the theories both local and foreign added value on

the foundation of this study. The researched materials set the background

and established the guiding principles to continue the discovery of new

concepts on the topic of this stage.

On the other hand, the listing and identification of variables led the way

in forming the structure of this research report. It used the correlation between

the Independent and Dependent Variables.

d. Review and Related Literature

Literature Review of the related materials from all sources in the fields

of library and digital library development were carried out. The extensive

reading and reviews of the materials helped the researchers to consolidate

the overview of the topic for study. Both local and foreign literature reviews

were included.

e. Research Design

After identifying the goals of the study, the designs to be used in the

study are identified. The researchers chose Grounded Theory research

method because this kind of research is easier because it is a survey and

interview only.
 36

f. Population Sampling

The purposeful random sampling is used in identifying the sample size

since the respondents need to be selected purposely and then randomly.

g. Research Instruments

The research instruments to be used in the study were conceived and

crafted. The proposed materials were conceptualized during class periods.

Structured questionnaires were developed according to the variables listed in

the Conceptual Framework.

The conduct of the interview was be done on May 7-12, 2023.

h. Data Analysis

In analyzing the data collected through interview, thematic narrative analysis

was be used. However, in tabulating the results of profile of respondents,

percentage distribution was be used.

Data Analysis

Interview

For the interpretation of the result of the focus group discussion,

narrative analysis was be used. It was be done through this process:

1. The answers of the five (5) interviewees for each question was be

classified accordingly as the researcher was sum up the classified statements

under remarks into a general conclusion in each question.

 37

The overall conclusion was be written in a narrative statement of two to

three short paragraphs each.

Synthesis

Based on the gathered evidences, the following are the most

significant related variables namely This variable weight For example,

obese and overweight people report greater food craving and consume

larger portions in response to food cues. (Carrie R Ferrario1, 2016)

This variable Food choice is found to be and (Wongprawmas,

february 3 2021)”Attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge about food also have

an influence on food choices .

This variable Advertising influence is found to be and .” (Harris,

13 November 2020 )”Adolescents may be even more vulnerable to junk

food marketing appeals than younger children. However, these factors

could affect people differently, depending upon their context, personality,

social groups, and socio-cultural position.”

 38

As reviewed by the researchers, the following related studies are

found to be the most relevant namely. (Jahan, 2020-04-30)”Junk food

consumption is progressing from being just an unhealthy life style habit

to a full-fledged addiction. (Arya1, Aug 2013 ) “Junk foods are rich in

calories, salt and fats. Excess consumption of junk foods leads rise to

wide variety of health disorders. and (Zaidi, 2020)”Use of high calorie

junk foods has increased dramatically in the recent past, leading to many

social and health problems.

 39

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the presentation of the data gathered through

interview as well as the analysis and interpretation of the results.

Interview Results

Part I. Profile of Respondents

Age

Age of the Respondents

18
29% 18
16
43% 17
16

17
29%

Fig.2 Percentage of Distribution of the Respondents as to Age

 40

The figure shows that 18% of the respondents have an age range of

18; 29% of them have age ranging from 17; and 43% of the respondents have

age ranging from 16. (Smithwick, February 15, 2023) ”Nearly half of adults in

this age range (44%) indicated at least one symptom of addiction to highly

processed food.” based on the article, there are people who are 16 years old

and above who are addicted to junk food and they eat too much of it, many

bad effects can happen to their body.’’`

Gender

Gender of the Respondents

Male
29% Male
Female

Female
71%

Fig.3 Percentage of Distribution of the Respondents as to Gender

This figure shows that 71% of the respondents are Females and 29%

are Males. It is cited in (Jessica Hallam, 2016 Jun 27.) ” Here we propose that

gender-related differences in food craving contribute to gender-related

differences in obesity. Drawing on findings in the addiction literature, we

highlight ways to incorporate gender-based differences in food craving into

treatment approaches, potentially improving the efficacy of obesity and weight

 41

loss treatment. Overall, this review aims to emphasize the importance of

investigating gender differences in food craving, with a view towards

informing the development of more effective treatments for obesity and weight

loss.” The result of the interview indicates that there are more female

respondents than male which means that the result of the interview

conducted is based on the perspective of females.

WEIGHT

Weigth of the Respondents

55-60
14%
40-45
50-55
14% 50-55
55-60
40-45
71%

This figure shows that 72% of the respondents are 40-45 weigth and 50-55

weight are 14% and 56-60 weight are also 14%. (Carrie R Ferrario1, 2016)

”The overlap in the neural systems involved and similarities between

responses to food, addictive drugs, and cues associated with them have

sparked vibrant discussion about ‘food addiction.”According to the data we

 42

got 40-45 has a number of 72% it just says that eating junk food makes you

lose weight because of its lack of nutrients.

BUDGET

Budget of the Respondents

40
29% 100
43%
100
50
50 40
29%
 43

This figure shows that 43% of the respondents are budget of 100 pesos per

day and 50 pesos per day are 28% and 40 pesos per day are 29%.

(CATALANO, January 02, 2021)”If it makes you feel better about the process,

drop the word "budget" and call it a "spending plan." Instead of viewing the

plan as restrictive, think about the things it allows you to buy. After all, a

budget is nothing more than a plan for how you was spend your money.”

Based on the article it is planing your budget is important because it is fixing

how you can spend the money properly by buying junk food. We can see at

the graph that the highest money spend for buying junk food everyday is one

hundred pesos and lowest are 40 pesos everyday. In that money they spend

everyday they can eat junk food they want because junk food is cheap they

can buy junk food all they want because they have budget.

Table 1 Cravings of the Respondents

Questions Respondents Responses

1 Mang juan, Martis
2 Mang juan, Pic-A
3 Clover, HI-HO
Nova, Mang juan,
What are your
4 Clover
cravings?
Roller coaster,
5 Clover
6 Clover, Piattos, V-cut
7 Noodles, Nova
 44

The following are the common answer of the respondents are Mang juan,

Clover and Nova. (MamaSezz, 2023)” Eating unhealthy, or "junk" food is

more than just an indulgence - it can be an addiction. The science behind this

lies in the chemical reaction in our brains when we consume these foods,

creating a strong craving. Expert tips to break this addiction include eating

more nutritious foods, such as fruits and vegetables, not depriving yourself

completely, and focusing on reducing portions.” Based on the article if you eat

junk food always your feelings always find the taste of the junk food and it

was become your cravings but it causes to the person that addict to junk food

their body was experience a bad conditions because it contains ingredients

that if we eat more it was become bad influence to our body so that we need

to crave nutritious food more than junk food to maintain our healthy body.
 45

Table 1 Personal Behavior Factor

Variables Questions Responses

1. Eating Habits How do you think your When you get used to
eating habits affects junk food you always
your junk food want to eat it.
addiction?

2. Peers Influence What do you think are Friends influence

the influence that your eating junk food
peers on your eating of because of bonding or
junk food? socializing with them by
eating junk food.
3. Stress Reliever Why do you think your When they eat junk
stress reliever affecting food they are
your junk food entertained and seem
addiction? to forget their problems.
4. Food Choice Why do you think your What they look for in
food choice related at junk food is based on
your junk food what they like to eat
addiction? and their favorite taste
of junk food.
5.Taste Preferences How do you think your It is based on their
taste preference affect tastes they like to eat
on your junk food and want to taste junk
addiction? food all the time.

How your Eating Habits influence your junk food addiction?

 46

As stated in (eating, 2018)” Junk food has also created an appealing and

everlasting effect on almost all the food lovers especially children, reason

being its handiness, price and taste. As children do not really care about their

health, failure to notice the fact that junk food is a honey-trap for obesity.”

What do you think are the influence that your peers on your eating of

junk food?

As mentioned in (Yarimoglu, 2019) “Governmental policies should include

legal regulations to restrict marketing strategies for unhealthy products.
Friends, as the primary influencers of children, should be educated regarding
the anti-consumption of junk food.”

Why do you think your stress reliever affecting your junk food

addiction?

As stated in (Siegel, March 26, 2019) “There are many ways to manage and even

reduce stress levels when you’re feeling tense. Food can be one of your

biggest allies — or enemies. It can make your stress levels go down or up, so

it’s critical to pay attention to what you’re eating when you’re feeling frazzled.”

Why do you think your food choice related at your junk food addiction?

As mentioned in (Wongprawmas, febuary 3 2021) “Food choices are

complex and are affected by a combination of various factors, including

biological determinants (e.g., hunger, appetite, and taste), psychological

 47

determinants (e.g., mood, stress, and guilt), physiological determinants (e.g.,

access, education, and time), social determinants (e.g., culture, family, and

peers), and economic determinants (e.g., cost, income, and availability).”

How do you think your taste preference affect on your junk food

addiction?

As stated in (preferences, 2015 ) “We hypotheses that this association

is mediated by an unfavorable food choice as a food pattern characterised by
sweet and fatty foods is associated with excess weight gain in these
children.”It is said in this article that their taste is what causes them to eat junk
food often. The innate liking for sweet and salty taste can make it difficult to
move consumers away from nutrient poor foods. However, taste preferences
can be changed by repeated exposure especially during childhood during
which taste preferences.”

Table 2 Economic Factors

Variables Questions Responses

1. Cravings Why do you think your When they are having
cravings related at your fun they looking for
junk food addiction? something to eat that
they want to taste like
junk food.
2. Affordable How do you think your They eat more junk
affordable affecting food because they can
your junk food afford it because it's
addiction? cheap so it causes
addiction.

3. Famous Why do you think They keep up with the

famous are related at trend of junk food and
your junk food when they taste it and
 48

addiction? becomes their favorite

if they like the taste of
the trending junk food.
4. Availability How do you think When it's in a store it's
availability is connected quick to see and it's
on your junk food quick to attract people
addiction? so that they are going
to buy it because it is
available.
5. Advertising influence What do you think are When they see it in
the influence of commercials or even on
advertising on your junk billboards they are
food addiction? attracted and look for it
and buy it immediately.

Why do you think your cravings related at your junk food addiction?

As stated in (MamaSezz, 2023) “Eating unhealthy, or "junk" food is

more than just an indulgence - it can be an addiction. The science behind this

lies in the chemical reaction in our brains when we consume these foods,

creating a strong craving. Expert tips to break this addiction include eating

more nutritious foods, such as fruits and vegetables, not depriving yourself

completely, and focusing on reducing portions.”

How do you think your affordable affecting your junk food addiction?

As mentioned in (Hill, 1 December 2016 ) “Many consumers report that

healthy eating is more expensive than unhealthy eating (the affordability

axiom). We hypothesize that endorsement of this belief may be driven by the

motivation to eat unhealthy foods.”

Why do you think famous are related at your junk food addiction?
 49

As stated in (Silva, 23 December 2021 ) “Four advertising patterns were

identified in the PCA of Facebook and Instagram. In both platforms, the

components for kids and product exaltation were similar. On Facebook, a

pattern corresponding to economic appeal was identified as price and

discount, while on Instagram, this pattern also included a practical approach.

On Facebook, the fourth component was named celebrity, while on Instagram

it was celebrity/innovation since on this second social media the component

also included the ‘new brand development’ variable.”

How do you think availability is connected on your junk food addiction?

As mentioned in (Gilbert, 15 March 2016 ) “The continuous availability

of food resources on landfill has facilitated year-round nest use in white storks

and is influencing their home ranges and movement behaviour. White storks

rely on landfill sites for foraging especially during the non-breeding season

when other food resources are scarcer and this artificial food supplementation

probably facilitated the establishment of resident populations.”

What do you think are the influence of advertising on your junk food
addiction?

As stated in (Harris, 13 November 2020 ) “Adolescents may be even

more vulnerable to junk food marketing appeals than younger children.

Additional research on how food marketing uniquely affects adolescents and

efficacy of potential solutions to protect them from harm are critical to support

stronger restrictions on junk food marketing to all children.”

 50

Table 3 Home Environment Factors

Variables Questions Responses

1. Family Eating Patter How do you think your They eat again and again
family eating pattern in a day and it seems that
affects on your junk this has become their
food addiction? family's schedule for
eating junk food.

2. Family Bonding Why do you think family Their family is used to eat
bonding is connected junk food and it is their
on your junk food hobby when they are
addiction? together and doing
nothing in their house

3. Family Influence What do you think are They are influenced by

the influence of your their family because their
family on your junk food siblings and parents tend
addiction? to always eat junk food.

4. Family Habit Why do you think your Eating junk food is a

family habit related at family activity when they
your junk food are together and doing
addiction? nothing.

5. Food Preference How do you think your Eating junk food is their
food preferences affect favorite and they prefer
your junk food to eat it rather than
addiction? eating healthy food
 51

How do you think your family eating pattern affects on your junk food
addiction?

As mentioned in (xu, 2019 ) “Several lines of evidence have shown that

eating patterns are associated with mental health in adolescents. For

example, the diverse eating patterns were negatively associated with mental

disorders, and the “junk/convenient” eating pattern was positively associated

with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.”

Why do you think family bonding is connected on your junk food

addiction?

As stated in (roshgadol, 2020 ) “There are thousands of individual studies that

examine the impact of family meals on nutrition and family behavior, but this

new meta-analyses looks at the relationship between family meal frequency

and family functioning outcomes,” said David Fikes, executive director of the

Food Marketing Institute Foundation, the organization that provided a

research grant for this study.”

What do you think are the influence of your family on your junk food
addiction?

As mentioned in (children, August 17 2020) “A parent’s preference for

sugar, fat and salt in their diet as well as their views of self-control come

together to influence their choice to regularly give a child junk food,” Cornwell

said. “Parents with a lower preference for sugar, fat and salt and with a

growth mindset regarding developing self-control tend to limit the amount of

junk food they provide to their children.”

Why do you think your family habit related at your junk food addiction?
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As stated in (Schnettler, 1 October 2018 ) “The objectives of the

present study were to identify adolescent classes based on perceptions of

their family's eating habits and to determine whether these classes differ in

terms of family meal frequency and source, parents and adolescent diet

quality, nutritional status, satisfaction with life, family life and food-related life.”

How do you think your food preferences affect your junk food
addiction?

As mentioned in (Almeida, 25 July 2017 ) “All participants perceived

their neighbor hoods as favourable regarding the availability of ultra-

processed foods. Three barriers were identified: health concerns, not

appreciating the taste of these foods and not being used to eating them. Five

facilitators, however, were identified: appreciating the taste of these foods,

their children’s preference, convenience, addiction and cost.”

Part III. Health Condition

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B.M.I of the respondent

14% Below 18.5

Between of 18.5 and 24.9
Between 25 and 29.9
30 or over
29% 57%

Fig. 7 Percentage Distribution of the Respondents as to Health

Condition

This figure presents 57% of the respondents are B.M.I is below 18.5; 29% of
them have B.M.I ranging from between of 18.5 and 24.5; 14% of the
respondents have B.M.I ranging from between 25 and 29.9; and 0% of are
B.M.I is 30 or over. (Carrie R Ferrario1, 2016)” For example, obese and
overweight people report greater food craving and consume larger portions in
response to food cues. Base on this data those who love junk food are
usually are B.M.I are below 18.5.However ,it was not satisfy the nutrition your
body needs.

Part III. B Junk food addiction vs Health condition

Table 4

Related Factors Questions Responses

Personal Behavior What do you think is Eating junk food feels
Factor the greatest influence good but has bad
of personal behavior effects on the body.
factors to your health
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condition?

Economic Factors What do you think is The junk food tastes

the greatest influence good and is widely
of economic factors available.
to your health
condition?

Home Environment What do you think is when a housemate

Factor the greatest influence starts eating, there is a
of home environment good chance that he
factors to your health will attract his
condition? housemates.

What is the greatest influence of eating junk foods in health condition

of the respondents?

Based on the result of the interview conducted on May 7-12 2023 with

the seven respondents For Personal Eating junk food feels good but has bad

effects on the body. For Economic Factors , The junk food tastes good and is

widely available. For Home Environment Factors, when a housemate starts

eating, there is a good chance that he was attract his housemates.

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Chapter 5

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusions and

recommendations formulated after the analysis and interpretations of data.

Summary

This study entitled “A Grounded theory on the effect of eating junk food

in health condition of students” used a qualitative research design that is

descriptive in nature. It is also a Ground Theory study that gathered the

responses of the respondents, who are considered as respondents, through

conducted an interview. The respondents were chosen using the purposeful

random sampling technique since this pandemic does not allow for a face-to-

face data collection method. The research instrument used is an interview

questionnaire conducted through a face to face interview. Thematic analysis

is used as the data analysis tool to analyze and interpret the result.
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Specifically, this study sought to answer the following research

questions: What is the profile of respondents? Which among the variables in

Personal Behavior is considered as having the greatest impact on the

respondents? Which among the variables in Economic Factors is considered

as having the greatest impact on the respondents? Which among the

variables in Home Environment Factors is considered as having the greatest

impact on the respondents? What is the class performance of the

respondents?

Findings

The following are the findings gathered from the narrative analysis of

the interview results:

1. The profile of the respondents is described as follows: 29% are age of 17

and 28% are ages 18 and 43% are ages 16 ; 71% of them are female and

29% of male ; 72% are weight 40-45 and 14% are weight 50-55 and also 14%

of them are weight 56-60 ; 43% has a budget of 100 pesos per day and 29%

of the has a 40 pesos badget per day and 28% of them has a badget of 50

pesos per day.

2. The variables under Personal behavior factor that are found to have

greater impact on the respondents are as follows: Eating Habits the

respondents believe that When you get used to junk food you always want to

eat it; Peers Influence the respondents believe that Friends influence eating
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junk food because of bonding or socializing with them by eating junk food;

Stress Reliever the respondent believed that when they eat junk food they are

entertained and seem to forget their problems.

3. The variables under Economic Factors that are found to have greater
impact on the respondents are as follows: Cravings the respondents believed
that when they are having fun they looking for something to eat that they want
to taste like junk food; Affordable the respondents believed that they eat more
junk food because they can afford it because it's cheap so it causes
addiction ; Famous the respondents believed that they keep up with the trend
of junk food and when they taste it and becomes their favorite if they like the
taste of the trending junk food .

.4. The variables under Home Environment Factors that are found to have

greater impact on the respondents are as follows: Family eating pattern the

respondents believed that They eat again and again in a day and it seems

that this has become their family's schedule for eating junk food ; Family

Bonding the respondents believed that their family is used to eat junk food

and it is their hobby when they are together and doing nothing in their house ;

Family Influence the respondents believed that they are influenced by their

family because their siblings and parents tend to always eat junk food

5. The BMI of the respondents in the first semester is as follows: 57% of the

respondents have BMI 18.5; 29% of them are ranging from 18.5-24.9; 14% of

the respondents have a BMI ranging from 25-29.9; and 0% of them were

found to have BMI higher than 29.9. Based on the result of the interview

conducted on May 7-12, 2023 with the seven respondents, the following are

the greatest variables of eating junk food effects on health condition of

students. For Personal Behavior Factors, the addiction of eating junk food
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affects the respondent’s health condition. because they influence by their

friends to eat junk food that’s why it’s become their habit. For Economic

Factors, eating junk food is one of their favorite and habit because they can

eat more junk food because its available and cheap. For Home Environment

Factors, the family habit affect their junk food addiction because their family is

the one of most influencer to students to eat junk food.

6.The over all effect Eating junk food on a regular basis can lead to an

increased risk of malnutrition and chronic diseases like cardiovascular

disease, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and some cancers.

7.Sheesh Theory-The purpose of this study is to understand the food

adoption behavior of students by proposing a theory using the grounded
theory approach.We want to inform that people or students should
understand that when they are too obsessed with eating junk food, it can
have an effect on the body.

Conclusions

The following are the conclusions formulated from the given findings of

this research study:

1. The profile of the respondents is described as follows: 43% are ages 16;

71% are Females; 72% have 40-45 weight; 43% has 100 pesos per day.

2. The variable under Personal Behavior Factor that is found to have greater

impact on the respondents is Peers Influence because the respondents

believed that their eating junk food is influence of their friends because for

them it is bonding or socializing with them.

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3. The variable under Economic Factors that is found to have greater impact

on the respondents is Affordable because the respondents believed that they

can eat more junk food because it is cheap and easy to buy.

4. The variable under Home Environment Factors that is found to have

greater impact on the respondents is Family Bonding because the

respondents believed that their family is used to eat junk food it is their hobby

or bonding for them when they are in their house.

5. The BMI of the respondents in the health condition is as follows: 57% of the

respondents have BMI of 18.5 and 29% of them have BMI ranging from 18.5-

24.9 and 14% of them are ranging from 25-29.9 and 0% of them are higher

than 29.9%.

6. Based on the result of the interview conducted on May 7-12, 2023 with the

seven respondents, the greatest variable of junk food addiction that affect the

health condition of the interviewees is Home Environment Factors which

features parental guidance provided to the respondents which affect their junk

food addiction because family is one of the influencer and provides junk food

to students because their family like to eat junk food in their house.

Recommendations

The following are the recommendations of the researchers considering

the findings and conclusions:

1. This study used Ground theory as the research design, the future

researchers can replicate this study by using a different type of qualitative

research design to validate our findings.

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2. The researchers are able to have five to seven respondents only, the future

researchers can use larger sample to further investigate this research

problem: Junk food addiction effect on health condition of students

3. Based on the findings, the junk food eating habit of the respondents is

affected by enjoying eating junk food but it is bad to your health, the

researchers recommend that you need to eat nutritious food rather than junk

food.

4. Post poster inside the classroom.

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