STEREOTYPE

LECTURER
MS.

Created By:
Muhammad Raihan Mujahidillah
Mulia Fadhla Azima
Echa Cintia

Cross Cultural Understanding

Englis Education Study Program

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY MUHAMMADIYAH OF BANGKA BELITUNG

2023
 PREFACE

Praise be to the presence of Allah SWT who has given mercy and grace so that this
article can be compiled even though it is still in a very simple form, the authors hope that this
article can become a very useful proposition in the future, and we hope that this paper entitled
stereotypes can provide useful knowledge to all readers. the author states that this article is
incomplete due to the limited knowledge and experience of the author.

Finally, the authors pray to the presence of Allah SWT, I hope this article can be useful,
effective, and efficient in all of our lives. Amin.

Pangkalanbaru,28 February 2023

Author

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 LIST OF CONTENTS

PREFACE.......................................................................................................................................II
LIST OF CONTENTS...................................................................................................................III
CHAPTER 1...............................................................................................................................- 1 -
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................- 1 -
A. Background of the paper....................................................................................................- 1 -
1. Kinds of Stereotypes........................................................................................................- 2 -
A. Nationality Stereotypes...................................................................................................- 2 -
B. Stereotypes in Media..........................................................................................................- 4 -
C. Negative and Positive Stereotypes......................................................................................- 4 -
CHAPTER II...............................................................................................................................- 6 -
A. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................- 6 -
B. Suggest.............................................................................................................................- 6 -
BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................................- 7 -

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the paper

The culture that surrounds us is a source of pride for all of us, with stereotypes, there are
real facts about a number of things such as a person's nationality, and cultural-specific beliefs
and all of that covers several important aspects in our lives. Stereotypes are an interesting thing
for some people because stereotypes are selective,they are localized around the characteristics of
the group they belong to most characteristic, which provided the greatest differences between the
groups. Stereotypes may be true in some cases, but most are not. It's important to understand that
stereotypes are often not an accurate representation of a group of people; they are based on broad
expectations and should not be taken as absolute facts. Group stereotypes of people can distort
individual representations because they can simplify differences between people and undermine
individual uniqueness.
In a multicultural society, intercultural exchange between the majority and minority
groups is common. This exchange includes the communication of ethnic stereotypes about
minority groups, which can influence the majority group. discriminatory acts of group members
against minority groups and damage harmony between groups. Therefore it is important to
investigate the various stereotypes held by members of the majority group about different ethnic
minority groups; the social-structural conditions under which different stereotypes emerge; and
how these stereotypes are linked to emotional and behavioral reactions. In multicultural societies
especially, stereotypes must be better understood with regard to how they guide members of the
ethnic majority to accept ethnic newcomers and envision their acculturation into mainstream
society.

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1. Kinds of Stereotypes
A. Nationality Stereotypes
Whether stereotypes are accurate (recalling likely types) or inaccurate (recalling unlikely
types) depends on the underlying distribution of group types. In particular, because stereotypes
highlight the differences between groups, they are especially inaccurate when groups are fairly
similar and differ only in the tails. These are the cases in which representativeness and likelihood
differ the most. Our theory thus explains why stereotypes are often extremely unlikely, as in the
Florida example, Stereotypes can exhibit a specific form of neglect of base rates which is distinct
from – and yields different predictions than – the standard approach in which the impact of base
rates on Bayesian updates is dampened, Stereotypes change – or rather, are replaced – if
sufficient contrary information is received (e.g. observing more women than men studying
math), or if an entirely different feature becomes more representative (e.g. observing many Black
athletes). A change of stereotypes then leads to a drastic reevaluation of already available data.
However, more information does not necessarily lead to a better stereotype. Stereotypes distort
reactions to information. So long as stereotypes do not change, people display a form of
confirmation bias in that they over-react to information consistent with stereotypes, and under-
react or even ignore information inconsistent with stereotypes. Base-rate neglect and
confirmation bias are two sides of the same coin of representativeness based recall.

Cultural profiling tools

Most cultural approaches use some kind of tool or profiler to describe cultural trends.
These tools, like the WorldPrism Culture Profile Tool, are based on a statistical analysis of
individual cultural profiles, which allows us to draw conclusions about general trends and
standard preferences. They can influence our thinking and approach without becoming a set of
dogmatic rules. WordPress and other tools give us a language to describe culture objectively
without judgment or evaluation. Stereotypes are often used to justify individual or group
judgments - Germans are too efficient; the Spaniards are too sentimental; Americans are too
busy. The mood may not be negative on the surface, but beneath the surface there may be an
impression that other people are not normal. Cultural profiling tools remove this consideration
and show that differences are neither good nor bad things - they are just different.

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Racial Stereotypes

Racial stereotypes, whether in popular or professional literature, are continuing to

increase. As educators, we must critically analyze their source, rationale, and impact on the
people doing the stereotyping and on those being stereotyped. and refers to the assumed
characteristics of a particular race. These are often considered to be the most negative, as they
can lead to bias and discrimination, harmfully representing certain races. Some less offensive
examples include.

Gender Stereotypes

Stereotypes reflect general expectations about members of particular social groups. However,
even if there is an overall difference between these groups, not all individual exemplars in these groups
will necessarily differ from each other. For instance, on average, men are taller than women, but we all
know individual men and women for whom this is not true or for whom the difference is even reversed.
Yet the stereotypical perception that a particular feature characterizes membership of a specific group
typically leads people to overemphasize differences between groups and underestimate variations within
groups. The tendency to perceive individuals as representatives of different social groups has been
documented for a variety of groups in a range of contexts. Research has also revealed that the impact of
such social categorization on the assignment of traits and features to members of particular groups can be
quite fluid depending on the situation and the contrast with relevant comparison groups that seem most
salient (Oakes et al. 1994). For instance, psychologists may seem quite creative when compared to
physicists but appear much less creative when compared to artists. Additionally, there are many situations
in which psychologists are not even evaluated as representatives of their profession simply because their
qualifications are not relevant.

Social Stereotypes

Social functions of stereotypes, and then proposed a sequence of analysis which would
start from the social functions to reach the individual ones. This is not the usual sequence in
social psychological texts. It is, however, justified on at least two grounds. The first is that, in
this way, researchers come closer in their work to a healthy respect for the social realities of
intergroup relations, including social conflict, than is often the case in the study of stereotypes

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focusing exclusively or predominantly upon cognitive or motivational processes inherent in the
individua
B.Stereotypes in Media

Stereotypes as mental maps to help us cope with the complexity of groups and peoples. In
this sense, a stereotype is a neutral system of classification. However, the modern definition
focuses on the problems inherent in portraying a co-culture using trite, limited characteristics.
Research has shown that negative images that relate to stereotypes of minority populations, such
as African Americans and Latinos in the United States, can lead to negative interpretations of
their actions, and stereotyped characters can also have an effect on policy decisions and voting
behaviors. In other words, these decisions can be based on negative stereotypes triggered by
media depictions instead of the actual characteristics of the population. When people watch
shows with characters who are familiar and similar to them, they identify with them positively.
Assumptions about the stereotyping influence the way we think about media effects, uses and
gratifications, and the ideological analysis of television. While television content analysis has
been useful-even essential-its methods could be refined if researchers were to scrutinize their use
of the concept of stereotype. Scholars in social psychology, mass communications, and popular
culture have used the term differently and often approach different areas in their research: the
audience, for social psychologists; television in general, for mass communications researchers;
and specific texts and genres, for popular culture critics. In each case, the definition of a
stereotype and the kinds of assumptions employed raise political and pedagogical questions.

C. Negative and Positive Stereotypes

Benefits of positive stereotypes Social-identity theory self-categorization, and optimal-

distinctiveness theory, share the general tenet that people attempt to form and maintain a self-
concept comprised of personal and social identities that are valued and distinctive. Endorsing
positive stereotypes of one’s group may be a way to establish valued and distinctive identities.
As early as 4th grade, female and Black children accept positive stereotypes that reflect their
group more favorably than corresponding outgroups (e.g., reading is for girls, sports are for
Black people) while simultaneously rejecting negative stereotypes about their group.

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 Similarly, some women embrace the positive stereotypes of benevolent sexism but reject
the negative stereotypes associated with hostile sexism. For members of stereotyped groups,
emphasizing dimensions on which their group stereotypically excels may represent a
compensatory coping strategy in response to the stigmatization associated with their group’s
negative stereotypes or low social status. Women stereotyped negatively in skills and abilities
related to science, technology, engineering, and math may shift their attention and efforts to
genderrole consistent academic domains in which their group comfortably excels. Similarly,
Black students may selectively promote behaviors and an identity more consistent with athletics
in reaction to negative stereotypes surrounding Black intellectual aptitude .Internally accepting
positive stereotypes of their group may be a way for women to preemptively shield themselves
from the potential antagonism and aggression of hostile sexism. By selectively self-stereotyping
oneself and one’s group along positive dimensions, the potential threat of negative stereotypes
may be thwarted, helping to preserve a positive self-concept. As a result, group members may
come to perceive and accept themselves and their group as manifestations of the stereotype.
Positive stereotypes can also improve others’ negative impressions of one’s group. Agentic and
self-promoting women may act in ways that emphasize positive female stereotypes related to
communality and dependence in order to maintain others’ favorable impressions of them.

A. The positive side of Stereotypes

-So that we can know the behavior or habits of other people
-So that we can process information or something new that we get.
-So that we can assess attitudes in differences individually or in groups.
-can help us deal with problems if we meet a new culture.

B. The Negative Side

-We cannot know of any judgments against prejudice or racism
-can be misused for negative generalizations
-one can find out the source of misinformation about things that belong to other people

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 CHAPTER II

A. Conclusion

Stereotypes are an interesting thing for some people because stereotypes are selective
because they are localized around the characteristics of the group they belong to most
characteristic, which provided the greatest differences between the groups.
Therefore it is important to investigate the various stereotypes held by members of the
majority group about different ethnic minority groups; the social-structural conditions under
which different stereotypes emerge; and how these stereotypes are linked to emotional and
behavioral reactions.

B. Suggest

We really hope that the completion of this paper can help readers and can benefit
everyone, even though this paper is far from perfect, we really hope for criticism and input from
readers, and hopefully, this paper can be useful in the long term.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alexander M. Czopp1, Aaron C. Kay2, and S. C. (2015). Positive Stereotypes Are Pervasive

and Powerful. 13.

Daniel G. Solorzano. (1997). Critical Race Theory, Racial Stereotyping, and Teacher Education.

Teacher Education Quarterly, Summer 1997, 16.

Kimberly A. Noelsc, dkk. (2019). English Canadians’ cultural stereotypes of ethnic minority

groups: Implications of stereotype content for acculturation ideologies and immigration

attitudes. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 15.

Naomi Ellemers. (2018). Annual Review of Psychology Gender Stereotypes. 69, 26.

Pedro Bordalo, D. (2014). STEREOTYPES. NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC

RESEARCH, 58.

Seiter, E. (1986). Stereotypes and the Media: A Re-evaluation. Journal of Communication, 13.

Tajfel, H. (2010). Social stereotypes and social groups. APA PsycNet.

Umi Pujiyanti & Fatkhunaimah Rhina Zuliani. (n.d.). CROSS CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING:

A HANDBOOK TO UNDERSTAND OTHERS’ CULTURES (SketZ (ed.)).