CHAPTER: 9 HOMEOSTASIS

Process in Urine

Azza
Afiah
Formation
Cha
Dalila
Izzati
Yin
Madam Ku Suyati
 Brief explanation
Ultrafiltration

3 process Reabsorption

Secretion
1. Ultrafiltration
Blood plasma - contain dissolved nutrients
Glomerulus---->Bowman''s capsule
Filtration of blood
Due to high hydrostatic blood pressure
Glomerulus

2. Reabsorption Bowman's
capsule
Useful substance
Filtrate------------------------>Blood capillary Filtrate
(peritubular/vasa recta) transported

via passive/active transport Useful substance

/Vasa
recta

3. Secretion
Filtrate
secreted
toxic substance
Blood capillary------------------->filtrate substance
 ULTRAFILTRATION
Occurs when high hydrostatic blood pressure,

forces fluid from the blood in glomerulus into

lumen
High hydrostatic blood pressure forces out water,

glucose, amino acids,NaCl, urea, vitamins and

other small molecules to become filtrate

White blood cell, platelets & large plasma protein

cannot pass through due to large size

Factors contribute to efficient ultrafiltration

(a) High hydrostatic blood pressure in glomerulus

Efferent arteriosclerosis smaller in diameter
the blood pressure in glomerulus is higher
(b) Highly coiled and long glomerulus capillaries
Provide large surface area for ultrafiltration
podocytes
Large amount of filtrate can be produced
(c) High permeability of the glomerulus
Porous capillary due to present of tiny pores in endothelium of

glomerulus
surround by specialized epithelial cell Bowman's capsule called

podocytes that form filtration slits

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
Most filtrate is reabsorbing to the blood capillaries that

cause the major decrease of filtrate volume (about 65%)

Glucose and amino acids are fully reabsorbed into the

blood by active transport.

Many Na+ is actively transported into yhe interstutial fluid

-
which drives the passive transport of Cl
As salt (NaCl) moves from the filtrate into the interstitial

fluid, water potential in peritubular capillaries decrease due

to the reabsorption. So, water moves out by osmosis.

The salt and water that exit the filtrate diffuse from the

interstitial fluid into the peritubular capillaries.

+
The potassium ion, K and bicarbonate ions, follow

passively.
REABSOPTION OF WATER
TO EPITHELIUM ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
HCO3 - , NaCl

PASSIVE TRANPORT:
H20

ASCENDING LIMB OF

LOOP HENLE :

WATER DIFFUSE OUT

Solute concentration
⬆️
in filtrate

Filtrate volume ⬇️
VIDEO OF ABSORPTION AT 0:47
Highly concentrated
with NaCl https://youtu.be/TcMsA_UESYQ
REABSORBPTION
NaCl is actively transported out into
the interstitial fluid
Solutes (sugars, amino acid, vitamins
and other nutrients ) and water
Urea also diffuses out from collecting
ducts
FACTOR THAT INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF
REABSORPTION BY NEPHRON TUBULE

Microvili : Increase surface area for reabsorption

Abundant of mitochondria : Supply energy for
active transport
Possess long and winding tubules
Highly coiled tubule : Provide large surface area
and longer time for reabsorption
Wall is one cell thick : Diffusion is efficient
SECRETION
Removal of waste / toxic substances out
from blood (peritubular capillaries) into
glomerular filtrate
passive transport : Ammonia
active transport : H⁺, and K⁺, drugs
and toxins

Proximal convoluted
Distal convoluted tubule
tubule - H⁺, NH₃, drugs,
- H⁺, and K⁺
toxins

processes in proximal and distal

convoluted tubules are important in
maintaining a relatively constant pH in
body fluids by balancing the positive
and negative charged ions in the
peritubular capilaries.
 SECRETION
The filtrate absorbed in the glomerulus flows At the same time, waste ions and hydrogen
through the renal tubule, where nutrients and ions pass from the capillaries into the renal
water are reabsorbed into capillaries. tubule.

The secreted ions combine with the

This process is called SECRETION.
remaining filtrate and become urine.

It passes out of the kidney through the

The urine flows out of the nephron renal pelvis, into the ureter, and down to
tubule into a collecting duct. the bladder.

SECRETION
 URINE

The nephrons of the kidneys process blood and create urine through a process of
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine is about 95% water and 5% waste products.
Nitrogenous wastes excreted in urine include urea, creatinine, ammonia, and uric acid.
Ions such as sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and calcium are also excreted.
THANK YOU !