Electro-Magnetic Field

Lecture # 03
 Introduction

Subject: Electro-Magnetic Field

Subject Instructor :
Engr. Zahid Riaz
Lecturer,
Department of Electrical Engineering & Technology
Institute of Southern Punjab (ISP), Multan
 Lecture Contents

• Vector Calculus:
– Integrals of vectors.
– Del Operator
– Gradient
– Divergence
– Curl
 Integrals Of Vector Functions

• In electromagnetic work some integrals need to

be evaluated which contain vector functions. i. e.
1. Volume Integral - vector
2. Line Integral - vector
3. Line Integral - Scalar
4. Surface Integral - Scalar
Integrals Of Vector Functions
Integrals Of Vector Functions
 Del Operator

• Del operator ( ) is the vector differential operator used

in spatial variation.

(S=r.Δθ)
Del Operator
 Gradient of a Scalar

• The gradient of a scalar field V, is a vector that

represents both the magnitude and direction of the
maximum space rate of increase of V. i.e the electrical
potential in a region of space.
Divergence
Divergence
Divergence example - FLUX
 Divergence (Gauss) Theorem

• The Divergence Theorem states that the total

outward flux of a vector field A , through the closed
surface S is the same as the volume integral of the
divergence of A.
Curl
Curl
 Stokes’s Theorem

• Stokes’s Theorem states that the circulation of a vector field

A of around a closed path is equal to the surface integral of
the curl A over the open surface S bounded by C.
Example