Outcome 1: Apply the theory of flight to aircraft avionics maintenance

operations
1.1 Describe the operation and effect of high lift and drag-inducing devices including slots, slats, flaps and spoilers, lift
dumpers, speed brakes.
High lift and drag-inducing devices are used to alter the lift and drag characteristics of an aircraft's wings.
Slots are openings in the leading edge of the wing that allow air to flow through and over the wing, increasing lift at low speeds.
Slats are hinged surfaces attached to the leading edge of the wing that can be extended to change the shape of the wing and increase lift.
Flaps are hinged surfaces attached to the trailing edge of the wing that can be extended to increase the camber of the wing and increase lift.
Spoilers are retractable surfaces on the top of the wing that can be extended to disrupt the smooth flow of air over the wing and reduce lift.
Lift dumpers are mechanical devices used to quickly reduce lift in emergency situations. Speed brakes are retractable surfaces used to
increase drag and help slow down the aircraft.

1.2 Describe boundary layer control.

Boundary layer control is a technique used to improve the lift and drag characteristics of an aircraft's wing. The boundary layer is a thin layer
of air that clings to the surface of the wing as the aircraft moves through the air. At low speeds, the boundary layer can become thick and
turbulent, which reduces the lift generated by the wing. Boundary layer control helps to keep the boundary layer thin and smooth, which
improves the lift generated by the wing.
There are several methods of boundary layer control, including:
Leading edge devices: These are physical devices, such as slats or slots, that are attached to the leading edge of the wing. When extended,
these devices help to keep the boundary layer thin.

1.3 Define commonly used rotary wing aerodynamics terminologies

Here are some commonly used rotary wing aerodynamics terms:
1. Blade pitch: The angle of the rotor blade relative to the plane of rotation. Blade pitch can be adjusted to control the lift generated by the
rotor.
2. Collective pitch: A control that adjusts the blade pitch of all the blades on a helicopter's rotor at the same time. Collective pitch is used
to control the lift generated by the rotor.
3. Cyclic pitch: A control that adjusts the blade pitch of each blade on a helicopter's rotor independently. Cyclic pitch is used to control the
direction of the lift generated by the rotor.

1.4 Describe the operation and effect of trim and balance devices including trim tabs, servo tabs and control surface bias
Trim tabs are small, adjustable surfaces attached to main control surfaces such as ailerons or rudder. They help the pilot maintain a desired
flight attitude or condition with minimal input. Servo tabs are similar to trim tabs but use a mechanical linkage to the control surface to
reduce the force needed to move it. Control surface bias refers to the balance of control surface deflection between the left and right sides
of an aircraft.

1.5 Describe the operation and effect of cyclic, collective and anti-torque controls
Cyclic, collective, and anti-torque controls are used to control the flight of a helicopter. The cyclic control is a joystick that is used to tilt the
rotor disc in a desired direction, causing the helicopter to move in that direction. The collective control is a lever that is used to adjust the
blade pitch of all the rotor blades at the same time, which controls the amount of lift generated by the rotor. The anti-torque control is used
to counter the torque effect of the main rotor, which tends to cause the helicopter to rotate in the opposite direction of the rotor's rotation.
The anti-torque control is typically a foot pedal that controls the pitch of the tail rotor blades, which generates thrust to counter the torque
of the main rotor.

1.6 Explain terms relating to high speed flight including speed of sound, subsonic flight, transonic flight, supersonic flight
The speed of sound is the speed at which sound waves travel through a particular medium, such as air. And is approximately 761 mph at sea
level at STD.
Subsonic flight refers to flight speeds that are slower than the speed of sound.
Transonic flight refers to flight speeds that are near the speed of sound.
Supersonic flight refers to flight speeds that are faster than the speed of sound.

1.7 Analyse the operation and effect of primary flying controls in all three axes including: Roll control encompassing
ailerons and spoilers, Pitch control encompassing elevators, stabilators, variable incidence stabilisers and canards,Yaw
control encompassing rudder limiters.
Primary flying controls are the main control surfaces on an aircraft
In the long axis, ailerons and spoilers are used to control the roll. Spoilers are retractable surfaces on the top of the wings that can be
extended to disrupt the smooth flow of air over the wings and reduce lift. This can be used to help roll the aircraft.
In the pitch axis, elevators, stabilators, variable incidence stabilizers, and canards are used to control the pitch, or rotation around the lateral
axis of the aircraft. Elevators are hinged surfaces on the trailing edge of the horizontal stabilizer that move in opposite directions to one
another. When one elevator is deflected up, the other is deflected down, causing the aircraft to pitch up or down. Stabilator is used to
control pitch. Variable incidence stabilizers are horizontal stabilizers that can be adjusted in flight to change the pitch moment of the
aircraft. Canards are small, forward-mounted control surfaces that can be used to pitch the aircraft up or down.
In the yaw axis, rudder limiters are used to control the yaw, or rotation around the vertical axis of the aircraft. The rudder is a hinged surface
on the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer that moves left and right to control yaw. Rudder limiters are devices that restrict the amount of
rudder deflection that is possible, in order to prevent the aircraft from yawing too far and losing control.

1.8 Assess the effects of stall control devices including elevons and ruddervators
Stall control devices are used to improve the stall characteristics of an aircraft and help prevent a stall from occurring. Elevons are control
surfaces that combine the functions of elevators and ailerons. They are hinged surfaces on the trailing edge of the wing that can be used to
control both pitch and roll. Elevons are used on some aircraft to provide additional pitch control at high angles of attack, where the
elevators may lose effectiveness.
Ruddervators are control surfaces that combine the functions of rudder and elevators. They are hinged surfaces on the trailing edge of the
horizontal stabilizer that can be used to control both yaw and pitch. Ruddervators are used on some aircraft to provide additional pitch
control at high angles of attack, where the elevators may lose effectiveness.
The effects of stall control devices depend on how they are used and the specific aircraft they are installed on. In general, stall control
devices can help to improve the stall characteristics of an aircraft by providing additional pitch and yaw control at high angles of attack. This
can help to prevent a stall from occurring and improve the overall stability and handling of the aircraft.
1.9 Interpret the aerodynamic effects of high-speed flight
At high speeds, the airflow around an aircraft becomes highly disrupted, which can cause significant drag and affect the stability of the
aircraft. High-speed flight also generates additional loads on the aircraft structure, which must be taken into account during the design
process.

1.10 Calculate Mach number and point out the difference with the critical Mach number.
The Mach number is a measure of the speed of an object, such as an aircraft, relative to the speed of sound in air. The Mach number is
calculated using the following formula:
Mach number = Speed of object / Speed of sound
For example, if an aircraft is flying at a speed of 500 mph and the speed of sound is 761 mph at the same altitude, the Mach number would
be:
Mach number = 500 mph / 761 mph = 0.656
The critical Mach number is the speed at which the drag on an aircraft begins to increase significantly. This typically occurs when the airflow
over certain parts of the aircraft, such as the wing, reaches the speed of sound and creates shock waves. The critical Mach number is specific
to each aircraft and depends on the shape and configuration of its wing and other aerodynamic surfaces.

1.11 Assess the effects of engine intake and swept wing design on high-speed performance.
Engine intake design refers to the shape and configuration of the inlet through which air enters the engine. The airflow into the engine must
be smooth and uniform to avoid choking or compression shocks, which can reduce the performance of the engine. To achieve this, the intake
must be carefully designed to slow down the airflow and smooth out any disturbances. This can be accomplished through the use of intake
ramps, fences, and other features.
Swept wing design refers to the angle at which the wings of an aircraft are tilted back from the root to the tip. Swept wings are used on some
high-speed aircraft to reduce the shock waves that form at the wingtips at supersonic speeds. These shock waves can cause drag and reduce
lift, so by sweeping the wings back, the shock waves can be moved further aft, where they are less disruptive. Swept wings also help to
reduce the bending and torsional loads on the wings at high speeds.
Overall, the effects of engine intake and swept wing design on high-speed performance are to improve the engine efficiency and reduce the
drag and lift penalties associated with high-speed flight. This can help to increase the speed and performance of the aircraft.