SOme Basic COncepts of Chem

Chapter 1
Some Basic Concepts

of Chemistry
Chapter Contents
z Significant Figures
Matter
z Laws of Chemical
Combination
z Average Atomic Mass Mixture Pure substances
z Mole Concept
z Concentration Terms Heterogeneous Homogeneous Elements Chemical compounds
z Equivalent Concept
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
z Percentage Composition
It is defined as all the certain digits plus one doubtful digit of that number
z Empirical and Molecular beginning with the first non-zero digit.
Formula z All digits are significant except the leading zeros.
z Chemical Stoichiometry z Zeros to the right of decimal point are significant.
z In scientific notation a number is written as N × 10x where N is a
number with a single non zero digit to the left of the decimal point
and x is an integer. Significant numbers in such a case are counted
in N only.
z In addition and subtraction the result should be reported to the same
numbers of decimal places as that of the term with the least number
of decimal places.
z In multiplication and division the result should be reported to the
same number of significant figures as the least precise term.
z An exact number (e.g. 3, 5, etc.) in an expression is considered to
have an infinite number of significant figures.
Example 1 : Express the following numbers to four significant figures.

(1) 6.608792 (2) 42.392800
Solution : (1) As the fifth digit 7 is greater than 5, therefore, the
result will be expressed as 6.609.
(2) It will be expressed as 42.39. The digit 2 is dropped
since it is less than 5 (the figure is not rounded off
to the next number).
Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456
2 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry NEET
Example 2 : What is the sum of 3.368 kg and 2.02 kg?

Solution : 3.3 68
 2.0 2
5.38 8
The sum is rounded off to 2 decimal places. Therefore, the sum is 5.39 kg.
LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

Law of Conservation of Mass (Lavoisier 1774)
It deals with the mass of reactants and products and states that in a chemical change the total mass of the
products is equal to the total mass of the reactants. e.g., C + O 2  CO2
12g + 32g = 44g
Example 3 : 10.0 g of CaCO3 on heating gave 4.4 g of CO2 and x g of CaO. Applying law of conservation
of mass, calculate the mass of CaO.
Solution : According to the law,
Mass of reactants = mass of product, here
CaCO3  CO2  CaO

10 g 4.4 g x
Hence, x = 10 g – 4.4 g = 5.6 g

which is mass of CaO.
Law of Constant Composition (Proust 1799)

A chemical compound always contains same elements combined together in same proportion by mass, e.g.,
H2O prepared from any source contains H and O in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass.
Example 4 : Copper oxide was prepared by two different methods. In one case, 1.75 g of the metal gave 2.19 g
of oxide. In the second case, 1.14 g of the metal gave 1.43 g of the oxide, show that the given
data illustrate the law of constant proportions.
Solution : In case I, mass of copper = 1.75 g
Mass of copper oxide = 2.19 g
Mass of copper
% of copper in the oxide  Mass of copper oxide  100
1.75
  100  79.9%
2.19
 % of oxygen = 100 – 79.9 = 20.1%
In case II, mass of copper = 1.14 g
Mass of copper oxide = 1.43 g
1.14
% of copper in the oxide   100  79.7%
1.43
% of oxygen = 100 – 79.7 = 20.3%
Thus, copper oxide prepared by any of the given methods contain copper and oxygen in the same
proportion by mass (within the experimental error). Hence, it proves the law of constant proportions.
NEET Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 3
Law of Multiple Proportion (Dalton 1804)
When two elements combine to form two or more compounds then the masses of one of which combines with
a fixed mass of the other element bears a simple whole number ratio to one another.
Example 5 : Hydrogen and oxygen are known to form two or more compounds. The hydrogen content in one
of these is 5.93% while in the other it is 11.2%. Show that this data illustrates the law of multiple
proportions.
Solution : In the first compound,
Hydrogen = 5.93%
Oxygen = (100 – 5.93)% = 94.07%
In the second compound,
Hydrogen = 11.2%
Oxygen = (100 – 11.2)% = 88.8%
In the first compound the number of parts by mass of oxygen that combine with one part by
94.07
mass of hydrogen   15.86 parts
5.93
In the second compound the number of part by mass of oxygen that combine with one part by
88.8
mass of hydrogen   7.93 parts
11.2
The ratio of masses of oxygen that combine with fixed mass (1 part) by mass of hydrogen is
15.86 : 7.93 or 2 : 1.
Since this ratio is a simple whole number ratio, hence the given data illustrates the law of multiple
proportions.
Gay Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes

It states that at a given temperature and pressure, when the gases combine they do so in volumes which bear
a simple ratio to each other and also to the volume of gaseous product e.g.,
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g)  2HCl(g) The ratio of their volumes is 1 : 1 : 2
(1L) (1L) (2L)
Avogadro's law
Equal volume of all gases under similar conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of
molecules, e.g., 22.4 lit of every gas at STP (standard temperature and pressure) T = 273 K, P = 1 atm
contains equal number of molecules, i.e., 6.022 × 1023.
EXERCISE
1. Add (0.001 + 0.02) upto correct number of significant figures
(1) 0.021 (2) 0.02
(3) 0.003 (4) 0.001
2. The multiple 5 × 0.2 after rounding off will be
(1) 1 (2) 1.0
(3) 1.00 (4) 1.000
3. Round off 0.1576 upto one digit after decimal
(1) 0.1 (2) 1.6 × 10–1
(3) 0.2 (4) 1.6
5.86  3.96
4. The value of will be equal to
2.86
(1) 8 (2) 8.1
(3) 8.11 (4) 8.113
5. The percentage of hydrogen in water and hydrogen peroxide is 11.1 and 5.9 respectively. These figures
illustrate
(1) Law of multiple proportions (2) Law of conservation of mass
(3) Law of constant proportions (4) Law of combining volumes
6. Element X forms five stable oxides with oxygen of formula X2O, XO, X2O3, X2O4, X2O5. The formation of these
oxides explains
(1) Law of definite proportions (2) Law of partial pressures
(3) Law of multiple proportions (4) Law of reciprocal proportions
7. Which of the following represents Avogadro's hypothesis?
(1) Gases react together in volumes which bear a simple ratio to one another
(2) Equal volumes of all gases under same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number
of molecules
(3) Equal volumes of all gases under same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number
of atoms
(4) The rates of diffusion of gases are inversely proportional to the square root of their densities
8. The law of conservation of mass is valid for all the following, except
(1) All chemical reactions (2) Nuclear reactions
(3) Endothermic reactions (4) Exothermic reaction
9. Equal volume of different gases at any definite temperature and pressure have
(1) Equal atoms (2) Equal masses
(3) Equal densities (4) Equal molecules
10. Which of the following pairs of compound illustrate law of multiple proportions?
(1) KOH, CsOH (2) H2O, D2O
(3) Ethane, benzene (4) KCl, KBr
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

The average mass of various elements are determined by multiplying the atomic mass of each isotope by its
fractional abundance and adding the value thus obtained. For example, chlorine contains two types of atoms
having relative masses 35 u and 37 u. The relative abundance of these isotopes in nature is in the ratio 3 : 1.
Thus atomic mass of chlorine is the average of these different relative masses as described below:
(35  3)  (37  1)
Average atomic mass of chlorine   35.5u
4
Example 6 : Nitrogen occurs in nature in the form of two isotopes with atomic mass 14 and 15 respectively.
If average atomic mass of nitrogen is 14.0067, what is the % abundance of the two isotopes?
Solution : Let % abundance of N-14 isotope = x
Then % abundance of N-15 isotope = (100 – x)
x  14  (100  x)15
The average atomic mass 
100
14x  (100  x)15

Now,  14.0067
100
or –x = 1400.67 – 1500 = –99.33 or x = 99.33
Thus, % abundance of N-14 isotope = 99.33%
% abundance of N-15 isotope = 0.67%
MOLE CONCEPT
Mole
Mole is a unit which represents 6.022 × 1023 particles (atoms, molecules or ions, etc.) irrespective of their
nature. The number 6.022 × 1023 is called Avogadro’s number and is represented by NA. The calculation of
this number is based on the Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. A mole also represents gram molecular mass
(GMM) of the substance. For gases, a mole also stands for gram molecular volume (GMV), i.e., 22.4 L at
S.T.P.
1 Mole of atoms = 6.022 × 1023 atoms = GAM of element
1 Mole of molecules = 6.022 × 1023 molecules = GMM of substance
z Gram atom is defined as atomic weight expressed in gram. It contains 6.023 ×1023 atoms.
Gram atomic mass

z Mass of 1 atom =
6.022 1023
z 1 amu = 1.66 × 10-24 g ∵ 6.022 × 1023 amu = 1 g

z Atomicity is number of atoms present in a molecule.
Importance of mole concept :
(a) Actual weight of an atom or molecule = weight of one mole of the substance/Avogadro’s number (NA).
(b) Number of atoms or molecules in a given weight of an element or a compound = weight of
substance × NA/gram atomic weight or gram molecular weight.
(c) Number of molecules present in the given volume of gas at STP = Volume of the gas in
litres × NA/22.4.
(d) Weight of the given volume of a gas or vapour at STP = Volume of gas or vapour in litres × gram molecular
weight.
Example 7 : Calculate mass of one atom of nitrogen in gram.

Solution : Mass of 6.022 × 1023 atoms of nitrogen = gram atomic mass of nitrogen = 14 g
Mass of 1 atom = GAM/NA
14 g
 Mass of 1 atom of nitrogen =
6.022  1023
= 2.32 × 10–23 g
Example 8 : Calculate the actual mass of a water molecule in gram.

Solution : Molecular mass of H2O = 18 amu
Weight of 6.022 × 1023 molecules of water = 18 g
18
Weight of one molecule = = 2.99 × 10–23 g
6.022  1023
Example 9 : Calculate the number of molecules in 1 ml of O2 at NTP.
Solution : 22400 ml of O2 at NTP contains = 6.022 × 1023 molecules

23
1 ml of O2 at NTP contains = 6.022  10 molecules
22400
= 2.69 × 1019 molecules
Example 10 : Calculate the number of ions, number of oxygen atom and total charge in 3 gm CO32–.
Mass of species
Solution : Formula units =  6.022  1023
Formula mass
3
=  6.022  1023
60
= 3.0 × 1022 (approx.)
Number of oxygen atoms = Number of formula units × 3
= 3.0 × 3 × 1022 [because one unit has 3 oxygen atom]
= 9.0 × 1022
Charge = 3.0 × 1022 × 3.2 × 10–19
= 9.6 × 103 coulomb
(One formula unit has charge = 1.6 × 2 × 10–19 = 3.2 × 10–19 coulomb)
Example 11 : Calculate the mass of 2.5 g atom of oxygen.
Mass of an element
Solution : Number of g atoms =
Atomic mass
Mass of an element = 2.5 × 16 = 40.0 g
Example 12 : An enzyme contains 5.6% Fe, calculate number of Fe atoms present in 1g of enzyme.
5.6
Solution : Mass of Fe   5.6  10 2 g
100
5.6  102
Number of atoms =  6.022  1023
56
= 6.022 × 1020 atoms
CONCENTRATION TERMS
Molarity (M) :
Number of moles of the solute per litre of the solution.
WB 1000
M = ×
MB Vol. of solution in ml
Example 13 : A given solution of NaOH contains 4.00 g of NaOH per litre of solution. Calculate the molarity
of this solution.
Solution : Molar mass of NaOH = 40.00 g
4.00
4.00 g of NaOH  mole of NaOH = 0.1 mol NaOH
40.00
Mole of solute 0.1
Molarity    0.1 M
Volume of solution in litre 1
Example 14 : How many moles and how many grams of HCl are present in 250 cm3 of 0.5 M HCl solution?
Solution : Molecular mass of HCl = 36.5

Molarity = 0.5 M = 0.5 Mol L–1
Volume of solution = 250 cm3
0.5  250
So, number of mole in 250 cm3 = MV  = 0.5/4 = 0.125 mole
1000
Weight of HCl dissolved = number of moles of HCl × 36.5
= 0.125 × 36.5 = 4.5625 g
Percentage concentrations :
 weight 
z %  : It is amount of solute in gram present in 100 g of solution.
 weight 
w W (solute)
%  × 100
w W (solution)
weight
z % : It is amount of solute in gram present in 100 ml of solution.
volume
w W(solute)
%   100
v V(solution)
Example 15 : A solution is prepared by adding 5 g of a substance (x) to 18 g of water. Calculate the mass
percent of the solute.
Mass of substance (x)

Solution : Mass percent of x = × 100
Mass of solution
5g
= × 100 = 21.74%
5 g of x + 18 g of water
Normality (N) :
Number of gram equivalents of the solute per litre of the solution.
WB 1000
N= × where, WB is weight of solute, EB is Eq. Wt of solute.
EB Vol of solution (in ml)
N
Example 16 : How many gram equivalents of H2SO4 are present in 200 ml of H SO solution?
10 2 4
Solution : Gram equivalents = N × volume of solution in litre
1 200
= 
10 1000
1
=
50
= 0.02 gram equivalent.
Molality (m) :
Number of moles of the solute per 1000 gram of the solvent.
WB 1000
m= × where WB is weight of solute, MB is Mol. Wt of solute, WA is weight of solvent.
MB WA
Example 17 : A solution contains 10 moles of sucrose in 1 kg of solvent. Calculate the molality of solution.
No. of moles of solute 10 mol

Solution : Molality (m)    10 mol kg1
kg of solvent 1 kg
Example 18 : Calculate the molality of a solution containing 5.3 g of anhydrous Na2CO3 in 400 g of water.
5.3 / 106 0.05

Solution : m   0.125 m
400 / 1000 0.4
Mole fraction (X) :
Mole fraction of component 'A' is defined as ratio of number of moles of A to the total number of moles of A and
B in a solution.
nA
χA =
nA +nB
Example 19 : A solution is prepared by adding 360 g of glucose to 864 g of water. Calculate mole fraction of
glucose (molar mass of glucose = 180).
360
Solution : No. of moles of glucose  2
180
864
No. of moles of water   48
18
2 2 1
 Mole fraction of glucose     0.04
2  48 50 25
z Parts per million (ppm) It is defined as number of parts by mass of solute per million parts of solution.
EQUIVALENT CONCEPT
z Equivalent weight of a substance is defined as number of parts by weight of given substance which
combines or displaces 1 part by weight of hydrogen (11.2 L of H2 at STP), 8 parts by weight of oxygen
(5.6 L at STP), 35.5 parts by weight of chlorine (11.2 L at STP).
At.wt.
z Eq. wt. of element =
Valency
Mol. wt. of Acid

z Eq. wt. of Acid =
Basicity of acid
Basicity of acid is defined as number of replaceable hydrogen present in an acid e.g. H2SO4, H2CO3,
COOH and H3PO3 are dibasic acids.HCl, HBr and HNO3 are monobasic acids. H3PO4 is a tribasic acid.
COOH
H4P2O7 is a tetrabasic acid. In case of H3BO3, it can accept one OH– to form [B(OH)4]–. So, the basicity
is one.
Mol. wt.of Base

z Eq. wt. of base =
Acidity of Base
–
Acidity of base is number of OH produced in aqueous solution by base e.g. Al(OH)3 is triacidic base.
In case of NH3, it can accept one H+ to form NH4+. So, acidity is one.
Mol. wt.of salt 106

z Eq. wt. of salt = e.g., Eq. wt. of Na2CO3 = = 53.
Total charge on  ve ions or  ve ions 2
Mol. wt. of acid salt 84

z Eq. wt. of Acid salt = , e.g., Eq. wt. of NaHCO3 =  84 .
Replaceable H atom in it 1
Methods of determining Eq. wt.

(1) Hydrogen displacement method
Mass of metal Eq.wt.of metal E

 
Mass of H2 displaced Eq.wt.of hydrogen 1
(2) Oxide method
Mass of metal Eq. wt. of metal E

 
Mass of oxygen Eq. wt. of oxygen 8
(3) Chloride method
Mass of metal Eq. wt. of metal E

 
Mass of chlorine Eq. wt. of chlorine 35.5
(4) Double decomposition method
AB + CD  AD + BC
Mass of AB Eq. wt. of AB Eq. wt. of A  Eq. wt. of B

 
Mass of AD Eq. wt. of AD Eq. wt. of A  Eq. wt. of D
 Normality equation N1V1 = N2V2 where, V1 and V2 taken in ml or cc.
Law of Chemical Equivalence

Whenever two substances react with each other, their number of gram equivalents or number of gram milliequivalents
will always be equal.
For example,
A  2B  3C  5D
Number of Number of Number of Number of
g-Equivalents = g-Equivalents = g-Equivalents = g-Equivalents
of A reacting of B reacting of C formed of D formed
Example 20 : 100 ml decinormal HCl is mixed to 100 ml seminormal H2SO4 solution. Calculate normality of
resulting mixture.
Solution : NV = N1V1 + N2V2
1 1
N  200   100   100
10 2
60
N  0.3N
200
N N
Example 21 : 200 ml H2 SO4 is mixed into 300 ml NaOH . Calculate normality of resulting mixture.
10 100
1 1
Solution : N  500   200   300
10 100
i.e., N × 500 = 17
 N = 0.034
z Strength of solution is defined as amount of solute dissolved per litre of solution.

Strength = N × eq. wt, where N is normality.
Strength = M × Mol. wt, where M is molarity.
z In volumetric analysis, number of equivalents and milliequivalents of reactants is equal to number of
equivalents or milli equivalents of products.
weight of solute
z % by strength = 100
volume of solution
Volume of solute
% by volume = 100
Volume of solution
% by mass  d  10 % mass  d  10
z M and N 
M. wt of solute Eq. wt of solute
M  1000
m where d is density in g cm-3, M is molarity, m is molality.
1000  d – M  M.wt 
Density of the substance
z Specific gravity = (Reference : usually water)
Density of the reference substance
EXERCISE
11. Which of the following is correct?
(1) The sum of mole fractions of all the components in a solution is always unity
(2) Mole fraction depends upon temperature
(3) Mole fraction is always negative
(4) Mole fraction is independent of content of solute in solution
12. Which of the following methods of expressing concentration varies with temperature?
(1) Molality (2) Weight percent
(3) Molarity (4) Mole fraction
13. What is the molarity of NaOH solution if 250 mL of it contains 1 mg of NaOH?
(1) 10–1 M (2) 10–2 M
(3) 10–4 M (4) 10–3 M
14. How many moles of sodium chloride present in 250 mL of a 0.50 M NaCl solution?
(1) 0.125 mol (2) 0.150 mol
(3) 0.075 mol (4) 0.02 mol
15. A 5 M solution of H2SO4 is diluted from 1 litre to a volume of 100 litres, the normality of the solution will be
(1) 1N (2) 5N
(3) 0.1 N (4) 0.5 N
16. 12 g Mg (at. mass 24) react with dilute mineral acid to produce maximum hydrogen equal to
(1) 0.5 mol (2) 1.5 mol
(3) 1.5 g (4) 0.5 g
17. Volume at NTP of oxygen required to completely burn 1 kg of coal (100% carbon)
(1) 22400 L (2) 22.4 × 103 L
(3) 1.86 × 103 L (4) 1000 L
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
Percentage composition of the compound is the relative mass of the each of the constituent element in 100
parts of it.
Mass of that element in one mole of the compound
Mass % of an element   100
Molar mass of the compound
Example 22 : Find the percentage of calcium in calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Solution : Molecular mass of CaCO3 = 40 + 12 + (16 × 3) = 100 u
Atomic mass of Ca = 40
40
 Percentage of Ca   100  40%
100
EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA

z Empirical Formula of a compound is the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of elements
constituting its one molecule. The sum of atomic masses of the atoms representing empirical formula is
called empirical formula mass.
z Molecular Formula of a compound shows the actual number of the atoms of the elements present in
its one molecule. The sum of atomic masses of the atoms representing molecule is called molecular
mass.
z Relationship between Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula

Molecular formula = n × empirical formula where n is a simple whole number having values of 1, 2, 3... etc.
Also, n = Molecular formula mass/Empirical formula mass.
z Mol. wt. = 2 × vapour density
Example 23 : What is the simplest formula of the compound which has the following percentage composition -
Carbon 80%, Hydrogen 20%, if the molecular mass is 30, calculate its molecular formula?
Solution : Calculation of empirical formula

Atomic Constant No. of Sample Simplest whole

Element % age
mass in sample moles ratio no. ratio
C 80 12 80 g 80 6.66 1
= 6.66 =1
12 6.66
H 20 1 20 g 20 = 20 20 3
=3
1 6.66
 Empirical formula is CH3

Calculation of molecular formula
Empirical formula mass = 12 × 1 + 1 × 3 = 15
Molecular mass 30
n  2
Empirical formula mass 15
Molecular formula = Empirical formula × 2

= CH3 × 2
= C2H6
Example 24 : A compound on analysis gave the following results C = 54.54%, H = 9.09% and vapour density
of the compound = 88. Determine the molecular formula of the compound.
Solution : Percentage of Oxygen
100 – (54.54 + 9.09) = 36.37%
Element Percentage Atomic weight Relative No. of atoms Ratio
C 54.54 12 54.54/12 = 4.53 4.53

2
2.27
H 9.09 1 9.09/1 = 9.09 9.09
4
2.27
O 36.37 16 36.37/16 = 2.27 2.27
1
2.27
Empirical formula C2H4O
Empirical formula weight = 44
176
Molecular weight = 2 × 88 =176, n = =4
44
So, molecular formula = 4 × E.F.
= 4 (C2H4O)
= C8H16O4
CHEMICAL STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometry is for the determination of quantities of reactants and products involved in balanced chemical
reaction. e.g., H2 + Cl2  2HCl
H2 + Cl2  2HCl
i.e., 1 mole 1 mole 2 mole
NA molecules NA molecules 2NA molecules
2NA atoms 2NA atoms 4NA atoms
(M.wt.)H2 (M.wt.)Cl2 2 × (M.wt.)HCl
Note : For a given balanced equation, information of reactant or product can be determined if information
of one of the species is given either in terms of moles, molecules,weight or atoms.
Example 25 : How many gram of oxygen (O2) is required to completely react with 0.2 g of hydrogen (H2) to yield
water (H2O)? Also calculate the amount of water formed.
Solution : The balanced equation for the reaction is
2H2  O2  2H2 O

2mol 1mol 2mol
4g 32g 36 g
Now, 4 g of H2 require oxygen = 32 g
32
0.2 g of H2 require oxygen   0.2  1.6 g
4
Again, 4 g of H2 produce H2O = 36 g
36
0.2 g of H2 produce H2O   0.2  1.8 g
4
Example 26 : How many moles of lead nitrate is needed to produce 224 litre of oxygen at NTP?
Solution : 2Pb(NO3)2  2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
1 mol or 22.4 L O2 at NTP  2 mol Pb(NO3)2
2  224
224 L O2 at NTP   20 mol Pb(NO3 )2
22.4
Limiting Reagent
In the given reaction if number of quantities (either in gm/mole/molecules) if are present with exact
co-efficients then it is referred as, reactants are present in exact molar proportions required by chemical
equation.
However if exact proportion is not present then the one which gets totally consumed is known as
limiting reagent (Limiting reagent decides the product quantity for given information).
e.g., 2H2 + O2  2H2O
In above e.g., 2 moles of H2 reacts exactly with 1 mole of O2 to give 2 moles of H2O. If given moles of H2
are 4 moles and that of O2 are 0.5, then 0.5 O2 will act as limiting reagent as it is in minimum amount and
product formation is given w.r.t. O2 i.e., 1 mole of H2O.
Example 27 : How much magnesium sulphide can be obtained from 2.00 g of magnesium and 2.00 g of sulphur
by the reaction, Mg + S  MgS? Which is the limiting agent? Calculate the amount of one
of the reactants which remains unreacted. [Mg = 24, S = 32]
Solution : We shall convert the masses into moles
2.00
2.00 g of Mg = = 0.0833 moles of Mg
24
2.00
2.00 g of S = = 0.0625 moles of S
32
From the equation,
Mg + S  MgS
It follows that one mole of Mg reacts with one mole of S. We are given more mole of Mg than
S, therefore, S is the limiting reagent.
From equation, one mole of S gives one mole of MgS, so, 0.0625 mole of S will react with 0.0625
mole of Mg to form 0.0625 mole of MgS.
Molar mass of MgS = 56 g
 Mass of MgS formed = 0.0625 × 56.0 g = 3.5 g of MgS
Mole of Mg left unreacted = 0.0833 – 0.0625 mole of Mg = 0.0208 mole of Mg
Mass of Mg left unreacted = moles of Mg × molar mass of Mg
= 0.0208 × 24 g of Mg
= 0.4992 g of Mg  0.5 g Mg
EXERCISE
18. How many grams of calcium oxide is obtained on heating 100 g of CaCO3(s)?
(1) 50 g (2) 40 g
(3) 56 g (4) 44 g
19. The volume of O2 at STP required for the complete combustion of 4 g CH4 is
(1) 5.6 litre (2) 2.88 litre
(3) 22.4 litre (4) 11.2 litre
20. Which of the following statement is correct?
(1) 28 g CO contains 12 g carbon and 16 g oxygen
(2) One mole of CO reacts completely with half mole of O2 to form CO2
(3) N2 and CO have same molar mass
(4) All of these
21. Limiting reagent in a chemical reaction is that reactant which
(1) Left some amount unreacted after the completion of reaction
(2) Reacts completely in the reaction
(3) Does not react in the reaction
(4) All of these
22. 10 g of MnO2 on reaction with HCl forms 2.24 L of Cl2(g) at NTP, the percentage impurity of MnO2 is
MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
(1) 87% (2) 25%
(3) 33.3% (4) 13%

nt
me nment
sigAnssig
Assignment
As
Assignment
7. Counting numbers of objects, for example 4 balls
SECTION - A
and 10 eggs have [NCERT Pg. 12]
NCERT Based MCQs
(1) One and two significant figures respectively
1. Number of atoms present in 120 a.m.u. of Ca is (2) One significant figures in both
[NCERT Pg. 16] (3) Infinite significant figures in both
(1) 3 NA (2) 6 NA (4) Two significant figures in both
(3) 3 (4) 6
 w
2. How many moles of aluminium sulphate, Al2(SO4)3 8. Molarity of 29%   H 2 SO 4 solution whose
w
will contain 0.24 mole of oxygen atoms?
density is 1.22 g ml–1, is [NCERT Pg. 23]
[NCERT Pg. 20]
(1) 1.8 M (2) 3.6 M
(1) 2.0 × 102 (2) 2.0 × 10–2 (3) 2.4 M (4) 1.2 M
(3) 3.0 × 103 (4) 1.5 × 10–2 9. In a reaction 3A + B2  A3B2 [NCERT Pg. 20]
3. Which of the following molecule has highest If 180 atoms of A and 100 molecules of B react,
percentage of oxygen by mass? [NCERT Pg. 18] then
(1) H2O (2) CO2 (1) B is limiting reactant and 100 molecules of
(3) CaCO3 (4) C2H5OH A3B2 will be formed
4. How many moles of ethane are required to produce (2) A is limiting reactant and 60 molecules of A3B2
44 g of CO2(g), after the combustion of ethane? will be formed
(3) A is limiting reactant and 180 molecules of
[NCERT Pg. 20]
A3B2 will be formed
(1) 2 (2) 1
(4) B is limiting reactant and 60 molecules of A3B2
(3) 0.5 (4) 0.25 will be formed
5. What is mass of sodium acetate (CH3COONa) 10. Copper has two naturally occurring isotopes 63Cu
required to make 200 ml of 0.245 molar aqueous and 65Cu. If the average atomic mass of copper is
solution? (Molar mass of CH3COONa = 82 g mol–1) 63.546 u, then natural abundance of lighter isotope
of Cu will be [NCERT Pg. 17]
[NCERT Pg. 23]
(1) 46.4% (2) 27.3%
(1) 3 g (2) 4 g
(3) 54.2% (4) 72.7%
(3) 5 g (4) 6 g
11. Out of the following statements choose an incorrect
6. Which of the following is not related to Dalton’s statement regarding compounds [NCERT Pg. 5]
atomic theory? [NCERT Pg. 16]
(1) Constituents of compound can be separated by
(1) Matter consists of indivisible atoms physical methods
(2) All the atoms of a given element have identical (2) They can be decomposed by chemical
chemical properties methods
(3) Matter can be classified into elements and (3) Properties of a compound are different from
compounds those of its constituent elements
(4) Compounds are formed when atoms of different (4) Elements combine in a fixed proportion by
elements combine in fixed ratio mass in a compound
12. Which of the following are correct statements? 4. Number of carbon atoms present in 22g CO2 is
[NCERT Pg. 13] (1) 6.02 × 1023 (2) 3.01 × 1023
(a) Precision refers to closeness of various (3) 3.01 × 10–23 (4) 6.02 × 10–23
measurements for the same quantity. 5. Mass of 1 amu in g is
(b) Accuracy is the agreement of particular value (1) 1.66 × 1024 (2) 1.66 × 10–24
to the true value of the result.
(3) 1.008 (4) 9.1 × 10–28
(c) Accuracy is closeness of various
measurements for the same quantity. 6. The actual mass of a molecule of carbon dioxide is
(1) (a) & (b) only (2) (b) & (c) only (1) 7.3 × 10–23 g (2) 6.02 × 10–23 g
(3) (a) & (c) only (4) (a), (b) & (c) (3) 44 g (4) 3.65 × 10–23 g
13. Numerical prefix used for 1012 is [NCERT Pg. 9] 7. How many grams of H 2 SO 4 are contained in
0.05 litres of 0.5 M solution?
(1) Giga (2) Tera
(1) 4.90 g (2) 9.80 g
(3) Peta (4) Exa
(3) 2.45 g (4) 3.98 g
14. The number, 0.00001465 can be correctly
expressed in scientific notation as 8. Volume at NTP of oxygen required to completely
burn 1 kg of coal (100% carbon)
[NCERT Pg. 11]
(1) 22400 L (2) 22.4 × 103 L
(1) 146.5 × 10–6 (2) 146.5 × 10–3
(3) 1.86 × 103 L (4) 1000 L
(3) 1.465 × 10–5 (4) 1.465 × 10–4
9. Avogadro’s number represents the number of
15. 28 g of N2 and 6 g of H2 react to give 34 g of NH3. molecules present in
This statement illustrates the law of
(1) 1 cc gas at STP
[NCERT Pg. 14]
(2) 11.2 L of a gas at STP
(1) Conservation of mass
(3) 1 L of a gas at STP
(2) Definite proportion
(4) 22.4 L of a gas at STP
(3) Multiple proportion
10. Number of moles of NaOH in 27 cm3 of 0.15 M
(4) Reciprocal proportion NaOH solution is
(1) 0.15 (2) 27
SECTION - B (3) 0.00405 (4) 0.0405 M
Objective Type Questions 11. Which of these weighs most?
1. The correct answer of 2.2120 × 0.011 should be (1) 32 g oxygen
reported as
(2) 2 g atom of nitrogen
(1) 0.024332 (2) 0.0243
(3) 0.5 mole of iron
(3) 0.02 (4) 0.024 (4) 3.01 × 1023 atoms of carbon
2. Cu forms two oxides cuprous and cupric oxides 12. Which contains greater number of oxygen atoms?
which law can be proved by the weights of Cu and O
(1) 1 gm of O
(1) Constant composition
(2) 1 gm of O2
(2) Multiple proportions
(3) 1 gm of O3
(3) Conservation of mass (4) All have same number of oxygen atoms
(4) Definite proportions 13. Number of atoms in 1 ml of ammonia gas at STP is
3. The law of conservation of mass is valid for all of the (1) 2.7 × 1019 (2) 1.08 × 1020
following except
(3) 10.8 × 1020 (4) 5.4 × 1019
(1) Oxidation reactions
14. Calculate the number of gram-atoms in a sample of
(2) Nuclear reactions lead (at. wt. 207) weighing 100 grams
(3) Endothermic reactions (1) 0.0483 (2) 0.24
(4) Exothermic reaction (3) 4.8 (4) 0.48
15. Compute the mass in grams of KClO3 necessary to 24. Equivalent mass of H3PO4 for the given reaction,
produce 67.2 litres of oxygen at S.T.P. according H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2  CaHPO4 + 2H2O
to the reaction
M M
2KClO3 (s)  2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g) (1) (2)
1 2
[Molecular weight of KClO3 = 122.5]
M
(1) 96 (2) 2 (3) 2 M (4)
4
(3) 122.5 (4) 245 25. 1 atom of an element weighs 1.792×10–22 g. The
16. Concentration of glucose (C6H12O6) in normal blood atomic weight of element is
is approximately 90 mg per 100 mL. What is the (1) 107.92 (2) 17.92
molarity of the glucose solution in blood?
(3) 1.192 (4) 64
(1) 5 M (2) 0.005 M
26. How many moles of Al2O3 will be formed when a
(3) 0.05 M (4) 1 M mixture of 5.4 g of Al and 3.2 g of O2 is heated?
17. How many grams of KCl must be added to 1 1
75.0 grams of water to produce a solution that is (1) (2)
10 15
2.25 molal (m)? [Molecular weight of KCl = 74.5]
(1) 126 g (2) 63 g 1 1
(3) (4)
(3) 45 g (4) 12.57 g 5 20
18. What is the mass of 0.5 moles of ozone (O3) 27. 2 litres of N2 and 2 litres of H2 on complete reaction
molecules? would give ................. litre of NH3
(1) 8 g (2) 16 g (1) 0.665 L (2) 1.0 L
(3) 1.00 L (4) 1.33 L
(3) 24 g (4) 48 g
28. 5.6 L of gas at STP weighs equal to 8 g. The
19. The ratio of Fe3+ and Fe2+ in Fe0.9S1.0 is
vapour density of the gas is
(1) 0.28 (2) 0.5 (1) 32 (2) 16
(3) 2 (4) 4 (3) 64 (4) 8
20. Which of the following is correct according to 29. 2 g of base ‘X’ requires 100 ml of 0.4 N acid for
equivalent concept? complete neutralisation. The equivalent weight of
W1 E1 W base is
(1)  (2) NV(ml) =  1000 (1) 50 (2) 100
W2 E2 E
(3) 5 (4) 150
W
(3) E (4) All of these 30. The normality of 1 M solution of H3PO4
NV(L)
(1) 0.5 N (2) 1 N
21. 3g of H2 react with 29.0 g of O2 to give water. The
(3) 2 N (4) 3 N
maximum amount of H2O formed is
31. A metal oxide MO contains 40% oxygen. The
(1) 32 g (2) 7.30 g equivalent weight of metal is
(3) 0.73 g (4) 27 g (1) 12 (2) 24
22. The number of atoms in 52 a.m.u. of He are (3) 36 (4) 48
(1) 13 atoms N N
(2) 13 × 6.023 × 1023 atoms 32. 10 ml of HCl, 30 ml of HNO 3, 75 ml of
2 10
(3) 52 atoms N
H SO 4, are mixed together. The normality of
(4) 52 × 6.023 × 1023 atoms 5 2
resulting solution is
23. 4 g of solid NaOH was dissolved in water and the
solution was made up to 1000 ml. The whole of (1) 0.02 N (2) 0.5 N
this will neutralized completely (3) 0.2 N (4) 0.025 N
(1) 100 ml of 1 M H2SO4 33. A solution of NaOH is 4 g L–1. What volume of HCl
gas at STP will neutralize, 50 ml of the alkali
(2) 20 ml of 2.5 M H2SO4
solution?
(3) 20 ml of 1.5 M H2SO4 (1) 224 ml (2) 112 ml
(4) 30 ml of 5 M H2SO4 (3) 11200 ml (4) 22.4 ml
34. Conc. H2SO4 is 98% by mass and has density of 3. A mixture of 2.3 g formic acid and 4.5 g oxalic acid
1.84 g cm -3. What volume of the conc. acid is is treated with conc. H2SO4. The evolved gaseous
required to make 5.00 litre of 0.5 M H2SO4 solution? mixture is passed through KOH pellets. Weight (in
(1) 250 cm3 (2) 136 cm3 g) of the remaining product at STP will be
(3) 13.6 cm3 (4) 136 L [NEET-2018]
35. 1 g mixture of CaCO3 and NaCl reacts completely (1) 1.4 (2) 3.0
N
with 100 ml of HCl. The % of CaCO3 in the (3) 4.4 (4) 2.8
10
mixture is 4. In which case is number of molecules of water
(1) 40% (2) 60% maximum? [NEET-2018]
(3) 50% (4) 80% (1) 18 mL of water
36. 74.5 g of metal chloride contains 35.5 g of chlorine. (2) 0.18 g of water
The equivalent weight of metal is (3) 10–3 mol of water
(1) 74.5 (2) 39 (4) 0.00224 L of water vapours at 1 atm and 273 K
(3) 35.5 (4) 7.45 5. Suppose the elements X and Y combine to form
37. B has two isotopes 10B (19%), 11B (81%). The two compounds XY2 and X3Y2. When 0.1 mole of
atomic mass of B is XY2 weighs 10 g and 0.05 mole of X3Y2 weighs
(1) 10.81 (2) 105 9 g, the atomic weights of X and Y are
(3) 11 (4) 10.5 [NEET-Phase-2-2016]
38. The volume of one lit. water upon vapourisation at (1) 40, 30 (2) 60, 40
STP is nearly (3) 20, 30 (4) 30, 20
(1) 124.3 L (2) 1244.4 L
6. What is the mass of the precipitate formed when
(3) 1 L (4) 22.4 L
50 mL of 16.9% (w/v) solution of AgNO3 is mixed
39. Gram equivalent volume of O2 at STP is with 50 mL of 5.8% (w/v) NaCl solution?
(1) 11.2 L (2) 5.6 L (Ag = 107.8, N = 14, O = 16, Na = 23, Cl = 35.5)
(3) 22.4 L (4) 2.8 L [Re-AIPMT-2015]
40. Equivalent weight of B(OH)3 is (1) 7 g (2) 14 g
Mol.mass Mol.mass (3) 28 g (4) 3.5 g
(1) (2)
3 2
7. If Avogadro number N A , is changed from
Mol.mass M.mass
(3) (4) 6.022 × 1023 mol–1 to 6.022 × 10 20 mol–1, this
1 4
would change [Re-AIPMT-2015]
SECTION - C (1) The ratio of chemical species to each other in

a balanced equation
Previous Years Questions
1. The density of 2 M aqueous solution of NaOH is 1.28 (2) The ratio of elements to each other in a
g/cm3. The molality of the solution is [Given that compound
molecular mass of NaOH = 40 g mol–1] (3) The definition of mass in units of grams
[NEET-2019 (Odisha)]
(4) The mass of one mole of carbon
(1) 1.32 m (2) 1.20 m
8. 20.0 g of a magnesium carbonate sample
(3) 1.56 m (4) 1.67 m
decomposes on heating to give carbon dioxide and
2. The number of moles of hydrogen molecules 8.0 g magnesium oxide. What will be the
required to produce 20 moles of ammonia through percentage purity of magnesium carbonate in the
Haber's process is : [NEET-2019]
sample? (At. wt. : Mg = 24) [Re-AIPMT-2015]
(1) 10 (2) 20 (1) 60 (2) 84
(3) 30 (4) 40 (3) 75 (4) 96
9. A mixture of gases contains H2 and O2 gases in 17. 25.3 g of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 is dissolved
the ratio of 1 : 4 (w/w). What is the molar ratio of in enough water to make 250 mL of solution. If
the two gases in the mixture? [AIPMT-2015] sodium carbonate dissociates completely, molar
concentration of sodium ion, Na+ and carbonate
(1) 2 : 1 (2) 1 : 4
ions, CO32 are respectively (Molar mass of
(3) 4 : 1 (4) 16 : 1 Na2CO3 = 106 g mol–1) [AIPMT (Prelims)-2010]
10. 1.0 g of magnesium is burnt with 0.56 g O2 in a (1) 0.955 M and 1.910 M
closed vessel. Which reactant is left in excess
(2) 1.910 M and 0.955 M
and how much? (At. wt. Mg = 24; O = 16)
(3) 1.90 M and 1.910 M
[AIPMT-2014]
(4) 0.477 M and 0.477 M
(1) Mg, 0.16 g (2) O2, 0.16 g
18. 10 g of hydrogen and 64 g of oxygen were filled in
(3) Mg, 0.44 g (4) O2, 0.28 g a steel vessel and exploded. Amount of water
11. When 22.4 litres of H2 (g) is mixed with 11.2 litres produced in this reaction will be
of Cl 2(g), each at S.T.P, the moles of HCl(g) [AIPMT (Prelims)-2009]
formed is equal to [AIPMT-2014] (1) 3 mol (2) 4 mol
(1) 1 mol of HCl (g) (2) 2 mol of HCl (g) (3) 1 mol (4) 2 mol
(3) 0.5 mol of HCl (g) (4) 1.5 mol of HCl (g) 19. How many moles of lead (II) chloride will be formed
12. 6.02 × 10 20molecules of urea are present in from a reaction between 6.5g of PbO and 3.2 g of
HCl? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2008]
100 mL of its solution. The concentration of solution
is [NEET-2013] (1) 0.029 (2) 0.044
(1) 0.01 M (2) 0.001 M (3) 0.333 (4) 0.011
(3) 0.1 M (4) 0.02 M 20. Volume occupied by one molecule of water (density
= 1 g cm–3) is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2008]
13. How many grams of concentrated nitric acid
solution should be used to prepare 250 mL of 2 M (1) 5.5 × 10–23 cm3
HNO3? The concentrated acid is 70% (w/w) HNO3. (2) 9.0 × 10–23 cm3
[NEET-2013] (3) 6.023 × 10–23 cm3
(1) 90.0 g conc. HNO3 (2) 70.0 g conc. HNO3 (4) 3.0 × 10–23 cm3
(3) 54.0 g conc. HNO3 (4) 45.0 g conc. HNO3 21. What volume of oxygen gas (O2) measured at 0C
and 1 atm, is needed to burn completely 1 L of
14. Mole fraction of the solute in a 1.00 molal aqueous
propane gas (C3H8) measured under the same
solution is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2011]
conditions? [AIPMT ((Prelims)-2008]
(1) 1.7700 (2) 0.1770
(1) 10 L
(3) 0.0177 (4) 0.0344 (2) 7 L
15. Which has the maximum number of molecules (3) 6 L
among the following? [AIPMT (Mains)-2011]
(4) 5 L
(1) 8 g H2 (2) 64 g SO2
22. An organic compound contains carbon, hydrogen
(3) 44 g CO2 (4) 48 g O3 and oxygen. Its elemental analysis gave C, 38.71%
16. The number of atoms in 0.1 mol of a triatomic gas and H, 9.67%. The empirical formula of the
is (NA=6.02 × 1023 mol–1) [AIPMT (Prelims)-2010] compound would be [AIPMT (Prelims)-2008]
(1) 6.026 × 1022 (1) CH4O
(2) 1.806 × 1023 (2) CH3O

(3) 3.600 × 1023 (3) CH2O
(4) 1.800 × 1022 (4) CHO
23. An element, X has the following isotopic 30. Change in volume when 100 mL PH3 decomposed
composition; 200X:90%; 199X:8.0%; 202X:2.0%. to solid phosphorus and H2 gas.
The weighted average atomic mass of the naturally (1) Increase in 50 mL (2) Decrease in 50 mL
occurring element X is closest to :
(3) Increase in 150 mL (4) Decrease in 200 mL
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2007]
31. In the reaction,
(1) 199 amu
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)  4NO(g) + 6H2O(l )
(2) 200 amu
when 1 mole of ammonia and 1 mole of O2 are
(3) 201 amu
made to react to completion
(4) 202 amu
(1) All the oxygen will be consumed
24. Concentrated aqueous sulphuric acid is 98% H2SO4
(2) 1.0 mole of NO will be produced
by mass and has a density of 1.80 g mL–1. Volume
of acid required to make one litre of 0.1 M H2SO4 (3) 1.0 mole of H2O is produced
is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2007] (4) All the ammonia will be consumed
(1) 5.55 mL 32. An organic compound containing C, H and N gave
(2) 11.10 mL the following analysis C = 40%, H = 13.33%,
N = 46.67%. Its empirical formula would be
(3) 16.65 mL
(1) CH4N (2) CH5N
(4) 22.20 mL
(3) C2H7N2 (4) C2H7N
Questions asked prior to Medical Ent. Exams. 2005
33. How many g of dibasic acid (mol. weight 200)
25. How many grams of CH3OH should be added to
water to prepare 150 ml solution of 2 M CH3OH? should be present in 100 ml. of the aqueous
solution to give strength of 0.1 N?
(1) 9.6 × 103 (2) 2.4 × 103
(1) 10 g (2) 2 g
(3) 9.6 (4) 2.4
(3) 1 g (4) 20 g
26. The total number of valence electrons in 4.2 g of
N3– ion is (NA is the Avogadro’s number) 34. The number of atoms in 4.25 g of NH 3 is
approximately
(1) 2.1 NA (2) 4.2 NA
(1) 4 × 1023 (2) 2 × 2023
(3) 1.6 NA (4) 3.2 NA
(3) 1 × 1023 (4) 6 × 1023
27. The number of mole of oxygen in one litre of air
containing 21% oxygen by volume, under standard 35. Volume of CO2 obtained at STP by the complete
conditions, is decomposition of 9.85 gm BaCO3 is (Mol. wt. of
BaCO3 = 197)
(1) 0.0093 mole (2) 2.10 moles
(3) 0.186 mole (4) 0.21 mole (1) 2.24 litre (2) 1.12 litre
28. The amount of zinc required to produce 224 ml of (3) 0.85 litre (4) 0.56 litre
H2 at STP on treatment with dilute H2SO4 will be 36. Percentage of Se in peroxidase anhydrous enzyme
(Zn = 65) is 0.5% by weight (at. wt. = 78.4) then minimum
(1) 65 g (2) 0.065 g molecular weight of peroxidase anhydrous enzyme
is
(3) 0.65 g (4) 6.5 g
29. Given the numbers : 161 cm, 0.161 cm, 0.0161 cm. (1) 1.568 × 104 (2) 1.568 × 103
The number of significant figures for the three (3) 15.68 (4) 2.136 × 104
numbers is
37. 2.5 litre of 1 M NaOH solution mixed with another
(1) 3, 3 and 4 respectively 3 litre of 0.5 M NaOH solution. Then find out
(2) 3, 4 and 4 respectively molarity of resultant solution.
(3) 3, 4 and 5 respectively (1) 0.80 M (2) 1.0 M
(4) 3, 3 and 3 respectively (3) 0.73 M (4) 0.50 M
38. Which has maximum molecules? 45. The number of atoms in 0.1 mol of a triatomic gas
is (NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1)
(1) 7 gm N2 (2) 2 gm H2
(1) 1.800 × 1022
(3) 16 gm NO2 (4) 16 gm O2
(2) 6.026 × 1022
39. In Haber process 30 litres of dihydrogen and
30 litres of dinitrogen were taken for reaction which (3) 1.806 × 1023
yielded only 50% of the expected product. What (4) 3.600 × 1023
will be the composition of gaseous mixture under 46. The total number of electrons in 2.0 g of D2O to that
the aforesaid condition in the end? in 1.8 g of H2O
(1) 20 litres ammonia, 20 litres nitrogen, 20 litres (1) Double
hydrogen
(2) Same
(2) 10 litres ammonia, 25 litres nitrogen, 15 litres
(3) Triple
hydrogen
(4) One fourth
hydrogen 47. From 200 mg of CO2 when x molecules are removed,
2.89 × 10–3 moles of CO2 are left. x will be
(1) 1020 molecules
hydrogen
(2) 1010 molecules
40. The maximum number of molecules is present in
(3) 21 molecules
(1) 15 L of water at STP
(4) 1021 molecules
(2) 15 L of H2O gas at STP
48. If the weight of metal oxide is x g containing y g of
(3) 15 g of ice oxygen, the equivalent weight of metal will be
(4) Same in all
8x
41. Concentrated aqueous sulphuric acid is 98% H2SO4 (1) E 
y
(w/v) and has a density of 1.80 gmL–1. Molarity of
solution 8(y  x)
(2) E 
(1) 1 M (2) 1.8 M x
(3) 10 M (4) 1.5 M
y
(3) E 
42. An element, X has the following isotopic 8
composition 56X : 90% 57X : 8% 59X : 2.0%. The
weighted average atomic mass of the naturally 8(x  y)
(4) E 
occurring element X is closest to y
(1) 56.14 amu (2) 56.8 amu
49. The number of significant figures in 2.653 × 104 is
(3) 60 amu (4) 55 amu
(1) 8
43. 10 g of hydrogen and 64 g of oxygen were filled in
(2) 4
a steel vessel and exploded. Volume of gaseous
product after reaction (3) 7
(1) 1 × 22.4 L (2) 2 × 22.4 L (4) 1
(3) 3 × 22.4 L (4) 4 × 22.4 L 50. Mole fraction of solute in aqueous solution of 30%
NaOH is
44. What is the [OH–] in the final solution prepared by
mixing 20.0 mL of 0.050 M HCl with 30.0 mL of (1) 0.16
0.10 M Ba(OH)2? (2) 0.05
(1) 0.12 M (2) 0.10 M (3) 0.25
(3) 0.40 M (4) 0.0050 M (4) 0.95
7. Na 2 SO 4 is added in water to make 12% w/w

SECTION - D
solution having density 1.2 g/mL. Correct statement
NEET Booster Questions for resulting solution is/are
1. H2 gas and Fe3O4 are produced by the action of (a) Nearly 0.96 mole of Na2SO4 dissolved per kg
27 g of steam on excess of iron. Further H 2 of H2O
gas reacts with excess of N2 to produce NH3.
Number of molecules of NH 3 formed will be (b) Normality of Na ion is equals to normality of
[N0 = Avogadro's constant] SO24  ion
(1) N0 (2) 2N0
(c) Molarity of solution is less than molality
N0
(3) (4) 4N0 (1) (a) & (b)
2
(2) (b) only
2. Consider the following statements.
(3) (c) only
(a) 1 g of N2 and 1 g of O2 contain same number
of nucleons (4) (a) only
(b) Non-stoichiometric compounds do not follow 8. 2 g atom of A reacts with 2 g molecule of B4
law of definite proportions according to following reaction
(c) Equivalent weight of Cu is same in Cu2O and 2A 2 (g)  3B4 (g)  4C
CuO
Correct statement is
Correct statement(s) among the following is/are
(1) A2 will be the limiting reagent
(1) (a) & (c) (2) (b) only
(2) B4 will be the limiting reagent
(3) (a) & (b) (4) (a) only
(3) 2 × N0 atom of C will be formed
3. Equivalent volume of CO2 in the following reaction
will be (4) Both (1) & (3)
Na2CO3  HCl  NaCl  H2O  CO2 9. What volume of water is to be added to 100 cm3
of 0.5 M NaOH solution to make it 0.1 M solution?
(1) 2.24 L (2) 11.2 L
(1) 200 cm3
(3) 44.8 L (4) 5.6 L
(2) 400 cm3
4. Weight of metal and chlorine in a metal chloride are
in 1 : 5 mass ratio. The equivalent weight of the (3) 500 cm3
metal will be (4) 100 cm3
(1) 14.2 (2) 7.1 10. In which of the following measurements, the
(3) 24 (4) 5 number of significant figures is infinite?
5. Incorrect statement among the following is/are (1) A sample of orange juice contains 0.0108 g of
vitamin C
(a) 1 g atom of oxygen is N0 times heavier than
1 atom of oxygen (2) A single hair has mass 0.0050060 g
(b) 1 m3 of H2 (g) at STP weighs 89.2 g (3) The distance between two points was found to
be 5.030 × 102 m
(c) Blue vitrol and green vitrol are isomorphous
substances (4) In a bicycle race, 110 riders started but only
60 finished
(1) (a) only (2) (b) & (c) only
11. What is the amount of H2SO4 (in gram), required
(3) (b) only (4) (c) only
to react completely with 100 L of NH3(g) at NTP?
6. CaSO4.xH2O looses 6.2% of water upon heating.
(1) 218.75 g
The value of x will be
(2) 980.15 g
(1) 2 (2) 3
(3) 340.50 g
1
(3) 4 (4) (4) 170.25 g
2
12. Consider the following reaction sequence: 17. In a sample of calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2,
CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O  CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) 0.432 mole of phosphorous is present, what is
amount of calcium phosphate is present in the
heat
CaCO3(s)   CaO(s) + H2O(g). sample if the sample is 100% pure? [Ca = 40,
If the percentage yield of the 1st step is 80% and P = 31, O = 16]
that of the 2nd step is 75%, then what is the
(1) 98 g (2) 120 g
expected overall percentage yield for producing
CaO from CaCl2? (3) 67 g (4) 34 g
(1) 50% (2) 70% 18. Empirical formula of a compound is CH2O. The
(3) 55% (4) 60% molecular formula of the compound cannot be
13. Consider the following reaction of sodium (1) CH2O (2) C6H12O6
thiosulphate with Cl2 : (3) C12H22O11 (4) CH3COOH
Na2S2O3 (aq) + 4Cl2(g) + 5H2O(l) 
19. Select the correct statement(s) :
2NaHSO4(aq) + 8 HCl(aq)
(I) All molecules of a compound have same type
Choose the correct statement of atoms.
(1) 0.3 mole of Na 2S 2 O 3 is required to react
(II) A compound retains the physical properties of
completely with 0.12 mole of Cl2
its constituent elements.
(2) 0.24 mole of HCl will form from 0.12 mole of
(III) The ratio of atoms of different elements in a
Cl2 on complete reaction
compound is fixed.
(3) 1.5 mole of water is required for the reaction of
0.12 mole of Cl2 Select the correct option :
(4) All are correct (1) Only (I) & (II)

14. Which of the following has maximum percentage of (2) Only (II)
nitrogen by mass?
(3) Only (III)
(1) Morphine : C17H19NO3
(4) (I), (II) & (III)
(2) Heroin : C21H23NO5
20. The number of molecules of CaCO3 present in
(3) LSD : C20H25N3O
100 mL of 0.01M CaCO3 solution is
(4) Phencyclidine : C17H25N
(1) 6.022 × 1022 (2) 6.022 × 1020
15. In a synthesis of phosphorous trichloride by mixing
12.0 g of phosphorous with 35.0 g chlorine gas, (3) 6.022 × 1026 (4) 6.022 × 1018
45.2 g of solid phosphorous trichloride is obtained: 21. The concentration of glucose in blood is 0.8 g L–1,
2P(s) + 3Cl2(g)  2PCl3(s) the molarity of glucose in the blood should be
Choose the correct statement (1) 5.5 × 10–3 M (2) 4.4 × 10–5 M
(1) Cl2 is the limiting reagent (3) 5.5 × 10–5 M (4) 4.4 × 10–3 M
(2) The percentage yield of the reaction is 90% 22. Which of the following contains maximum number
(3) 10 g of P is remained unreacted of atoms?
(4) All are correct (1) 1.6 g CH4 (2) 1.7 g NH3
16. Chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants has the (3) 1.8 g H2O (4) 3.4 g H2O2
molecular formula C55H72MgN4O5. If 0.012 g of Mg
23. Equal amounts of solutions of NaOH having
is available to a plant for chlorophyll synthesis,
how many grams of carbon will be required to concentration 10% (wt/wt) and 20% (wt/wt) are
completely use up the magnesium? [C = 12, mixed. What will be molality of the NaOH in the
H = 1, Mg = 12, N = 14, O = 16] resulting solution?
(1) 0.33 g (2) 0.66 g (1) 1.5 m (2) 4.4 m
(3) 0.99 g (4) 1.35 g (3) 3.0 m (4) 0.15 m
24. The mole fraction of carbon in diamond is 32. If x g of a solute having molar mass M g/Mole is
present in y g of solution, then molality of x in the
(1) 0.4 (2) 0.3
solution should be
(3) 0.2 (4) 1
1000x
25. An organic compound is composed of 4.58% H, (1) M y
40.92% C and 54.50% oxygen. What would be the
empirical formula of the compound? 1000x
(2) M(y  x)
(1) C3H4O3 (2) C3H5O
(3) C4H8O (4) CH2O 1000y
(3)
26. A solid element forms gaseous oxide without M x
change in volume. If vapour density of oxide is 32, 1000y
what is the equivalent weight of solid element? (4) M(x  y)
(1) 8 (2) 12
33. Consider the following two unbalanced reactions:
(3) 16 (4) 24

KClO3   KCl + O2
27. A solution is prepared by adding 4 g of a
substance ‘A’ and 6g of a substance ‘B’ to 30 g of 
Mg + O2   MgO
water. What is the mass percentage of ‘B’ in the
solution? The number of moles of MgO produced when
oxygen produced by 1 mole of KClO3 is completely
(1) 10% (2) 20% reacted with Mg is
(3) 15% (4) 13.33% (1) 1 mole
28. Molarity of NaOH in 200 mL of an aqueous solution (2) 2 mole
of it is 1M, find the change in molarity if 2g of
(3) 3 mole
NaOH is added to it.
(4) 4 mole
(1) 1.25 M (2) 0.25 M
34. The vapour density of a mixture of NO2 and N2O4
(3) 0.50 M (4) 0.75 M
is 39 at 25ºC. What is the mass of NO2 present
29. An organic compound contains 50% oxygen and in 100 g of the mixture?
12.5% hydrogen by mass, then mole fraction of
(1) 17.9 g
hydrogen in the compound would be
(2) 8.4 g
4 2
(1) (2) (3) 33.2 g
5 3
(4) 66.4 g
3 1
(3) (4) 35. A compound contains 0.5% of S. If the number of
4 5
‘S’ atom present per molecule is 2, then the
30. Calcium carbonate reacts with HCl to give CaCl2
molecular mass of the compound is
and CO2 according to the reaction:
(1) 1600
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) +
H 2 O(l) What mass of 20% impure CaCO 3 is (2) 12800
required to react completely with 250 mL of 0.50 (3) 6400
M HCl?
(4) 3200
(1) 6.25 g (2) 5 g
36. Which of the following will contain maximum
(3) 4.75 g (4) 7.8 g
number of molecules?
31. What volume of 63% HNO3 (wt/wt) having density
(1) 100L CO2(g) at NTP
1.4g mL–1 is required to prepare 200 mL of 0.7M
HNO3 solution? (2) 10g of H2(g) at NTP
(1) 20 mL (2) 40 mL (3) 1L of H2O(l)
(3) 15 mL (4) 10 mL (4) 1000 g of C12H22O11(s) at NTP
37. Which of the following is correct for concentrated 44. The number of mole of nitrogen in one litre of air
and diluted solution of same substance? containing 10% nitrogen by volume, under standard
(1) M1V1 + M2V2 = M(V1 + V2) conditions, is
(2) M1V1 = M2V2 (1) 0.03 mole

(3) 2M1V1 = (V1 + V2)M (2) 2.10 moles
(4) M1V1 – M2V2 = M(V1 + V2) (3) 0.186 mole
38. Volume of 1 equivalent of O2(g) at STP is (4) 4.46 × 10–3 mole
(1) 5.6 L (2) 11.2 L 45. Number of significant figures in 6.62 × 10–34.
(3) 22.4 L (4) 20 L
(1) Two
39. The total number of electrons in 4.2 g of N3– ion is
(2) Three
(NA is the Avogadro’s number)
(3) Four
(1) 2.1 NA (2) 4.2 NA
(3) 3 NA (4) 3.2 NA (4) One
40. Suppose that A and B form the compounds B2A3 46. Liquid benzene (C6H6) burns in oxygen according
and B2A. If 0.05 mole of B2A3 weighs 9 g and to 2C6H6 (l) + 15O2(g)  12CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
0.1 mole of B2A weighs 10 g, the atomic weight of How many litres of O 2 at STP are needed to
A and B respectively are complete the combustion of 39 g of liquid benzene?
(1) 30 and 40 (1) 74 L
(2) 40 and 30 (2) 11.2 L
(3) 20 and 5 (3) 22.4 L
(4) 15 and 20 (4) 84 L
41. Number of Fe atoms in 100 g Haemoglobin if it
47. 1 mol of KClO 3 is thermally decomposed and
contains 0.33% Fe. (Atomic mass of Fe = 56)
excess of aluminium is burnt in the gaseous
(1) 0.035 × 1023 product. How many moles of Al2O3 are formed?
(2) 35 (1) 1
(3) 3.5 × 1023 (2) 2
(4) 7 × 108 (3) 1.5
42. The number of electrons in 1.6 g of CH 4 is (4) 3
approximately
48. The amount of zinc required to produce 1.12 ml of
(1) 25 × 1024 H2 at STP on treatment with dilute HCl will be
(2) 1.5 × 1024 (1) 65 g
(3) 6 × 1023 (2) 0.065 g
(4) 3.0 × 1024 (3) 32.5 × 10–4 g
43. Specific volume of cylindrical virus particle is
(4) 6.5 g
6.02 × 10–2 cc/gm whose radius and length are
7 Å and 10 Å respectively. If NA = 6.02 × 1023, 49. Volume of CO2 obtained at STP by the complete
find molecular weight of virus. decomposition of 9.85 g Na2CO3 is
(1) 15.4 kg/mol (1) 2.24 litre
(2) 1.54 × 104 kg/mol (2) Zero

(3) 3.08 × 104 kg/mol (3) 0.85 litre
(4) 3.08 × 103 kg/mol (4) 0.56 litre
50. One litre of CO2 is passed through red hot coke. M

56. When 100 ml of H SO is mixed with 500 ml of
The volume becomes 1.4 litres at same 10 2 4
temperature and pressure. The composition of M
NaOH then nature of resulting solution and
products is 10
normality of excess of reactant left is
(1) 0.8 litre of CO2 and 0.6 litre of CO
N
(2) 0.7 litre of CO2 and 0.7 litre of CO (1) Acidic,
5
(3) 0.6 litre of CO2 and 0.8 litre of CO
N
(4) 0.4 litre of CO2 and 1.0 litre of CO (2) Basic,
5
51. An organic compound containing C and H gave the N
(3) Basic,
following analysis C = 40%, H = 6.7%. Its 20
empirical formula would be N
(4) Acidic,
(1) CH4 (2) CH2O 10
(3) C2H4O2 (4) C2H4 57. Mole fraction of solvent in aqueous solution of
NaOH having molality of 3 is
52. How many litre of oxygen at STP is required to burn
60 g C2H6? (1) 0.3 (2) 0.05
(1) 22.4 L (2) 11.2 L (3) 0.7 (4) 0.95
(3) 22.4 × 7 L (4) 8.5 L 58. Concentrated aqueous sulphuric acid is 98% H2SO4
by mass and has a density of 1.80 gmL–1. Volume
53. For the formation of 3.65 g of HCl gas, what volume
of acid required to make one litre of 0.1 M H2SO4
of hydrogen gas and chlorine gas are required at solution is
NTP conditions?
(1) 16.65 mL (2) 22.20 mL
(1) 1 L, 1 L (2) 1.12 L, 2.24 L
(3) 5.55 mL (4) 11.10 mL
(3) 3.65 L, 1.83 L (4) 1.12 L, 1.12 L
59. Ammonia gas is passed into water, yielding a
54. The crystalline salt Na2SO4·xH2O on heating loses solution of density 0.93 g/cm 3 and containing
55.9% of its mass and becomes anhydrous. The 18.6% NH3 by weight. The mass of NH3 per cc of
formula of crystalline salt is the solution is
(1) Na2SO4·5H2O (2) Na2SO4·7H2O (1) 0.17 g/cm3 (2) 0.34 g/cm3
(3) Na2SO4·2H2O (4) Na2SO4·10H2O (3) 0.51 g/cm3 (4) 0.68 g/cm3
55. A certain amount of a metal whose equivalent mass 60. 6.025 × 1020 molecules of acetic acid are present
is 28 displaces 0.7 L of H2 at S.T.P. from an acid in 500 ml of its solution. The concentration of
hence mass of the element is solution is
(1) 1.75 g (2) 0.875 g (1) 0.002 M (2) 10.2 M
(3) 3.50 g (4) 7.00 g (3) 0.012 M (4) 0.001 M


SOme Basic COncepts of Chem

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SOme Basic COncepts of Chem

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1

Some Basic Concepts

Example 1 : Express the following numbers to four significant figures.

Example 2 : What is the sum of 3.368 kg and 2.02 kg?

LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

CaCO3  CO2  CaO

Hence, x = 10 g – 4.4 g = 5.6 g

Law of Constant Composition (Proust 1799)

Gay Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes

AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

Solution : Let % abundance of N-14 isotope = x

Then % abundance of N-15 isotope = (100 – x)

14x  (100  x)15

Gram atomic mass

z 1 amu = 1.66 × 10-24 g ∵ 6.022 × 1023 amu = 1 g

Example 7 : Calculate mass of one atom of nitrogen in gram.

Example 8 : Calculate the actual mass of a water molecule in gram.

Example 9 : Calculate the number of molecules in 1 ml of O2 at NTP.

Solution : 22400 ml of O2 at NTP contains = 6.022 × 1023 molecules

Number of oxygen atoms = Number of formula units × 3

= 3.0 × 3 × 1022 [because one unit has 3 oxygen atom]

Charge = 3.0 × 1022 × 3.2 × 10–19

= 9.6 × 103 coulomb

Example 11 : Calculate the mass of 2.5 g atom of oxygen.

Solution : Molecular mass of HCl = 36.5

Mass of substance (x)

No. of moles of solute 10 mol

5.3 / 106 0.05

Mole fraction (X) :

Mol. wt. of Acid

Mol. wt.of Base

Mol. wt.of salt 106

Mol. wt. of acid salt 84

Methods of determining Eq. wt.

Mass of metal Eq.wt.of metal E

(2) Oxide method

Mass of metal Eq. wt. of metal E

(3) Chloride method

Mass of metal Eq. wt. of metal E

(4) Double decomposition method

Mass of AB Eq. wt. of AB Eq. wt. of A  Eq. wt. of B

 Normality equation N1V1 = N2V2 where, V1 and V2 taken in ml or cc.

Law of Chemical Equivalence

z Strength of solution is defined as amount of solute dissolved per litre of solution.

Example 22 : Find the percentage of calcium in calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA

z Relationship between Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula

Solution : Calculation of empirical formula

Atomic Constant No. of Sample Simplest whole

 Empirical formula is CH3

Molecular formula = Empirical formula × 2

Element Percentage Atomic weight Relative No. of atoms Ratio

C 54.54 12 54.54/12 = 4.53 4.53

Empirical formula C2H4O

Empirical formula weight = 44

NA molecules NA molecules 2NA molecules

2NA atoms 2NA atoms 4NA atoms

(M.wt.)H2 (M.wt.)Cl2 2 × (M.wt.)HCl

2H2  O2  2H2 O

Again, 4 g of H2 produce H2O = 36 g

(3) 50% (4) 80% (1) 18 mL of water

SECTION - C (1) The ratio of chemical species to each other in

(1) 6.026 × 1022 (1) CH4O

(2) 1.806 × 1023 (2) CH3O