UNIT I - LOGIC AND PROOFS

PART- B

1. Show that the expression  P  Q    P  R   Q  R   R is a tautology by using

truth table.
2. Obtain the truth table for the statement   P  R   Q  P   Q  P  and comment on
the statement.
3. Prove the implication p   q  r    p  q    p  r  by using truth table.

4. Show that   P  Q      P    Q   R     P   Q     P   R  is a tautology by

using equivalences.
5. Without using truth table, prove that  P  Q  R   Q   P  R  .

6. Show that P Q   R  S , Q  M    S  N  ,   M  N  and  P  R    P .

7. Show that R  S can be derived from the premises P  Q  S  ,  R  P and Q .

8. Show that J  S logically follows from the premises P Q , Q R , R , P  J  S  .

9. Show that the premises P  Q , P  R , Q   R , P are inconsistent.

10. Use indirect method of proof to derive P   S from the premises

P  Q  R  , Q   P , S   R and P .

11. Show that the hypotheses, “It is not sunny this afternoon and it is colder than
yesterday”, “We will go swimming only if it sunny”, “If we do not go swimming then we
will take a canoe trip” and “If we take a canoe trip, then we will be home by sunset”
lead to the conclusion “ We will be home by sunset”.

12. Prove that  x   P  x   Q  x   ,  x   R  x    Q  x     x   R  x    P  x   .

13. Use indirect method of proof to prove that  x   P  x   Q  x    x  P  x     x  Q x  .

14. Use of rule of inference to prove that the premises “ A students in this class has not
read the book” and “ Everyone in this class passed the first exam” imply the
conclusion “Someone who passed the first exam has not read the book”

15. Obtain PDNF for P  Q    ~ P  Q   Q  R  .

16. Obtain the principal disjunctive and conjunctive normal forms of the formula
  P  R   Q  P  .

17. Find PCNF of P  Q     P  R  without using truth table .

18. Prove that 2 is irrational by giving a proof using contradiction.

 UNIT II - COMBINATORICS
PART-B

n
n  n 1   2 n 1 
1. Use mathematical induction to show that k
k 1
2

6
.

1 1 1 1
2. Use mathematical induction to show that    .........   n , n  2 .
1 2 3 n
3. Show that n
3
 n is divisible by 3 for n 1 .

4. State the strong induction. Prove that a positive integer greater than 1 is either a
prime number or it can be written as product of prime numbers.

5. Solve the recurrence relation an  5 a n 1  6 a n  2  0 where a0 0 , a1 1 .

6. Using the generating function, solve the difference equation y n  2  y n 1 6 yn  0

y1 1 , y 0  2 .
7. Find the generating function of Fibonacci sequence F  n   F  n 1   F  n  2  ; n  2
with F  0   F 1  1 .
8. Using generating function to solve the recurrence relation S  n  1   2 S  n   4 n with
S 0   1 , n  0 .
9. Using generating function to solve the recurrence relation
S  n   7 S  n  1   6 S  n  2   0 , for n  2 , with S  0   8 , S 1   6 .

10. How many positive integers not exceeding 1000 are divisible by none of 3, 7 and 11?

11. Find the number of integers between 1 to 250 that are not divisible by any of the
integers 2 , 3 , 5 and 7 .
12. Determine the number of positive integers n , 1  n  2000 that are not divisible by 2 , 3
or 5 but divisible by 7 .

13. There are 2500 students in a college, of these 1700 have taken a course in C , 1000
have taken a course Pascal and 550 have taken a course in Networking. Further 750
have taken courses in both C and Pascal, 400 have taken courses in both C and
Networking and 275 taken courses in both Pascal and Networking. If 200 of these
students have taken courses in C , Pascal and Networking.
(a) How many of these 2500 students have taken a course in any of these three
courses
C ,Pascal and Networking?
(b) How many of these 2500 students have not taken a course in any of these three
courses
C , Pascal and Networking?

14. A total of 1232 students have taken a course in Spanish, 879 have taken a course in
French and 114 have taken a course in Russian. Further, 103 have taken courses in
both Spanish and French, 23 have taken courses in both Spanish and Russian and 14
have taken courses in both French and Russian. If 2092 students have taken atleast
one of Spanish, French and Russian, how many students have taken a course in all
 three languages?

UNIT III - GRAPHS

PART-B

1. State and prove Hand Shaking theorem. Also Prove that in any graph G , the number
of vertices of odd degree is even.
2. Prove that if G is self-complementary then it has 4 n or 4 n  1
( ie n  0 or 1(mod 4 ) ) vertices.

3. Prove that the maximum number of edges in a simple disconnected graph G with n
n  k   n  k  1
vertices and k components is .
2

4. Determine which of the following graphs are bipartite and which are not. If a graph is
bipartite, state if it is completely bipartite.

GGg

5. Are the simple graphs with the following adjacency matrices isomorphic?
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0
 1 0 1 0 0 1

   
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
   
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
   
1 0 1 0 1 0  1 1 0 0 1 
0

6. Prove that a given connected graph is Eulerian if and only if all the vertices of G are
of even degree.
7. Determine whether the graphs G and H are isomorphic

G: H:
8. Establish the isomorphic for the following graphs.

9. Examine whether the following pair of graphs are isomorphic or not. Justify your
answer.

G: H:

10. Give an example of a graph which contains

(i) an Eulerian circuit that is also a Hamiltonian circuit.

(ii) an Eulerian circuit and a Hamiltonian circuit that are distinct.
(iii) an Eulerian circuit but not a Hamiltonian circuit.
(iv) not an Eulerian circuit but a Hamiltonian circuit.
(v) neither Eulerian circuit nor a Hamiltonian circuit.

UNIT IV - ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES

 PART-B

1. State and prove Lagrange’s theorem.

2. Show that the kernel of a group homomorphism is a normal subgroup of a group.

3. Prove that the necessary and sufficient condition for a non empty subset H of a
group G , *  to be a subgroup is a , b H  a * b 1  H .
4. Show that group homomorphism preserves identity, inverse.
5. Show that the union of two subgroups of a group G is a subgroup of G iff one is
contained in the other.
6. Prove that intersection of two normal subgroups of a group will be a normal
subgroup.
 ab
7. Show that Q , *  is an abelian group, where * is defined by a*b  ,  a , b Q  .
2
8. Prove that G   1 , 2  , 3  , 4   is an abelian group under multiplication modulo 5.

is abelian if and only if  a  b   b 2 .

2
9. Prove that a group G a
2

10. Prove that every subgroup of a cyclic group G is cyclic.

1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5
11. Let f and g be the permutations of the elements of given by
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
f    g    1 1 1
2 5 5 2 2
3 1 4 4 3 1 g f g g f g f
. Find and .

12. Prove that Z4  0 , 1 , 2 , 3 is a commutative ring with respect to the binary

operation  4 and  4 .

UNIT V- LATTICES AND BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

PART – B

1. Show that N ,   is a partially ordered set where N is set of all positive integers and
 is defined by m  n iff n  m is a non-negative integer.
2. Let D 30   1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 ,10 , 15 , 30  with a relation xy if and only if x divides y. Find

a. All lower bounds of 10 and 15

b. GLB of 10 and 15
c. All upper bounds of 10 and 15
d. LUB of 10 and 15
e. Draw the Hasse diagram for D 30 .
3. Prove that every chain is a distributive lattice.
4. Prove that Demorgan’s law hold good for a complemented distributive lattice.
5. State and prove the distributive inequalities of a lattice.
6. In a distributive complemented lattice. Show that the following are equivalent.

(i ) a b ( ii ) a b  0 ( iii ) a  b 1 ( iv ) b  a

7. If S42 is the set of all divisors of 42 and D is the relation “divisor of ”on S42. Prove that
{S42 , D} is a complemented lattice.
8. Show that cancellation laws are valid in distributive lattice.
9. Prove that every distributive lattice is modular. Is the converse true? Justify your
claim.

10. Consider the Lattice D 105 with the partial ordered relation divides, then

(i) Draw the Hasse diagram of D 105 .

(ii) Find the complement of each elements of D 105 .
(iii) Find the set of atoms of D 105 .
(iv) Find the number of sub algebras of D 105

11. In any Boolean algebra , show that a b   a  b  0 if and only if a  b .

12. In any Boolean algebra, Show that
(a  b )( b  c )( c  a )  ( a   b )( b   c )( c   a ).

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