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ISSUE 4 // JUNE 2014 // £3.99
LEONARDO DA VINCI Scotland the brave:

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ANNIVERS
W
ARY
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II S
L A N DI NG
PLUS
SEX, LIES & SPIES:
THE PROFUMO AFFAIR
HOW TO VISIT
NORMAN CHURCHES
PANCHO VILLA:
MEXICO’S ROBIN HOOD
HENRY VIII VS THOMAS MORE:
THE MAKING OF A MARTYR
What was the Spanish Inquisition? AUSSIE ODYSSEY

Why did we boycott sugar? The most extravagant
Who invented sunglasses? expedition party ever assembled
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The Rise and Fall of
the British Empire
E D TIME OF Taught by Professor Patrick N. Allitt
EMORY UNIVERSITY
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1. The Sun Never Set
2. The Challenge to Spain in the New World
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3. African Slavery and the West Indies
4. Imperial Beginnings in India
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RD 5. Clive and the Conquest of India
U
ER J 6. Wolfe and the Conquest of Canada
BY 2 0 7. The Loss of the American Colonies
8. Exploring the Planet
9. Napoleon Challenges the Empire
10. The Other Side of the World
11. Abolition of the Slave Trade and Slavery
12. Early African Colonies
13. China and the Opium Wars
14. Britain—The Imperial Center
15. Ireland—The Tragic Relationship
16. India and the “Great Game”
17. Rebellion and Mutiny in India
18. How Canada Became a Nation
19. The Exploration and Settlement of Africa
20. Gold, Greed, and Geopolitics in Africa
21. The Empire in Literature
22. Economics and Theories of Empire
23. The British Empire Fights Imperial Germany
24. Versailles and Disillusionment
25. Ireland Divided
26. Cricket and the British Empire
27. British India between the World Wars
28. World War II—England Alone
29. World War II—The Pyrrhic Victory
30. Twilight of the Raj
31. Israel, Egypt, and the Suez Canal
32. The Decolonization of Africa
33. The White Dominions
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FROM THE
EDITOR
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They fought on
the beaches...
During a family camping holiday
in France when I was about 11 years
old, we visited the D-Day beaches.
I remember there being sections of the Near Omaha Beach,
this is one of many war
floating harbour still at Arromanches, cemeteries in Normandy
and my Dad explaining to me what
they were. But mostly I remember
the war cemetery at Bayeux. That was when I first this legendary battle (p66). Meanwhile, away from
understood that these events in history happened to the battlefield, don’t miss the barely believable saga
real people. It still floors me today to think of those of Burke and Wills’ 1860 expedition across Australia
endless lines of graves. Now, as we commemorate (p58), or the story of Leonardo da Vinci (p49), one of
the 70th anniversary of D-Day, we examine how the most creative geniuses in history.
Operation Overlord took place, from the planning to Finally, a word of warning: our countdown of the
the invasion that began the end of the war in Europe. most dastardly medieval torture methods (p64) is not
Our coverage begins on page 26. to be read just before bedtime; History Revealed will
ON THE COVER: ALAMY X3, THINKSTOCK X2, COVER IMAGE ENHANCEMENT - CHRISSTOCKERDESIGN.CO.UK/ ON THIS PAGE: THESECRETSTUDIO.NET, THINKSTOCK X1
Sticking with the subject of anniversaries, this not accept responsibility for any nightmares!
month sees the 700th anniversary of the Battle of Enjoy the issue!
Bannockburn, which saw Robert the Bruce lead
Scotland to a famous victory over the English. The Paul McGuinness
forthcoming referendum on Scottish independence Editor
makes this an even more appropriate time to revisit
Don’t miss our July issue, on sale 19 June 2014
TAKE PART ON THE COVER

How to join the discussion… Your key to the big stories…
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72A MAN FOR

ALL SEASONSs fall
Sir Thomas More’
from favour, on film
66
26 BANNOCKBURN
A pivotal Scottish victory
over the English cavalry
D-DAY: THE
COMPLETE STORY 49
BUTTERFLY MIND
From intelligence to invasion Explore Da Vinci’s

contributions to the
worlds of art and sci
ence
TIME CAPSULE THE BIG STORY FEATURES

THIS MONTH D-DAY: THE
COVER
STORY DIG DEEP INTO
IN HISTORY… COMPLETE STORY HISTORY’S SECRETS
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Snapshots Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion The History Makers:
COVER
STORY
Take a look at the big picture .............................. 8 of Normandy ..........................................................................26 Leonardo The great inventor .............. 49
I Read the News Today Key Events In Pictures: World Cup
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June, through the ages .............................................. 14 An in-depth look at the many factors Fans Team colours .................................................... 54
that made the invasion a success ...............28
Graphic History Great Adventures: Burke
COVER
STORY
The story of early computing............................ 16 The Longest Day and Wills Disaster down under ........58
24 hours that changed the War ...................40
COVER
STORY Yesterday’s Papers Top Ten: Medieval
COVER
STORY
The scandal of the Profumo Affair ..............18 Get Hooked Torture Methods Ouch! ................... 64
Our pick of the best books, films and
What Happened Next… exhibitions about D-Day ........................................ 45
COVER
STORY Battlefield: Bannockburn
Tiananmen Square tank protest .................. 20 Scotland’s fight for independence ........... 66
Timeline
COVER
STORY The Extraordinary Tale of… From the bloody beaches to Berlin, The Reel Story: A Man
COVER
STORY
Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary ....... 22 follow the Allies’ progress ................................... 46 for All Seasons The true story ... 72
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Get in touch – share your opinions
on history and our magazine
VIKING VOCAB are: acair, from the
LETTER
I thoroughly enjoyed reading Old Norse, akkeri,
The Vikings Are Coming meaning ‘anchor’;
feature in the May issue. priga, from the OF THE
You may be interested Norse, bryggja, MONTH
to learn that a great many meaning ‘landing
words from Old Norse place’ and gaillon,
are used in the present- from gailinn, which means
day Gaelic language that’s ‘wind, storm’. Scandinavian raiders is still so
predominantly spoken in Yours sincerely strong in parts of the British Isles.
the Western Isles (the Outer Donald J MacLeod, Whether you see the Vikings as
Donald
Hebrides). I believe more Old Uig, Isle of Lewis & Aberdeen cultured heroes or bloodthirsty
wins copies
Norse may be spoken in Gaelic villains, what’s undeniable is that of both
conversation in the islands Editor replies: It’s fascinating to they certainly had a huge impact Make Do
than anywhere else except hear that the heritage of these on our islands. and Mend
Iceland and Faroe. However, and Eating
for Victory,
our historians always seem to More Old Norse may be published
ignore the Norse history of the by Michael
Western Isles. spoken in Gaelic conversation O’Mara
Some notable seafaring in the Western Islands than Books,
each worth
terms with possible
connections to the Vikings anywhere else… £9.99.
BRAVEHEART Talk of Rome and, later on, artificial construct: Scotland. were based on
I read with interest Mark of the referendum on Scottish Stewart’s informed comment typography and printing.
Glancy’s Reel Story of the film independence reminded me, arguably ill-serves the I think I recall that the President
Braveheart in the April issue. however, of Rory Stewart’s nationalist cause, and yet, it’s was a Mr Caslon and there was
Simple-but-scholarly, the recent TV series, Border the subjective Braveheart (given a commercial enterprise called
author illustrated – illuminated Country: The Story of Britain’s its phenomenal box-office Tympan & Frisket.
even – the (many) fictitious Lost Middleland. success compared with the It was basically aimed
elements from the (few) factual. Therein, the Scottish-born lowly-ratings of an objective at printers, journalists and
The blue battle paint across the MP for Penrith and The Border BBC documentary) that will librarians – anyone who would
faces of Scottish soldiers is but states that the erection of continue to distort the debate. recognise the names, and I and
one example. Hadrian’s Wall “invented” an Lee P Ruddin, Cheshire my colleagues at a University
Library were in kinks for the
whole day.
I very much enjoyed
reading History Revealed, For me, it beat the spaghetti
especially the article on the harvest into pulp.
Normans, which is my favourite
part of history. It is a very well
Brenda M Cook, Retired
put together magazine and I Librarian, via email
am looking forward to next
month’s edition.
Richard Parkhouse Editor replies: We had reports
of many great pranks following
our April Fools’ Day jokes feature
TYPE OF FOOL in issue 2, but as we work in
For my money, the very best publishing, this is our favourite
April Fools’ Day hoax ever was – thanks Brenda!
perpetrated on 1 April 1977, by
the Guardian newspaper. It GIVE IT SOME WELLY
was a feature over several pages I’ve just got hold of a copy of the
on the Islands of San Serriffe April issue of your magazine and
In the April issue, our resident film historian Mark Glancy (Sans Serif), a wholly invented I’m finding it very interesting.
separated the facts from the fiction of Braveheart place whose place names, etc, The photographs are stunning.
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Your Q&A on the invention
of wellies triggered a memory
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History Revealed’s staff are
EDITORIAL
too young to have watched the Editor Paul McGuinness
Tonight show on the BBC – it paul.mcguinness@historyrevealed.com
Production Editor Mel Woodward
was an early evening magazine mel.woodward@historyrevealed.com
programme with an assortment Staff Writer Jonny Wilkes
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of news and features. Among
ART
the contributors was Macdonald Art Editor Sheu-Kuei Ho
Hastings (father of Max Picture Researcher Katherine Hallett
Illustrators Dawn Cooper,
Hastings, the historian) who Designbysoap, Jess Hibbert,
specialised in agricultural Chris Stocker
matters. On one edition about CONTRIBUTORS & EXPERTS

Florence Belbin, Emily Brand,
1960 he was asked what HIGH PRAISE complicated bits, along with Hilary Clothier, Rhiannon Furbear-
he thought had been the I have just finished reading your some fantastic illustrations and Williams, Mark Glancy, Lottie
Goldfinch, Julian Humphrys, Greg
most important advance in April issue and wanted to say photographs. I especially liked Jenner, Pat Kinsella, Sean Lang,
agriculture in the last 200 years? how wonderful your magazine the World War I supplement and Stephen Mangan, Rupert Matthews,
Gordon O’Sullivan, Jim Parsons,
After a little thought, he replied is. I’ve long had a fascination the feature on the Wild West Kirsty Ralston, Angela Rivers, Miles
“Wellington boots.” with the Tudors and seeing outlaws, Butch and Sundance. Russell, Richard Smyth, Nige Tassell
Mike Lattimer, via email this as the main story on your I look forward to reading PRESS & PR
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War I supplement, I decided to Janet Mace, Kent carolyn.wray@immediate.co.uk
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take a chance and buy myself CIRCULATION
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The whole family have borrowed a copy.
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@jcolley91 just the two above-mentioned WINNERS Caroline Herbert
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features on Brunel, the Titanic, crossword from issue 1 are: Deputy Advertisement Manager
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SITE OF BATTLE April Fools’ Day and the Battle Stephen Kloppe, Croydon sam.jones@immediate.co.uk
I’ve always been fascinated with of Hastings, I really can’t praise L Mardle, Hertfordshire Classified Sales Executive
Emma Hunter 0117 314 7398
the Battle of Hastings and I you enough. Jean de Selincourt, emma.hunter@immediate.co.uk
recently made it to Battle Abbey. I cannot recall the last time Bedfordshire Subscriptions Director
Jacky Perales-Morris
All other battle sites I’ve visited I received such pleasure from Each has won themselves a Marketing Executive Gemma Burns
are littered with artefacts but a magazine or spent so long copy of World War I – The PRODUCTION
at Battle – where upwards of reading one and, for a change, Definitive Visual Guide, by Production Director Sarah Powell
Production Co-ordinator
15,000 men supposedly fought I actually devoured every RG Grant, £25. To have a go at Emily Mounter
– there’s little or nothing. single article. this month’s crossword, turn Ad Co-ordinator Jade O’Halloran
Ad Designer Rachel Shircore
Doesn’t that seem odd? I’m slightly disappointed that to page 96. Reprographics Tony Hunt,
Surely this alone gives I missed your first issue, but will Chris Sutch
credence to the theory that the not be making the same mistake PUBLISHING
Publisher David Musgrove
battle was fought elsewhere? again and am already planning GET IN TOUCH Publishing Director Andy Healy
Neil Bailey, Manchester on subscribing, so please keep Managing Director Andy Marshall
up the good work. CONTACT US Chairman Stephen Alexander
Deputy Chairman Peter Phippen
HR expert Julian Humphrys Annmarie Roberts, Here’s how to CEO Tom Bureau
replies: Finds on early medieval via email contact the History
English battlefields such as this Revealed team Basic annual subscription rates
are actually extremely rare, so a As someone who likes to Editorial enquiries
UK £51.87 Eire/Europe £56.25
ROW £58
lack of finds is not as telling as read and hear about editorial@
it may at first seem. The topsoil, history can I congratulate you
on a fantastic magazine and
historyrevealed.com © Immediate Media Company Bristol
which might have contained a look forward to many more Letters for publication
2014. All rights reserved. No part of History
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Though Time Team turned up HISTORY ADDICT revealed.com
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respect of any products, goods or services
a brief archaeological survey at of the excellent new History HistoryRevealed
which may be advertised or referred to
twitter.com/HistoryRevMag in this issue or for any errors, omissions,
Battle, their survey only covered Revealed, I had to write to say misstatements or mistakes in any such
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Have Your Say, History Revealed,
it would have been far more from cover to cover. Immediate Media, Tower House,
surprising if they had found It explains history in an easy Fairfax Street, Bristol BS1 3BN
anything battle-related! and constructive way with no

TIME CAPSULE
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THIS MONTH IN HISTORY
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SNAPSHOT
1974
IRA BOMBS
PARLIAMENT
Six minutes before the explosion on 17 June, a man with an
Irish accent telephones the Press Association, warning that
the IRA has planted a bomb inside the Houses of Parliament
in London. Police attempt to clear the area, but 11 people are
still injured in the blast, which fractures a gas main and sees
fire rip through Westminster Hall.
Lord David Steel, then Liberal Chief Whip, escaped unhurt:
“I looked through Westminster Hall and the whole hall was
filled with dust. A few minutes later it was possible to see
flames shooting up through the windows,” he tells reporters.
The bomb is followed that year by fatal IRA attacks at the
Tower of London, and at pubs in Guildford and Birmingham.
GETTY

TIME CAPSULE
JUNE
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SNAPSHOT
1989
AYATOLLAH
LAID TO REST
On 6 June, in the searing heat of Iran, crowds of
mourners reported to be in their millions pack the 25-
mile route from Tehran to Behesht-e Zahra, graveyard of
the dead of war and revolution.
Iran’s beloved revolutionary leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah
Khomeini, had died three days earlier, sparking a
widespread and public outpouring of grief. At his
funeral, fire fighters spray crowds with water to cool
them, and mourners tear at the Ayatollah’s robes for
souvenirs. A number of people are crushed to death as
chaos descends.
GETTY

TIME CAPSULE
JUNE
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SNAPSHOT
1963
JFK IS NO
DOUGHNUT
Some 120,000 West Germans turn out to hear US
President John F Kennedy’s Berlin address on 26 June
1963: “Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is
not perfect, but we never had to put up a wall to keep
our people in,” he tells those living in the shadow of the
recently erected Berlin Wall.
Over the years, an urban myth will sprung up that his
concluding message of solidarity “Ich bin ein Berliner”
translates as “I am a jelly doughnut”. But, however
amusing a notion, JFK’s German is correct.
GETTY

TIME CAPSULE
JUNE
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“I READ THE NEWS TODAY...”

Weird and wonderful, it all happened in June
DANCING DELIRIUM
1374 PLAGUE
STRIKES
It sounds like a Youtube
sensation or flashmob, but in
medieval Europe, the dancing
plague is a real danger. There
is no telling when or where it
will strike – incidents go back TAJ MAHAL MUSE
as far as the seventh century.
For no apparent reason, men,
1631 MUMTAZ
women and children take MAHAL DIES
to the streets and dance The surname of the third,
uncontrollably – flailing and favourite, wife of Mughal
around to unheard music. emperor Shah Jahãn should
The unexpected party can sound familiar. When she dies
last weeks, with dancers only giving birth to her 14th child
stopping when they collapse on 17 June, the grief stricken
from exhaustion. Others Shah Jahãn decides to build
literally dance to death. a massive mausoleum out of
Thousands of villagers fall white marble to honour
victim to the plague when an her – the Taj Mahal. It
outbreak hits in Aachen, Germany, took over 22 years to
on 24 June 1374. The causes are complete and is now
unknown – theories range from one of the world’s most
hallucinogenic mould to religious visited tourist attractions.
cults. Or was it mass hysteria
brought on by decades of poverty,
disease and famine? We will never
know why the jitter bug spread.
HOLD THE PRESSES...

1631 TOMATO
EATEN!
If it wasn’t for the bravery of
Colonel Robert Gibbon Johnson,
it may never have been disproved
that tomatoes were poisonous
– once a commonly held belief.
On 28 June, the American eats
one in front of a large crowd at
the courthouse in Salem, New
Jersey, and – somehow – he lives.
WHAT’S IN A NAME?
1917 CHANGING OF THE GUARD
In the third year of World War I, King George V is feeling
the pressure of anti-German sentiment in Britain. He is the
cousin of Germany’s Kaiser Wilhelm II and his family name
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha couldn’t sound more German. The
King therefore decides to change his name and renounce all
German titles. ‘Windsor’ is chosen as an appropriately English
and regal alternative. The proclamation is made on 17 July.
TIME CAPSULE
JUNE
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Shah Jahãn planned to
build an identical
mausoleum for himself
“…OH BOY”
near to the Taj Mahal. It
was going to be made
of black marble, but it
was never built.
June events that

changed the world
23 JUNE AD 930
A NEW THING-VELLIR
The world’s first Parliament is
established at Thingvellir, Iceland.
15 JUNE 1215
THE GREAT CHARTER
The Magna Carta is signed by
King John, limiting his powers.
30 JUNE 1520
SPANISH OUSTED
Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés
and his forces retreat from the Aztec
capital, Tenochtitlan.
18 JUNE 1815
GIVEN THE BOOT
Napoleon is defeated by the Duke of
Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo.
ANNE FRANK TURNS 13 30 JUNE 1934

NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES
1942 THE MOST Hitler, fearing a coup, orders the
murders of hundreds of his own party.
FAMOUS BIRTHDAY 17 JUNE 1939
PRESENT EVER? THE LAST CHOP
A young German Jew, Anne Frank, is given Eugen Weidmann is the last man to be
a red and white checkered book on her 13th publicly executed by guillotine in France.
birthday on 12 June. She uses it as a diary 5 JUNE 1967
while her family are in hiding from the SIX-DAY WAR
Nazis in a small house in Amsterdam. When Israel declares war on three surrounding
her family are discovered, Anne is sent to countries, but it lasts less than a week.
a concentration camp, where she dies. Her
diary is found and becomes a best seller.
AND FINALLY...
‘Ten Cent Beer Night’ is a horribly
IS IT A BIRD? IS IT A PLANE? misjudged promotion by US baseball
team the Cleveland Indians. At a
1938 SUPERMAN game against the Texas Rangers
COMIC LANDS on 4 June 1974, beer is sold at the
low price of 10 cents (usually 65)
The Man of Steel makes his first
to attract a crowd. It works, but the
appearance in Action Comics
game is forfeited when drunken fans
#1, dated June. Created by Jerry
cause a riot.
Siegel and Joe Shuster, it is the
first major superhero comic. It has
become such a sought after prize
that in 2011, a copy sold for $2.16m
(£1.4m), dwarfing its original 10
cent price tag.
CORBIS X1, ALAMY X4, THINKSTOCK X4, GETTY X1
A FIERY PERFORMANCE
1613 GLOBAL WARMING
On 29 June, the Globe Theatre in London
– partly owned by legendary playwright William
Shakespeare – burns to the ground. During
a performance of Henry VIII, a prop cannon
misfires and within two hours, the building is
reduced to ashes. No one is hurt but a man’s
trousers has to be doused with a flagon of beer.
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TIME CAPSULE
JUNE
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GRAPHIC HISTORY 1951
In June, the world’s first commercial
A visual guide to events from the past data-processing computer goes on sale.
The UNIVAC I is by far the fastest and
most powerful business machine to date,
and brings together over a century of
academic research.
1822 COMPUTING 7,200

SPARK FROM The number of
decimal digits the
BABBAGE UNIVAC 1 could

read per second.
In June 1822, English mathematician Charles Babbage had a revolutionary

idea – one that would lead to the invention of the computer…
1822 2000
On 14 June, Charles Babbage announces
to the world his idea for a steam-driven A faithful construction
calculating machine that would be able to of Babbage’s Difference
compute tables of numbers. He calls it the Engine Number 2, with
printing mechanism, is
Difference Engine.
completed by the Science
Museum, London, in June.
1833 Built to Babbage’s original
drawings, the calculating
After 11 frustrating years failing section of the machine
to get his Difference Engine built, consists of 4,000 parts
Babbage conceives the Analytical and weighs 2.6 tons.
Engine – a general-purpose computing
machine, capable of much more than
its predecessor.
1843
Ada Lovelace, daughter of Lord Byron and a keen
mathematician, publishes comments about the Analytical
Engine (then still a theoretical item), arguing that it
could go beyond the bounds of arithmetic. She went
on to become the world’s first computer programmer.
1874
E Remington & Sons (later the Remington Arms Co)
sells the first commercially viable typewriter. (Mark Twain
buys one, and is the first author to hand in a typewritten
manuscript – probably Life on the Mississippi,
although according to the author’s memory, it
may have been The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.)
1,000 1890
Herman Hollerith’s tabulating machine
The maximum amount
successfully mechanises the US census. It’s a
of 50-digit numbers that
INFOGRAPHIC: DESIGNBYSOAP
crucial precursor to the electronic computer. His

Babbage’s engines are
Tabulating Machine Company will eventually merge
designed to store. No
with others to become International Business
modern computer
Machines Corporation, or IBM.
matches this until 1960.
WorldMags.net
400,000 1944-45
Konrad Zuse invents the first high-level
The cost, in dollars, programming language, Plankalkül, or
of building the ENIAC ‘formal system for planning’. He uses it to
for the US government. build programs, one of which can check
That’s over $3.5 million chess moves. His work is years ahead of
in today’s money. its time, but because of World War II, it’s
little known outside Germany.
1946 1943
1948 Work on the Electronic
Numerical Integrator and
The Colossus – also known as the
After a race to build the Mark 1 – is built at Bletchley Park,
first stored-program Computer (ENIAC) is
England, as part of the Ultra project
digital computer with completed in America. It is
of WWII. Its primary purpose is to
engineers in America, The the most powerful calculating
crack ciphers and codes created by the
Baby – a simple, successful machine built to date, and
German Enigma. Alan Turing plays an
prototype – is built in the first programmable
important part in the project.
Manchester, England. general-purpose electronic
With an in-built memory computer. Despite being
device, the computer has capable of more than just
the potential to be much arithmetic, its first task was
more flexible and powerful carrying out calculations
than its predecessors. By for the construction of a
1949, the Manchester Mark 1 hydrogen bomb.
achieves just that.
3.5 1941
In Germany, engineer Konrad Zuse’s Z3 is
The number of completed. It is the first program-controlled
seconds Zuse’s Z4 processor, with software that tells the
(the successor machine what to do.
to the Z3) takes
to calculate
multiplications.
1936
British mathematician Alan Turing develops theories for
a hypothetical computing machine that is not limited to
arithmetic – the world’s first universal computer.
1931
American engineer Vannevar Bush
1918 develops the first modern analog
On 23 February, computer, named the Differential
German engineer Analyzer. It could solve
3
The number of months
Arthur Scherbius
gets his Enigma
encoding device
complex equations, useful
in physics and engineering.
Hollerith’s tabulating machine patented. By 1933,

takes to process the 1890 US it is in use across
census data. Previously, the the entire German
task had taken several years military force.
to complete by hand.

TIME CAPSULE
JUNE
WorldMags.net
MYSTERIOUS DEATH
On 8 June, the notorious
osteopath Stephen Ward,
supposed to have introduced
Profumo to Keeler, was
arrested for living off
immoral earnings. During his
trial, he is found dead. The
verdict of suicide has since
been disputed by some,
who claim he was murdered.
MIRRORPIX X1, PRESS ASSOCIATION X1, CORBIS X1
WorldMags.net
YESTERDAY’S PAPERS
On 7 June 1963 the country devoured the latest instalment of the Profumo Affair
“I MISLED YOU AND MY

COLLEAGUES AND THE HOUSE”
T he rumours about John Profumo’s
association with the young showgirl
Christine Keeler had been rife for months.
The married Minister was accused of
having an affair with a girl he fell enraptured
by after watching her emerge naked from
a swimming pool during a society party
at a Buckinghamshire mansion. The plot
thickened when it was also alleged that the
girl in question was also having an affair
with Captain Eugene Ivanov, a senior naval
attaché at the Soviet Embassy in London. For
a government minister – the War Minister, no
less – to be sharing a bed with such a personal 22 JULY 1963
associate of a Soviet diplomat at the height of Giving evidence in
the ROYAL HONOUR
the Cold War was an issue of national security trial of Stephen Wa
rd, Following his resignation,
Christine Keeler is
– not to mention fabulous gossip. mobbed by the pre John Profumo retired from
In March, the scandal had reached such a ss public life. In 1975, the
Queen presented him with
fever pitch that Profumo had been forced to
a CBE for the charitable
address the House. “There was no impropriety works to which he now
whatever in my acquaintance with Miss devoted his time. He died
Keeler,” he told Parliament on 22 March. But aged 91 in 2006.
the story wouldn’t go away. As more and more
detail began to emerge, Profumo was left with
no option. On 5 June, in his resignation letter
to Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, Profumo
wrote: “In my statement I said there had been
no impropriety in this association. To my very
deep regret I have to admit that this was not
true, and that I misled you and my colleagues
and the House.”
The scandal was the last straw for 5 JUNE 1963
Macmillan’s already shaky government. John Profumo and his wife
Despite surviving a vote of no confidence, return to their Regents
Macmillan himself resigned in October. d Park home following the
Minister’s resignation
JUNE 1963 ALSO IN THE NEWS…

11 JUNE On the day that JFK delivers 16 JUNE Soviet cosmonaut Valentina 18 JUNE Henry Cooper fells Cassius
his Civil Rights Address on national TV, Tereshkova becomes the first woman in Clay in a boxing match at Wembley.
Governor George Wallace blocks the space, aboard Vostok 6. Flying close to However, Clay goes on to win the fight
doorway to the University of Alabama, to Vostok 5, launched two days earlier, she amid controversy after he is illegally
try and stop African-Americans enrolling. establishes a radio link between two craft. administered smelling salts.

TIME CAPSULE
JUNE
WorldMags.net
WHO WAS THE
TANK MAN?
The British tabloid The
WHAT Sunday Express named him

as 19-year-old student Wang
Weilin but many refute this.
HAPPENED NEXT? We may never know who this

brave individual was, or what
happened to him.
After the panic of the previous night,
one man is about to take a stand
1989 A LONE CIVILIAN

AGAINST THE MIGHT OF
THE CHINESE ARMY
Tiananmen Square had been the scene of a
massacre 24 hours earlier. Now, it will see
one of history’s most famous protests...
T
iananmen Square in blocking the military. But on the
Beijing was subdued on second attempt, on the night of
the morning of 5 June. 4 June, the army was ordered
For several weeks, it had been to open fire. It is impossible to
occupied by thousands of know the death toll, but it is
peaceful protestors, fighting for thought to be in the thousands.
freedoms against the oppressive
Chinese state, but they were all TANK MAN
gone. The state had ordered the The next morning, the army
military to clear the square by was in control and wanting to
dawn on 5 June, and the heavy display its power. The column
hand of the People’s Liberation of tanks roared to life, but then
Army fell, ending in a massacre. a slim man in a white shirt,
But there was one act of black trousers and holding two
defiance to come. As a column shopping bags stopped them.
of tanks moved down Chang’an He is seen in the background
Avenue – which ironically here. The unknown protestor
means Avenue of Eternal Peace – minuscule against the
– one man stepped forward. thundering tanks – blocked
their path and swung his arm, THE PROTESTORS
THE PROTESTS shooing them away. The protests began as a
student movement but
Resentment of the Chinese Attempts to go around him spread across China until
Communist Party and desire failed as he darted in the way. He people form all professions
for change was growing. It stared down the lead tank, and and walks of life were
demonstrating. Resentful of
took a student protest at the won. It turned off its engines corruption, they demanded
funeral of Hu Yaobang, hero of and the fearless man climbed democratic reforms.
people’s rights, on 22 April to on top and spoke to its crew.
ignite a political conflagration. One can only wonder what he
A national movement, said before he was pulled away
involving millions of people by two men. Were they the
around China, erupted, with Chinese Public Security Bureau
its nucleus in Tiananmen dragging him off for execution
Square. This huge-scale show of or concerned citizens trying
PRESS ASSOCIATION X2
discontent humiliated the state, to hide him? Suppression of

exacerbated by a failed first information by the Chinese state
attempt to clear the square when means the identity – and fate – of
protestors flooded the streets, ‘Tank Man’ remains a mystery. d
WorldMags.net PIECE OF HISTO
Jeff Widener’s ico RY
nic
photo became on
e of the
20th century’s mo
st
powerful images
“Looking miniscule against

the thundering tanks, he
blocked their path, swung his
arm, and shooed them away.”
ARMY IN CONTROL
When the Sun rose on
5 June, a swarm of tanks
filled Tiananmen Square to
warn would-be trouble
makers of the strength of the
Chinese state. The extreme
force used by the army was
condemned by world leaders.
GUNNED DOWN
Despite the carnage, there
were still a few people in the
square. Many were parents
desperate for news, others
were angry at the excessive
force used by the army. They
were fired on, leaving yet
more bodies in the streets.
TIANANMEN SQUARE STANDING HIS GROUND

The vast, concrete space A column of tanks rolls down
resembled a war zone the Chang’an Avenue. While many
previous day. When the army flee, the unknown man prepares
entered the square, the to block their path – at any cost
remaining protestors were
given a choice: leave or be
shot. After a vote, the square
was emptied.

TIME CAPSULE
JUNE
WorldMags.net A BRUTAL RIVALRY
When they were allies, Huerta tried
to have Villa executed, accusing
him of stealing his horse. Villa was
reportedly in front of the firing
squad when his reprieve arrived. He
THE EXTRAORDINARY TALE OF… was sent to jail but escaped after
six months. By then, Huerta had
usurped the Presidency and Villa
Mexican Revolutionary leader, Francisco ‘Pancho’ Villa was out for revenge.
1914 A DECISIVE VICTORY

FOR ‘THE MEXICAN ROBIN
HOOD’ AT ZACATECAS
On 23 June 1914, the famed military general leads his Division of the North
in one of the bloodiest battles of the Mexican Revolution
U
nder the scorching sun, – according to Villa – raped his territories in the process. After
central Mexico is suffering 12-year-old sister. Fleeing to the Madero’s death, he was intent on
from a blistering dry heat nearby mountains, he spent the removing Huerta from power.
when artillery rains down on the next few years on the run as a Besides his military prowess,
fortified hills around Zacatecas. bandit and changed his name to Villa was also a reformer.
The attack begins at about 10am. Francisco ‘Pancho’ Villa. As provisional Governor of
By 5pm, revolutionary forces Chihuahua, he improved the
control the town, thousands are POWER GAMES lives of poor Mexicans by
dead and the armies of President Violent and zealous, he was a implementing agrarian reforms,
General Victoriano Huerta are in natural revolutionary. Avoiding repairing roads and railways,
disarray. The day belongs to the capture for many years, Villa and reallocating land from rich
revolutionary leader, Francisco became a charismatic leader to poor. He was such a popular
‘Pancho’ Villa. Some call him in the see-sawing events of the figure both in Mexico and the
the ‘Robin Hood of Mexico’, but Mexican Revolution. Villa and United States that he signed a
this bandit has a well-deserved Huerta were originally allies contract with a Hollywood movie
reputation as a ruthless killer. fighting to oust the long-standing company. They filmed some of his
President, Porfiro Díaz, and battles in return for substantial
BEGINNINGS replace him with Francisco payment of gold and weapons.
Born José Doroteo Arango Madero. But Huerta turned on
Arámbula on 5 June 1878, Villa Madero, having him assassinated ZACATECAS
was thrust into a world of in 1913, and usurped power. Control of the north gave Villa
violence at an early age. Living on An expert tactician, Villa led a leadership of the powerful,
a hacienda in San Juan del Río, formidable guerrilla force – the renowned and well-trained army,
Durango, with his parents and Villistas – to great victories at the Division of the North. Some
four siblings, he witnessed the Ciudad Juárez, Tierra Blanca
harsh treatment of the poor. At and Torreón,
16, he shot and killed the wealthy seizing the
owner of the hacienda who had northern A GRAVE MATTER bodies after the Tak
ing
There were so many or left
were either burned
of Zacatecas, they
“Pancho Villa was so

popular both in Mexico
and the United States
that he signed a contract
with a Hollywood movie
CORBIS X2, ALAMY X1
company to film some of

his battles.”
WorldMags.net IN REMEMBRANCE
On the hill of La Bufa, a
statue of Pancho Villa
commemorates the Taking
of Zacatecas
20,000 of its members marched sent General John Pershing over

on the strategically important the border with 4,000 soldiers to
town of Zacatecas to defeat capture Villa, dead or alive. The
about 12,000 men of Huerta’s Punitive Expedition included
entrenched Federal Army. It aircraft for the first time in
proved a literal uphill struggle as American military history, as
the hills of La Bufa and El Grillo well as a young lieutenant named
provided excellent defence. George Patton (a heroic general
As the hot June day wore on, of World War II). After a year
the hills were captured and the of hunting, however, the only
city was stormed. The streets sightings Pershing had of Villa
filled with bloody hand-to-hand were the tracks of his horse.
combat and the soldiers who fled
the city were met by Villa himself, A BLOODY END
leading his famous cavalry. The On Friday 20 July 1923, three
slaughter was complete and the years after retiring from military
corpses of soldiers and civilians action, Villa was ambushed
littered the roads. Huerta’s reign and killed while driving
was in its death throes. through Parral, Chihuahua. The
assassination was most likely
FOREIGN INVASIONS ordered by President Álvaro
It was a victory but in some ways, Obregón, who won the 1920
the Taking of Zacatecas marked election. A street vendor ran in
the beginning of the end for Villa. front of his car yelling, “Viva
Frustrated with Mexico’s new Villa!” signalling several gunmen
President, Venustiano Carranza, to open fire. Villa died instantly. d
he instigated yet another rebellion
but suffered a heavy defeat at JOIN THE DEBATE
the Battle of Celaya. Desperate
for supplies, he made a daring Which other
raid across the border – the historical figures led
first invasion on American soil extraordinary lives?
since 1812 – at Columbus, New
@Historyrevmag
Mexico, on 9 March 1916. A bitter
#amazinglife
HERO OR VILLAIN? fight led to 19 American deaths
www.facebook.com/
To many he was a folk hero and, overnight, Villa went from
HistoryRevealed
who took from the rich and the Mexican Robin Hood to a
gave to the poor. To others, editor@history
murdering butcher. In retaliation,
he was a brutal murderer revealed.com
US President Woodrow Wilson

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THE BIG STORY

6 JUNE 1944:
D-DAY
“THE AIRBORNE TROOPS VEHICLES

STORMING THE BEACHES (CONT.) ARE WELL ESTABLISHED, The invasion of Normandy
took a huge range of specialist
Where did the invasion take place? AND THE LANDINGS ARE ALL land, sea and air craft
PROCEEDING WITH MUCH LESS
T he invasion of Normandy began in the early hours of 6 June.
By 24 July, some 1.3 million Allied troops would have crossed
into France, and joined the push towards Berlin.
LOSS THAN WE EXPECTED”
WINSTON CHURCHILL’S D-DAY SPEECH TO THE HOUSE OF COMMONS
3RD INFANTRY
1ST AND 29TH DIVISION
INFANTRY Invasion 07:30h
3RD INFANTRY
DIVISIONS DIVISION
Invasion 06:35h Invasion 07:35h 6TH AIRBORNE
THE INVASION DIVISION (UK) LANCASTER BOMBER
Took place along a 60-mile- SECOND ARMY (DEMPSEY) UNITED KINGDOM The Avro Lancaster was first put into
action in 1942, the ‘Lanc’ featured a long
stretch of coastline, divided FIRST ARMY Cabourg bomb bay, allowing it to deliver large
(BRADLEY)
into five beaches, codenamed USA bombs. The chances of surviving the war
50TH INFANTRY SWORD
Utah, Omaha, Gold, on a bomber crew were lower than for an
DIVISION AND JUNO
8TH ARMOURED infantry officer in a World War I trench.
Juno and Sword LD Courseulles-sur-Mer
4TH BRIGADE GO Lion-sur-
Invasion 07:25h Mer Ouistreham
Quinéville
INFANTRY
DIVISION
Invasion 06:30h Arromanches-les-Bains
82ND
AIRBORNE Les Dunes OMAHA ARTILLERY
DIVISION de Varreville
Vierville-sur-Mer
Concrete bunker
(USA) UT with anti-tank
AH St-Laurent-
Colleville- batteries
sur-Mer
sur-Mer
Grancamp-les-Bain
Ste- Bayeux
Mère-
Église 101ST LANDING CRAFT
AIRBORNE Trévières This Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM)
DIVISION DEFENCES
‘Hedgehog’ mk3 is now displayed at the Oustreham
(USA) obstacles built Museum of the Atlantic Wall. The
N with rails
American craft could reach 10 knots,
0 Km 10 while transporting 60 fully equipped
Isigny- soldiers, or even a 30-ton tank.
sur-Mer BARBED-
DEPARTURE POINTS
LANDING WIRE WALLS
The Germans believed that the invasion would take
place in the Pas-de-Calais. When the invasion force NAZI DEFENCES CRAFT
Troop landing
AND MINES
appeared on the Normandy coast, the Germans were
not expecting it and were not prepared for it. In 1942, Hitler ordered the motorboats could
carry a light vehicle
building of the ‘Atlantic and about 60 men
ENGLAND London
Wall’ – a barrier to
BB
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Dover Calais
disrupt the expected INSIDE 10 TRULY HORRIBLE MEDIEVAL TORTURES
Bu istor just
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Allied invasion.
his a
Shoreham -de- KEY REFERENCE
Dartmouth Calais
wi gaz
ENGLISH CHANNEL
r
EMBARKED TROOPS
th in
ILLUSTRATION: SOL 90, ALAMY X2, GETTY X1
AIRBORNE TROOPS
GROUPING
OF TROOPS
ALLIED OBJECTIVE AT 24
e
SEA INVASION HOURS FROM THE INVASION
AIR INVASION Carentan UNCOVERED TERRITORY OCCUPIED BY

CHURCHILL AVRE BRINGING THE PAST TO LIFE
ENLARG
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RAMPS
THE ALLIES 24 HOURS CARPET-LAYER ISSUE 4 // JUNE 2014 // £3.99
AREA ED AFTER THE INVASION
This modified tank used a bobbin to lay
N WITH
0 Km 100
FRANCE BURIED
MINES
PARATROOPERS carpet, with the tank itself driving over the
matting as it was laid. Carpets enabled LEONARDO DA VINCI Scotland the brave:
GERMAN ARTILLERY heavy vehicles to cross soft beaches. WAS HE THE ULTIMATE GENIUS? Bannockburn 1314
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THE BIG STORY
6 JUNE 1944:
D-DAY WorldMags.net
ALAMY X2, PRESS ASSOCIATION X1
UNTO THE BEACH

US soldiers pour out into the shallows of
the Channel, as part of the co-ordinated
attack on Nazi-occupied Normandy
WorldMags.net
THE COMPLETE STORY

W
hen the Allied invasion fleet troops, planes, tanks, boats and all number
appeared off the coast of of other elements – including a floating
Normandy, such was the harbour – took part in Operation Overlord:
breathtaking level of planning that had the invasion of Normandy.
gone into its assembly that the Germans The beginning of the end had come at last,
had quite literally not seen it coming. but it came at a cost. Countless lives were
The morning of 6 June has since gone lost or changed forever that summer’s day,
down as perhaps the defining moment of when the largest amphibious invasion in
World War II in Europe. Thousands of Allied history landed on the beaches of France.
NOW READ ON…

D-DAY KEY EVENTS
1 The Plan of Action p28
2 The Training Regime p30
3 Hell from Above p32
4 Storming the Beaches p34
5 Behind Enemy Lines p38
THE LONGEST DAY

24 Hours That
Changed the War
p40
GET HOOKED!
More D-Day History
p45
D-DAY TO BERLIN
The Road to Victory
WOE AT OMAHA p46
Find out how the troops fared
in an hour-by-hour account
on page 40

THE BIG STORY
6 JUNE 1944:
D-DAY WorldMags.net MULTI MAPS
During the course of
planning for D-Day, some
14 FEBRUARY 1944 17 million maps were drawn
The transatlantic D-Day up. Fake names were used
command team assembles to avoid security leaks.
in London
1 4 6 7
2 3 5
STRESS RELIEF
Eisenhower would
smoke four packets of
1. Lieutenant-General Omar Bradley
2. Vice-Admiral Bertram Ramsay Camel cigarettes a day.
3. Marshal Arthur Tedder
4. General Dwight D Eisenhower
5. General Bernard Montgomery
6. Air Chief Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory
7. Lieutenant-General Walter Bedell Smith
1
THE PLAN OF ACTION
A jaw-dropping amount of
preparation went into ensuring
D-Day was a success
J
ust after midnight on 6 June, Winston RIGHT: Troops prepare to ship
Churchill bid his wife, Clemmie, out BELOW: This aerial photo
GETTY X2, ALAMY X1, TOPFOTO X1, PRESS ASSOCIATION X1, IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM (MH 1997) X1
goodnight with the words: “Do you was used to orientate troops
landing on Sword Beach
realise that, by the time you wake up in the
morning, 20,000 men may have been killed?”
Fortunately, D-Day was to prove far less bloody

than Churchill feared. In fact, it is among the most
successful amphibious assaults in military history
– and that’s because it was also one of the most
meticulously planned.
The appointment in December 1943 of US
General Dwight D Eisenhower as Supreme Allied
Commander in Europe kick-started that planning.
Eisenhower and his advisers soon settled upon
Normandy as their preferred invasion site. Though
it was further from Germany than the only other
serious option – Pas-de-Calais – its long, sandy
beaches were, the Allies deemed, far more conducive
to a mass amphibious landing.
Having decided that the attack would take place
in the summer of 1944, Eisenhower and his staff
now had to prepare their troops – and, just as
importantly, keep the Germans guessing until the
last moment.
WorldMags.net
3,700 The number of radio and written
reports in May alone that the
French Resistance sent the Allies
on German troop concentrations
FALSE INTELLIGENCE and movements in the countdown
to D-Day. The information proved
priceless in assessing what
THE ULTIMATE RUSE kind of opposition Allied
troops would meet.
Deception played a critical role in the countdown
to D-Day. The Allies went to enormous lengths to
convince the Germans that the invasion was going to take
place at Pas-de-Calais – far to the east of the Normandy beaches.
Hitler’s generals fell for the ruse hook, line and sinker – so much so
that they positioned their most powerful available formation, the
15th Army, in Pas-de-Calais.
A key figure in the deception was a Spanish double agent called
Garbo – real name Juan Pujol Garcia – who fed the Germans a
stream of misinformation suggesting that the assault would take
place in Pas-de-Calais. So convinced were the Germans that Garbo MODEL AIRPLANE
Wooden Spitfires were deployed
(and his team of 24 imaginary sub-agents) were giving them a direct
at dummy airfields to fool
line to Allied invasion plans, they awarded him the Iron Cross. German aerial reconnaissance
PAS-DE-CALAIS
The Allies convinced Hitler NEW MODEL ARMY
that the invasion would come
further east than Normandy THE PHANTOM MENACE
So keen were the Allies for the Germans to divert troops away from
Normandy that they created a phantom invasion force in the South
East of England – the nearest point to Pas-de-Calais. They positioned
dummy vehicles and landing craft around embarkation points,
and even photographed General Patton examining military
hardware there.
WEATHER FORECAST
HOW A STORM NEARLY
SCUPPERED THE INVASION
After months of painstaking planning,
the success or otherwise of the
entire operation was in the hands of
Eisenhower’s chief meteorologist
JM Stagg. On 5 June, it was his job
to provide the all-important weather
THE GREAT GARBO forecast for the following day. Get it
The Spanish double agent born
Juan Pujol Garcia received both wrong, and he could have condemned
the Iron Cross and an MBE. His thousands of men to death.
network included up to 24 The attack had already been
fictitious agents. delayed by a day due to a massive
storm in the English
Channel. Soldiers had to
stand down and wait for
orders. If the invasion was
postponed again, it would
have to wait for the next
full-Moon period, when Keep cool: British
there would be enough Chief of Meteorology
light to illuminate landing James Stagg
sites. As it was, Stagg
correctly forecast that the
storm would abate on 6 June and Eisenhower
could give the invasion the green light.

THE BIG STORY
6 JUNE 1944:
D-DAY WorldMags.net
DISASTER IN DEVON
2 THE TRAGEDY
OF SLAPTON
THE Visit Slapton Sands in Devon
today and you will find a
TRAINING REGIME lone American Sherman tank

guarding the beach. That tank
stands as a memorial to one
Getting 160,000 Allied troops combat-ready of the blackest days of the war
for American forces, when at
was an enormous undertaking least 600 of their troops lost
their lives during Exercise Tiger,
a training exercise that went
B
y the summer of 1944 – as the rigorous training to prepare them for taking on horribly wrong.
build-up for the Normandy invasion a determined enemy. The troops had been preparing
reached a crescendo – southern The Allies decided the best form of training to practise a landing when their
England had begun to resemble a vast was a series of dummy landings onto beaches fleet was attacked by a group
military camp. Since January 1942, along England’s southern coast – from Slapton of German E-boats. Hundreds
more than 1.5 million US military Sands in Devon all the way along to died in the water, waiting to
personnel had arrived in the UK, Littlehampton in West Sussex. And to be rescued – many because
alongside 250,000 Canadian
troops, thousands of French,
2
Number of torpedoes
ensure that details of the landings
didn’t slip out to prying enemy
they panicked and put their life
jackets on incorrectly.
Dutch, Belgian and Czech agents, at the beginning of April On hearing of the disaster,
carried by each
soldiers. This was, of course, German E-boat at 1944 the military top brass set up a General Eisenhower ordered that
in addition to Britain’s own Slapton – half the 10-mile exclusion zone along much the news be suppressed for fear
rapidly growing army. usual number. of the south coast. No civilians were that it would strike a grievous
allowed in or out. blow to the troops’ morale.
GETTY X3, ALAMY X2
Of these, almost 160,000 would take Training culminated with Exercise Fabius
A Sherman Tank recovered
part in the D-Day landings. But before they in May, in which 25,000 troops landed at Slapton
from the ill-fated Exercise
could be packed in boats and shipped to the Sands, Hayling Island, Bracklesham Bay and Tiger stands as a memorial
beaches or loaded onto planes and dropped Littlehampton. The next time these newfound today at Slapton Sands
into enemy territory, they first had to receive skills would be put to the test was D-Day.
Troops of the US 7th

Navy Beach Battalion
train for whatever EVACUATION
may await them on On 13 November 1943, residents of
Omaha Beach Slapton were told that they were to
be evacuated, as the war effort
needed their village. Some 3,000
locals were moved out, making way
for the 15,000 American GIs.
MAY 1943
Back on Slapton Sands
just a week after the
tragedy, US troops take
part in Exercise Fabius
WorldMags.net
WorldMags.net
TROOP MOVEMENTS
HERE COME
THE YANKS
Around 3 million American soldiers passed
through Britain during World War II, bringing
with them Coca-Cola, nylons, cigarettes and
pay packets up to five times fatter than their
British counterparts.
It’s little wonder then that they made quite
an impression on their hosts. “The girls went
mad,” said Prudence Portman, a local woman
who knew a number of GIs. “They never had such
a good time. They had never been with fellows who 20 DECEMBER 1943
Oversexed, overpaid and
had so much money.” over here: US GIs fraternise
Many Britons voiced their concerns that the influx with the locals in England
of Americans into the country was undermining British
values. Yet at least 70,000 women disagreed – that’s the
number who ended up marrying GIs.
PARAS TRAINING IN THE LINE OF FIRE

SCHOOL OF GHOST TOWN
HARD KNOCKS In November 1943, the residents of
According to James Hill of the British Tyneham, Dorset, received a letter from
3rd Parachute Brigade, paratroopers’ a major-general at the war department:
training for D-Day concentrated on speed, “In the National Interest, it is necessary
control, simplicity and fire effect. to move you from your homes, and
“In order to achieve these four objectives everything possible will be done to help
we had to become amazingly fit. The initial you, both by payment of compensation,
training was quite hard, and many of the and by finding other accommodation for
volunteers left – they simply couldn’t stand you if you are unable to do so yourself.”
the pace of the training. The village, which was requisitioned
“We knew we would have to fight at night as an Allied training ground, was never
so we spent a great deal of time doing night- returned to its prewar residents and
time training. For one week every month, my remains uninhabited to this day.
brigade used to operate at night, sleeping
during the daytime.”
Tyneham, Dorset, was

requisitioned in 1943
THE SAME SANDS

A gravel and shingle
beach, Slapton Sands was
selected to be used by US
troops for training due to its
similarity to Utah Beach.
WorldMags.net
THE BIG STORY
6 JUNE 1944: BY THE LIGHT
D-DAY WorldMags.net OF THE MOON
D-Day was timed around a full
Moon, which would provide
improved light to help the
pilots and paratroops see
where they were going.
6 JUNE 1944
Men of the US infantry
6 JUNE 1944 paratroop regiment take off
US 101st Airborne head aboard a C-47 transport
for their landing position
behind Utah Beach
3
HELL FROM ABOVE
Thousands of paratroopers dropped into the Normandy
countryside to take the fight to the stunned German forces
O
ver Normandy, the low rumble To say that a lot was riding on the crossings and the main invasion forces would be
of Allied aircraft filled the paratroopers’ performance is able to break out from their beach heads. Fail,
skies as they dropped something of an understatement: and the counterattacking German forces may
thousands of elite paratroopers
in the early hours of 6 June. 12,797
Americans buried in
succeed in the mission of seizing
key bridges, villages and road
have strangled the invasion at birth, rendering
all other operations pointless.
three temporary
cemeteries in and
around Ste-Mère-Église The American-built Waco
STE-MÈRE-ÉGLISE from 1944-48. GLIDERS CG-4A combat glider, dubbed
the Flying Coffin, was one of
MAN OF STEELE WIND POWER two types of glider used
The little French commune of Sainte-Mère- Not all of the 24,000 airborne troops that landed in
Église will forever be associated with D-Day, Normandy on D-Day used parachutes. At least 4,000 floated
not least for the exploits of one of the US into France in gliders, carrying with them an array of
troops to drop on the village, John Steele. guns, heavy weapons and military vehicles to be
Steele’s parachute got caught on the tower employed behind enemy lines.
of the village church. For two hours he hung There were relatively few casualties among the
ALAMY X6, J L DUBOIS X1
there, pretending to be dead while the battle glider crew on 6 June. Yet as glider pilot Donald
raged below. He was then captured by the MacRae recalls, with no parachutes on board, it was
Germans, but escaped and rejoined his unit. certainly in the crew’s interests to ensure that the pilot didn’t fall in harm’s way.
Today, a parachute and an effigy of Steele “Some of the guys found an extra flak jacket for me – not to wear but to sit
hangs from the steeple of that same church. on,” he recalled. “They didn’t want anything coming up from underneath the
plane to hit anything vital!”
CRICKET
WorldMags.net GAS DETECTION
BRASSARD
No one could be sure whether
NOISE-MAKER Hitler would employ gas against
You and your fellow invading troops as a desperate
paratroopers are scattered last measure, so paratroopers
across Normandy in the wore a gas detection brassard
dead of night – so how do around their arms. The brassard
you distinguish friend from was made of a strong paper
foe? The answer lies in this material that turned red or pink
child’s toy, made by the when it came into contact with
ACME Whistle Company. If poison gas.
you heard someone
approaching, you clicked
the cricket. If they clicked
back, you knew you had
encountered a comrade.
EQUIPMENT
BUNDLE LIGHTS
This small but essential bit of
kit was clipped to equipment
bundles before operations.
Paratroopers would follow the
flashing lights once they’d
landed in enemy territory to
find essential food, weapons
and medical supplies.
MACHETE, COMBAT KNIFE

AND SWITCH BLADE
Many paratroopers dropped into battle
armed with these three blades. The M3
combat knife was designed for elite troops
likely to be involved in close-quarters
EQUIPMENT combat. Paratroopers used the switch blade
to cut themselves out of their parachute lines
A WEIGHT ON THOMPSON MACHINE GUN and harnessing on landing, while the machete
This powerful piece of rapid-fire could do serious damage to any German who
THEIR SHOULDERS equipment was the weapon of choice for crossed their paths.
paratroopers, as it came into its own
Paratroopers carried on average over 30kg during close combat. The troops went
of equipment – not counting their parachute into action with 300 rounds of 45-calibre
bullets to fire out of the Thompson via
– while officers carried up to 40kg. In 15 magazines hidden in the pockets of
addition to weapons, compass, flares and their jumpsuits.
ammunition, their pockets were filled with
‘emergency rations’, including chewing gum,
tobacco and Nescafé instant coffee.
“THE TIDE HAS

TURNED! THE FREE
MEN OF THE WORLD
ARE MARCHING
TOGETHER TO
VICTORY! WE WILL
ACCEPT NOTHING THE MK2 GRENADE
LESS THAN FULL
CREDIT INFORMATION HERE
The ‘pineapple’ grenade would

have accompanied many
VICTORY!” paratroopers into action on D-Day.

It was filled with TNT, which
exploded the cast-iron shell into
GENERAL DWIGHT D EISENHOWER, 6 JUNE 1944 lethal fragments. Before the war,
the MK2 was painted yellow, but
by 1944, most were issued in
green, as yellow was too easily
spotted by the enemy.
WorldMags.net
THE BIG STORY
6 JUNE 1944:
D-DAY WorldMags.net
4
STORMING THE
BEACHES
On D-Day, Allied forces secured five tentative
but critical toeholds in Nazi-occupied France
B
y the early hours of 6 June, an proved far more problematic. The tail end of a
enormous armada of almost 7,000 massive storm was creating mountainous waves
ships carrying over 150,000 men and made the crossing hellish for the troops
had assembled off the Isle of Wight, crammed below decks in bunks.
ready to sail for France. “I dozed off before we really turned on full
steam, only to be awoken by a horribly sickly
Five Normandy beaches – codenamed Utah, feeling inside,” recalled Eric Broadhead of the
Omaha, Gold, Juno and Sword – were their Durham Light Infantry. “[The ship] was rolling
destination. But before the invasion could begin, in every imaginable direction. The seasickness
the boats had to navigate the English Channel, pills had failed if ever anything did fail.”
and that meant negotiating marauding German A few hours later, however, the fleet had
warships, enemy mines and rough seas. arrived off the Normandy coast and the boats
The Royal Navy neutralised the first two had fanned out to their allotted targets. The
threats courtesy of a huge naval protection landing craft were lowered into the waves, the
ABOVE: US infantry en route to screen and a 15-mile-wide mine-swept corridor troops clambered down netting into them, and
Normandy MAIN: British troops from the across the Channel. Yet the third hazard headed for the beaches.
South Lancashire and Middlesex
regiments come ashore at Sword Beach
PIPES OF PEACE
Troops at Sword Beach had their spirits
raised by Bill Millin, who came bearing
bagpipes rather than a gun. One
soldier, Tom Duncan, later recalled:
“I shall never forget hearing the skirl of
Bill Millin’s pipes. It gave us a great lift
and increased our determination.”
THE LANDINGS WorldMags.net
TALES OF THE BEACHES
Success at Utah Carnage on Omaha Sprinting for Gold Jumping off at Juno Sword fighting
Casualties on Utah were the More Allied troops died on The chiefly British assailants The first wave ashore on Almost 30,000 men – most
lightest of all the beaches Omaha than any other of Gold Beach also met with Juno – primarily Canadian of them British – came
– 197 out of 23,000 men. beach. It was bristling with stiff resistance, partly troops – suffered 50 per ashore at the most easterly
By the end of the day, mortars, machines guns because the Germans had cent casualties, the second beach. Some of them had
US infantry had made far and artillery that cut the heavily fortified a village on highest of the D-Day advanced five miles inland
better progress than their first wave of mainly the beach. beaches. Despite this heavy by the end of the day, yet
commanders expected, American troops down in “Down the ramps we toll, the Canadians were off they failed to achieve one
linking up with paratroopers their hundreds. went,” said Durham Light the beach and heading key first-day objective: the
who had been dropped “The noise was Infantryman Eric Broadhead. inland within a few hours. capture of the city of Caen.
inland in the early hours. deafening,” said Bob “Then came 10 horrible “I wanted to be one of the WW Jeffries, who served
“We should have unloaded Shotwell of the US 149th yards between ship and first to land, not because of with No 6 Commando and
and backed off the beach,” Amphibious Combat shore with water in between. any heroics, but waiting your landed at Sword, recalled:
said British sailor Michael Engineers. “Big guns fired, Each one of us let out a turn on the exposed ramp “After leaving the beach
Jennings, “but due to the engines on wheels roared, gasp as the water swirled was much worse than going we made our way through
flatness the tide ran out men shouted and geysers around and we struggled for in,” said one Canadian open grassland… we moved
leaving us high and dry. We of water erupted around shore. It was the hardest 10 soldier of the moment his so fast that we were on to
decided it would be safer our craft. It seemed like yards I ever did. landing craft reached the one group of Germans
ashore, so we left the craft mass confusion. “After five minutes beach. “Our beach was drinking coffee in the edge
and ran, dropping whenever “Bits and pieces pop regrouping as a battalion, littered with those who had of a field.”
a shell burst. into focus… a hand. An arm I saw a real-life German been a jump ahead of us. A
“We jumped into a trench with no body around it. soldier for the first time. He captured blockhouse
with an American soldier A helmet with a head in it. was being brought in as a being used as a
chewing gum, who asked if I wondered if the next shell prisoner by the lads who dressing station
we were commandos. Our
reply was that we were
sailors waiting to get out as
would be mine.” beat us ashore.” was literally
surrounded
by piles of
2.5
fast as we could!” bodies.”
MILLION
The number of Allied troops who
entered France via Port Winston,
one of two Mulberry harbours
developed by the British. The
artificial structures were made
in Britain and taken across
the Channel in sections
after the invasion.
READY FOR DEFEAT ALAMY X4, PRESS ASSOCIATION X1, GETTY X 1, MIDGLEY (SGT) NO 5 ARMY FILM & PHOTOGRAPHIC UNIT X1
PREPARED FOR
THE WORST
If you’re looking for proof that the success of the D-Day
landings was far from a foregone conclusion, then here it
is: a statement that Allied Supreme Commander General
OFF THE BEACH
Sword was the least well Eisenhower had prepared for the eventuality of the
defended of the Normandy landings being a failure. It read:
beaches, and, within little “Our landings in the Cherbourg-Harve area have failed
over an hour of landing,
to gain a satisfactory foothold and I have withdrawn the
Allied troops had made it
off the beach. troops. My decision to attack at this time and place was
based on the best information available. If any blame or
fault attaches to this attempt, it is mine alone.”

THE BIG STORY
6 JUNE 1944:
D-DAY WorldMags.net
STORMING THE BEACHES (CONT.)

Where did the invasion take place?
T he invasion of Normandy began in the early hours of 6 June.
By 24 July, some 1.3 million Allied troops would have crossed
into France, and joined the push towards Berlin.
1ST AND 29TH

INFANTRY
DIVISIONS
Invasion 06:35h
THE INVASION
Took place along a 60-mile-
stretch of coastline, divided FIRST ARMY
(BRADLEY)
into five beaches, codenamed USA
50TH INFANTRY
Utah, Omaha, Gold, DIVISION AND
Juno and Sword 8TH ARMOURED
4TH BRIGADE
Invasion 07:25h
Quinéville
INFANTRY
DIVISION
Invasion 06:30h
82ND
AIRBORNE Les Dunes OMAHA
DIVISION de Varreville
Vierville-sur-Mer
(USA) UT
AH St-Laurent-
Colleville-
sur-Mer
sur-Mer
Grancamp-les-Bain
Ste- Bayeux
Mère-
Église 101ST
AIRBORNE Trévières
DIVISION
(USA)
N
0 Km 10
Isigny-
sur-Mer
DEPARTURE POINTS
LANDING
The Germans believed that the invasion would take
place in the Pas-de-Calais. When the invasion force NAZI DEFENCES CRAFT
Troop landing
appeared on the Normandy coast, the Germans were
not expecting it and were not prepared for it. In 1942, Hitler ordered the motorboats could
carry a light vehicle
building of the ‘Atlantic and about 60 men
ENGLAND London
Wall’ – a barrier to
Dover Calais
Southampton
Portsmouth disrupt the expected
Portland
Shoreham
Pas
-de-
Allied invasion.
Dartmouth Calais
ENGLISH CHANNEL
ILLUSTRATION: SOL 90, ALAMY X2, GETTY X1
GROUPING
OF TROOPS
SEA INVASION
AIR INVASION Carentan

Caen
ENLAR
G
AREA ED
N
FRANCE
0 Km 100
WorldMags.net
“THE AIRBORNE TROOPS VEHICLES

ARE WELL ESTABLISHED, The invasion of Normandy
took a huge range of specialist
AND THE LANDINGS ARE ALL land, sea and air craft
PROCEEDING WITH MUCH LESS
LOSS THAN WE EXPECTED”
WINSTON CHURCHILL’S D-DAY SPEECH TO THE HOUSE OF COMMONS
3RD INFANTRY
DIVISION
Invasion 07:30h
3RD INFANTRY
DIVISION
Invasion 07:35h 6TH AIRBORNE
DIVISION (UK) LANCASTER BOMBER
SECOND ARMY (DEMPSEY) UNITED KINGDOM The Avro Lancaster was first put into
action in 1942, the ‘Lanc’ featured a long
Cabourg bomb bay, allowing it to deliver large
bombs. The chances of surviving the war
SWORD on a bomber crew were lower than for an
JUNO
infantry officer in a World War I trench.
LD Courseulles-sur-Mer
GO Lion-sur-
Mer Ouistreham
Arromanches-les-Bains
ARTILLERY
Concrete bunker
with anti-tank
batteries
LANDING CRAFT
DEFENCES This Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM)
‘Hedgehog’ mk3 is now displayed at the Oustreham
obstacles built Museum of the Atlantic Wall. The
with rails
American craft could reach 10 knots,
while transporting 60 fully equipped
soldiers, or even a 30-ton tank.
BARBED-
WIRE WALLS
AND MINES
KEY REFERENCE
EMBARKED TROOPS
AIRBORNE TROOPS
ALLIED OBJECTIVE AT 24
HOURS FROM THE INVASION
UNCOVERED TERRITORY OCCUPIED BY

CHURCHILL AVRE
MINES
RAMPS
THE ALLIES 24 HOURS
AFTER THE INVASION
CARPET-LAYER
This modified tank used a bobbin to lay
WITH
BURIED PARATROOPERS carpet, with the tank itself driving over the
MINES matting as it was laid. Carpets enabled
GERMAN ARTILLERY heavy vehicles to cross soft beaches.

THE BIG STORY
6 JUNE 1944:
D-DAY WorldMags.net
EASY COMPANY-506TH PIR-IN PHOTOGRAPHS/GENESIS PUBLICATIONS X1, COPP HEROES-HAYLING ISLAND X1, ALAMY X3, UNITED STATES ARMY X1
‘Easy’ company of the 506th

Parachute Infantry Regiment
– the real Band of Brothers
5
BEHIND ENEMY LINES
A series of daring special forces missions
compromised the Germans’ ability to strike back
T
he assaults on the five Normandy into Brittany in order to help local resistance
beaches on 6 June 1944 have fighters attack German troops preparing to
rightly attracted most of the advance into Normandy.
headlines down the years. But without However, one of the most remarkable special
a series of special operations – swift, operations of the entire campaign took place
surgical strikes behind enemy lines – it’s months before D-Day. Captain Logan Scott-
unlikely that the invasion would Bowden and Sergeant Bruce Ogden-
have got off first base. Smith of the British Special Boat
Service (SBS) – armed with torches,
Elite troops from Britain, France
and the United States were all
involved. Operation Houndsworth
326,000
Number of troops who
compasses and a Colt 45 each -
swam to a number of Normandy
beaches to collect samples of sand.
saw over 100 SAS troops had crossed the These helped the Allies determine
channel by
parachuting into the Burgundy 11 June which beaches would be the
region of France and – with the help most suitable targets for large-scale
Sgt Ogden-Smith, who
snuck onto French of the French Resistance – blowing up landings. For their bravery, Ogden-Smith
beaches in early 1944 supply dumps and railway lines. received the Distinguished Conduct Medal and
to collect sand samples In another mission – Operation Dingson Scott-Bowden, who died in February this year,
– almost 200 Free French paratroopers jumped was awarded the Distinguished Service Order.
WorldMags.net
BAND OF BROTHERS
THE BRILLIANCE
OF BRÉCOURT
The award-winning television series Band of Brothers portrayed the
American assault on a heavily fortified German battery at Brécourt
Manor as one of the most brilliant actions of D-Day. In fact, the DUMMY
attack was, if anything, even more extraordinary than depicted on TROOPS
the TV series.
As the site of a powerful German battery containing four 105mm SHOCK
howitzers, Brécourt was posing a mortal threat to Allied troops AND AWE
advancing up Utah Beach on the morning of D-Day. One of the primary aims of special
Enter Lieutenant Richard Winters, leading a group of 23 elite operations on D-Day was to create
American paratroopers charged with the unenviable task of silencing panic among the German defenders
Brécourt’s guns. On arriving on the scene, Winters and his men – and one particular covert mission,
proceeded to attack the guns with grenades and TNT, using a system which involved dropping decoy
of trenches that connected the Germans’ artillery positions to pin the parachutists behind the fighting
zones, certainly did that.
defenders down with covering fire.
“The idea was to confuse the
Winters’ men were outnumbered two to one, and were confronted Germans,” said Squadron Leader
by an entrenched machine gun position, but that didn’t stop them William Stoneman, who was an
taking out three of the four howitzers before reinforcements arrived RAF rear gunner on the mission.
to help them finish off the job. “The decoy men exploded on
The brilliant, audacious assault has since been hailed as the classic impact with the ground and left
example of small-unit tactics overcoming a larger enemy – and it the enemy uncertain about what
helped ensure that the landings on Utah were relatively bloodless. was happening.”
BELOW: Richard Winters, as ‘Oscar’ dummy paratroopers

portrayed by Damien Lewis in like this one were dropped over
Band of Brothers and (inset) at different parts of Normandy to
Toccoa Training Camp, 1942 confuse the enemy
RIGHT A memorial stands at
Brécourt Manor today
LONG LIFE
After his death at the age of
92 in 2011, Major Winters’
grave was marked simply
“Richard D Winters, World
War II, 101st Airborne”.
A FITTING TRIBUTE
This memorial at Brécourt
Manor names the troops
involved in the action. To the
right is an engraving of a map
of the assault drawn by Richard
Winters on D-Day.
WorldMags.net
THE BIG STORY
6 JUNE 1944:
D-DAY WorldMags.net
THE LONGEST DAY

24 hours that changed the war
The future of Europe hinged on one day. Follow the events as they
unfolded, from the first airborne landings to the attempts to
strike inland as midnight approached
00:16 HOURS Luckily, after a brief fight, the British subdue

Within minutes of the clock ushering in 6 June the bridge’s defenders. Operation Deadstick, as
1944, one of the greatest invasions in the history
of warfare gets under way.
Troops of the 6th British Airborne Division
the assault was known, will later be hailed “The
most outstanding flying achievement of the war”. 21,222
Germans buried at La
are the first to see action, deep behind German 00:48 Cambe military war
lines. In the dead of night, they steal into As 1am approaches, the first of around 13,000 cemetery near
Bayeux,
Normandy in six Horsa gliders. One of their American paratroopers start to fall out of the Normandy
prime targets is Pegasus Bridge, spanning the sky. They are being dropped into Normandy to
Caen canal. Capture the bridge and they will secure key towns, bridges and road crossings.
seriously hamper German attempts to attack the
Allied landing beaches; fail, and the invasion
may be thrown into disarray.
RUN FOR
YOUR LIVES
German machine-gun fire at
Omaha was heavy, and the
sprint from the sea-wall
fortifications across the
beach to the foot of the cliffs
cost the lives of a great many
CORBIS
American soldiers.
WorldMags.net
“SOLDIERS, SAILORS AND
AIRMEN OF THE ALLIED
EXPEDITIONARY FORCE...
YOU WILL BRING ABOUT THE
DESTRUCTION OF THE GERMAN
WAR MACHINE, THE ELIMINATION
OF NAZI TYRANNY OVER THE
OPPRESSED PEOPLES OF
EUROPE, AND SECURITY FOR
OURSELVES IN A FREE WORLD”
GENERAL DWIGHT D EISENHOWER’S MESSAGE, 6 JUNE 1944
SEA DEFENCES
The fortifications along the
beaches were designed to rip the
underside of landing craft at high
tide. In addition, strong winds and
tides meant that many of the
craft landing at Omaha Beach
were in the wrong place, leading
to confusion on the beach.
Soldiers crawl ashore on

their bellies through the
defences on Omaha Beach
WorldMags.net
THE BIG STORY
6 JUNE 1944:
D-DAY WorldMags.net
18
Number of Infantry
divisions stationed at
Pas-de-Calais.
American troops Normandy and
begin the final part Brittany shared 14.
of their journey by
climbing down into
the landing craft
Yet it’s not long before American commanders 04:00 rough waters. Only two make it ashore, making
realise that the attack isn’t going to plan. A The massive invasion fleet arrives off the the task of taking the beach significantly
combination of bad weather, terrible visibility Normandy coast. Over 150,000 men, carried tougher. For those troops landing at Omaha, it
and poorly marked landing zones results in across the English Channel by 7,000 ships, is a sign of things to come.
thousands of paratroopers being scattered, prepare to come ashore. Their first task is to
leaderless across the countryside. Many are clamber down netting into the landing crafts 06:30
shot during their descent, or before they can that will take them to the beaches. The landing craft come to a halt, the ramps
free themselves from their shoots. are lowered and American troops begin
Twenty-four hours later, only a third of the 05:30 charging onto their two target beaches – Utah
troops are under the control of their divisions The Allies get their first taste of German and Omaha. The invasion forces meet with
– but they still take the fight to the Germans, firepower, as enemy shore batteries open up comparatively little resistance on Utah, taking
causing havoc among the confused defenders. on the fleet. the beach in a matter of hours at the cost of
under 200 casualties.
02:15
The German high command, already reeling at
the airborne troops’ assault inland, receives the
gravest of news: a massive Allied fleet has been
MANY OF THE AMPHIBIOUS
spotted off the coast of Cherbourg. TANKS SANK WITHIN
03:00 MINUTES, OVERWHELMED BY
The Allies make their next big move: waves of
bombers begin attacking German defensive
UNSEASONABLY ROUGH WATERS
positions along the Normandy coast. With
fighter support – and complete domination of 05:35 By contrast, Omaha is a bloodbath. The defences
PRESS ASSOCIATION X4, GETTY X2
the air – they are able to carry out their raids The Allies unleash what they believe will be a are bristling with funnelled mortars, machine
with virtual impunity. game-changing weapon: scores of amphibious guns and artillery – manned by hardened veterans
Hundreds of miles to the east in the Berghof tanks that will ‘swim’ to the beaches from 2 of the eastern front. Navigation hiccups mean
(Hitler’s retreat high in the German mountains), miles out and overpower the German defences. most landing craft miss their targets. The result is
the Führer goes to bed blissfully unaware of the That, at least, is the theory. But, for the tanks carnage. One report reads: “Within 10 minutes of
drama unfolding on the French coast. By the targeting Omaha Beach, the reality is far, far the ramps being lowered, every officer had been
time he wakes, the invasion of Europe will be different. Most sink within minutes of entering killed or wounded. It had become a struggle for
well and truly under way. the water – overwhelmed by the unseasonably survival and rescue.”
Canadian soldiers
WorldMags.net
with bicycles land
at Juno Beach
Royal Marine
Americans injured commandoes begin
at Omaha await to move inland
evacuation from from Sword Beach
Colleville-sur-Mer,
home today to an
American WWII
cemetery, where RESISTANCE FIGHTERS
almost 10,000 US soldiers search captured
troops are buried German Waffen SS soldiers
at Gavray, Normandy
INSIDE JOB
06.39 The French Resistance, acting on signals from
Elite American “I ran so fast, I would have London, set about causing chaos across France
troops of the 2nd Ranger Battalion beaten Jesse Owens that day,”
approach the Normandy coast in recalls Trooper Fred Walker, one As British, American and hit the Germans’ essential
a flotilla of 12 craft. Their target of thousands of British soldiers to Canadian troops awaited the infrastructure as hard as
is Pointe du Hoc, a 30-metre cliff attack Sword Beach that morning. order to go into action, deep they could, destroying trains,
offering commanding views over “I was frightened out of my life.” in the Normandy countryside cutting telephone cables and
Utah and Omaha Beaches. Not only Despite Walker’s nerves, the thousands of French sabotaging electrical facilities.
is Pointe du Hoc the base for 200 British subdue German resistance Resistance fighters
German infantry, it has formidable on both beaches. Fourteen were primed to strike
defences capable of unleashing hell thousand Canadian troops also at the Nazis too. All
on the invaders below. In short, it prevail along the coast at Juno they needed was a
has to be taken. Beach – yet they sustain heavy signal from the Allies
Shortly after stepping ashore, casualties in the process. that the invasion was
the Rangers have scaled the cliff By the end of the day, it’s under way.
and are sending the Germans claimed, soldiers of the Canadian For many, that
into retreat. Later in the day, the 3rd Division, have penetrated signal arrived in
Germans will counterattack and further into France than any other the form of a line
force the Rangers back into a Allied troops. from Paul-Marie
200-yard-wide defensive position Verlaine’s poem
inside the battery. Despite this, 13:45 Chanson D’Automne,
they never retake the position. As the battle rages on the beaches, transmitted from
British Lancaster and Halifax London by the
07:25 bombers head inland towards BBC. On hearing,
Virtually four years to the day after Caen. The British plan to capture “Wounds my heart
the last troops had been evacuated the strategically vital city on the with a monotonous
from Dunkirk at the climax of one opening day of the invasion, and languor” (late
of the most humiliating episodes in drop hundreds of tonnes of bombs on 5 June), the
their history, British soldiers finally in order to pave the way for a Resistance knew
return to France in large numbers ground assault. the invasion was
once again – landing at Gold and However, the raid is to become imminent. They A member of the resistance grou
p
Sword Beaches. highly controversial. The bombers French Forces of the Interior
holding a Czech-designed,
British-supplied Bren gun
WorldMags.net
THE BIG STORY
6 JUNE 1944:
D-DAY WorldMags.net
level the centre of the city, miss many of their On being told of the landings, Hitler declares:
German targets and kill 800 civilians over the “The news couldn’t be better. As long as they EXPERT VIEW
next 48 hours. were in Britain, we couldn’t get at them.” Yet
When asked what the bombing felt like, one still he dithers. Oxford University
resident says: “Imagine a rat sewn up inside a By the time the German tanks do rumble military historian
football during an international match.” into action in any great numbers, they find Roderick Bailey
themselves at the mercy of British and
14:00 American aircraft and are unable to prevent the
Seven long and bloody hours after landing Allies holding the beaches. They do, however, “THE ALLIES HAD
at Omaha, the Americans begin clearing the
first exits from the beach. They have sustained
scupper any plans the British harboured of
taking Caen that day.
LEARNED FROM
horrendous casualties storming the formidable FAILURES EARLIER
German defences – so many that General 17:21 IN THE WAR”
Omar Bradley had considered abandoning the Eleven hours after the attack on Omaha began,
landings at the beach, as the sea was crammed the beach is finally able to take “wheeled and How highly do you rate D-Day?
with dead bodies. tracked vehicular traffic” on much of the beach. It’s hard to argue against its status
By mid-afternoon, however, thanks in part Yet this achievement has come at a terrible price as one of the most impressive
to a sustained bombardment from the Royal – 3,000 Allied casualties – and by the end of the amphibious invasions in military
Navy, the survivors have rallied and are making day, the Americans have advanced barely a mile history. In terms of levels of planning,
tortuous progress up the bluffs that dissect the and a half off the beach. Elsewhere the news feats of engineering, the daring of the
German positions. is better: by 6pm British Hussar tanks have airborne raids and the brilliance of the
advanced 10 miles inland. pre-invasion deception plans, it really
16:00 does take some beating.
“If you don’t throw the British into the sea, the 24:00
war will be lost!” These are the fiery words of As the clock strikes midnight, all five beaches What made the landings a success?
an unnamed German commander as, 16 hours have been secured, around 160,000 troops have If I had to single out one particular
after the dawn of D-Day, Hitler finally gives the come ashore and, most significantly, the Allies factor, it would have to be planning.
go-ahead for a counterattack. have secured a toehold in western Europe that The Allies had learned from failed
All day, the German response to the invasion will eventually take them deep into Germany. amphibious landings earlier in the
has been compromised by their dysfunctional Ahead of the invasion, Dwight D Eisenhower, war – such as at Dieppe in 1942 – and
command structure – and Hitler’s sleeping Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe, were determined to leave nothing to
habits. The Führer doesn’t rise from his bed told his troops: “I have full confidence in your chance. To pick out just one example,
until noon, and few of his generals are prepared courage, devotion to duty, and skill in battle.” how about when they jammed enemy
to take decisive action without his consent. His confidence had been justified. d radar in the English Channel on the
night of 5-6 June? This proved so
successful that, when the Allied fleet
GENERAL BRADLEY CONSIDERED appeared off the coast of Normandy, it
ABANDONING THE LANDINGS AT came as a complete shock.
THE BEACH, AS THE SEA WAS What didn’t go so well?

Well the weather certainly didn’t
CRAMMED WITH DEAD BODIES help. Heavy winds caused havoc with
the mass drop of airborne troops,
GETTY X1, IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM X1, PORTSMOUTH CITY COUNCIL X1, THINKSTOCK X1, ALAMY X3
and meant that paratroopers found

themselves scattered across Normandy.
Also, the naval bombardment of
the beaches was pretty ineffective.
The German defences were relatively
unscathed, and that made the task of
taking the beaches far, far tougher.
How poor was the German response?

The German response was sluggish
– due, in part, to a dysfunctional
command structure. But I think we
should beware of making too much of
German deficiencies.
Their failure to react quicker on the
day was conditioned by the brilliance
of the Allied deception operation, and
once they’d come to terms with what
was going on, the German defence
stiffened rapidly. Remember, it took
the Allies two months to break out
of Normandy.
The news that everyone has been waiting years for finally arrives back in Britain
WorldMags.net
GET HOOKED!
There are countless stories, books, TV programmes, exhibition, memorials and
movies based around D-Day. Here’s our pick of the crop...
EXHIBITIONS AND COLLECTIONS

There are a number of events in Britain
and France for the 70th anniversary
D-DAY MUSEUM,
PORTSMOUTH
Britain’s only museum
dedicated solely to D-Day
has a host of events
planned to commemorate
the 70th anniversary.
www.ddaymuseum.co.uk The Normandy American
Cemetery and Memorial
overlooks Omaha Beach
IWM DUXFORD
With the Imperial War Museum NORMANDY
London currently closed, head There is plenty to see in Normandy, from remnants of the
to Duxford for a number of Mulberry harbour to museums, statues, sculptures and, most
D-Day related events. www. poignantly, military cemeteries. Check before travelling, as some
iwm.org.uk/visits/iwm-duxford sites have restricted access around the anniversary.
BOOKS AND WEBSITES CINEMA, FILM AND TELEVISION

D-Day has kept historians busy for decades, Reconstructing such an audacious invasion is a
but some of the more recent offerings are also exhausting task, even for Hollywood...
some of the best THE LONGEST DAY (1962)
The all-star blockbuster tells
the full story of the build-up
and the day itself. Bags of
drama and genuinely touching
scenes to boot. Stars John
Wayne, Rod Steiger, Richard
Burton, Sean Connery, Robert
Mitchum, Henry Fonda, etc...
SAVING PRIVATE RYAN

(1998)
Tom Hanks stars and Steven
D-DAY: THE BATTLE Spielberg directs this epic
FOR NORMANDY OVERLORD: D-DAY AND blockbuster. The opening
by Antony Beevor THE BATTLE FOR NORMANDY half hour is probably about
Beevor’s book brings the 1944 by Max Hastings as realistic a portrayal of
fighting to life. There’s a reason Both sides of the campaign are the Normandy landings as
he sells millions of copies. vividly explored in a balanced Hollywood has ever produced.
manner that leaves no pebble
unturned. A classic.
BAND OF BROTHERS (2001)
D-DAY IN NUMBERS: THE A genuine contender for ‘best
FACTS BEHIND OPERATION TV series ever made’, follows
OVERLORD by Jacob F Field ‘Easy’ Company, from basic
A quickfire tour of the training to parachuting on
planning, execution and D-Day, through the Battle of
aftermath. Packed with stats the Bulge to VE Day. Stephen
and curious stories. Ambrose’s book, from which
it’s adapted, is also excellent.
WorldMags.net
THE BIG STORY
6 JUNE 1944:
D-DAY WorldMags.net
TIMELINE D-Day to Berlin:

Follow the Allies on their way to triumph, from the beaches of Normandy,
6 JUNE 1944 D-DAY 7 JUNE 1944 9 JULY 1944 25 JULY 1944

Almost 160,000 Allied troops establish five beachheads SLOW CAEN FALLS ALLIED
in Normandy, opening up a long-awaited second front in PROGRESS AT LAST BREAKTHROUGH
German-occupied western Europe. British troops take The strategically The launch of
the town of Bayeux, vital Normandy Operation Cobra
yet the Allies soon city of Caen sees the Allies
find themselves succumbs to make rapid
bogged down in the British and progress in
French countryside Canadian forces Normandy. By
in what becomes after weeks of early August,
known as the Battle bitter fighting. American
of the Hedgerows. The Allies had General George
originally hoped Patton’s 3rd
to take the city Army has swept
Half-drowned in action, on D-Day. into Brittany.
a US soldier is helped
ashore at Omaha Beach
15 APRIL 1945 13 FEBRUARY

NAZI 1945
BRUTALITY DRESDEN IS
COMES TO LEVELLED
LIGHT In four raids over
British and Canadian three days, British
troops liberate and American
Bergen-Belsen bombers drop 3,900
concentration camp tonnes of bombs and
and find 13,000 24 MARCH 1945 incendiary devices
corpses lying around OVER THE RHINE on the capital of the
the site, unburied. US troops seize the bridge German state of
Most of the 53,000 over the last major physical Saxony. Up to
surviving inmates are barrier between them and 25,000 people die in
half-starved and Berlin at the German town of the bombing and From left to right:
seriously ill. Remagen, and begin to cross. resulting firestorm. Churchill, FDR and
Stalin take a seat
Hitler’s bunker was

partially burned out
29 APRIL 1945 30 APRIL to strip it of evidence
FEEDING 1945 after his suicide
THE DUTCH THE
The RAF and US Air FÜHRER’S
Force drop 11,000 SUICIDE
tonnes of food over With Soviet troops
the western closing in, Adolf
Netherlands – with Hitler and his new
the acquiescence of wife, Eva Braun, kill
ALAMY X2, CORBIS X5, GETTY X3
25 APRIL 1945 German troops – to themselves in their

EAST MEETS WEST help starving Dutch Berlin bunker.
Soviet and US troops give the world’s civilians. About Joseph Goebbels
press a priceless photo opportunity 22,000 died in the succeeds Hitler
when they meet at the River Elbe near famine that struck as Chancellor
Torgau, Germany. The country is now the country. of Germany.
effectively cut in two.
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the road to victory

into the heart of the Nazi empire
American
15 AUGUST 25 AUGUST 25 SEPTEMBER 1944 soldiers en
1944 1944 MARKET GARDEN FAILS route to the
beaches of
THE WAR PARIS IS FREE The British mission to seize strategic
Normandy
GOES SOUTH After over four years canals, bridges and tributaries beyond
The Allies unleash of Nazi occupation, the River Rhine is called off after heavy
Operation Dragoon, the capital is losses. The plan to drop 40,000
a massive invasion liberated by Free airborne troops behind enemy lines
of southern France, French and US results in over 15,000 casualties.
which forces the forces. General
Germans to withdraw Dietrich von Choltitz,
all troops from the Commander of the
south of the country. German garrison,
defies orders from
the Führer, when he
refuses to burn the
city to the ground.
4 FEBRUARY 16 DECEMBER 1944 21 OCTOBER

1945 THE BATTLE 1944
THE YALTA OF THE BULGE A FOOT IN D-DAY
CONFERENCE GERMANY
With victory on
The Germans launch a counterattack
through the Ardennes forest. The move The US 1st Army SUPPLIES
the horizon, British, catches the Allies off-guard, and it’s a seizes Aachen. It is KEEPING
American, and month before it finally grinds to a halt. the first major
Soviet leaders German city to fall
SOLDIERS FIT
Winston Churchill, to the western Allies. AND HEALTHY
Franklin D Roosevelt,
and Josef Stalin 10
meet in the Crimean Landing Barge, Kitchens (LBKs) sent
city of Yalta to to provide meals for the soldiers on
discuss the the beaches of Normandy. Each
organisation of LBK could feed 900 men a week,
postwar Europe. with over 2,400 meals made a day
– two hot, one cold.
3,300,000
Bottles of beer sent to France
4 MAY 1945 between D-Day and 17 July 1944
LOOTING by the Navy, Army and Air Forces
HITLER’S LAIR Institutes (NAAFI).
American troops
reach the Berghof, 652
Hitler’s residence Tons of food sent to the beaches
high up in the in the first four days of the
Bavarian Alps, and invasion. The supplies included
go about looting it. 8 MAY 1945 meat, bread, vegetables and a
What was left of the VICTORY IN whopping 446 tons of potatoes.
building was blown EUROPE DAY
up in 1952. The war in Europe comes 2,830
to an end as Nazi Germany Calories per day in a soldier’s
offers its final surrender to K-Rations, used by the American
the Soviet Union and Soldiers and civilians forces. Each package also
western powers. take to London’s streets included four cigarettes and
as celebrations begin
water-purification tablets.

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KEY DETAILS 70th ANNIVERSARY OF D-DAY: The 6th of June 1944 is etched in history forever as the day Allied forces began the major
EVENT: The 70th Anniversary of the offensive against Germany that led to the liberation of Europe. ‘D-Day’ was the largest amphibious assault in history, and the
D-Day Landings, honouring all who took courage of all those who took part in the assault of the Normandy beaches will never be forgotten.
part in the Allied invasion of Normandy. A new crown coin has been released to mark the 70th anniversary of the D-Day Landings, showing an image of troops
LIMITED RELEASE: The edition limit approaching the Normandy beaches in a landing craft and the engraved coastline bearing names of all five beaches below. Struck to
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THE HISTORY MAKERS
LEONARDO DA VINCI
PORTRAIT OF
THE ARTIST
Drawn in red chalk
WorldMags.net
on paper, this self
portrait dates to
around 1515
DA VINCI:
PORTRAIT
OF A GENIUS
ALAMY X1, THINKSTOCK X1
Lottie Goldfinch examines the life and legacy of one of

the most talented and enigmatic artists in history, whose
obsessions included sculpture, engineering and anatomy
THE HISTORY MAKERS
LEONARDO DA VINCI
WorldMags.net
c1486 MILITARY MIGHT

Leonardo’s skills as could be cranked with
a military engineer winding gears.
gained him The small figure
employment in Milan pictured on the right
and he spent a great of the crossbow’s
deal of time devising arm shows the sheer
new military weapons scale of Leonardo’s
1470-72 and devices. One of proposed invention,
As an apprentice to Andrea del Verrocchio, his designs was for but it is not known
Leonardo was asked to paint the face of the a giant crossbow, if the weapon was
angel at the bottom left of this painting, drawn in c1486, which ever built.
Baptism of Christ. It is said that Verrocchio
was so impressed with Leonardo’s work that
he vowed never to paint again.
F
lorence, Italy, 1503: two titans of 28-year-old whose sculptural masterpiece auspicious. His notary father, Piero, had entered
the Renaissance art movement are David already towered over the city. into a relationship with a peasant woman,
preparing to duel. But this will be a The infamous rivalry between the two artists Caterina, the result of which was an illegitimate
fight not of pistols or swords, but of and the high-profile nature of the commission child: Leonardo.
paint brushes, for the combatants should have given both an opportunity to prove Little is known about Leonardo’s childhood.
are none other than artists once and for all who was the better artist. His early years were spent with his mother,
Michelangelo Buonarroti and Leonardo da Vinci. Yet neither finished. In 1505, Michelangelo living at the foothills of Montalbano in the
Aged 51, Leonardo was already well- was called back to Rome where he had been small village of Anchiano. There, in a three-
established as a master painter. Tall, handsome commissioned to build the Pope’s tomb. room stone house, surrounded by vineyards
and beloved to many, it must have been with Leonardo, on the other hand, was plagued by and olive trees, Leonardo spent the first years
some confidence that he strode into the technical problems and eventually abandoned of his life, before moving to the household of
Palazzo’s Council Hall to begin work on his the commission. The war of paintbrushes his father, grandparents and uncle at the age
newest commission: the Battle of Anghiari, anticipated and encouraged by the artists’ of five. According to legend, it is here that his
ALAMY X2, GETTY X2, DREAMSTIME X1, BRIDGEMAN ART LIBRARY X1
a Florentine victory over Milan more than 60 patron was over before it had even begun. extraordinary artistic talent was first noted.
years earlier. In the same room, preparing to One story, reported by 16th-century biographer
commemorate the Battle of Cascina – another HUMBLE BEGINNINGS Giorgio Vasari, tells of how a local peasant
Florentine victory, this time against Pisa – was Born on 15 April 1452 near the Tuscan hill town who had crafted a round wooden shield asked
Michelangelo, the pious, highly emotional of Vinci, Leonardo’s beginnings were far from Piero if he would have it painted for him. Piero,
so Vasari writes, gave the shield to his son,
Leonardo, who painted a “great ugly creature,
GIORGIO VASARI, most horrible and terrifying, which emitted a
poisonous breath and turned the air to flame;
16TH-CENTURY BIOGRAPHER and he made it coming out of a dark and jagged
“Leonardo was convinced that his rock, belching forth venom from its open throat,
hands, for all their skill, could never fire from its eyes, and smoke from its nostrils, in
so strange a fashion that it appeared altogether a
perfectly express the subtle and monstrous and horrible thing.” Impressed with
wonderful ideas of his imagination” his son’s skill, and clearly with an eye to making
a profit, Piero supposedly sold the shield to an
WorldMags.net
c1495-98
The Last Supper – a mural that can still be
seen in the Convent of Santa Maria delle
Grazie in Milan – is one of Leonardo’s most
famous works. Painting began in c1495, but
preparatory sketches like this date to c1494.
1485-90
Leonardo had a lifelong obsession
with flight, and designed a number of
mechanical winged and gliding devices,
many between 1485-90 while he was living in Milan. The painting was an overwhelming success
He is thought to have produced around 500 sketches and Leonardo was soon able to earn a living
relating to flight – one such design was for a pair of from portraiture, adding both Venetian and
giant wings, inspired by bats (pictured top). Florentine nobility to his expanding clientele,
which included the Medici family, the wealthiest
and most powerful dynasty in Florence.
art dealer in Florence for 100 ducats and bought been permitted to fill in some of the details of But even while creating public works of
the peasant a replacement. Verrocchio’s paintings: details in landscapes, or art for his wealthy patrons, Leonardo was
The validity of this story may be unclear, perhaps the hair of painted figures. privately developing his skills as an engineer
but we do know that at the age of about 15, It seems that Leonardo spent some 12 years and inventor. Following a move to Milan in
despite his lack of formal learning, Leonardo living and working at, or near, the Verrocchio around 1482, Leonardo wrote a letter to the
was apprenticed to one of the most successful studio in Florence. There, he would often walk Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, offering his
artists and sculptors of the day, Andrea the streets of the city purchasing caged birds services as an engineer and sculptor, and listing
del Verrocchio. It was there, in the artist’s as he went, only to set them free, to fly again. It the war machines and military devices that he
could construct on behalf of the Duke. Portable
Even while creating works of art, bridges, scaling ladders, a giant crossbow,
exploding darts and even an armoured tank
Leonardo was developing his were all proposed as possible weapons. In fact,
so confident in his engineering abilities was
skills as an engineer and inventor Leonardo that he concluded his letter: “if any
of the abovementioned things seem impossible
or impracticable to anyone, I am most readily
Florentine workshop, that Leonardo learnt the is this love of animals that has given rise to the disposed to demonstrate them in your park.”
technical skills he would later apply to some theory that he was a vegetarian. Whether the offer was taken up by the Duke
of his most famous works – from carpentry, Leonardo was officially recognised as a is unknown, but Leonardo did gain work as
metalworking and metallurgy, to drawing, master painter after joining the painters’ guild a civil engineer in Milan, creating plans for a
painting and sculpting. But as a young of Florence in 1472. He is then believed to have proposed new city layout that included canal
apprentice in a prestigious studio, it would have undertaken the first real test of his abilities as systems, rooftop arboretums and gardens,
been some time before Leonardo would have a master painter: The Annunciation, a work sewerage systems and wide, cleaner streets.
been entrusted with a paintbrush – instead he that encompassed both science and sensibility,
would have swept floors, mixed paints, polished combining the technical difficulties of painting ANATOMY AND NATURE
marble, built scaffolding and studied various three-dimensional objects with the emotion, Leonardo’s butterfly mind and eclectic
artistic techniques. Eventually, he would have colour and grace of the figures themselves. interests meant that he was often guilty

THE HISTORY MAKERS
LEONARDO DA VINCI
WorldMags.net
1510-12 THE HUMAN BODY 1513-1516

St John the Baptist was the
1503-06 Leonardo dissected later. His sketch of a last painting Leonardo ever
produced and was in the
Mona Lisa is one of the world’s human and animal human baby in the
artist’s possession when he
most hotly debated works of corpses to ascertain womb is one of the died, two years later.
art. Some believe it to be a the inner workings of most famous, but his
self-portrait; others think it may the body, a practice accompanying notes
be a depiction of Leonardo’s
peasant mother, Caterina. that led to the artist demonstrate that he known to use – proclaim: “Man is the
making medical believed the model of the world.”
discoveries that structure of the Some four years after his return
of beginning artistic projects only to abandon wouldn’t be womb to be the to Florence, in about 1503, Leonardo
them before completion. But his talents confirmed until same in both animals embarked upon the painting that he
were not solely limited to art, sculpture and around a century and humans. is probably best remembered for: the
engineering. The human body also fascinated Mona Lisa (Madam Lisa, known as
him, both artistically and anatomically. La Gioconda – literally ‘the jocund
Between the late 1480s and early 1490s, Florence, the city he had returned to in c1499. one’ – in Italian). According to Vasari, Leonardo
Leonardo began work on what were to be By 1508, Leonardo had, by his own reckoning, was commissioned by nobleman Francesco de
several treatises that would span a host of conducted at least 10 human dissections Giocondo to paint his wife, Lisa Gherardini de
different subjects, including anatomy. One – including a 100-year-old man. Nine years Giocondo. Describing the painting, which took
theory Leonardo wished to investigate further later, this figure had risen to more than 30. several years to complete, Vasari states: “the
was the idea that specific parts of the brain nose, with its beautiful nostrils, rosy and tender,
could provide a link between knowledge ANATOMY OF AN ARTIST appears to be alive. The mouth, with its ends
and action, and he believed the brain was Leonardo used the anatomical knowledge united by the red of the lips to the flesh-tints
divided into three fluid-filled cavities he called gained from dissection not only to create of the face, seemed, in truth, to be not colours
‘ventricles’. The first ventricle, he surmised, highly-accurate works of art, but also to but flesh.” Even today, it is the enigmatic quality
provided a link between the processing of formulate theories on the workings of the of the sitter’s expression, as well as the various
external information and the soul; the second body. One remarkable discovery, made by the theories as to her real identity, that has made the
ventricle was where the soul actually resided. artist in c1510, identified that the heart had piece one of the most well-known works of art
This fascination with the workings of the four chambers and recognised the role of heart in the world. Some believe the painting to be of
human body was one that would continue for valves in ebbing the flow of blood. In fact, many Leonardo’s mother, while others have stated that
ALAMY X2, BRIDGEMAN ART LIBRRAY X1, GETTY X1, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS X1
the rest of Leonardo’s life. Some 20 years later, of Leonardo’s most famous compositions owe the piece is a self-portrait. The reality is that we
around 1508, his interest was revived and he much to his fascination with anatomy, including will probably never know whether Leonardo’s
revisited his treatises, developing new theories the Vitruvian Man of c1490, a drawing that Mona Lisa is the same work described by Vasari,
on anatomy. But in order to do so, the artist was blended art and science to create the perfectly who never saw the finished piece.
forced to buy corpses to dissect and draw, before proportioned man. The drawing’s accompanying The year 1516 saw Leonardo move to France
he was finally granted permission to dissect notes – written backwards from right to left in at the invitation of King Francis I, following
corpses at the hospital Santa Maria Nuova in the so-called ‘mirror writing’ Leonardo was a period in Rome under the patronage of the
Medici family. Upon his arrival in Amboise, the
ageing Leonardo continued working on several
HIPPOLYTE TAINE, projects – among them stage machinery for use
in theatres, plans for a palace, and perhaps also
19TH-CENTURY HISTORIAN his famous painting of St John the Baptist.
“Da Vinci broke forth with a splendour But in 1517, paralysis of his right side caused
that distanced former excellence: by a stroke meant that he was unable to paint,
although he continued to draw and teach
made up of all the elements that despite his poor health. On 2 May 1519, at the
constitute the essence of genius” age of 67, Leonardo drew his last breath. The
great Renaissance polymath was dead. d
WorldMags.net
“It had long since come to my
attention that people of
accomplishment rarely sat
back and let things happen to
them. They went out and
happened to things.”
Leonardo da Vinci
1519 DEATH OF A GENIUS

Leonardo died on – an image adopted
2 May 1519 in by many 19th-century
Amboise, France, artists, including
where he had been Jean-Auguste-
living under the Dominique Ingres,
patronage of the whose 1818 painting
French King Francis I. is shown here.
One popular In reality, the King
legend has it that was a day’s ride
the King was at his away at the time,
side as he died, but his admiration
cradling the artist’s for the great artist
head in his hands is well documented.
WorldMags.net
IN PICTURES
THE WORLD CUP GLOBAL PA RTY…
WorldMags.net
Once every four years, the world’s
football fans come together, some in
hope, others just for the fun of it...
1994 NEW JER SEY

SMILING...
WHEN IRISH EYES ARE
Fans of the Republic of Ireland, flushed from
their unexpected victory over eventual-finalists
Italy, enjoy the 0-0 draw with Norway that takes
them through to the next round.
1982 1986
BARCE
ILLIANT
LONA MEXICO
BRAZ
The hosts of the 2014
tournament, Brazil are the most
CITY
successful country in football
PASODOBLE
Children in
history. The five-time champions
traditional costume
are also the only side to have
dance during the
featured in every World Cup.
opening ceremony
for the 1986 World
Cup – the second
WHEN THE
time Mexico hosts
the tournament in
just 16 years.
W O R L D 1970 LÉON
MEXICAN WAVES
West Germany fans flag down a
lift to their match against Bulgaria
during Mexico ’70, which
COMES OUT
many fans consider the
best tournament ever.
TO PLAY Since the first tournament, in Uruguay

in 1930, the FIFA World Cup has
become one of the biggest events on
ALAMY X3, GETTY X2
Earth, drawing fans from all over the

world for one big football party...
WorldMags.net 1970
GUADALAJARA
ENGLAND SWINGS
At Mexico ’70, England fans hope to
watch their country retain the trophy
with, arguably, a better side than had
won it four years earlier. Despite losing
this game against Pelé’s Brazil, they
make it through to the quarter finals,
where their final opponents in 1966,
West Germany, get their revenge,
winning 3-2 after extra time.
ENGLAND FANS
HAD NO IDEA THAT
1970 WOULD
SIGNAL THE START
OF MORE THAN 40
YEARS OF HURT
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IN PICTURES
THE WORLD CUP
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1978
BUENOS AIRES
DON’T CRY FOR ME ARGENTINA
Two years on from a military coup, hosts
Argentina need to beat Peru by four goals to
reach the final (pictured). They win 6-0. Some
claim Peru threw the game in exchange for the
return of exiled Peruvian dissidents. Others point
out that Peru’s goalkeeper was born in Argentina.
2002
YOKOHAMA
HOME WIN
Fans of the ‘Samurai Blue’
celebrate their 1-0 victory
over Russia at the 2002
tournament, which Japan
co-hosts with South Korea.
GETTY X5, ALAMY X2
THE FIRST WORLD

CUP IN ASIA
WAS ALSO THE
FIRST CO-HOSTED
TOURNAMENT
DEDICATION…
Following your country at theWorldMags.net
World Cup can see dreams dashed
or made in a moment...
1966 BIRMINGHAM
THE RAIN IN SPAIN
This lone Spanish supporter may end up using
his parasol as an umbrella as he watches his side
lose to West Germany at Villa Park. Currently,
the Spanish side are the World Champions.
1982 BILBAO
CHILLING OUT
1990 BOLOGNA A Kuwait fan enjoys the party
during his country’s 1-0 defeat
FLYING DOWN THE WING to England at España ’82
Colombia’s legendary ‘Birdman’ at Italia ’90 gave – Kuwait’s only World Cup
up his law degree to dress-up and follow his Finals appearance.
country. Fellow fans winch the human condor up
on a rope so that he can actually ‘fly’.
1998 NANTES
WHITE STRIPE
In more recent 1974
years, face-
painting has FRANKFURT
become a THE TARTAN ARMY
common sight Enjoying a 0-0 draw with Brazil,
at World Cup Scotland fans are known for their
grounds. Here, boisterous support.
a Nigerian fan
is made-up by
his country’s
superb 3-2
victory over
Spain at
France ’98.
WorldMags.net
GREAT ADVENTURES
BURKE AND WILLS
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BURKE AND WILLS:

DOOMED EXPLORERS OF
THE AUSTRALIAN WILDERNESS
BRIDGEMAN ART LIBRARY X1, THINKSTOCK X1
They set off to discover the unknown, to find a

route across one of the most extreme continents on
Earth, to carve out a path to glory. But all Burke and
Wills found was tragedy, as Pat Kinsella recounts…
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“Unknown to them,
Burke and Wills had
come within 12 miles
of the ocean”
DEPARTING PARTY
The Victorian Exploring
Expedition, now known as
the Burke and Wills
Expedition, sets off from
Melbourne, 20 August 1860

GREAT ADVENTURES
BURKE AND WILLS
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B
ound together in death, as THE MAIN
they are in history books and PLAYERS
monuments across Australia,
Robert O’Hara Burke and William
John Wills made an unlikely
double act in life. Burke, a
flamboyant Irishman, had an impulsive streak
that saw him lurch from policeman to soldier
to expedition leader. In contrast, Wills was an ROBERT
unexcitable Englishman. He had a methodical O’HARA BURKE
and careful character with the mind of a scientist. Born in Ireland c1820,
In fact, the only similarity the pair did share Burke served in the
Austrian Army and
was a lack of relevant qualifications for leading Irish Constabulary
the Victorian Exploring Expedition of 1860, before emigrating
which was tasked with finding a south–north to Australia and
joining the police.
route across Australia. Burke had no exploration
experience or knowledge of bushcraft
whatsoever, while Wills was never supposed to
be second-in-command. When the expedition
left Melbourne, Burke’s right-hand man was
George Landells. Wills’ original role was as
surveyor and astronomical observer.
The expedition took place against a backdrop WILLIAM
of intense competition between the colonies of JOHN WILLS
Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia. Born in England,
At stake were the potential riches of the 1834, Wills moved
Australian inland, links with the important ports
to Australia at 18, he HIGHS & LOWS
worked as a shepherd, ABOVE: Burke, Wills and
in the north, and ownership of the proposed gold digger and King are in dire straits as
telegraph line that would straddle the continent surgeon apprentice they fight the odds to reach
and finally a surveyor. Mount Hopeless
and open up communications with Australia’s
gold-rich (but completely isolated) south. RIGHT: 100 miles in, and the
extravagant expedition
party is still in one piece
THE PARTY STARTS
In mid 1860, Scottish explorer John McDouall
Stuart, working for South Australia, located the
centre of the continent and came within 500
miles of the northern coast. While Stuart was JOHN KING
suffering the extremities of the Red Centre with Born in Ireland, 1838.
just two colleagues and three horses, the Royal Lone survivor of the
party that nearly made
Society of Victoria was busy putting together an the crossing. He never
extraordinarily extravagant expedition party. fully recovered and
On 20 August 1860, a 15,000-strong crowd died in 1872, aged 33.
assembled in Melbourne’s Royal Park amid a
carnival atmosphere, during which a camel WILLIAM BRAHE
broke loose and chased a police officer. Burke Born 1835 in Germany,
also sacked three expedition members before he moved to Victoria
in 1852. Brahe was in
they set off, two for being drunk. charge at the Cooper
They finally departed at 4pm, carrying two Creek waterhole. He
years’ supplies and 20 tonnes of equipment lived until 1912.
– including a Chinese gong and a cedar-topped
GETTY X2, ALAMY X2, THINKSTOCK X2, BRIDGEMAN ART LIBRARY X1
oak camp table with two chairs. One wagon

broke down before they’d left the park. Another
two failed before they escaped Melbourne. The
party was battered by awful weather causing
WILLIAM
WRIGHT
Joined the party
after meeting
“I will cross
Australia
Burke in Menindee.
them to crawl along on average between ½ and Within weeks,
3 miles per hour. he’d become the
Arriving in Balranald, New South Wales, on third-in-command.
15 September, they jettisoned supplies to lighten
the load. Two months after leaving Melbourne,
they arrived in Menindee – a journey the mail
coach could manage in a week. Here, a quarrel
between Burke and his second-in-command
JOHN
MCDOUALL
STUART
Burke’s nemesis,
– or perish in
dramatically escalated, stopping short of a duel.
Landells left the group and Wills was promoted.
Burke, frustrated by their glacial progress,
could feel the breath of rivals on his back. He
Scottish-born
Stuart made his
own south–north
crossing of
Australia in 1861-2.
the attempt”
Robert O’Hara Burke
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THE END IS NIGH

LEFT: The weary
travellers rest as their
journey nears its
fateful end
ABOVE: King mourns
the loss of the
expedition leader
SUCCESS WITHOUT
CELEBRATION
Burke, Wills and King head back to
Cooper Creek after reaching coastal
mangroves at the northern end of the
continent, but failing to see the sea
WorldMags.net 61
GREAT ADVENTURES
BURKE AND WILLS
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knew Stuart would mount another lightweight Gray’s health deteriorated rapidly and on
expedition. Reducing each man’s allowance to 17 April, over 90 miles from Cooper Creek, he
15kg, Burke forced the party’s two scientists to died. It took the men a day to bury him – a
dump almost all their gear, effectively reducing delay that would have tragic consequences.
them to camel-hands with sketch pads.
As more men resigned or were sacked, others CLOSE ENCOUNTERS
were hired en route, among them William On 21 April, after a 930-mile round trip, the
Wright, a sheep-station manager who’d recently trio reached the waterhole they’d left four
been to Cooper Creek - over 500 miles north. months earlier, only to find that the camp had
just been abandoned. The fire was still warm,
DIVIDE & CONQUER and there was an engraving on a coolibah tree:
Shortly after leaving Menindee, Burke decided DIG
to split the party. Impulsively, he promoted UNDER
Wright to third-in-command. Burke left the 3 FT NW
new recruit in charge, as he took seven men and As instructed, they dug and found a trunk
the strongest horses and raced ahead. of rations and a note confirming that
At Cooper Creek, instead of sitting out the Brahe, who had waited four months and a
ferocious summer heat and waiting for Wright, week, had left nine hours earlier. The note
Burke split the team again, taking a four-man also explained that Wright had never made
lightning party (himself, Wills, John King it to Cooper Creek.
and Charles Gray) and heading for the Gulf of The following day, while Wills and King
Carpentaria. Burke left William Brahe in charge pleaded with him to head back along the
at Cooper Creek, telling him to wait for three Darling River, Burke insisted on trying to
months. Secretly, Wills implored Brahe to allow reach a police outpost at Mount Hopeless,
them an extra month. 155 miles away. Burke wrote a note
They made good progress until, on 9 February, explaining their actions and King reburied
at the Little Bynoe River, mangroves blocked the trunk. He asked Burke whether he
their way. Leaving King and Gray with the should engrave another message on the
camels, Burke and Wills made a final push tree. Burke told him not to bother. It was
north, but had to turn back after 15 miles. his second disastrous decision that day.
Unknown to them, they’d come within 12 miles Meanwhile, heading south, Brahe
of the ocean. There was no moment of triumph, stumbled across Wright’s party at Bulloo.
nowhere to leave their mark. It had taken them They’d only managed to advance 280 miles
59 days to get this far and they had 27 days’ from Menindee and were in a pitiful state.
provisions to get them back. Troubled by his decision to leave his post,
The wet season erupted, and in the tropical Brahe rode back to Cooper Creek with Wright, LIFE & LEGACY
monsoons the camels began to fail. One was for one last check. When they arrived, everything TOP: After two months living
released; three more were shot, butchered seemed the same. No new engravings on the tree; with a local tribe, expedition
and eaten. The horse went into the pot too. A no need to dig up the trunk. They stayed 15-30 assistant King is rescued
ABOVE: Thousands turn out
native plant kept scurvy at bay, but another minutes, then rode back to Bulloo. for the joint funeral of Burke
bush-tucker experiment with a snake ended in Barely 25 miles west, Burke, and Wills, held in Melbourne,
dysentery for Burke and Gray. Wills and King clung to life. January 1863
Gray was then caught stealing rations, for They’d butchered their last
which Burke administered a beating. Trust was camels, and some local
shattered within the group, which staggered
solemnly onwards. By 15 March 1861 – on
Yandruwandha people had
given them food. Sensing a 8 CULLYAMURRA
WATERHOLE
Where King is found by a
ILLUSTRATION: DAWN COOPER, BRIDGEMAN ART LIBRARY X1, GETTY X1, ALAMY X2
Brahe’s three-month deadline – they were still happy ending was unlikely,
member of Alfred
685 miles from Cooper Creek. the ever-pragmatic Wills Howitt’s rescue party on
returned to Cooper Creek 15 September 1861.
to bury his diaries. Relief missions like
THE JOURNEY IN NUMBERS Howitt’s delivered
When he arrived, great gains in area
1761 50 there was no sign knowledge – much
The length, in The temperature, that Brahe and more than Burke’s.
miles, of the in degrees Celsius,
Wright had recently
highway that now regularly reached
dissects Australia, in the shade in the been there, looking
south to north northern deserts for them.
of Australia
390 THE LAST
Days between 26
John King leaving The number of BLUNDER REVERED
Melbourne and camels originally When Wills returned, he PIONEERS
being rescued taken on the The Burke
expedition
found that Burke had
and Wills
60 fired his gun over the statue in
Gallons of rum 27 head of a Yandruwandha Melbourne
taken for the camels Wills’ age when he man, who’d tried to take
(it was believed to died alone in the
prevent scurvy) middle of Australia a scrap of cloth. No more
food was forthcoming.
THE GREATWorldMags.net
UNKNOWN
With no knowledge of the land they had to cross, one of the wagons in the original
expedition could be converted into a boat, for crossing large bodies of water. In some By June, Wills was fading fast. He convinced
respects they were lucky in the north – navigating many rivers and mangroves without his companions to leave him and follow a group
encountering saltwater crocodiles. The expedition was the of Yandruwandha in an attempt to get food.
first to use camels for transport in Australia, along with Burke didn’t make it far, before settling down
four ‘sepoy’ camel handlers, who were paid a fraction
under a coolibah tree and writing a final letter.
of the wages of the other men.
At his request, King stayed with him while he
died. Afterwards King retraced his steps and
found Wills’ body where they’d left him.
6 LITTLE
BYNOE RIVER
An arm of the Flinders
The survivor found a group of Yandruwandha
nearby, who fed him. After he bathed and
River delta, and as far treated a woman’s injured arm, this group
north as Burke and Wills
adopted him for two months, until he was
travel – just 12 miles shy
of sighting the sea in the discovered by a rescue party at Cullyamurra on
Gulf of Carpentaria. 15 September – a date King celebrated as his
birthday for the rest of his short life.
The bodies of Burke and Wills were recovered,
and 40,000 spectators attended their joint
state funeral in Melbourne on 21 January 1863.
Although it had ended in tragedy, the expedition
– and especially the six rescue missions that
5 CAMP 65
On the banks of
Cooper Creek, the loyal
followed – opened up vast tracts of hitherto
unknown Australian inland. d
William Brahe waits with his
ailing men for four months
and one week in dreadful GET HOOKED
conditions. Brahe turns
homeward just hours before
Burke, Wills and King arrive The site of the
back. Site of the Dig Tree, tragedy, near
scene of a tragic series of Innamincka
missed encounters.
4 BULLOO
The furthest north that
Wright’s rear-guard party
reaches, after the expedition
split outside of Menindee. TRAVEL
Several expedition members The ‘Dig Tree’ at Cooper Creek, scene of
die here, and it is the scene
the tragic series of missed encounters
of a violent showdown with
an indigenous group. that could have saved the lives of Burke
and Wills, can still be seen close to
Innamincka, on the Strzelecki Track
3 MENINDEE
Scene of a major bust
up between Landells and
where South Australia and Queensland
collide. Not far downstream you can
find markers commemorating the spots
Burke, who challenges his
second-in-command to a where Burke and Wills died, and the
duel. Landells leaves on place where King was rescued.
14 October. Here, William If you don’t have time to go that
Wright joins the group.
deep into the Red Centre, check out
the Burke and Wills Memorial Cairn
in Melbourne’s Royal Park, or visit the
explorers’ graves at nearby Melbourne
7 MOUNT
HOPELESS
2 BALRANALD
The group arrives here,
just inside New South Wales,
General Cemetery.
An ultra-remote South on 15 September, much later WEBSITE

Australian police outpost, than hoped. Burke orders the An excellent online archive of historical
155 miles west of Cooper dumping of large amounts of documents relating to the Burke and Wills
Creek, that Burke is hell bent sugar, scurvy-preventing lime
expedition can be explored here:
on trying to reach because it juice, and guns.
had been used by explorer www.burkeandwills.net.au
Augustus Gregory on his
journey back from the BOOKS
Cooper two years earlier.
There are numerous books devoted to the
1 ROYAL PARK,
MELBOURNE
Anarchic scenes take place
Burke and Wills Expedition, but one of
the best, most thoroughly researched and
here on 20 August 1860, as eminently readable is Sarah Murgatroyd’s
the grandest expedition ever The Dig Tree (2002).
assembled is waved off by
15,000 people, many of
whom have been visiting the
WorldMags.net
‘sly grog shop’. JUNE 2014 63
10 TOP TEN…
TORTURE
METHODS WARNING:
WorldMags.net
NOT FOR THE
FAINT HEARTE
D
Medieval torture
Methods
To extract information and execute
criminals in the most painful ways THE WHEEL
possible, medieval torturers became If used creatively by Middle
highly imaginative… Ages torturers, the wheel was
a deadly tool. Basic methods
include burning a person’s
various parts as they are
IRON rotated around, while possibly
the cruellest use was more of
MAIDEN a crucifixion. The prisoner’s
limbs were broken, shoved in
The mere sight of this between the wheel’s spokes,
huge upright coffin then they were raised to the
– which supposedly dates top of a pole for days.
back to the Middle Ages
– strikes fear into the
eyes of its beholder. But
THINKSTOCK X1, ALAMY X6, TOPFOTO X2, FLOMINATOR X2
only those unfortunate

enough to end up inside
know its true horror.
Lined with strategically
placed spikes to
penetrate the victim’s
most sensitive parts
– but, crucially, to avoid
the vital organs – the
doors are slowly shut.
Death follows even SCAVENGER’S
more slowly, as the
Maiden can take days DAUGHTER
to claim its victims. Designed to crush the body,
this device could crack
THE bones, dislocate the
spine, and force blood
THE RACK HERETIC out from the ears and
Often considered the most

FORK nose. Forced to crouch
down, the victim’s neck
painful torture of them all, a This nasty instrument was would be placed in the
stretch on the rack left you reserved for heretics. After top of the instrument, the
more than a little loftier. a confession, the collar is wrists encased in the
It would dislocate limbs wrapped around the neck, with hoops at the middle,
with a loud crack, and an the fork prongs sinking their and the ankles locked
overzealous torturer could way into the chest at one end into the bottom. With
even rip off arms. Although and the chin at the other. The a twist of a screw, the
designed for extracting head is forced up and back, torturer tightens the
information, this device causing extreme discomfort, device, squeezing the
did often kill, or left you and the dissenter is often victim, little by little,
crippled at best. thrown in jail while subjected to to death.
the torture.
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HEAD
CRUSHER
Supposedly a favourite of
the Spanish Inquisition, this
contraption does exactly
what its name suggests. With
the prisoner’s chin placed
on the bottom plank, a turn
of the crank crushes the
cranium. In some instances,
death comes only after the
victim’s teeth have broken
from the pressure and the
eyeballs have popped out of
their sockets.
BREAST RIPPER
If a woman was suspected of having
an abortion or of committing
adultery, she might find
herself on the wrong
end of these prongs.
After inserting the
forks – sometimes hot
from the fire – into the
breasts, the torturer
rips the bosoms apart. If
the prisoner survives the
pain and blood loss, her
chest is left mutilated.
SAW TORTURE
Simple but effective, saw torture could
be conducted without any specialist
equipment, and was dished out as a
punishment for all sorts – witchcraft,
blasphemy and theft, to name but a
few. But its simplicity should not be
underestimated. The victim is hung
upside down so as to slow blood flow to
the sliced area, and also to keep blood in
the head, thus maximising consciousness
and pain, and prolonging death.
THE BRAZEN BULL
Invented in Ancient Greece, medieval JUDAS JOIN THE DEBATE
torturers were fans of this cruel apparatus.
The condemned is placed inside a hollow CRADLE Know any worse
metal bull and a fire is ignited beneath Being impaled on this torture devices?
– essentially burning the person alive. For pointed ‘seat’ for days Let us know!
any witnesses, the muffled deathly screams may not kill a person, but
@Historyrevmag
sound more like a cow, the dying prisoner’s infection would – the device
#TopTenTorture
movements make the bull twist and turn, and was rarely cleaned. Some
www.facebook.com/
all the steam and smoke within is funnelled torturers hang weights off
HistoryRevealed
out through the ox’s nostrils – it really does their victims’ legs, while
editor@history
look like a brazen bull. others oil the point to push
revealed.com
up the pain.

BATTLEFIELD
BANNOCKBURN,
1314 WorldMags.net
Bannockburn:
the fight for
Scotland’s
freedom
A pivotal victory in the Scottish
fight for independence from
English rule, the Battle of
Bannockburn was a classic case
of wit over superior numbers and
40
Robert the Bruce’s
age at the time of the
battle. He died in 1329
weaponry, says Julian Humphrys aged 54, possibly
of leprosy
R
obert the Bruce had nephew Henry de Bohun slain
carefully chosen in single combat by Robert the
the ground on Bruce, but were unable to break
which he would through. Gloucester was unhorsed
fight King Edward and the English were forced to
II’s English troops. retreat. Meanwhile a detachment
He had drawn up his forces where of English cavalry under Sir Robert TRIPLE THREAT
the Stirling road passed through Clifford and Henry de Beaumont Bruce and his troops were
outnumbered over two-
the woodland of the New Park, attempted to reach Stirling Castle to-one, but thanks to better
because he knew the English by skirting the high ground to knowledge of the terrain – or
cavalry would find it difficult to at least, better use of it – the
Scots were able to overcome
operate effectively in such terrain. superior enemy forces.
The Scots further strengthened KEY FACTS
their position by scattering pointed
caltrops and digging small pits Date: 23-24 June 1314
filled with sharpened stakes Location: Two miles south of
in front of their lines. On the Stirling, Scotland
BRIDGEMAN ART LIBRARY X1, ALAMY X1
afternoon of Sunday 23 June, the Terrain: Parkland, woodland

and some marshy areas
English vanguard, jointly led by the bordered by streams
Earls of Gloucester and Hereford Forces: English, about 2,000
after a dispute over who should cavalry and 13,000 infantry.
have precedence, crossed Bannock Scots, about 6,000 spearmen
and 500 light cavalry
Burn and tried to force their way
Outcome: Decisive Scottish
through the New Park to Stirling.
victory and the expulsion of
They charged the Scottish lines, the English from Scotland
probably after seeing Hereford’s
WorldMags.net FOOT SOLDIERS
Shocked that infantry could
defeat a cavalry-based army,
after Bannockburn the
English adopted the Scots’
on-foot fighting tactics.
This ushered in a new age
of warfare, in which infantry
ruled on the battlefield.
REVENGE FOR BRUCE

Robert the Bruce leads his
men to victory, fighting back
against oppressive English rule
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BATTLEFIELD
BANNOCKBURN,
1314 WorldMags.net
the east of the New Park, only to be
intercepted by a schiltron (tightly
packed formation) of spearmen
HOW IT ALL BEGAN…
under the Earl of Moray, and driven In 1290, Edward I of vassal. When the
off with heavy losses. Some headed England saw an Scottish King tried to
for Stirling Castle, the rest returned opportunity to extend assert his independence
to the main English army, which by his power northwards by signing a treaty with
now had also crossed the Bannock when he was asked to France, Edward rallied a
Burn and moved onto the Carse of judge between 13 rival large army and, in 1296,
Stirling – marshland to the east of claimants for the vacant invaded Scotland and
the New Park – where it camped Scottish throne. overthrew him, ushering
for the night. Edward chose John in a bloody period of
Balliol as the new King 40 years of near-
STRIKE TWO of Scotland, but it soon continuous warfare.
The following morning, the English became clear that A KING’S BETRAYAL
were astonished to see three Edward regarded Balliol Edward I turns on John
Scottish schiltrons advancing. as little more than a Balliol, sacking Berwick
Gloucester led the English
vanguard in a charge against
Edward Bruce’s spearmen, only Edward II had greater resources and a larger population to draw on
to be unhorsed again and, this
time, killed.
WHO than Bruce. He was therefore able to assemble a considerably larger
force including a substantial contingent of mounted knights. These
The charge was a bloody failure,
the English cavalry fell back
FOUGHT? could be devastating when working closely with archers. However,
Edward’s army lacked cohesion, was beset by rivalries among its
in confusion and the Scottish Motivation, training and commanders, and many of its infantry were reluctant levies.
spearmen, who had learned to numbers differed greatly Bruce’s army may have been smaller than the English force, but
advance without losing formation, the spearmen who made up the bulk of it were well-trained and
closed in on the disorganised
between the armies well-led. Furthermore, as they were defending their country against
English line. For once, a foreign invader, they had a much greater motivation to fight.
154
the English archers
seem to have had
little impact. One ROBERT
source suggests they The number of English
THE BRUCE EDWARD II
were dispersed by earls, barons and knights
the Scottish cavalry killed or captured in the
battle according to
under Sir William English chronicler,
Keith before they Nicholas Trevet COIF
could do serious damage Coifs were chain mail
hoods, worn over padded
to the Scots, though it’s arming caps to protect the
just as likely they were jammed head against bladed
in behind the English cavalry and weapons and blows.
unable to shoot effectively.
The Scottish schiltrons continued
to advance, thrusting with their SWORD
deadly spears. They pushed the Blades such as this were
high-status weapons and
English cavalry back onto their would only have been
own infantry, who were unable carried by knights and
to deploy because of the woods, men-at-arms.
streams and bogs to their flanks
and the mass of horsemen to their
front. Eventually the English line PLATE ARMOUR
ALAMY X3, GETTY X2, BANNOCKBURN VISITOR CENTRE X2
collapsed and the defeated English Whilst most armour still

consisted of chain mail,
ran. Abandoning his baggage, those who could afford it
Edward II fled with his bodyguard, began to protect their
eventually reaching Dunbar where limbs with steel.
he took a boat for England. With
the English border 90 miles away,
many of his troops were not so SURCOAT
fortunate. Some headed for Stirling This garment protected
metal armour from direct
Castle only to be denied access and sunlight, and was
taken prisoner, many drowned as emblazoned with the
they tried to cross the Forth, others heraldic arms of the wearer.
headed south, but were killed
either by pursuing Scottish soldiers
or by a vengeful local populace. d
THE MAIN
WorldMags.netPLAYERS
MAN OF SONG
Robert Burns’ patriotic song,
Scots Wha Hae, or Scots
Who Have, is written as if it
was the speech delivered by
Bruce before battle. Though
the lyrics are Burns’s own, the
tune – Hey Tuttie Tatie – is a SCOTTISH
traditional song supposedly
played by Bruce’s army.
ROBERT
THE BRUCE
A noted warrior
and an able
commander,
he had seized
the Scottish
throne in 1306,
after murdering
his rival to the
crown, John Comyn, in
Greyfriars Church, Dumfries.
EDWARD BRUCE
Robert’s younger brother, Edward
commanded one of the three
divisions of the Scottish army. He
was killed in 1318 after invading
Ireland in a bid to make himself
King there.
THOMAS RANDOLPH
EARL OF MORAY
Commander of another of the
Scottish divisions. In March 1314,
he captured Edinburgh Castle in a
daring nighttime attack. He
became Regent of Scotland after
Bruce’s death in 1329.
ENGLISH
READY OR NOT
Bruce prepares his EDWARD II
troops for battle
Edward was
personally brave
but he was no
THE ROAD TO BANNOCKBURN general, and was

more interested in
agriculture than
With the Scot King Robert the Bruce forced into hiding, guerrilla warfare warfare. He was
eventually overthrown in
was the order of the day until a weaker leader took the English throne 1327 and murdered.
After John Balliol was Edward was soon faced with isolated English strongholds in GILBERT DE CLARE
overthrown from the Scottish a new challenge in the shape of Scotland one by one. EARL OF
throne in 1296, resistance to Robert the Bruce, who had Edward II, who succeeded his GLOUCESTER
the English King, Edward I, murdered his chief rival for the father in 1307, allowed Bruce to Young, rich and
was driven by two knights Scottish throne, John Comyn, seize the initiative and, by 1314 impetuous, he was
joint commander
– William Wallace and Andrew in a church in 1306 and had only two major fortresses
of the English
Moray. In 1297, they defeated himself crowned King. Edward remained in English hands: vanguard and the
an overconfident English army immediately ordered yet Berwick and Stirling. Besieged highest-ranking
at Stirling, prompting Edward another invasion and in June his by the Scots, the Stirling English casualty
to return and invade with an advance guard defeated Bruce garrison agreed to surrender if at Bannockburn.
even larger force. at Methven in Perth and Kinross. a relieving force did not arrive
The following July, a lethal The Scottish King went into by 24 June 1314. To prevent HUMPHREY
combination of archers and hiding while Edward mercilessly this, Edward II assembled an DE BOHUN
cavalry destroyed Wallace’s hunted down his family and army of about 15,000 men at EARL OF HEREFORD
army at Falkirk, and over the supporters, capturing his wife, Berwick and marched north to Joint commander of the English
next six years Edward crushed daughter and sisters, among relieve Stirling. On 23 June he vanguard, de Bohun was captured
at Bannockburn. In 1322, he was
nearly all Scottish resistance. others. Over the next few years encountered Robert the
killed at the Battle of
In 1305, Wallace was captured Bruce fought a guerrilla war, Bruce’s small but well-trained Boroughbridge, after joining
and sent to London where he normally avoiding battle and Scottish army about two miles Thomas of Lancaster’s rebellion
was brutally executed. destroying or capturing the south of Stirling Castle. against Edward II.
WorldMags.net
BATTLEFIELD
BANNOCKBURN,
1314 WorldMags.net
WEAPONRY AND ARMOUR
The soldiers who fought at axes and maces. At the other
Bannockburn wore a variety of end were foot soldiers, often
protective equipment and archers, who wore little or no
carried a multitude of weapons. armour. In between were
At one end of the scale were the infantrymen, many equipped
mounted knights, chiefly with spears and sometimes
English, clad in mail and wearing iron helmets and
equipped with lances, swords, padded jackets for protection.
KNIGHTS’ SHIELDS
Painted with the heraldic
devices of the bearers,
shields offered crucial
protection against blows.
These show the arms of the
Kings of Scotland (left) and
England (right).
AXE
Mounted knights carried
small one-handed
versions, which could
cleave through flesh and SPEAR
bone as well as cause Up to 3 metres long
damaging dents in with a pointed iron
helmets and plate armour. head, spears were the
standard weapons of
the massed schiltrons
SWORD of Scottish infantry.
In combat, these were
predominantly used for
cutting and hacking. GREAT HELM
Some were large Worn by mounted
enough to be gripped knights and made
with both hands. of iron, it offered
excellent all-round
protection but
severely limited
the wearer’s field
of vision.
ALAMY X4, MARY EVANS PICTURE LIBRARY X1, SODACAN X2
AKHETON
A quilted jacket or coat
sometimes worn as
padding under armour but
often worn on its own to
provide protection against
blades and arrows.
WorldMags.net
BRUCE VS DE BOHUN
Riding with the vanguard of the English army on the first day
of the battle, Henry de Bohun, a young English knight, spotted
Robert the Bruce, who was mounted on a small horse and
armed with just a battle-axe. Lowering his lance, de Bohun
charged at the Scottish King, who spurned flight and stood
his ground. At the last minute, Bruce swerved aside to avoid
de Bohun’s lance and, standing up in his stirrups, brought
his battle-axe crashing down on the young knight’s head,
splitting his helmet and killing him instantly. Bruce’s
lieutenants upbraided him for exposing himself to such a
risk, but the King merely expressed regret for having broken
the shaft of his favourite axe.
BRAIN VS BRAWN
An Edwardian painting depicts the moment
that experience bested youth on the battlefield
BRUCE’S LEGACY
Although Scottish independence was a long time coming after Bruce’s
glory at Bannockburn, he was eventually recognised as King of Scotland
Bruce’s victory at Bannockburn captured the crucial border through the Declaration of
secured his grip on the Scottish town of Berwick. English Arbroath, a document that
throne, expelled the English attempts to take back Berwick famously asserted Scottish
from Scotland and seriously in 1319 were abandoned after independence. In 1324, he finally
undermined Edward II’s Scottish raiders penetrated gained papal recognition as
authority in England. But a deep into England and defeated King of Scotland.
bitter and lengthy struggle for a scratch English force at Myton, In 1327, Edward II was
independence still lay ahead. in North Yorkshire. deposed by his Queen, Isabella
In a bid to force Edward to Two years later, Edward II was of France, and replaced by his
accept Scotland’s status as a nearly captured when an English 14-year-old son. In the following
separate nation, Bruce began army, returning from another year, Isabella and her lover
sending raids into England. unsuccessful invasion of Roger Mortimer officially
Over the next few years, the Scotland, was surprised and recognised Bruce’s kingship
Scots laid waste to Tynedale, routed at Byland near Helmsley. and Scotland’s independence
burned Hartlepool, sacked In 1320, Bruce appealed to the – in exchange for a payment of
Durham and, in 1318, his army Pope for support, notably some £20,000.
HEART OF
THE MATTER
After his death, Robert the GET HOOKED!
Bruce’s heart was removed and Find out more about the
taken on Crusade, as was his conflict and those involved
request. It was later reburied at
Melrose Abbey, though the rest
of his body remained interred VISIT THE BATTLEFIELD
at Dumfermline Abbey.
A brand new, state-of-the-
art visitor centre has opened
this year in time for the
700th anniversary of the
battle. Interactive 3D displays
culminate with the opportunity
to take command of one of
the armies in a computer-
HERO’S HOME
Bruce’s statue looks on generated wargame.
over Stirling, outside the battleofbannockburn.com.
city’s castle

THE REEL STORY
SIR THOMAS
MORE WorldMags.net
A Man for
All Seasons
Mark Glancy examines the 1966 film about
Sir Thomas More, who famously disagreed
with Henry VIII’s desire for divorce
“Does a man
need a Pope to
tell him where
he’s sinned?”
LEFT: As Lord Chancellor,
More was Henry’s right-hand
man, but he fell out of favour
when he stood by his religious
beliefs and defied the King
MAIN: Paul Scofield won
a best actor Oscar for his
portrayal of More in the film
S
ir Thomas More’s THE FACTS a classic – which further enhanced and
appointment as Lord Director: popularised More’s reputation. Indeed,
Chancellor, in 1529, made Fred Zinnemann in 2002, More stood in the top half of the well educated as his son, and his eldest
Cast: Paul Scofield,
him one of the most Wendy Hillier, BBC’s ranking of the 100 greatest Britons. daughter, Margaret, excelled as a student.
respected and prominent Susannah York, Leo Born in 1478, More was the son of More’s own scholarship, and especially
men in England. Yet just McKern, Robert a prosperous London lawyer. He was his philosophical treatise Utopia, is still
Shaw, Orson Welles,
five years later More was imprisoned Vanessa Redgrave educated at the University of Oxford widely studied today. He was knighted in
in the Tower of London, facing trial and became a lawyer himself. Deeply 1521 and, after his election as a Member
and execution for treason. After his What do you religious, he considered devoting his of Parliament, he became Speaker of the
conviction, he was not hanged, drawn think of A Man life to the church, and as a young House of Commons in 1523. More was
for All Seasons?
and quartered – as traitors often were Is it an amazing man he lived and worshipped among also a trusted advisor to Henry VIII, who
sought his opinions and guidance in
BRIDGEMAN ART LIBRARY X1, ALAMY X3
– but his severed head was placed on epic or a the Carthusian monks near what is
confused
a pike on London Bridge so that all shambles? Get
now Charterhouse Square in London. crucial matters of state.
could witness this once powerful man’s in touch and let Ultimately, however, he decided that
ignominious end. us know: he would rather be “a good husband STEADFAST VIRTUE
History has been kinder to him. He @Historyrevmag than a bad priest”. His first marriage A Man for All Seasons does not focus
#reelstory
was canonised in 1935, becoming Saint was a happy one which yielded three on Thomas More’s successful career or
www.facebook.com/
Thomas More. In the 1960s, Robert Bolt’s HistoryRevealed
daughters and one son, and after his first his happy private life. It is the story of
play A Man for All Seasons celebrated editor@history wife’s death he enjoyed a second happy his downfall, told in no uncertain terms.
his virtues and idealism. The play revealed.com marriage. Unusually for the time, he More is portrayed as a man of steadfast
soon became a film – now considered insisted that his daughters should be as virtue caught up in a maelstrom of
WorldMags.net
BAD BEHAVIOUR
Although Henry VIII had
a temper, he was not
known for the childish
tantrums and mercurial
behaviour demonstrated
in this film.
“Perhaps we
must stand
fast a little
– even at the
risk of being
heroes.”
FAR LEFT: Susannah
York played Margaret
More in the film
RESTING PLACE
LEFT: Although More
More asked that his
headless corpse be had three daughters
returned to his daughter and a son, the film
Margaret for burial. She only features his eldest
later retrieved his daughter, Margaret
severed head, and his
skull is believed to be in
the Roper vault at St
Dunstan’s in Canterbury.
THE REEL STORY
SIR THOMAS
MORE WorldMags.net
WAR WITH WOLSEY

The antagonism between
Cardinal Wolsey and
Thomas More is overstated.
In fact, More benefitted from
his subservience to Wolsey
and did not criticise him until
he fell from the King’s favour.
“England needs an heir!”

LEFT: Under the rule of Henry VIII, Wolsey rose to
positions of great power, but his failure to secure
the annulment of Henry’s marriage to Catherine of
Aragon led to his eventual downfall
MAIN: Orson Welles plays a bloated Wolsey to
perfection, highlighting More’s principled stand
against the pressure to condone the King’s divorce
and family members plead with More displeased the King). Most importantly,
to bend to the King’s will and accept he refused to swear an oath recognising
his solution to the Great Matter. But the 1534 Act of Succession, which
More, who had long opposed declared that Anne Boleyn’s offspring
Protestantism, could not accept would be the rightful heirs to the throne.
corrupt politics and intrigue in the court that the King of England had More was careful not to speak out
of Henry VIII in the late 1520s and authority over the papacy. He about his objections. He did not seek
early 1530s. “England needs an therefore could not accept a confrontation with the King or to
heir!”, a bloated Cardinal Wolsey Henry’s divorce from encourage opposition to him. He was not
bellows in an early scene. Catherine. He would leading a rebellion but instead regarded
ALAMY X4, MARY EVANS PICTURE LIBRARY X1
Wolsey urges More to support not attend Anne his religious objections to be a matter of
a request to Pope Clement Boleyn’s coronation personal conscience. He hoped that, by
VII to have the longstanding (and his absence not speaking out, he could be faithful
marriage of Henry and was noted and both to his king and to his conscience.
Catherine of Aragon But his refusal to affirm his support
annulled because Catherine FAMILY TIES for Henry VIII alienated the King and
had not produced a male More was unusual eventually led to More’s arrest and
heir to the throne. This is in giving his three trial. Only when convicted and facing
daughters the
the first in a succession of same standard of
certain death could More finally speak
scenes in which ambitious classical education his mind, and at the close of the trial
or pragmatic friends, officials as his son he declared that placing royal authority
74 WorldMags.net
WorldMags.net
“Only when convicted
and facing certain
death could More
finally speak his mind”
SILENT WITNESS
At his trial, several of
More’s judges were
ready to convict him for
silence alone rather than
for speaking out. Hence,
the testimony of Richard
Rich was not as pivotal
as the film suggests.
“I do none harm. I say none
harm. I think none harm”
More argued at his 1535 trial for high treason that his
silence implied agreement to the King’s position as
head of the church. The jury (which included Anne
Boleyn’s father, brother and uncle) took only
15 minutes to find him guilty
Ones to watch: films

about Henry VIII
over religious authority was “directly undeniable, though, is that he condoned
repugnant to the laws of God and His the execution of heretics, and six were The Private Life of
holy church”. burned at the stake during More’s time Henry VII
as Lord Chancellor. Thus, Thomas More (Directed by Alexander
A MORE COMPLEX MAN was a martyr who made martyrs of Korda, 1933) Playing
More was dubbed ‘a man for all others, but this is perhaps an overly Henry’s marital troubles
seasons’ by one of his contemporaries, complicated idea for a film hero. for laughs, Charles
and the description stuck because he The film constructs its hero according Laughton is still a
remained true to his beliefs despite the to the values of the time in which charismatic king.
increasingly threatening circumstances. it was written and filmed. More’s
Yet the film shows only More’s own determination to defy hypocrisy and Henry VII and His
martyrdom, and his all-encompassing established authority, and to remain Six Wives Keith Michell plays Henry
virtue obscures the real man’s reported true to his conscience, was tailored in A (Directed by Waris VIII in Henry VII and His
wit, humour and warmth. Man for All Seasons to fit the idealism Hussein, 1972) Henry Six Wives (1972)
The film also steers clear of his of the 1960s. Its fine performances looks back on his reign
vehement opposition to what he and beautifully rendered locations at from his deathbed. melodrama portrays life
regarded as the heresy of Protestantism. Hampton Court and along the River in the troubled Boleyn
Some historians have argued that Thames also added to its appeal. The Other Boleyn Girl family and suggests that
More may have condoned the torture Nevertheless, it is a film that shies away (Directed by Justin Anne’s sister Mary was
of heretics, but others refute this from the complexities of both the man Chadwick, 2008) This Henry’s true love.
(and More himself denied it). What is and the period that it portrays. d

WorldMags.net
WorldMags.net
Q&A
WorldMags.net YOU ASK, WE ANSWER
OUR EXPERTS .
EMILY BRAND
Writer, historian and
genealogist. Emily’s
When did people
start wearing
most recent book is
Mr Darcy’s Guide to
Courtship (Old House
Books, 2013)
JULIAN
HUMPHRYS
Development Officer
for The Battlefields
sunglasses?
Trust and author of
Clash of Arms: Twelve Experiments with tinted and the allure of ‘Hollywood
English Battles (English eyewear stretch back glamour’. Drawing on new
Heritage, 2006) for centuries, including technologies pioneered for
lenses made of smoky quartz in US pilots, Ray-Ban made
GREG JENNER 12th-century China and Georgian their distinctive ‘aviator’
Former Historical spectacles designed to correct glasses eight years later.
Consultant for CBBC’s vision impairment. Silent film By 1938, sunglasses were
Horrible Histories. His
stars are also said to have used fashionable enough to
first book, A Million
Years in a Day, will be them to shield their eyes from be described as a “new
published in late 2014 studio lighting. But the man fad for wear on city
credited with taking sunglasses streets” by Life
SEAN LANG from specialist equipment to magazine. EB
Senior Lecturer affordable fashion accessory
SUNNY
at Anglia Ruskin is founder of the Foster Grant STYLE
University and author eyewear company, Sam Foster. By the time
of Nazi Foreign Policy,
He began selling his mass- Doris Riter
1933–39 (Philip Allan
produced shades by the beaches became an
Updates, 2009)
actress in
of Atlantic City, New Jersey, in the fifties,
1929, where they caught on sunnies were
RUPERT thanks to the practical benefits a style staple
MATTHEWS
MY
During TH OF M
Author and journalist.
Rupert’s forthcoming
Royali the English GIC
A
book On the Trail of
the Real King Arthur will
be published in September WHY WAS Round
‘familia
sts cla
t’s dog
r’
imed Civil War,
, Boy,
th
Ruper heads tho at gullible
ught P
wa
in his and could c s a witch’s
rince
MILES RUSSELL
Senior Lecturer
of Archaeology at
THE SPANISH teeth.
some
histor
think
y boo
a
They d tch bullets
idn’t –
k
they d s still
but
INQUISITION
Bournemouth Uni and id!
author of The Piltdown
Man Hoax: Case
Closed (The History Press, 2012)
SO TERRIFYING?
NOW SEND US In 1478, Ferdinand of Catholicism in Spain were secretly propaganda campaign, with stories
YOUR QUESTIONS Aragon and Isabella practising their original faith. This of fiendish torture chambers and
of Castile asked the Spanish Inquisition also sometimes thousands put to their deaths.
Wondering about a Pope for an inquisition to see if investigated Protestants, who The truth is much more boring.
particular historical Jewish and Muslim converts to retaliated with a lurid The Inquisition were canon
happening? Don’t lawyers who spent their time on
rack your brains paperwork. They seldom used
– our expert panel FI RE & PUNISHMENT torture, precisely because they
licism?
has the answer, so Not sticking to Catho knew evidence extracted under
have
get in touch The Inquisition could torture is unreliable. They usually
ke…
you burned at the sta dismissed witchcraft cases
@Historyrevmag
#askhistrevmag for lack of evidence. They did
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offences – but they never
ALAMY X2
editor@history
revealed.com had the political power their
enemies imagined. SL

Q&A
WorldMags.net
WHO WAS THE
HOW DID
FIRST AMERICAN-
REGENCY
LADIES
BORN
WASH
THEIR
PRESIDENT?
On 4 July 1776, the 13 world as subjects to
HAIR? American colonies
declared independence
the British Crown.
It was in
VAN BUREN
Over 60 years after
In the time of Jane from Britain and bound themselves 1837, the year of the US was formed,
the first ‘American’
Austen, hair care together as the United States. In Queen Victoria’s President was sworn in
relied on homemade 1789, this new nation elected its enthronement,
concoctions. One ‘cleanser first President, George Washington, that Martin Van
of the head’ from 1811 but the next six leaders would Buren (born in 1782 became while he may have been the first
involved frothing the not be American-born citizens, President number eight and broke American-born, he actually grew
whites of six eggs into the because they had entered the the link to the royalist past. Yet up speaking Dutch. GJ
hair and rinsing with rum
and rose water. But having
clean hair was perhaps less
important than its ‘lustre’,
WHY DID WE BOYCOTT
which was easily achieved
UPCYCLIN
G SUGAR IN THE 1700S?
EXTREME
with the application of
0 0 -ye a r- old
‘beef marrow, brandy e 3,0 Europe had a sweet tooth in the 18th century. Cane
In 1856, th n city of
and unsalted lard’. The in s o f th e Harappa nd by sugar, cakes, patisseries and icing were the treats du
ru fou
bad were
inevitably less-than- Brahmana e r Jo h n Brunton
jour. But the sugar crop was harvested by enslaved
lovely fragrance could be e n g in e Africans. Every spoonful helped the slave trade go on, so
ra ilw ay tan. He
now Pakis
disguised with cinnamon in what is d u sed the abolitionists called on everyone to boycott slave-grown sweet
e st ro ye d it all, an ay
and aniseed perfume. EB d stuff. Soon, home-grown sugar became available. SL
uild a railw
bricks to b ment.
embank
.
WHAT’S UP DOC?
The rabbit woman was
definitely a bug to
Who was the rabbit
doctors of the era,
fooling several
physicians with
her bunny litters
woman of Godalming?
Mary Toft, a young Toft claimed to have given birth
woman from Godalming, to and concluded that Toft’s case
Surrey, caused a was genuine. But a second royal
sensation in 1726. She convinced surgeon, Cyriacus Ahlers, was
a number of doctors that after decidedly sceptical. Toft was
seeing a large rabbit while intensely questioned in London.
pregnant, she had given birth, Finally, after being threatened
over a period of time, to with ‘a very painful experiment’
a litter of the creatures. she confessed that it had been a
John Howard, a local surgeon hoax. She had faked the births by
and midwife, attended some of stuffing the animal parts inside
the so-called births and believed herself. She was imprisoned, but
her. He informed a number was soon released to live out the
of eminent medics including rest of her days in Godalming.
Nathaniel St André, surgeon to Satirists and pamphleteers had
the Royal Household of King a field day and St André’s career
George I. St André examined never fully recovered from the
some of the animal parts that abject humiliation. JH
WorldMags.net
Q&A
WorldMags.net
IN A NUTSHELL
WHAT WAS THE
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION?
In less than a century, Britain went from
a mainly agricultural existence to one
dominated by industry and machines…
What was it? for people in Britain, until what

The Industrial Revolution had once been a chiefly rural, COST OF COTTON
was a period between agricultural society had been Kids had dangerous jobs in
c1760-1850 of rapid changes in the utterly transformed. People could cotton factories – some had
economy, society and technology, also move about in new ways, as to crawl beneath the
machinery to collect scraps
which took place first in Britain. It transport – particularly with the
was a fundamental step in creating advent of steam locomotives
the world we live in today. – made rapid strides. Coal was crucial to the At the same time, not
Industrial Revolution and Britain everything was bleak for the
What were the main Why did the revolution occur happened to be blessed with large working classes. Many were
developments? when it did and where it did? quantities of it. The mining of coal glad to escape harsh, unreliable
Advances in technology, such as One vital precondition for the also spurred on the invention of agricultural labour, for what was
the steam engine and spinning Industrial Revolution was an a working steam engine in 1712, often better-paid work in the
jenny, meant that textiles and agricultural revolution that also which was initially used to help factories. Mass production made
other items could be produced occurred in Britain in the 18th extract the material. This was one consumer goods more affordable,
far more cheaply and in much century. With the rise of new of a number of important British and city life could be exciting
greater quantities than before. techniques, farming became inventions that were occurring as it offered opportunities for
Manufacturing was revolutionised more efficient and this, combined at a far greater rate than in education and socialising.
as machines took on the bulk with an increasing population, other countries at this time. The In the long term, there is no
of the work once done by provided the workforce needed reasons for that are still debated, doubt that industrialisation has
people, but human labour was for mass industry. but many point to the fact that made Britain far more wealthy
still required to operate the At the same time, thanks to its Britons lived in a relatively free, than it would otherwise have
machines. Entrepreneurs built maritime strength, Britain had non-oppressive society where been. Today, few would want to
large factories to facilitate mass become a successful trading and ideas could spread and inventors go back to a pre-industrial age.
production and these formed colonial power, giving it access could benefit from their successes.
the nucleus of cities, which grew to raw materials and markets When did the revolution begin
rapidly in this period. Industrial across the globe and making its What impact did the to spread around the world?
work began to replace farming as merchants wealthy enough to Industrial Revolution have For a while, Britain tried to guard
the main source of employment invest in the new industries. on British people? its industrial secrets, but they
Advances in technology did not could not be contained forever.
FULL STEAM AHEAD necessarily improve people’s By the early 19th century, the
Steam-powered carriages, lives - or at least not at first. new technologies had spread to
coaches and tricycles take over While factory owners grew rich, Belgium and soon to Britain’s
ALAMY X2, GETTY X2, MARY EVANS PICTURE LIBRARY X1
Regent’s Park, London, 1831 creating a new capitalist class, great rival, France.
many factory workers laboured Later in the century, the US
for long hours in appalling and Germany had industrial
conditions and lived in crowded, revolutions that rivalled Britain’s.
unhygienic homes in the rapidly At a similar time, Japan became
expanding cities. Women and the first Asian country to go
children were an important through the process, but it wasn’t
part of the labour force as well, until the mid-20th century that
and were often exploited, until Russia (then the Soviet Union)
a series of laws in the mid-19th and countries such as China and
century helped alleviate the India began to catch up with the
worst excesses. industrialised West.

Q&A
WorldMags.net INTIMIDATION TACTICS

The Sioux warriors used war
paint to strike fear into their
DESIGN OF THE TIMES enemies. Each symbol and

colour had a special meaning.
Red for war; green, resistance;
SIOUX WARRIOR
yellow, a fight to the death;
and black for a strong,
experienced warrior.
These fierce fighters were more than a match for the US Army
BEAR EAGLE
The Sioux nation was one of the Courage and Cunning,
toughest of the indigenous North DECORATION leadership worth and
American tribes. They lived in the MOUNT Feathers often strength
Great Plains and had a long fighting tradition, Instead of a indicated how many
saddle, they used men the soldier had
believing in the glory of combat. From 1854- a richly decorated killed in battle.
1890, they took on the powerful US Army in blanket. Some,
a series of battles known as the Sioux Wars. but not all, chose BROKEN ARROWHEAD
to use stirrups. ARROW Warning
Though the enemy was well-armed, the Peace, end
Sioux minimised incursions on their SYMBOLS of the war
War paint was used to
territory for over 35 years. depict the warrior's
They quickly made characteristics and
horses, introduced by the status. Hand symbols
Europeans, an essential part showed how many times
he had been victorious
of their tactics. Speed and in combat, while others
surprise were key strategies had different meanings
for the Sioux. Favouring the (see top right).
ambush, they excelled at
hit-and-run offensives.
When engaged in battle
they attacked in waves,
repeatedly harrying the
weak points of enemy lines BOW
Each warrior
until they were breached. A
made his bow
risky, but effective, strategy. from wood, with
dry tendons and
intestines used
HORSE for the strings.
The mustangs, wild
horses that the Native
Americans tamed, were
descended from those
taken to the country by
the Spanish.
PAINTING
The warriors of
the Great Plains
often adorned
their horses
with symbolic SHIELD
war paint. They typically used shields
made from wood and skin;
whilst useful against
arrows, they offered no
TOMAHAWK protection against the US
This axe was the favoured hand weapon. Army’s rifle bullets.
ILLUSTRATION: SOL 90, MARY EVANS PICTURE LIBRARY X1, ALAMY X1
They were able to be thrown with great

precision and accuracy.
PIPE
Some tomahawks
had a bored-out
handle and holes,
allowing them to
be used as a pipe.
HEAD
Originally fashioned
from bone, metal
became more common
after contact with GAITERS
MOCCASINS A type of
Europeans.
Made from animal leather or suede
hide, these shoes trouser leg.
were flexible and
allowed the wearer
to move at speed.
Q&A
WorldMags.net
How did ‘The WHY DID
CHARLES II
Green Howards’ TAKE OUT
AN ADVERT
regiment get IN THE
PAPER?
its name? In June 1660, a plea
for information,
written by the
For the first half of the Colonel Thomas Howard’s regiment King himself, appeared
18th century, British army had buff facings to its uniform so it in the Mercurius Publicus
regiments were generally became known as the Buff Howards, later newspaper stating: “We
known by the names of their shortened to the Buffs. The facings of must call upon you again
colonels. In 1744, during the War Colonel the Honourable Charles Howard’s for a Black Dog between a
of the Austrian Succession, two regiment were green, so naturally it greyhound and a spaniel…
infantry regiments with colonels became known as the Green Howards. It is His Majesties own Dog,
called Howard were brigaded The nickname stuck, and in 1920 it and doubtless was stolen,
together. Clearly, having two units became the official title of the regiment. for the dog was not born
with the same title would have The Green Howards remained nor bred in England, and
been hopelessly confusing, so operational until 6 June 2006, when it would never forsake His
some kind of merged with two others to form the new master… Will they never
distinction Yorkshire Regiment. JH leave robbing his Majesty!
had to be Must he not keep a Dog?”
made. GREEN GREEN GARB Sadly, this was not the only
It all comes down to the time Charles was a victim
uniform, and the surname of
of dognapping! GJ
an influential colonel
CRIMIN AL CULT
The term 't
hu
Indian relig gs' comes from an
ious cult d
the godde evoted to
ss Kali. Th
That depends what you her human ey offered
sacrifices
mean by the ‘worst’, unsuspecti fr
ng travelle om
as none of the supreme murdered rs they
, often wit
leaders of the Roman Empire were scarf roun h a silk
d the thro
particularly pleasant individuals. – delicate at
but deadly
The award for the ‘most .
degenerate’ must go to the teenage
NAUGHTY Elagabalus (ruled from AD 218-
CAESAR 222) who abandoned the social, death, was officially made a
When your own gran’s
sexual and religious taboos of the ‘non-person’ in an attempt to
got it in for you,
perhaps it’s time to period with great enthusiasm. erase him from the collective
turn down the antics, So extremely depraved had his memory of the Roman people.
eh, Elagabalus? behaviour become that, aged only The ‘most ineffectual’ was
18, he was assassinated in a plot Romulus Augustulus (AD 475-
devised by his own grandmother. 476), the last emperor who,
Who was the The prize for the ‘most sadistic’

(and paranoid) emperor is handed
to Domitian (AD 81-96), who
aged 16, was forced to abdicate
by the German war leader,
Odoacer, after just 12 months
worst Roman
took delight in humiliating and in office. Still, at least Romulus
terrifying the Senate, and inventing was allowed to retire to a villa
novel forms of torture (such as the in Campania (with a comfy
application of red-hot pokers to pension) and was not, like the
emperor? private parts).

The ‘most despised’ was probably
Nero (AD 54-68) who, after his
majority of his predecessors,
literally stabbed in the back by a
work colleague. MR

Q&A
WorldMags.net
HOW DID THEY...
DESIGN
CHICHÉN ITZÁ?
The awesome ruins of the Chichén Itzá emerged sometime in In the 10th century, the city was invaded
the fifth century, and really began to – possibly by the Toltecs of central Mexico
Mayan city in Mexico were flourish in the 10th century. In this – after which more advanced buildings
built to honour the skies time, the Iglesia (church) and the Casa de went up, including El Castillo, the four-
las Monjas (nunnery), among others, were sided pyramid, and El Caracol (the snail)
above, and are more complex built. The city sits near two cenotes, natural observatory. Many of the structures have an
sinkhole wells, which were the only sources intimate link with the Sun and stars - small
than they may at first appear of water for the settlement. wonder, as the Mayans had several sky gods.
The El Caracol The Ossuary

Nunnery (Great Priest
The Temple)
USA Temple El Castillo The Great
of the Ball Court
Panels
MEXICO
Chichén
Itzá CUBA
Mexico City
Belize Xtoloc
Honduras Cenote
Guatemala Nicaragua
El Salvador
Costa Rica
Scared
Cenote
The
Market Temple of
the Warriors Platform
EL CASTILLO 5.75m
Group of the
Thousand
of Venus
Also known as the Temple of Kukulkan and Columns

the Pyramid of Quetzalcóatl, the pyramid CARVED IN STONE
was built to impress, but it's hardly The structure is made
23.75m from limestone blocks.
the biggest ancient structure
They are intricately
LOCATION carved in places – some
N 20° 40’ 0.012’’ suggest Toltec influences.
W 88° 35’ 60’’
BUILT
10th century
ORIENTATION
+/- 20° from 55
geographical north .5
m
ACOUSTIC EFFECT
m Stand in front of the
55.5
northern staircase, clap
your hands, and the
140 returning echo sounds
like the call of the
120 quetzal – a bird that was
100 considered a creation
force for the Mayan.
Metres
80
60
40
20
ILLUSTRATION: SOL 90
0
THE STATUE GREAT THE PYRAMID EL CASTILLO
OF LIBERTY PYRAMID OF THE SUN 30 metres,
93 metres, OF GIZA 66 metres, Mexico,
USA, 1886 137 metres Teotihuacán, c100 AD AD 900
Egypt, 2550 BC
WorldMags.net
TEMPLE OF THE WINTER SOLSTICE SUMMER SOLSTICE EQUINOXES
RISING SUN 21 or 22 December
(day with least sunlight
20 or 21 June
(day with most sunlight
21 March and 23 September
(days when the hours of sunlight equal the hours of darkness)
The Mayans were keen in the year) in the year)
astronomers, as can be In the mid-afternoon, the
seen if you study the pyramid combination of sunlight and
shadow creates the effect of
throughout the year. The Sun's the body of a snake slithering
movements are intrinsic to its down the stairs of
the northern side
design – the equinoxes and of the pyramid.
solstices are captured on it
with remarkable precision.
SANCTUARY
THE TEMPLE
A religious temple sits
atop the pyramid. It is CALENDAR CONNECTION
believed that this was
The pyramid has four staircases,
the site of offerings to
each one with 91 steps, which add
Kukulkan, the God
up to, together with the platform
that created the
of the temple, 365 – the total
Universe, who appears
number of days in a year.
as a feathered snake.
LAYERS OF
IMPORTANCE
The pyramid is made
up of nine platforms,
HALL which represent the
nine levels of the
Mayan underworld.
15.8m
INTERIOR
PYRAMID
DECORATED
BASIC BOARDS
BEGINNINGS
Like the exterior one,
this older pyramid
INNER PIECE had nine blocks and
The present pyramid a temple, but just a
lies on top of another, single staircase on
which was built around its northern side.
the ninth century.

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Want to enjoy more history? Our monthly guide to
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activities and resources is a great place to start
HOW TO VISIT… 86 đ BOOKS 90 đ SIGHT & SOUND 92
ON OUR RADAR
What’s caught our attention this month…
The Codex is on loan
from the San Salvatore
monastery in Tuscany
– it is the first time it
has left Italy
DVD
Heart-to-art
Driven by their love of art, a
ragtag platoon is sent deep
into Nazi territory to rescue
works of art before they are
destroyed. Monuments Men
– directed by and starring
George Clooney – tells the
EXHIBITION Browse the ornate calligraphy incredible true story of these
and illustrations of the Venerable Bede was a monk. treasure hunters. The stellar
See Bede’s Codex Amiatinus replica The Codex is on display at cast includes Matt Damon,
Great Bible – a seventh-century Latin

bible painstakingly made at
Bede’s World, near Newcastle,
until 21 September 2014.
Cate Blanchett and Bill Murray.
Available on DVD, £10, and
the monastery where the www.bedesworld.co.uk Blu-ray, £15, from 9 June.
CINEMA
TALK
CARLO INNOCENTI X1, LTM X1, STONE ANGELS/DAVID KOSKAS-JULIEN PANIE X1
Grace of
Wartime Monaco
London Its release has been
In a one-off talk The talk is part of the postponed but, finally,
at the London museum’s WWI Grace of Monaco
Transport Museum, centenary events comes to the silver
TWITTER historian Jerry screen. The Grace
White, an expert on Kelly biopic stars
Who to London’s past, explores life left behind? London and Nicole Kidman as the
follow in Britain’s capital during

World War I. As men were
Londoners in the Great War
is followed by a Q&A session.
Hollywood star
turned Princess
Interested in the American Civil being sent in their thousands London Transport Museum, of Monaco.
War? It’s being live-tweeted across the Channel to Tuesday 3 June, tickets are In cinemas
right now, only 150 years late, fight in the trenches, what £10, concessions are £8. nationwide
so catch up with all the facts. was life like for the people www.ltmuseum.co.uk 6 June.
twitter.com/CivilWarLive
WorldMags.net
HERE & NOW
HOW TO VISIT…
CLOSER TO GOD
WorldMags.net
The interior of Durham
Cathedral, a UNESCO
World Heritage Site, is
a prime example of
Norman architecture
PLAN
Norman structures were generally
square or rectangular with
corners in right-angle form.
Smaller buildings were simple
squares; larger cathedrals were
built on a cross plan. Some later
churches had rounded east ends.
HOW TO VISIT… PAIRED

WINDOWS
A common motif
Norman in Norman
architecture is a
pair of windows,
separated by a
stone pillar.
churches
Britain’s dramatic and highly decorated
Norman churches remain impressive
monuments, says Rupert Matthews
F
or centuries after the end of down or around them, formed by
Roman control of Britain, the pillars or buttresses.
vast majority of structures Adorning the simplistic plans
were timber framed with thatched and outlines were often carvings
roofs and either wooden or wattle of outstanding complexity.
and daub walls. They were warm, Capitals, pillars and arches are
cosy and human in scale. festooned with animals, people,
When the Normans arrived in flowers, leaves and patterns.
Britain they introduced a style of In the centuries that followed
building in stone with massive, the initial rush of Norman
solid walls, designed to emphasise building, Britain grew in wealth
the grandeur of their commitment and prosperity. Most communities
to Christ, but also to overawe the could afford to enlarge, upgrade or
people they had conquered. This modernise their churches. For this
‘Norman’ style, as it is known in reason most medieval churches
Britain (termed ‘Romanesque’ today show only remnants of the
elsewhere in Europe), combined Norman stonework that once
elements of Roman architecture existed. Only a few structures
with Byzantine styling and local have remained largely unaltered,
features and traditions. but they are worth seeking out
It is relatively easy to spot to discover the true appearance
Norman structures. Walls tend to of the churches that changed the BUTTRESSES
be thick. The doors and windows face of Britain. Norman buttresses
are relatively narrow, though tend to be flat and
narrow as the massive
often quite tall, and are typically TURN OVER… stone walls support
topped by a round arch. Norman for six of the best Norman their own weight. They
buildings tend to be symmetrical, were added at corners
ALAMY X2
churches around Britain or where an internal

with long lines running up and
vault put an outward
pressure on a wall.
WorldMags.net
TOWERS
Square towers are the most
dramatic feature of Norman
architecture. Castles had
massive towers for defence;
churches had towers to hold ARCHITECTURAL GEM
bells and to be seen from a With construction starting in 1093, Durham
distance. Cathedrals Cathedral is an outstanding example of Norman
generally had three towers,
architecture. Even though the original structure has
one over the crossing and
two at the west end. been modified many times throughout history, it is
the only cathedral in Britain to have retained almost
all of its Norman craftsmanship, including what is
thought to be the world’s first structural pointed arch.
ROOF
Most Norman buildings
originally had wooden
roofs, topped by thatch.
Only a few Norman
buildings had stone
vaulting, most of those
seen today are later
medieval additions.
ROUND ARCHES
The round-topped arch is
often thought to be the
key feature of Norman
architecture. It is an
immensely strong form
able to support great
weights and is relatively
straightforward to build.
BLIND ARCADE
A blind arcade is a row of arches
on a wall that have no openings
between the pillars. Sometimes
the arcade supports a
projecting structure above, but
more often is merely decorative.

HERE & NOW
HOW TO VISIT…
WorldMags.net
SIX OF THE BEST
NORMAN CHURCHES
KILPECK Herefordshire
The little church of Ss Mary and Door is decorated with snakes
David contains perhaps the finest swallowing their tails, angels,
collection of Norman carvings a Green Man, warriors and
in Britain. There are 85 corbels mythical beasts. The interior is
running around the outside just just as fascinating.
under the eaves, featuring human www.achurchnearyou.com/
faces and animals. The South kilpeck-st-mary-st-david
PERFECTLY PRESERVED
Founded in the 12th century,
Dalmeny Kirk is Scotland’s most
BARFRESTON Kent
complete Norman church
The Church of St Nicholas is a tiny gem adorned with some of the
finest and most elaborate Norman carvings in England. It lies on
DALMENY Lothian the pilgrimage route from Canterbury to Rome and has the earliest
known carving of St Thomas à Becket of Canterbury. The carvings
around the South Door show Christ and angels, plus a mermaid,
Almost unaltered from when corbels featuring wild beasts, dragons and a number of ordinary Normans.
it was finished in around 1140, while the South Door is topped www.barfreston.org.uk
the nave, chancel and apse of by a Lamb of God and signs of the
Dalmeny church feature fine zodiac. The graveyard includes a
arches and detailing. The vault 12th-century tomb with carvings
roofing the apse is supported on of Christ and the 12 Apostles.
a series of magnificently carved www.dalmeny.org
ST MAGNUS
CATHEDRAL Orkney
GEOGRAPH/KIM TRAYNOR X1, GEOGRAPH/JOHN FIRTH X1, DREAMSTIME X1, GEOGRAPH/ASHLEY DACE X1
The most northerly cathedral

in Britain was begun in 1137 to
house the relics of St Magnus, an
early Christian Earl of Orkney.
HALES Norfolk
The nave remains a magnificent The Church of St Margaret medieval wall paintings showing
example of Norman stone arches, remains almost unchanged from St Christopher and St James the
vaulting and columns. In the when it was finished in the early Great. The round tower may be
14th century, the cathedral was 12th century. The simple nave and the oldest part of the building.
extended to the east in the Gothic chancel have thatched roofs over www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/
style, but the original church was barrel vaulting and the remains of record?tnf1092
left largely intact.
www.stmagnus.org
DURHAM CATHEDRAL
County Durham
A UNESCO World Heritage Site the Venerable Bede as well as a
and probably the finest Norman priceless library of books and
building still standing, this three copies of the Magna Carta.
cathedral contains a host of The views from the top of the
treasures including the relics Central Tower are spectacular.
of St Cuthbert, St Oswald and www.durhamcathedral.co.uk
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HERE & NOW
HOW TO…
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BOOKS
BOOK OF THE MONTH
Dangerous Days on the
Victorian Railways
by Terry Deary
Weidenfeld & Nicolson, £9.99,
224 pages, hardback
Train crashes, burning carriages, falls from
viaducts – the history of Britain’s railways
is studded with tragedy. Horrible Histories
THE BLAME GAME
author Terry Deary’s book, the second in a Accidents were common,
new series for adult readers, sheds new light and investors often tried
on the stories of the victims, many of which to pin responsibility on
have been neglected in favour of those of the workforce
the heroes of the age. It is the sacrifices of these ‘ordinary’ people, he
argues, that enabled the gradual development of a transport network
that changed the modern world forever.
MEET THE AUTHOR was probably the factor that

Terry Deary examines the all-too-frequent tragedies from the persuaded railway operators to
fit brakes to the locomotives.
early days of the railways, revealing the untold stories of victims Huskisson is commonly
who were too commonplace to be noted by history remembered as the first victim
of the railway revolution.
“Carelessness, over- What new impression of the

Victorian railways would
confidence and stupidity” you like readers to take

away from your book?
The railways of the Victorian
Just how dangerous was life generations of rail travellers. But people to think that safety era transformed our world
on the Victorian railways? that came as scant consolation needed to be improved? for the better, and we are still
Who suffered the most? for their families. The most famous incident is reaping the benefits. Unlike
It’s hard think of anyone the death of William Huskisson war heroes, there are few
involved in the Victorian Why wasn’t safety a priority? MP, who was knocked down by monuments or medals for
railways who didn’t suffer. Railway safety was always a Robert Stephenson’s ground- those who lived – and died
There were the investors compromise – progress usually breaking Rocket locomotive – to create that magical railway
who were ruined and the is. The railway companies were at the grand opening of the revolution. This book is an
navvies who took risks, but under pressure both from Liverpool and Manchester attempt to give those people
both groups were in it for the investors to keep costs down Railway. His high-profile death the remembrance they deserve.
money. The railway staff who and from competitors to get
suffered faulty engineering speeds up. Corners were cut, TRAIN OVERBOARD
and safety procedures were risks were taken and sometimes In 1865 the fast tidal train from
victims too, but many brought the operators got it wrong. But Folkestone derailed near Staplehurst,
killing 10 passengers
GETTY X2, IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM X1, CHRIS CLUN X1
about their own downfall with it’s those pesky human beings
criminal carelessness. The who were responsible for so
passengers, on the other hand, many accidents: carelessness,
paid their money and entrusted over-confidence, physical frailty,
their lives to unreliable and malice, ignorance and that
dangerous machinery. When timeless and infinite human
disasters inevitably occurred, quality – stupidity.
those passengers paid so that
lessons could be learned – the Are there any particularly
result being the safety of future gruesome incidents that led
WorldMags.net
THE BEST OF THE REST
READ UP ON…
THE INCAS
BEST FOR…
DISCOVERING
THE INCAS
The Silent Day: Dublin: the Making Great Britain’s The White Rock:
a Landmark Oral of a Capital City Great War an Exploration
History of D-Day by David Dickson By Jeremy Paxman of the Inca
on the Home Front Profile, £30, Viking, £8.99, Heartland
by Max Arthur 720 pages, hardback 368 pages, paperback By Hugh Thomson
Hodder, £20, Phoenix, £10.99, 416 pages, paperback
544 pages, hardback Tracing life in the city’s streets TV’s grand inquisitor Jeremy
from the medieval period, Paxman here turns his gaze Part history, part travelogue, this book
On 6 June 1944, Allied through the boom of the 17th on World War I, and the follows Hugh Thomson as he sets out
forces reached the beaches and 18th centuries, and up to ways in which it changed to find a lost Incan ruin. In doing so,
of Normandy – D-Day had the present day, Dickson is a Britain forever. Mixing often he charts the story of the civilisation’s
arrived. But what effect did warm and wise companion on harrowing accounts from the rise and fall, and the explorers who first
it have on life in Britain? This this journey through centuries front line with perceptive tales uncovered its remains.
remarkable collection of first- of dramatic change. from the home front, this is a
person accounts tells the story lively, compelling account.
of both that one, dramatic day BEST FOR… THE
and the years leading up to it. END OF AN EMPIRE
Last Days
of the Incas
By Kim MacQuarrie
Little Brown, £11.99,
WAR PHOTOGRAPHY 522 pages, paperback
Kim MacQuarrie’s detailed, gripping

account of the destruction wreaked by
Spanish conquistadors following their
arrival in the Incan empire in 1532 is a
stand-out read. It’s compelling, brutal and
hugely revealing about the plight of the
Incan people.
BEST FOR…
MACHU PICCHU
Turn Right at
Machu Picchu:
PICTURES FROM IWO JIMA Rediscovering
US marines unload supplies from
a landing craft at Iwo Jima, 1945
the Lost City
One Step at
a Time
The Second World War By Mark Adams
in Photographs Plume, £11.99, 352 pages, paperback
by Richard Holmes
Andre Deutsch, £30, 400 pages, hardback Thinking of exploring the Incan
civilisation’s story yourself? This wry
Seventy-five years on, photographs taken during World account describes one eventful attempt
War II have lost none of their power. This chronological to retrace the route of the original
collection includes a wealth of rare images from the expedition to Machu Picchu – and the
Imperial War Museum in London – striking pictures colourful characters that the author meets
from the heart of the conflict. along the way.

HERE & NOW
HOW TO…
WorldMags.net
SIGHT&SOUND
TV & RADIO
History’s
mysteries
A four-part series investigating
Stonehenge is older than the
some of the great unknowns of Great Pyramids of Giza, but it is
still a mystery why it was built
the history of the world
The Universe: Ancient awe-inspiring Great Pyramids of Giza are the Matthew, guided the Magi to the young Jesus.
Mysteries Solved oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient Meanwhile, astronomers, archeologists and
TV Sky World, and the only one to remain largely biblical scholars will investigate the possible
Monday 9 June 9pm intact, astronomers and archeologists have science behind Sodom and Gomorrah – a
been unable to explain how they were built. Biblical tale of two cities incinerated by a
It’s arguably the best-known prehistoric This four-part series seeks to find the answers hail of fire and brimstone. They’ll head to
monument in Europe, having stood on to these extraordinary mysteries. It will explore archeological sites along the Dead Sea to
a plain in Wiltshire for 5,000 years. But the astronomical reality behind the Star of examine newly discovered ancient artefacts
why was Stonehenge built? And while the Bethlehem that, according to the Gospel of that could unlock age-old secrets.
; Almost 7,000 ships

were used to carry
A tale of Scottish victory
the Allied forces to
the five beaches
Battle of Kings: will reveal how, despite being
Bannockburn wildly outnumbered, medieval
TV HISTORY channel Scottish forces used tricks,
Sunday 22 June 10pm traps and wisdom to defeat an
English army at the battle of
It’s the most legendary battle Bannockburn. The story will be
in Scottish history, famed told through the words of Edward
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4 Robin ___, folkloric English of WWI. BOOK
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BE MY GUEST
STEPHEN
MANGAN WorldMags.net
BE MY GUEST
Every issue, we ask a well-known personality to choose five
guests from history to invite to their fantasy dinner party.
This month’s host is actor Stephen Mangan
ILLUSTRATION: JESS HIBBERT, INTERVIEW: NIGE TASSELL, ALAMY X5, BBC X2
LUDWIG DOROTHY PARKER WILLIAM

WITTGENSTEIN Wittgenstein would probably depress
the hell out of everybody, so I’d invite
SHAKESPEARE
An influential thinker of the 20th Dorothy (an American author) for her How could you not want to meet
century who lived through the most wit and insight. And I’m sure she’d keep this guy? He left no imprint of his
momentous period in modern times. the wine flowing. Asked once if she was personality in his work, so I’d be
I’d love to get a philosopher’s take going to join Alcoholics Anonymous, fascinated to see what he was
on that. He could be an absolute she reportedly said “Certainly not. They like. He may just sit there creeping
disaster at a dinner want me to stop now!” everybody out, not saying anything,
party – or he and then write a play about my
could be a real party. Hopefully I’d get
firecracker. a part as myself!
“HOW COULD
YOU NOT
WANT TO MEET
ELISHA K KANE SHAKESPEARE? ANNE BOLEYN
A US naval officer in the first half I’d invite her for her charm and
of the 19th century, Kane twice MAYBE HE’D forthrightness. We’d fill her in about
went off to the Arctic to rescue the the extraordinary reign of her
British explorer Sir John Franklin. WRITE A daughter Elizabeth – I’d love to hear
On the second mission their ship
became ice-bound, so they walked PLAY ABOUT her take on that, as well as on the
speech she made just before she
for nearly 90 days with the loss of
only one man. What did he think he
MY PARTY. died at the scaffold. She wouldn’t
be shy telling us her best anecdotes
was doing? What was wrong with an
open fire and a bottle of whisky?
HOPEFULLY I’D and I think she’d get on very well
with Dorothy Parker!
GET A PART
AS MYSELF!”
Stephen Mangan stars in Episodes, the third NEXT MONTH’S HOST
series of which begins on BBC Two in May. BBC RADIO LEGEND SIMON MAYO
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Modern day Normandy landings
Experience history for real with a visit to Normandy in 2014

This year marks the 70th anniversary of the D-Day Landings and the subsequent Battle of Normandy
Seventy years on, a pilgrimage to Normandy’s
beaches and battlefields is as educational as
ever, with the last remaining veterans alongside
younger generations paying tribute to those who
Photo: F.De chassey Schurgers
gave their lives.

A wide range of special events and celebrations
are planned. The state ceremony on 6 June will
mean access and places to stay will be very
limited, so we suggest you visit later in the Here are a few holiday ideas:
summer to make the most of your visit.
3 nights D-Day from
Today Normandy offers visitors a refreshing
change of scenery and lifestyle just a short hop
Car or Motorcycle £230
Tour per person
across the Channel. Brittany Ferries has a wide
choice of sailings from Portsmouth and Poole to
Cherbourg and Caen. With speedy catamarans
Gite and Cottage from
as well as cruise ferries, it is easy to take your car, holidays in Normandy £203
with your car per person*
motorcycle or campervan to explore the region
and to share in the commemorations.
Gourmet Cruise to from
Caen with lunch in £79
Bayeux per person
For more information, go to normandy-dday.com

and brittanyferries.com/dday
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Unless shown otherwise prices are per person based on 2 people sharing. New bookings only, subject to availability. Conditions and exclusions apply. See website for full details and valid travel dates.
*Price is per person for a 1 week holiday based on 4 staying at property reference NC6041 during mid June and includes return sailings with a car.
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Leonardo Da Vinci: Scotland The Brave: Bannockburn 1314

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INSIDE 10 TRULY HORRIBLE MEDIEVAL TORTURES

LEONARDO DA VINCI Scotland the brave:

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What was the Spanish Inquisition? AUSSIE ODYSSEY

Explore One of Modern 34.

TAKE PART ON THE COVER

72A MAN FOR

From intelligence to invasion Explore Da Vinci’s

TIME CAPSULE THE BIG STORY FEATURES

Everything you need to know about

Q&A HERE & NOW

Your questions answered....................................... 77 This month’s highlights.............................................85

VIKING VOCAB are: acair, from the

matters. On one edition about CONTRIBUTORS & EXPERTS

anything battle-related! and constructive way with no

WorldMags.net JUNE 2014 7

WorldMags.net JUNE 2014 9

WorldMags.net JUNE 2014 11

WorldMags.net JUNE 2014 13

“I READ THE NEWS TODAY...”

HOLD THE PRESSES...

June events that

ANNE FRANK TURNS 13 30 JUNE 1934

1822 COMPUTING 7,200

BABBAGE UNIVAC 1 could

In June 1822, English mathematician Charles Babbage had a revolutionary

crucial precursor to the electronic computer. His

Hollerith’s tabulating machine patented. By 1933,

WorldMags.net JUNE 2014 17

“I MISLED YOU AND MY

JUNE 1963 ALSO IN THE NEWS…

WorldMags.net JUNE 2014 19

WHAT Sunday Express named him

HAPPENED NEXT? We may never know who this

1989 A LONE CIVILIAN

discontent humiliated the state, to hide him? Suppression of

“Looking miniscule against

TIANANMEN SQUARE STANDING HIS GROUND

WorldMags.net JUNE 2014 21

1914 A DECISIVE VICTORY

“Pancho Villa was so

company to ﬁlm some of

20,000 of its members marched sent General John Pershing over

WorldMags.net JUNE 2014 23

Subscribe today and get your

LEONARDO DA VINCI Scotland the brave:

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What was the Spanish Inquisition? AUSSIE ODYSSEY

THE BIG STORY

“THE AIRBORNE TROOPS VEHICLES

AIR INVASION Carentan UNCOVERED TERRITORY OCCUPIED BY

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What was the Spanish Inquisition? AUSSIE ODYSSEY

Get History Revealed delivered straight to your device

UNTO THE BEACH

THE COMPLETE STORY

NOW READ ON…

THE LONGEST DAY

WorldMags.net JUNE 2014 27

Fortunately, D-Day was to prove far less bloody

WorldMags.net JUNE 2014 29

TRAINING REGIME lone American Sherman tank

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