F3B 2

Chapter 10 Applications in Trigonometry
10A p.2
10B p.15
10C p.26
Chapter 11 Coordinate Geometry of Straight Lines
11A p.40
11B p.48
11C p.59
11D p.73
11E p.83
Chapter 12 Introduction to Probability
12A p.89
12B p.98
12C p.111
12D p.118
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1
F3B: Chapter 10A
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Book 3B Lesson Worksheet 10A (Refer to §10.1)
[In this worksheet, unless otherwise stated, give the answers correct to 3 significant figures if
necessary.]
10.1A Gradient of an Inclined Plane
Refer to the figure.
If AB represents an inclined plane, then
vertical distance BC
gradient of AB = =
horizontal distance AC
e.g. Gradient of the inclined plane XY in the figure Y

YZ
= 5m
XZ
5m Z X
= 10 m
10 m
1
= (or 1 : 2) Gradients are usually expressed in the
2 1
form of or 1 : n, where n is an integer.
n
1. In each of the following, find the gradient of the inclined road AB.
Vertical Horizontal Gradient of AB A
distance AC distance BC (in the form of 1 : n)

( ) cm
(a) 5 cm 20 cm =1:( ) B C
( ) cm
(b) 0.4 m 12 m
(c) 400 m 60 000 m

○→ Ex 10A 1
Example 1 Instant Drill 1
gradient = 1 : 10
1
gradient =
6 vertical distance vertical distance
= 20 m =hm
A car travels downdistance
horizontal along =and m
inclined road as May walks up along horizontal distance
an inclined = 70
road asmshown.
shown. Find the value of d. Find the value of h.
20 m ( )
Sol Gradient of the road = Sol Gradient of the road =
dm ( )
1 20 =
=
6 d
d = 20 × 6
= 120
4
2. Kary walks along an inclined road with gradient 1 : 7. If the horizontal distance she walks is
17.5 m, find the vertical distance she walks.
( )
Let d m be the vertical distance she walks. gradient =
( )
( )
Gradient of the road = ?
( )
( ) ( )
= _____ m
( ) ( )
=
○→ Ex 10A 2, 3
3. When an ant crawls 85 cm up along a straight stick, the vertical distance B
that it crawls is 13 cm. 85 cm
13 cm
(a) Find the horizontal distance that the ant crawls.
1 A C
(b) Find the gradient of the stick in the form of , where n is correct to
n
the nearest integer.
Use Pythagoras’ theorem to find x.
(a) Let AC = x cm. In △ABC, Recall:
x2 + ( )2 = ( )2 c
= b a 2 + b 2 = c2
a
1
(b) Let be the gradient of the stick.
n
BC
Gradient of the stick =
AC
1 ( )
=
n ( )
=
○→ Ex 10A 4, 5
10.1BGradient and Inclination
Refer to the figure.
(a) The angle θ between the inclined plane AB and
the horizontal (AC) is called the inclination of AB.
BC
(b) Gradient of AB = = tan θ (inclination)
AC
e.g. Gradient of the inclined plane XY in the figure Y
= tan 38°
= 0.781, cor. to. 3 sig. fig. 38°
X Z
horizontal
5
4. In each of the following, find the gradient of the inclined plane AB.
(a) (b) (c) B
B 11° B
24° A C
C horizontal 50°
A
horizontal A C
horizontal
In each of the following, find the gradient of an uphill road with the given inclination. [Nos. 5–6]
(Express the answers in the form of 1 : n, where n is correct to the nearest integer.)
5. 7° 6. 4.4°
 1
Let 1 : n  i.e.  be the gradient of the road.
 n
Gradient of the road = tan ( )
1
= tan ( )
n
○→ Ex 10A 6
∴ The gradient of the road is .

1 Find the inclination of a path with gradient
The gradient of a road is . Find its 1 : 18.
4
inclination. Sol
Sol Let θ be the inclination of the road.
1
tan θ =
4
θ = 14.0°, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The inclination of the road is 14.0°.
7. In each of the following, find the 8. B

inclination θ of an inclined road with the
given gradient. 42 m
5
(a) 3.7 (b) Find the inclination
8 A 75ofmthehorizontal
inclined road
AB in the figure.
Find the gradient
first.
6
○→ Ex 10A 8 ○→ Ex 10A 9
9. The gradient of an inclined path is 0.62.
(a) Find the inclination of the path.
(b) Andy walks 100 m up along the path. Find the horizontal distance he walks.
100 m
inclination ( )
?
Use ‘sin’, ‘cos’ or ‘tan’?
○→ Ex 10A 10, 11
10.1C Gradient on Map
The figure shows a contour map. If AB represents an inclined 400 m
A
straight path with horizontal distance 3 000 m, we have:
300 m
(i) Since A lies on the contour line with label ‘400 m’,
A is 400 m above the sea level. Similarly, B is 100 m above 200 m
the sea level.
100 m
(ii) Vertical distance between A and B = (400 − 100) m B
= 300 m
300 m
(iii) Gradient of AB = Recall:
3 000 m vertical distance
1 Gradient =
= horizontal distance
10
7
350 m 500 m 400 m
P
300 m
300 m M
250 m
200 m
200 m
Q N
The figure shows a contour map, where PQ The figure shows a contour map, where MN
represents a straight road. It is given that the represents a straight road. It is given that the
horizontal distance between P and Q is 900 m. horizontal distance between M and N is
Find 3 600 m. Find
(a) the vertical distance between P and Q, (a) the vertical distance between M and N,
(b) the gradient of the straight road, and (b) the gradient of the straight road, and
express the answer as a fraction. express the answer as a fraction.
Sol (a) Vertical distance between P and Q Sol (a) Vertical distance between M and N
= (350 – 250) m = [( )–( )] m
= 100 m =
(b) Gradient of the road (b)
100 m
=
900 m
1
=
9
10.The figure shows a contour map of a hill. A straight path is built from 650 m 625 m
1 675 m
point A to point B. It is given that the gradient of the path is . Find
5 A
(a) the vertical distance between A and B, 600 m
(b) the horizontal distance between A and B.
B
○→ Ex 10A 13, 14
8
‘Explain Your Answer’ Question
11. PQ and RS are two straight highways. It is given that the gradient of PQ is 1 : 7 and the
inclination of RS is 10°.
(a) Find the gradient of RS. The greater the
(b) Which highway is steeper, PQ or RS? Explain your answer. gradient, the
steeper the
(a) Gradient of RS =
(b) Gradient of PQ =
∵ Gradient of PQ ( > / < ) gradient of RS

∴ Highway (PQ / RS) is steeper.
 Level Up Question
12. In the figure, AB and BC represent two straight roads. ADC is a B
horizontal line, BD ⊥ AC, BD = 2 m, AC = 30 m and the
2m
inclination of AB is 8°. 8°
(a) Find the lengths of AD and DC. A D C
(b) Find the inclination of BC. 30 m
9
New Century Mathematics (2nd Edition) 3B
10 Applications in Trigonometry
Consolidation Exercise
10A

Level 1
1. (a) AB is a straight road. The vertical distance between A and B is 5 m. The horizontal distance
between A and B is 50 m. Find the gradient of the road AB.
(b) Jason travels up along a straight road. When he travels a horizontal distance of 16 m, he
rises 6 m vertically. Find the gradient of the road.
2. In the figure, David runs from P to Q along a road with gradient 1 : 30.
Q
P
1 800 m
If he runs a horizontal distance of 1 800 m, find the vertical distance travelled by him.
1
3. The figure shows a road AB with gradient .
17
A
3.4 m
B
If a car travels a vertical distance of 3.4 m, find the horizontal distance travelled by the car.
4. In the figure, the length of the lane XY is 25.7 m. The horizontal distance between X and Y is
25.5 m.
Y
25.7 m
X
25.5 m
(a) Find the vertical distance between X and Y.
1
(b) Express the gradient of the lane in the form of , where n is correct to the nearest integer.
n
5. In each of the following, find the gradient of an uphill road with the given inclination.
(a) 8° (b) 2.3°
( Express the answers in the form of 1 : n, where n is correct to the nearest integer.)
10
6. The figure shows a road AB with inclination θ. Find the gradient of the road in each of the
following situations.
A
θ
B
(a) tan θ = 0.06 (b) θ = 5.2° (c) sin θ = 0.4

1
(Express the answers in the form of , where n is correct to the nearest integer.)
n
7. In each of the following, find the inclination of a straight road with the given gradient.
7
(a) 1.5 (b) (c) 1 : 18
3
(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1°.)
8. In the figure, a cable car travels along a straight cable. If it travels a horizontal distance of
960 m and a vertical distance of 128 m, find the inclination of the cable, correct to 3 significant
figures.
128 m
960 m
9. In the figure, a cat walks down along a path with gradient 0.2.
gradient = 0.2
(a) What is the inclination of the path?

(b) If the cat walks 15 m along the path, find the horizontal distance the cat walks.
(Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures.)
8
10. The gradient of a road PQ is . The inclination of another road QR is 16°. Wendy claims that
25
the road PQ is steeper than the road QR. Do you agree? Explain your answer.
11
11. The figure shows a contour map, where XY represents a
straight road of gradient 1 : 12. 250 m Y
(a) Find the vertical distance between X and Y.
200 m
(b) Find the horizontal distance between X and Y.
150 m
100 m
X
12. The figure shows a contour map. PQ represents a straight
500 m
road and the horizontal distance between P and Q is 400 m. P 450 m
(a) Find the gradient of the road, and express the answer as 400 m
a fraction. Q
(b) Find the inclination of the road. 350 m
(Give the answer correct to the nearest degree.)
Level 2
13. In the figure, Jenny drives at a speed of 14 m/s from P to Q along a straight road with
1
gradient . She rises 56 m vertically in the whole journey.
3
Q
(a) Find the inclination of the road.

(b) Find the time taken in the whole journey.
14. Fig. A shows a ladder PQ which leans against a vertical wall. The inclination of the ladder is
32° and the foot of the ladder is 1.4 m from the corner O of the wall.
P
X
0.7 m
Q 32° Y
1.4 m
Fig. A Fig. B
(a) Find the length of the ladder.
(b) Later, the top P slides down to X which is 0.7 m above O, and the foot Q slides to Y at the
same time, as shown in Fig. B. Find the new inclination of the ladder.
12
15. In the figure, XY and YZ represent two straight roads, where X and Z are two points on the
horizontal ground. N is a point on XZ such that YN ⊥ XZ. YN = 80 m and XZ = 650 m.
Y
80 m
X Z
650 m
It is given that the inclination of the road XY is 13°.

(a) Find the length of NZ, correct to 3 significant figures.
(b) Which path, XY or YZ, is less steep? Explain your answer.
16. The figure shows two straight roads PQ and QR of lengths 2 000 m and 960 m respectively. The
gradient of PQ is 0.32. ONR is a horizontal line.
P
2 000 m
Q
96
O N R
(a) Find the inclination of PQ. Hence, find the horizontal distance between P and Q.
(b) It is given that the horizontal distance between P and R is 2 800 m. Find the gradient
of QR.
17. On a contour map of scale 1 : 8 000, AB represents a straight road. The vertical distance
between A and B is 50 m. If the inclination of the road is 9°, find the length of AB on the map
correct to the nearest 0.01 cm.
18. The figure shows a contour map of scale 1 : 30 000. XY

and YZ represent the two parts of a hiking trail. The Y 450 m
length of XY on the map is measured as 3 cm. Z
(a) Find the inclination of the path XY, correct to 250 m 400 m
3 significant figures.
(b) If the actual total length of the trail is 1.7 km, which 350 m
path, XY or YZ, is steeper? Explain your answer. 300 m
X
200 m
Scale 1 : 30 000
13
Answer
Consolidation Exercise 10A
 1  3
1. (a) 0.1  or  (b) 0.375  or 
 10   8
2. 60 m
3. 57.8 m
1
4. (a) 3.2 m (b)
8
5. (a) 1 : 7 (b) 1 : 25
1 1 1
6. (a) (b) (c)
17 11 2
7. (a) 56.3° (b) 66.8° (c) 3.2°
8. 7.59°
9. (a) 11.3° (b) 14.7 m
10. yes
11. (a) 150 m (b) 1 800 m
1
12. (a)
4
(b) 14°
13. (a) 18.4° (b) 12.6 s
14. (a) 1.65 m (b) 25.1°
15. (a) 303 m (b) XY
16. (a) inclination = 17.7°,
horizontal distance = 1 900 m
(b) 0.387
17. 3.95 cm
18. (a) 9.46° (b) XY
14
F3B: Chapter 10B
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Book 3B Lesson Worksheet 10B (Refer to §10.2)
necessary.]
10.2 Angles of Elevation and Depression
(a) When we look up at an object, the angle
between the line of sight and the horizontal
is called the angle of elevation.
When we look down at an object, the angle
between the line of sight and the horizontal
is called the angle of depression.
e.g. In the figure, horizontal P
the angle of elevation of P from A = 60° 40°
the angle of depression of B from P = 40°
60°
horizontal
(b) Angle of elevation of B from A B A
= angle of depression of A from B

C D
6m 40 m
E F
27 m horizontal
A B horizontal ground groun
2m
In the figure, DE is a d
building of height
40 m.
In the figure, BC is a lamp post of height 6 m.
F is 27 m away from E. Find the angle of
A is 2 m away from B. Find the angle of
elevation of D from F.
elevation of C from A.
Sol Let θ be the angle of elevation Sol Let θ be the angle of elevation D
C
of D from F.
of C from A.
In △DEF, 40 m
In △ABC,
6m ( ) θ
6m θ= E F
tan θ = θ ( ) 27 m
2m A 2m B
θ = 71.6°, cor. to 3 sig. fig. =
∴ The required angle of elevation is
71.6°.
17
1. 2. R
H
110 m
5.3 m
A 185 m B horizontal
groun Q S horizontal ground
4.6 m
d
In the figure, a hot-air balloon H is 110 m The figure shows a road sign RS of height
vertically above B. Points A and B are 5.3 m. Q is 4.6 m away from S. Find the
185 m apart. Find the angle of elevation of angle of depression of Q from R.
H from A.
Refer to the notations in the figure.
In △QRS, P R
( )
θ=
( ) 5.3 m
θ
= Q S
4.6 m
∠PRQ = alt. ∠s, PR // QS
∴ The required angle of depression is

.
→
○ Ex 10B 1, 2
3. 4. B
T 51°
600 m
A sea level
23°
horizontal ground S 15 m P
In the figure, a bird B is 600 m from a
In the figure, the tree TS casts a shadow PS buoy A at sea level. The angle of
of length 15 m on the ground. The angle of depression of A from B is 51°. Find the
elevation of the sun from P is 23°. Find the horizontal distance between A and B.
height of the tree.
In △PST,
( )
23° =
( )
=
→
○ Ex 10B 3–5
18
C R
P 35°
9.5 m 84 m
A 64° 50 m
1.7 m
Q S
B D horizontal ground
In the figure, the height of the flagpole CD is In the figure, PQ and RS are two buildings on
9.5 m. Ivan stands at point B. His eyes at A are the horizontal ground, and their heights are
1.7 m above the ground. The angle of elevation 50 m and 84 m respectively. The angle of
of C from A is 64°. Find the distance between elevation of R from P is 35°. Find the distance
Ivan and the flagpole. between the two buildings.
Sol With the notations in the figure, Sol With the notations in the figure,
construct AE ⊥ CD. construct PT ⊥ RS.
CE = CD – ED C RT = ( )–( ) R
= CD – AB =
= (9.5 – 1.7) m P 35° T 84 m
= 7.8 m 9.5 m
A 64° E 50 m
In △ACE, 1.7 m
In △PRT,
CE ( ) Q S
B D 35° =
tan 64° =
AE ( )
CE =
AE =
tan 64°
7.8
= m
tan 64°
= 3.80 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The distance between Ivan and the
flagpole is 3.80 m.
5. In the figure, the top P of a table is 130 cm above the horizontal

table P
ground. The angle of elevation of P from D is 28°. P and D are 200 200 cm
cm apart. Find the height of D above the ground.
130 cm 28° D
19
6. In the figure, the heights of a spotlight (X) and the top of a display board (Y) X
are 6 m and 3.3 m above the horizontal ground respectively. The horizontal
display
distance between X and Y is 2.5 m. Find the angle of depression of Y from bo
X. Y
6m ard
3.3 m
2.5 m
○→ Ex 10B 6–9
7. In the figure, A and B are two windows of a building on the horizontal
ground. The angles of elevation of A and B from a point C on the ground B
are 42° and 63° respectively. A, B and C lie on the same vertical plane.
Find the distance between A and B.
A
63°
C 42°
9m
20
10B

[In this exercise, give the answers correct to 3 significant figures.]
Level 1
1. In the figure, XY represents a building of height 45 m. K is a point on the horizontal ground and
KY = 80 m. Find the angle of elevation of X from K.
X
45 m
K Y
80 m
2. In the figure, the bottom B of a balloon is tied to a point C on the horizontal ground by a straight
string of length 6.3 m. If the horizontal distance between B and C is 1.9 m, find the angle of
depression of C from B.
6.3 m
1.9 m C
3. In the figure, ST is a tower of height 90 m. The angle of elevation of T from a point U on the
horizontal ground is 54°. Find the horizontal distance between U and T.
T
90 m
54°
U S
21
4. In the figure, the top M of a vertical flagpole is tied to a point R on the horizontal ground by a
straight rope of length 8.2 m. If the angle of depression of R from M is 37°, find the height of
the flagpole.
M
37°
8.2 m
5. In the figure, a cat stands at P on the horizontal ground and a light bulb is mounted at Q on the
horizontal celling. The horizontal distance between P and Q is 0.9 m. If the angle of depression
of P from Q is 70°, find the distance between P and Q.
Q
6. In the figure, Paul’s eyes at P are 1.5 m above the Q

horizontal ground. He looks at the top Q of a tree. The
angle of elevation of Q from P is 23°. The horizontal
distance between P and Q is 6 m. Find the height of the
P 23°
tree.
1.5 m
6m
7. In the figure, AB and CD represent two buildings on the horizontal ground. The height of
building AB is 160 m and the angle of depression of C from A is 48°.
A
48°
160 m 1
C
B D
It is given that the distance between A and C is 170 m. Find the height of building CD.
22
8. In the figure, a hawk X and a squirrel Y are 10.8 m and 7.2 m above the horizontal ground
respectively. The distance between X and Y is 9 m. Find the angle of depression of Y from X.
X
9
Y 10.8 m
7.2 m
Level 2
9. In the figure, XY is a lamppost of height 5 m. P and Q are points on the horizontal ground and
PQ = 13 m. PYQ is a straight line. The angle of elevation of X from P is 40°.
X
5m
P 40° Y
13 m Q
(a) Find PY.
(b) Find the angle of depression of Q from X.
10. In the figure, SN is a Christmas tree. P and Q are two points on the horizontal ground. The
angles of elevation of S from P and Q are 37° and 52° respectively. If S and P are 26 m apart,
find the distance between N and Q.
S
26 m
P 37° 52° Q
N
11. In the figure, PQR is a vertical statue. X and R lie P

on the horizontal ground. The angles of elevation of
P and Q from X are 29° and 7° respectively. It is
given that the distance between X and Q is 96 m.
(a) Find the distance between X and R.
(b) Find the distance between P and Q. 7° Q
29°
X R
23
12. In the figure, the height of a vertical cliff BC is 75 m. The angle of elevation of a bird A from C
is 16°. The horizontal distance between A and C is 120 m.
B
A 75 m
16°
C horizontal ground
120 m
(a) Find the height of the bird above the horizontal ground.
(b) Find the angle of depression of A from B.
13. In the figure, the height of a hill PN is 760 m. X and Y represent the two banks of a river. N, X
and Y lie on the same horizontal line. The angles of depression of X and Y from P are 38° and
29° respectively. Find the width of the river.
38°
P
29°
760 m
N X Y
14. The figure shows two buildings AB and CD in a school. C C

is tied to A and B with two straight ribbons. The height of 15°
building AB is 25 m and the length of ribbon AC is 30 m
30 m. The angle of depression of A from C is 15°. A
(a) Find the height of building CD.
(b) Find the angle of elevation of C from B. 25 m
B D
15. In the figure, XY is the lightning rod of a building YZ and XYZ

X
is a vertical line. The angles of elevation of X and Y from a
56°
helicopter P are 56° and 23° respectively. The length of the 47 m
lightning rod is 47 m.
Y
(a) Find the horizontal distance between the helicopter and
the building. P
(b) If XZ = 150 m, find the vertical distance between P and Z. 23°
24
Answer
Consolidation Exercise 10B
1. 29.4°
2. 72.4°
3. 65.4 m
4. 4.93 m
5. 2.63 m
6. 4.05 m
7. 33.7 m
8. 23.6°
9. (a) 5.96 m (b) 35.4°
10. 12.2 m
11. (a) 95.3 m (b) 41.1 m
12. (a) 34.4 m (b) 18.7°
13. 398 m
14. (a) 32.8 m (b) 48.5°
15. (a) 44.4 m (b) 84.1 m
25
F3B: Chapter 10C
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Book 3B Lesson Worksheet 10C (Refer to §10.3)
necessary.]
10.3 Bearings
There are 8 major bearings used in daily life:
east (E), south (S), west (W), north (N)
north-east (NE), south-east (SE), south-west (SW), north-west (NW)
10.3A Compass Bearing
Compass bearing is expressed in the form of Nx°E, Nx°W, Sx°E or Sx°W, where
x° is measured from either the north or the south, and 0 < x < 90.
e.g. The compass bearings of A, B, C and D from O are:
N40°E N45°W S50°E S55°W

Refer to the figure. Find N A
Refer to the figure. Find F N
the compass bearings of 30° the compass bearings of
(a) A from O, (a) D from O,
(b) C from O. (b) F from O. 70°
O
55° O
65° D
Sol (a) The compass bearing C N A Sol (a) The compass bearing of D from O is
of A from O is N30°E. 30° .
E
(b) With the notations in O N (b) With the notations in N
the figure, the figure, F
W
θ = 90° – 55° 55° O θ= θ
= 35° θ 70°
∴ The compass bearing of C from
C ∴ The compass bearing of F fromO O
S O
is S35°W. is .
It cannot be written
as W55°S.
28
1. Refer to the figure. Find N 2. Refer to the figure. Find N
the compass bearings of P the compass bearings of T
(a) P from O, 22° (a) R from O,
(b) Q from O. (b) T from O. 47°
O O
81°
15°
Q R
○→ Ex 10C 1(a)(i), (b)(i), (c)(i), (d)(i)

In the figure, the compass N In the figure, the compass N
bearing of B from A is N40°E. bearing of K from H is S68°W.
(a) Find θ. B (a) Find α. N
H
(b) Find the compass bearing N θ (b) Find the compass bearing α 68°
of A from B. of H from K. K
40° D
A
Sol (a) θ = 40° alt. ∠s, CA // DB Sol
(b) The compass bearing of ACfrom B is
S40°W.
3. In the figure, the compass N 4. If the compass bearing of F from G is

bearing of Q from P is N76°W, find the compass bearing of G
S33°E. Find the compass P from F.
bearing of P from Q. Step 1: N
N 33° F ?
Mark ‘ ’ at Q first.
G
Q N
Step 2: Mark ‘ ’ at F.
○→ Ex 10C 2, 4
29
10.3BTrue Bearing
True bearing is expressed in the form of y°, where y° is measured from the north in a
clockwise direction and 0 ≤ y < 360. The integral part of y must be written in 3 digits.
e.g. The true bearings of P, Q, R and S from O are:
009° 097.5° 220° 300.5°

Refer to the figure. Find N P Refer to the figure. Find N
the true bearings of the true bearings of 94°
(a) P from O, 25° (a) R from O, O R
Q 76°
(b) Q from O. (b) T from O. 32°
O
Sol (a) The true bearing of P from O is Sol (a) The true bearing of R from O is
T
025°. .
(b) With the notations in N (b) With the notations in N
the figure, the figure,
θ = 360° – 76° 76° θ
θ = 180° + ( )
Q O
= 284° =
∴ The true bearing of Q from O O ∴ The true bearing of T 32° θ
is 284°. from O is .
T
5. Refer to the figure. Find the true bearings of N

(a) A from O, (b) B from O, (c) C from O, (d) D from O.
126°
D O
58° 40° A
C
B
○→ Ex 10C 1(a)(ii), (b)(ii), (c)(ii), (d)(ii)
30
In the figure, the true bearing N In the figure, the true bearing N
of B from A is 069°. of D from C is 130°.
N 130°
(a) Find x. x (a) Find y. N
(b) Find the true bearing of (b) Find the true bearing of C
A from B. 69° B C from D. y
Sol (a) x + 69° = 180° A
Sol (a) y + = N D
x = 111° N y=
(b) With the notations in 130°
(b) With the notations in N
N
the figure, x the figure, C
θ = 360° – 111° θ= y
69° B
= 249° θ
∴ The true bearing ofA A from B ∴ The true bearing of C from DD
θ
is .
is 249°.
○→ Ex 10C 3
6. In the figure, the true Q 7. In the figure, the true N
bearing of Q from P is 331°. N bearing of K from H is 245°.
Find the true bearing of P from Find the true bearing of H from
H
Q. K.
P 245°
K
331°
○→ Ex 10C 5
8. Refer to the figure. Find N 9. If the true bearing of B from A is 226°,
(a) the true bearing of Y (a) find the true bearing of A from B,
200°
from X, X (b) find the compass bearing of A from B.
(b) the compass bearing 55°
of Z from X.
Y
○→ Ex 10C 6 ○→ Ex 10C 7
31
10.3C Practical Problems Involving Bearings

In the figure, Sam walks N N In the figure, B is 72 m due N
80 m due north from A to B, 70 m north of A. B and C are 90 m
then walks 70 m due east from B C apart. Find the compass bearing B
B to C. Find the true bearing of
80 m of C from B. 90 m
A from C. 72 m N
A
Sol From the question, ∠ABC = 90°. Sol
In △ABC, A C
80 m
tan ∠ACB =
70 m
∠ACB = 48.814°, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
∴ True bearing of A from C
= 270° – 48.814°
= 221°, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
○→ Ex 10C 9, 10
N N 152°
H 50 m K
35°
In the figure, point P is 20 km due west of The figure shows a market K which is 50 m
P 20 km T
town T. If a car moves from P in the direction due east of bus stop H. If Jane walks from H in
N35°E, find the shortest distance between the the direction of 152°, find the shortest distance
car and town T. between Jane and market K.
L Sol With the notations in the figure,
d = shortest distance construct KL ⊥ HL. N 152°
between T and line L
T β = 50 m K
H
β
Sol With the notations in the figure,
construct TM ⊥ PM. N L
θ = 90° – 35° = 55°
M
In △PTM, 35°
TM θ
sin θ =
PT P 20 km T
TM = PT sin θ
= 20 sin 55° km
= 16.4 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. ○→ Ex 10C 11, 12
∴ The shortest distance between the car
and town T is 16.4 km.
32
10. Two ships A and B set out from the same pier O at 6:00 a.m. Ship A sails due N
south at a speed of 24 km/h while ship B sails due west at a speed of 30 km/h.
O
Find, at 9:00 a.m. on the same day,
B
(a) the compass bearing of B from A,
(b) the distance between A and B.
○→ Ex 10C 13
 Level Up Questions
11. Refer to the figure. N
(a) Find the true bearing of A from B. N
(b) Find the compass bearing of B from C. B
160°
A
12. In the figure, ships Q and R are 135 km and 110 km from a pier P Q
respectively. The bearing of Q from R is N27°W and the bearing of P N
from R is S63°W. Find the distance between the two ships.
135 km 27°
R
63°
110 km
P
33
10C

[ In this exercise, unless otherwise stated, give the answers correct to 3 significant figures if
necessary.]
Level 1
1. Refer to the figure. Find the N
(i) compass bearing, P
(ii) true bearing 31°
18°
of each of the following points from O. S
(a) P (b) Q O
(c) R (d) S 27°
R 43°
Q
2. In the figure, the compass bearing of Q from P is N50°E. N
(a) Find θ.
(b) Find the compass bearing of P from Q.
N θ
50°
3. In the figure, the true bearing of H from K is 250°. N

(a) Find θ.
N K
(b) Find the true bearing of K from H.
θ
250°
H
4. In the figure, the true bearing of B from A is 115°.

N
Find the true bearing of A from B.
115°
A
34
5. Refer to the figure.
(a) Find the compass bearing of P from Y. Y N
(b) Find the true bearing of P from X. 56°
144°
P
6. In the figure, A is due west of B, and C is due south of B. It X

N N
is given that the compass bearing of C from A is S63°E and
the length of BC is 45 m. Find the length of AC. B
A
63° 45 m
C
7. In the figure, P, Q and R are the positions of three houses. Q
is 5 km due east of P, and R is 6 km due north of P. Find the N
compass bearing of Q from R. R
6 km
N N
8. In the figure, A is due north of B, and C is due west of B. P Q

N 5 km
If BC = 180 m and AC = 195 m, find the true bearing of C
from A. A
19
C B
18
9. In the figure, V is 7.5 km due north of U. A car travels N
from U in the direction 320° along a straight road. Find the
shortest distance between the car and V. V
7.5 km
U
320°
35
10. In the figure, Ben and Calvin set out from the same point O at N Ben
the same time. Ben runs due east at a speed of 7.2 km/h and
Calvin runs due south at a speed of 9.6 km/h. Find the compass O
bearing of Calvin from Ben after 4 hours.
Calvin
Level 2
11. Refer to the figure. Find the compass bearing of Y from Z. N
N
63°
12. Refer to the figure. Q

Z
(a) Find the compass bearing of P from R.
(b) Find the true bearing of R from Q.
N
109° 44°
R 36°
P
13. In the figure, the true bearing of B from A is 096°, N
AC = AB and ∠ABC = 37°. Find the true bearing of 96°
A
A from C. B
37°
36
14. In the figure, a race car travels 1.6 km due north from X, then travels 6 km due west. Finally, it
travels 4.8 km due south to Y.
6 km
1.6 km
X N
4.8 km
Y
(a) Find the compass bearing of Y from X.
(b) Find the distance between X and Y.
15. In the figure, Tom walks 370 m from his home at F in the direction 148° to a cinema at G, then
walks 160 m in the direction 058° to a restaurant at H.
N
148°
F
370 m H
N
58° 160 m
(a) Tom claims that FG ⊥ GH. Do you agree? Explain your answer.
(b) How far does Tom walk along a straight road from the restaurant to his home? In what
direction does he walk?
37
16. In the figure, A and B are 3.9 km apart. O is the centre of a circular lake with diameter 4.5 km. It
is given that OA = OB, and the compass bearings of O from A and B are N40°E and N76°W
respectively.
N
148°
F
370 m H
N
58° 160 m
(a) Find the compass bearing of A from B.

(b) Lily claims that A and B are both located inside the lake. Do you agree? Explain your
answer.
17. In the figure, P, Q and R represent three bus stations. A bus R

travels 5 km from P in the direction 072° to Q, and then travels
in the direction 310° to R, which is due north of P. Find the
distance between P and R. N
Q
310°
72°
P 5 km
18. In the figure, a car travels from S to T in the direction N53°W, then travels in the direction
S26°W to U, which is 140 km due west of S. Suppose the speed of the car is constant
throughout the whole journey and the car takes 2 hours to travel from S to T. Find the time taken
for the car to travel from T to U.
N
T
26° N
53°
U
140 km S
38
Answer
Consolidation Exercise 10C
1. (a) (i) N31°E (ii) 031°
(b) (i) S43°E (ii) 137°
(c) (i) S63°W (ii) 243°
(d) (i) N72°W (ii) 288°
2. (a) 50° (b) S50°W
3. (a) 70° (b) 070°
4. 295°
5. (a) S56°E (b) 324°
6. 99.1 m
7. S39.8°E
8. 247°
9. 4.82 km
10. S36.9°W
11. N27°W
12. (a) S80°E (b) 171°
13. 022°
14. (a) S61.9°W (b) 6.8 km
15. (a) yes
(b) distance: 403 m,
direction: 305° (or N55.4°W)
16. (a) S72°W (b) no
17. 5.54 km
18. 1.34 h
39
F3B: Chapter 11A
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40
Book 3B Lesson Worksheet 11A (Refer to §11.1)
[In this worksheet, unless otherwise stated, leave the radical sign ‘√’ in the answers if necessary.]
11.1 Distance between Two Points
For any two points A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2) in y

a rectangular coordinate plane, the distance
between A and B is given by: B ( x 2 , y 2)
AB = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2
A ( x 1 , y 1)
x
O

In each of the following, find the length of the In each of the following, find the length of the
line segment AB. line segment PQ.
(a) y (b) A(−3 , 4) y (a) y P(2 , 9) (b) y
Q(−3 , 5)
B(5 , 5)
A(1 , 2) x
O Q(8 , 1) x
x x O
O O
B(2 , −3) P(−5 , −2)
2 2
Sol (a) AB = (5 − 1) + (5 − 2) units Sol (a) PQ = [( ) − ( )] + [( ) − ( )]2 units
2
= 42 + 32 units = ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 units
= 5 units =
(b) AB = [2 − (−3)]2 + (−3 − 4) 2 units (b) PQ = [( ) − ( )]2 + [( ) − ( )]2 units
= 52 + (−7) 2 units =
= 74 units
1. Find the length of the line segment AB in 2. Find the length of the line segment CD in
the figure. the figure.
y y
C(4 , 3)
x
O A(1 , −1)
x
O
B(7 , −6)
D(−3 , −4)
41
In each of the following, find the distance between the two given points. [Nos. 3–4]
3. A(1 , 0), B(9 , 6) 4. C(−6 , 7), D(1 , −2)
Sketch the line segment
AB if you need help.
y
x
O
→
○ Ex 11A 1−8
5. Find the length of the line segment AB in 6. Find the length of the line segment CD in
the figure. the figure.
Coordinates y y
D
= (−3 , ____) 6 10
A 5 8
4 6
3 4
2 2
1 x
x −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
−2
−4 −3 −2 −−110 1 2 3 −4
B C
→
○ Ex 11A 9−12
7. In the figure, A(1 , −2), B(8 , −2) and C(5 , 2) are the y
three vertices of △ABC. Find the perimeter of △ABC, C(5 , 2)
correct to 2 decimal places.
AB = [8 − ( )] units =
x
BC = O
AC = A(1 , −2) B(8 , −2)
∴ Perimeter of △ABC
=
→
○ Ex 11A 13−15
42
8. In the figure, A(0 , −2), B(6 , 4) and C(−7 , −3) are the three y
B(6 , 4)
vertices of △ABC. Is △ABC an isosceles triangle? Explain
your answer.
x
O
A(0 , −2)
C(−7 , −3)
9. O(0 , 0), P(12 , 0) and Q(7 , 13) are the three vertices of △OPQ. Find the perimeter of
△OPQ, correct to 3 significant figures.
10. Find the area of square ABCD shown in the figure. y

B(4 , 9)
4 C
A
x
O D
43
11 Coordinate Geometry of Straight Lines

11A

Level 1
In each of the following, find the distance between the two given points. [Nos. 1−
−6]
(Give the answers correct to 2 decimal places if necessary.)
1. A(−4 , 2), B(0 , 5) 2. C(1 , −1), D(6 , 11)
3. E(−7 , 4), F(2 , −8) 4. P(6 , −5), Q(−9 , 3)
5. R(−10 , 5), S(2 , 3) 6. T(−9 , −17), U(−1 , 0)
In each of the following, find the length of the line segment XY. [Nos. 7−
−9]
(Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures if necessary.)
7. y 8. y 9. y
6 4 3
X
5 3 X 2
4 Y 2 1
3 1 x
2 x −4 −3 −2 −−110 1 2 3 4
1 X −3 −2 −−110 1 2 3 −2 Y
x −2 −3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Y
−4
−5
10. In the figure, A(−3 , 5), B(0 , −2) and C(7 , 3) are the three y
vertices of △ABC. Find the perimeter of △ABC, correct to
2 decimal places. A(−3 , 5)
C(7 , 3)
x
O
B(0 , −2)
11. In the figure, O(0 , 0), A(4 , −3), B(9 , 1) and C(5 , 7) are the four y
vertices of quadrilateral OABC. Find the perimeter of OABC, C(5 , 7)
correct to 3 significant figures.
B(9 , 1)
x
O
A(4 , −3)
44
12.In the figure, X(2 , 5), Y(−1 , −2) and Z(5 , −2) are the three vertices y
of △XYZ. Is △XYZ an isosceles triangle? Explain your answer. X(2 , 5)
O x
Y(−1 , −2) Z(5 , −2)

13.In the figure, A(−4 , 0), B(−2 , 4), C(5 , 9) and D(0 , 2) are the four y
vertices of quadrilateral ABCD. Is ABCD a kite? Explain your C(5 , 9)
answer.
B(−2 , 4)
D(0 , 2)
x
A(−4 , 0) O
14. In the figure, the coordinates of P and R are (−7 , 2) and (5 , −3) y
respectively. If PQ is parallel to the x-axis and PQ = PR, find the
coordinates of Q.
P(−7 , 2) Q
x
O
R(5 , −3)
Level 2
15. A(5 , 3), B(−1 , 2) and C(2 , −3) are the three vertices of △ABC. Arrange the lengths of the
three sides of △ABC in ascending order.
16.P(4 , 8), Q(−7 , 5) and R(9 , −1) are the three vertices of △PQR. Which vertex, P, Q or R, is
closest to the origin O? Explain your answer.
17.A(−6 , 5), B(4 , 4), C(5 , −3) and D(−8 , −2) are the four vertices of quadrilateral ABCD. Which
diagonal, AC or BD, is longer? Explain your answer.
18. P(a , 0), Q(2 , 4) and O(0 , 0) are the three vertices of △OPQ. If PQ = PO, find the value of a.
19.In the figure, A(1 , 1), B(10 , 7), C(6 , 0) and D(3 , −2) are the four vertices of a trapezium, where
AB // DC and AD ⊥ AB. Find the area of trapezium ABCD. y
B(10 , 7)
O A(1 , 1)
C(6 , 0)
D(3 , −2) x
45
20.In the figure, A(−3 , −2), B(1 , 2) and C(4 , −1) are the three y
vertices of △ABC.
B(1 , 2)
(a) Prove that △ABC is a right-angled triangle.
(b) Find the area of △ABC.
x
O
C(4 , −1)
A(−3 , −2)
21.In the figure, the coordinates of P and R are (−1 , 0) and (8 , 6) y

respectively. Q is a point on the x-axis and PQ = QR.
(a) Find the coordinates of Q. R(8 , 6)
(b) Find the area of △PQR.
P(−1 , 0)
x
O Q
22.In the figure, the coordinates of Q and R are (8 , 9) and (5 , −4) y

respectively. P is a point on the y-axis and PQ = PR. Q(8 , 9)
(a) Find the coordinates of P.
(b) Prove that △PQR is a right-angled triangle.
P
x
O
R(5 , −4)
y
23. In the figure, ABCD is a square, where A is on the y-axis. The
C
coordinates of B and D are (7 , 11) and (−24 , −6) respectively. B(7 , 11)
(a) Find the coordinates of A.
(b) Find the perimeter and area of ABCD. x
O
D(−24 , −6) A
46
Answer
1. 5 units
2. 13 units
3. 15 units
4. 17 units
5. 12.17 units
6. 18.79 units
7. 5 units
8. 5.39 units
9. 8.60 units
10. 26.42 units
11. 27.2 units
12. yes
13. yes
14. (6 , 2)
15. BC < AB < CA
16. Q
17. AC
18. 5
19. 26 sq. units
20. (b) 12 sq. units
 11  39
21. (a)  , 0 (b) sq. units
2  2
22. (a) (0 , 4)
23. (a) (0 , −13)
(b) perimeter = 100 units,
area = 625 sq. units
47
F3B: Chapter 11B
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11.2ASlope Formula
For any two points A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2) (where x1 ≠ x2) y
in a rectangular coordinate plane, the slope m of the line
AB is given by: B ( x 2 , y 2)
y − y1 A ( x 1 , y 1)
m= 2 x
x2 − x1 O
Note: The slope of a horizontal line is 0, while the y

Slope is
slope of a vertical line is undefined. Slope = 0
undefi
ned.
x
O

Find the slope of the line AB in the figure. Find the slope of the y P(6 , 4)
y line PQ in the figure.
A(−4 , 4)
B(2 , 1) x
O
x Q(−2 , −3)
O
1− 4 ( )−( )
Sol Slope of AB = Sol Slope of PQ =
2 − (−4) ( )−( )
−3 =
=
6
1
=−
2
1. Find the slope of the y 2. Find the slope of the y

line RS in the figure. R(1 , 7) line CD in the figure. D(−1 , 7)
S(6 , 2)
x C(−5 , 1)
O x
If a line slopes O
upwards from left
to right, slope of
the line > 0.
50
3. Find the slope of the y 4. Find the slope of the y
line PQ in the figure. P(6 , 5) line MN in the figure. x
O M(2 , −1)
x
O
If a lineNslopes
(5 , −8)
Q(1 , −3)
downwards from left
to right, slope of the
line < 0.
→
○ Ex 11B 2, 3
5. Given that the slope of the line passing 6. Given that the slope of the line passing
through P(−8 , h) and Q(h − 8 , 6) is 5, 2
through A(1 , k) and B(3k + 1 , −2) is − ,
find the value of h. 3
find the value of k.
Slope of PQ = ( )
( )−( )
=( )
( )−( )
=
→
○ Ex 11B 9, 10
Prove that the three points A(3 , 1), B(5 , 3) and Prove that the three points P(0 , 2), Q(2 , −2)
C(9 , 7) lie on the same straight line. and R(5 , −8) lie on the same straight line.
Sol Slope of AB Sketch:
Sol Slope of PQ
Sketch:
3 −1 y ( )−( ) y
= same slope? =
5−3 C(9 , 7) ( )−( ) P(0 , 2)
2 x
= =
2 B(5 , 3) O
Q(2 , −2)
=1 A(3 , 1) x same
Slope of BC O Slope of QR slo
7−3 ( )−( ) pe?
= =
9−5 ( )−( ) R(5 , −8)
4
= We can also =
4 say that
=1 A, B and
∵ Slope of AB = slope of BC C are
∴ The three points A, B and C lie on the
same straight line.
51
7. Prove that the three points A(−8 , −4), 8. Prove that the three points R(2 , −1),
B(0 , 0) and C(2 , 1) lie on the same S(−6 , 1) and T(6 , −2) are collinear.
straight line.
→
○ Ex 11B 13, 14
11.2B Inclination
For a straight line ℓ with inclination θ : y

slope of ℓ = tan θ ℓ
θ is the angle measured
Note: If θ = 0°, the line is a horizontal line. θ (inclination)
x anticlockwise from the
O positive x-axis to ℓ .
9. Complete the following tables.

Slope of ℓ = tan
(a) Inclination θ Slope θof ℓ (b) Slope of ℓ Inclination θ
tan θ
(i) 30° (i) 1.5 = 1.5
(ii) 40° (ii) 8 θ
(iii) 75° (iii) 15.5
For 0° < θ < 90°,

the slope of ℓ (increases /
decreases) with θ.
→
○ Ex 11B 4, 5
52
L is a straight line passing through two points L is a straight line passing through two points
A(−4 , −3) and B(1 , 7). Find P(1 , 2) and Q(6 , 4). Find
(a) the slope of L, (a) the slope of L,
(b) the inclination of L, correct to the nearest (b) the inclination of L, correct to the nearest
degree. degree.
7 − (−3) ( )−( )
Sol (a) Slope of L = Sol (a) Slope of L =
1 − (−4) ( )−( )
10 =
=
5
=2
(b) Let θ be the inclination of L. (b) Let θ be the inclination of L.
Slope of L = tan θ
2 = tan θ
θ = 63°, cor. to the nearest
degree
∴ The inclination of L is 63°.
10. L is a straight line passing through two 11. C(−8 , −10) and D(−4 , −3) lie on a
points R(2 , −4) and S(12 , 1). Find straight line L. Find
(a) the slope of L, (a) the slope of L,
(b) the inclination of L, correct to the (b) the inclination of L, correct to the
nearest 0.1°. nearest 0.1°.
→
○ Ex 11B 6−8
53
12. In each of the following, which line has a greater slope? Explain your answer.
(a) line ℓ1 : passing through two points (2 , −7) and (7 , −1)
line ℓ 2 : passing through two points (4 , 2) and (8 , 6)
(b) line ℓ 3 : passing through two points (2 , −2) and (10 , −3)
line ℓ 4 : passing through two points (−3 , −5) and (7 , −10)
We can compare the steepness of

lines by considering their
slopes:
(i) For lines with positive slopes,
slope , steepness 
(ii) For lines with negative slopes,
slope , steepness 
13. In the figure, A is a point on the y-axis. A straight line L y
passes through A and B(−7 , −3). L
(a) Find the inclination of L. A
(b) Find the slope of L.
(c) Find the coordinates of A. 135°
x
O
B(−7 , −3)
54

11B

Level 1
1. Name all the line segment(s) in the figure satisfying each of the y
following conditions. B
(a) The slope is positive. C
(b) The slope is negative. A
(c) The slope is 0. x
O
(d) The slope is undefined.
D E
2. Find the slope of the line AB in each of the following figures.
(a) y (b) y
B(2 , 7) A(−6 , 4)
B(4 , 2)
x x
A(−4 , −3) O O
3. In each of the following, find the slope of the straight line passing through the two given points.
(a) A(0 , 6), B(2 , 0)
(b) P(5 , −2), Q(9 , −1)
(c) X(−3 , 4), Y(1 , −4)
4. In each of the following, find the inclination of the line with the given slope, correct to the
nearest 0.1°.
9
(a) Slope = 5 (b) Slope = 0.5 (c) Slope =
4
5. In each of the following, find the slope of the line L, correct to 2 decimal places.
(a) L
y (b) y
65° 138°
x x
O O
55
6. L is a straight line passing through the points P(1 , −8) and Q(4 , 3).
(a) Find the slope of L.
(b) Find the inclination of L, correct to the nearest 0.1°.
7. Find the inclination of the line XY in each of the following figures.

(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1°.)
(a) y (b) y
Y(4 , 10)
Y(5 , 9)
x
O X(−4 , 1)
X(−3 , −5)
x
O
8. Given that the slope of the line passing through C(−4 , 3 − 4n)
and D(n + 3 , −5) is −2, find the value of n.
9. If P(−k , −5) and Q(3k , 3) lie on a straight line with inclination 45°, find the value of k.
In each of the following, determine whether the three given points lie on the same straight line.
[Nos. 10−11]
10. A(−6 , −5), B(0 , −1), C(3 , 1)
11. P(2 , 11), Q(4 , 7), R(10 , −3)
12.Refer to the figure. y

(a) Find the inclination of L2.
(b) Find the slope of L2, correct to 2 decimal places.
140°
115°
x
L2 O
13.Consider three points A(6 , −1), B(8 , 3) and C(−5 , 2). Among AB, L1
BC and CA, which one has the greatest slope? Explain your
answer.
Level 2
14. In each of the following, find the slope of the straight line passing through the two given points.
(a) A(−1.3 , 2.8), B(0.75 , 6.9)
 11 1  4 5
(b) C  , −  , D  , 
7 2 7 2
(c) E(4a , 3a), F(0 , −a), where a ≠ 0
15. In each of the following, find the inclination of the straight line passing through the two given
points.
(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1° if necessary.)
(a) P(−2.6 , −1.3), Q(4.4 , 3.7)
(b) R(−5 , 3 ), S(−4 , 2 3 )
(c) T(−c , −c), U(0 , c), where c ≠ 0
56
16. In the figure, A is a point on the y-axis. If the slope of the straight line y
2
passing through A and B(6 , −6) is − , find the coordinates of A.
3 O x
A
B(6 , −6)
17. The slope of a straight line L passing through (2 , 9) is 3. If L cuts the x-axis at A and cuts the
y-axis at B, find the coordinates of A and B.
18.In the figure, P(1 , −3), Q and R(9 , 1) are three points lying on the y
same straight line.
R(9 , 1)
(a) If Q lies on the x-axis, find the coordinates of Q.
x
(b) Does the straight line pass through (6 , −1)? Explain your answer. O Q
P(1 , −3)
19. The inclination of a straight line L passing through (4 , 3 ) is 30°.
(a) Find the coordinates of the point where L cuts the x-axis.
(b) If P(a , 3 3 ) is a point lying on L, find the value of a.
3
20. Consider three points A(1 , k), B(5 , 7) and C(−2 , −5). It is given that the slope of AB is .
2
(a) Find the value of k.
(b) Which line segment, AB, AC or BC, is the steepest? Explain your answer.
21.In the figure, L1 is a straight line passing through the points

y L2 L
A(−2 , −5) and B(9 , 6). The angle between the lines L1 and L2 1
is 20°. B(9 , 6)
(a) Find the inclination of L1. 20°
(b) Find the slope of L2, correct to 2 decimal places. x
O
A(−2 , −5)
22.In the figure, L1 and L2 are straight lines pass through A(4 , 1) y
and B(−2 , 0) respectively. L1 and L2 intersect at C(8 , p). It is L1
C(8 , p) L2
given that the slope of L1 is twice the slope of L2.
(a) Find the value of p.
(b) Is the inclination of L1 twice that of L2? Explain your answer. B(−2 , 0) A(4 , 1)
x
O
57
Answer
1. (a) CB, DA, EA (b) BA, CA
(c) DE (d) CD
5 1
2. (a) (b) −
3 5
1
3. (a) −3 (b) (c) −2
4
4. (a) 78.7° (b) 26.6° (c) 66.0°
5. (a) 2.14 (b) 0.90
11
6. (a) (b) 74.7°
3
7. (a) 65.0° (b) 41.6°
8. −1
9. 2
10. yes
11. no
12. (a) 25° (b) 0.47
13. AB
14. (a) 2 (b) −3 (c) 1
15. (a) 35.5° (b) 60° (c) 63.4°
16. (0 , −2)
17. A(−1 , 0), B(0 , 3)
18. (a) (7 , 0) (b) no
19. (a) (1 , 0) (b) 10
20. (a) 1 (b) AC
21. (a) 45° (b) 2.14
22. (a) 5 (b) no
58
F3B: Chapter 11C
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59
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60
11.3AParallel Lines
In the figure, if m1 = m2,

then L1 // L2.
1. In each of the following, determine whether the straight lines L1 and L2 are parallel.
Slope of L1 Slope of L2
(a) 3 3 (yes / no)
(b) 2 −2 (yes / no)
1
(c) 5 (yes / no)
5
(d) −4 −4 (yes / no)
2. Refer to the figure. 3. Refer to the figure.

y y
L1
(1 , 3) L2: slope = 1 L1
x (−4 , 3) L2: slope = −2
(−3 , −1) O
x
O (2 , −1)
(a) Find the slope of L1. (a) Find the slope of L1.
(b) Determine whether L1 and L2 are (b) Determine whether L1 and L2 are
parallel. parallel.
(a) Slope of L1 =
(b) ∵ Slope of L1 (= / ≠) slope of L2

∴ L1 and L2 (are / are not) parallel.
→
○ Ex 11C 1, 3
61
In the figure, if L1 // L2,
then m1 = m2.

In the figure, L1 is parallel to L2. In the figure, L1 is parallel to L2.
y y
L1 L2 L2 L1
(−5 , 5)
(4 , 6)
x
O
x
O
(1 , −4)
(−1 , −4) (a) Find the slope of L2.
(a) Find the slope of L2. (b) Find the slope of L1.
(b) Find the slope of L1.
6 − (−4) Sol (a) Slope of L2 =
Sol (a) Slope of L2 =
4 − (−1)
10
=
5
=2
(b) ∵ L1 // L2 (b) ∵ L1 // L2
∴ Slope of L1 = slope of L2 ∴ Slope of L1 =
=2
4. In the figure, L1 is parallel to L2. 5. In the figure, L1 is parallel to L2.
y y
L1
(−2 , 7) L2
(6 , 9)
O x
(5 , −2) O x
L2 L1
Coordinates of
(a) Find the slope of L1. Find the slope of L1. the origin O
(b) Find the slope of L2. = (___ , ___)
→
○ Ex 11C 5, 7
62
6. In the figure, L1 is parallel to L2. y
(a) Find the slope of L2.
C(−2 , 5) B(5 , 6)
(b) Find the value of a.
x
O
A(0 , a)
D(−7 , −5)
L2 L1
→
○ Ex 11C 9, 12
11.3B Perpendicular Lines
In the figure, if m1 × m2 = −1,

then L1 ⊥ L2.
7. In each of the following, determine whether the straight lines L1 and L2 are perpendicular.
Slope of L1 Slope of L2
(a) 4 −4 (yes / no)
(b) 1 −1 (yes / no)
1
(c) 2 (yes / no)
2
1
(d) 3 − (yes / no)
3
8. Refer to the figure.

y
(a) Find the slope of L1. L2: slope = 2
(b) Determine whether L1 and L2 are perpendicular. L1
(−2 , 2)
x
O
(4 , −1)
63
In the figure, if L1 ⊥ L2,
then m1 × m2 = −1.

In the figure, L1 is perpendicular to L2. In the figure, L1 is perpendicular to L2.
y L1 y L1
(3 , 9) (4 , 7)
L2 x
x O
O L2
(2 , −1)
(a) Find the slope of L1. (a) Find the slope of L1.
(b) Find the slope of L2. (b) Find the slope of L2.
9−0 Sol (a) Slope of L1 =
Sol (a) Slope of L1 =
3−0
9
=
3
=3
(b) ∵ L1 ⊥ L2 (b) ∵ L1 ⊥ L2
∴ Slope of L1 × slope of L2 = −1 ∴ Slope of L1 × slope of L2 = ( )
3 × slope of L2 = −1 =
1
Slope of L2 = −
3
9. In the figure, L1 is perpendicular to L2. 10. In the figure, L1 is perpendicular to L2.

L2 y L1 Find the slope of L2.
y
(4 , 7) L2 L1
O x
x (2 , 1)
(−6 , −3) O
(−8 , −5)
(b) Find the slope of L2.
→
○ Ex 11C 6, 8
64
11. In the figure, L1 passes through C(1 , −3) and D(6 , 7). y L1
L2 cuts the y-axis at A and passes through B(6 , 2). It is
given that L1 and L2 are perpendicular. L2 D(6 , 7)
A
(b) Find the coordinates of A. B(6 , 2)
x
O
C(1 , −3)
→
○ Ex 11C 10, 13
9
12. L1 is a straight line passing through A(2 , −3) while L2 is another straight line with slope . If
4
L1 // L2, does the point B(−2 , 3) lie on L1? Explain your answer.
Step 1: Find the slope of
∵ L1 // L2 L1.
∴ Slope of L1 = Step 2: Check if slope of
AB = slope of L .
Slope of AB =
∵ Slope of AB (= / ≠) slope of L1
∴ The point B (lies / does not lie) on L1.
65
13. O(0 , 0), B(2 , 3), C(6 , 1) and D(4 , −2) are the vertices of a quadrilateral. It is given that
BC // OD. Determine whether OBCD is a parallelogram.
Sketch OBCD
first.
14. X(−9 , −2), Y(0 , −8) and Z(8 , 4) are the vertices of a triangle.
(a) Find the slopes of the three sides of △XYZ.
(b) Hence, prove that △XYZ is a right-angled triangle and state which angle is a right angle.
66

11C

Level 1
1. In each of the following, determine whether L1 and L2 are parallel.
(a) y (b) y
L2 : slope = 1
L1 L1 (−5 , 4)
(7 , 1)
(2 , 1)
x x
O L2 O
(−6 , −2) (3 , −5)
(−3 , −4)
2. In each of the following, determine whether L1 and L2 are perpendicular.
(a) y (b) y
3 L2
L2 : Slope =
7 2 x
0 8
(−3 , −2)
x (5 , −6)
0 5 L1
L1
3. Consider four points A(−4 , 3), B(7 , 6), C(−6 , −9) and D(5 , −6).
(a) Find the slopes of AB and CD.
(b) What is the relationship between AB and CD?
4. Consider four points P(−4 , 0), Q(1 , 6), R(−8 , 7) and S(4 , −3).
(a) Find the slopes of PQ and RS.
(b) What is the relationship between PQ and RS?
In each of the following, find the slope of the line L. [Nos. 5−6]
5. (a) y (b) y
L L
(2 , 9)
(7 , 2)
x
O
(−2 , −4) x
O
(5 , −3)
67
6. (a) y (b) y
L
x
−7 0
L
(7 , 4)
(1 , 1)
x
O (1 , −10)
Find the unknown in each of the following figures. [Nos. 7−8]

7. (a) 1 y (b) y
L2 : slope = −
3
(4 , 1)
L1
L1 O x
x
O
(a , −3) (−6 , b) 2
L2 : slope =
5
8. (a) y (b) y
L1
3
(−3 , d) L2 : slope =
4
L1
x x
0 O
(c , −6) − 4
L2 : slope = −2 (6 , −7)
9. Consider four points P(−3 , −2), Q(n , 1), R(3 , 5) and S(1 , −1). Find the value of n in each of
the following cases.
(a) PQ // RS
(b) PQ ⊥ RS
10.In the figure, L1 passes through A(−5 , −7) and B(3 , −4) while L2 y
passes through C(−2 , −3). It is given that L1 // L2.
x
C(−2 , −3) O
(b) Suppose L2 cuts the x-axis at P. Find the coordinates of P.
L2 B(3 , −4)
L1 A(−5 , −7)
68
11.In the figure, L is perpendicular to the line passing through P(−1 , 6) y
and Q(−4 , −1). R(−7 , −2) is a point lying on L.
P(−1 , 6)
(a) Find the slope of PQ.
(b) Find the coordinates of the point where L cuts the y-axis.
Q(−4 , −1)
x
O
R(−7 , −2)
L
12. A(−5 , 2), B(7 , 6), C(8 , 4) and D(2 , 2) are the vertices of a
quadrilateral.
(a) Find the slopes of AB, BC, CD and AD.
(b) Name all the parallel sides of quadrilateral ABCD.
13. X(2 , 11), Y(5 , −1) and Z(9 , 0) are the vertices of a triangle.
(a) Find the slopes of the three sides of △XYZ.
(b) Hence, prove that △XYZ is a right-angled triangle and state which angle is a right angle.
Level 2
14.In the figure, two perpendicular lines L1 and L2 intersect at y
A(−3 , −6). It is given that L1 cuts the y-axis at B(0 , −7), while
L2 cuts the y-axis at C. C
(a) Find the coordinates of C.
(b) Find the area of △ABC. x
O
L1
A(−3 , −6) B(0 , −7)
L2
15.The figure shows two parallel lines L1 and L2. L1 passes through y
P(−1 , 7) and Q(1 , 2) while L2 passes through R(6 , 1). Does L2 L1 L2
passes through the point (4 , 5)? Explain your answer. P(−1 , 7)
Q(1 , 2)
R(6 , 1)
x
O
69
16.In the figure, L1 passes through C(−1 , 8) and D while L2 passes y
through A(−7 , 6) and B(1 , 2). D lies on the x-axis and L1 ⊥ L2.
C(−1 , 8)
(a) Find the coordinates of D. L2
(b) If K(−2 , a) is a point on L1, find the value of a.
A(−7 , 6)
B(1 , 2)
D
x
O
L1
3  y
17.In the figure, P(3 , −2), Q(13 , 6) and R  , 7  are the three 3 
2  R  , 7
2  Q(13 , 6)
vertices of △PQR. PQ cuts the x-axis at T.
(a) Find the coordinates of T.
(b) Is RT the corresponding altitude of △PQR if PQ is taken as its T
x
base? Explain your answer. O
P(3 , −2)
18.The figure shows three points A(4 , −4), B(10 , 4) and C(8 , −7). y
Suppose D is a point on the y-axis such that AD ⊥ AB. B(10 , 4)
(a) Find the coordinates of D.
(b) Prove that the three points D, A and C lie on the same straight
x
line. O A(4 , −4)
C(8 , −7)
19. A(−5 , k), B(k , 1), C(6 , 5) and D(−3 , 8) are the vertices of a quadrilateral. It is given that
AB // DC.
(a) Find the value of k.
(b) Is ABCD a parallelogram? Explain your answer.
20.In the figure, P(−3 , −1), Q(a , b), R(8 , 6) and S(3 , 9) are the four y
vertices of parallelogram PQRS. S(3 , 9)
(a) Find the values of a and b.
(b) Is PQRS a rectangle? Explain your answer. R(8 , 6)
x
O
P(−3 , −1)
Q( a , b )
70
21.In the figure, ABCD is a right-angled trapezium. The coordinates of y
 9  C(3 , 5)
A, C and D are (2 , 0), (3 , 5) and  − , 0  respectively. It is given
 2 
that DC // AB and ∠DCB = 90°. Find the coordinates of B. B
x
 9  O A(2 , 0)
D − , 0
 2 
22. In the figure, OAB is a triangle. The coordinates of B are (−1 , 3 ) y

and the inclination of OA is 30°.
(a) Prove that △OAB is a right-angled triangle and state which B( − 1 , 3 )
A
angle is a right angle.
(b) If AB is parallel to the x-axis, find the coordinates of A.
30° x
(Leave the radical sign ‘√’ in the answer.) O
71
Answer
1. (a) yes (b) no
2. (a) no (b) yes
3 3
3. (a) AB: , CD: (b) AB // CD
11 11
6 5
4. (a) PQ: , RS: − (b) PQ ⊥ RS
5 6
2
5. (a) (b) −4
3
4
6. (a) −2 (b)
5
7. (a) 9 (b) −3
8. (a) −4 (b) 5
9. (a) −2 (b) −12
3
10. (a) (b) (6 , 0)
8
7
11. (a) (b) (0 , −5)
3
1 1
12. (a) AB: , BC: −2, CD: , AD: 0
3 3
(b) AB // CD
1 11
13. (a) XY: −4, YZ: , XZ: −
4 7
(b) ∠Y
14. (a) (0 , 3) (b) 15 sq. units
15. no
16. (a) (−5 , 0) (b) 6
 11 
17. (a)  , 0  (b) no
 2 
18. (a) (0 , −1)
19. (a) 4 (b) yes
20. (a) a = 2, b = −4 (b) yes
21. (a) (5 , 2)
22. (a) ∠AOB (b) (3 , 3 )
72
F3B: Chapter 11D
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73
Book 3B Lesson Worksheet 11D (Refer to §11.4)
11.4AMid-point Formula
If M(x , y) is the mid-point of the line segment

joining the points A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2), then
x +x y + y2
x = 1 2 and y = 1 .
2 2

In the figure, M is the mid-point of the line In the figure, M is the mid-point of the line
segment AB. Find the coordinates of M. segment CD. Find the coordinates of M.
y y
A(0 , 4) D(0 , 8)
M M
x x
O B(5 , 0) C(−10 , 0) O
Sol Let (x , y) be the coordinates of M. Sol Let (x , y) be the coordinates of M.
0+5 ( )+( )
x= = 2.5 x= =
2 ( )
4+0 ( )+( )
y= =2 y= =
2 ( )
∴ The coordinates of M are (2.5 , 2). ∴ The coordinates of M are ( , ).
1. In the figure, M is the mid-point of the line 2. In each of the following, find the
segment EF. Find the coordinates of M. coordinates of the mid-point of the line
y segment AB.
F(4 , 3) (a) A(3 , 8), B(−3 , 6)
(b) A(−7 , 1), B(−5 , −3)
x
O M
E(−2 , −5)
→
○ Ex 11D 1−5
74
3. In the figure, P is the mid-point of AB. 4. In the figure, P is the mid-point of AB.
Find the values of a and b. Find the values of a and b.
y B( − 6 , b ) y
B(7 , b)
P(4 , 5) P(2 , 1)
x
O
A(a , 1)
x
O A(a , −5)
Consider the x-coordinate of P.
( )+( )
4=
2
=
Consider the y-coordinate of P.

( )+( )
( )=
2
=
→
○ Ex 11D 6, 7
 11.4B Section Formula
If P(x , y) is a point on the line segment

joining the points A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2)
such that AP : PB = r : s, then
We say that P
sx + rx2 sy + ry2
x= 1 and y = 1 . divides AB
r+s r+s internally in the
ratio r : s.

In the figure, P is a point y A(1 , 9) In the figure, P is a point on AB. Find the
on AB. Find the coordinates 1 :2 coordinates of P.
y
of P. P 3 : 1
B(6 , 5)
P
A(−6 , 1)
x x
O B(4 , 0) O
Sol Let (x , y) be the coordinates of P. Sol Let (x , y) be the coordinates of P.
2(1) + 1( 4) 2 + 4 ( )( ) + ( )( )
x= = =2 x= =
1+ 2 3 ( )+( )
2(9) + 1(0) 18 + 0 ( )( ) + ( )( )
y= = =6 y= =
1+ 2 3 ( )+( )
∴ The coordinates of P are (2 , 6). ∴ The coordinates of P are ( , ).
75
5. In the figure, P is a point on the line 6. If a point P divides the line segment
segment AB such that AP : PB = 1 : 4. Find joining A(9 , 8) and B(−6 , −2) internally in
the coordinates of P. the ratio 2 : 3, find the coordinates of P.
y
A(−8 , 0)
x Based on the given
O information, we can
P sketch this:
y
B(2 , −5)
x
O
→
○ Ex 11D 8−11
7. In the figure, P is a point on the line 8. In the figure, P is a point on the line
segment AB such that AP : PB = 1 : 2. Find segment AB such that AP : PB = 3 : 1. Find
the value of b. the coordinates of B.
y y
A(6 , 5)
A(1 , 6)
P(4 , 4)
x
O P(3 , −1)
x
O B(b , 0)
B
Consider the x-coordinate of P.
2( ) + 1( )
4=
( )+( )
=
We may do the checking by substituting

the answer into the formula:
x-coordinate of P =
2( ) + 1( ) →
○ Ex 11D 12, 13
( )+( )
=
76
9. In the figure, P and Q are the points on AB such that they divide y
AB into three equal parts. B(3 , 5)
(a) Find AP : PB. A(−3 , −4) P Q B(3 , 5)
Q
1 :1 : 1
x
P O
1 :1 + ( )
(b) Find the coordinates of P.
A(−3 , −4)
(c) Find the coordinates of Q.
→
○ Ex 11D 14, 15
10. The figure shows two line segments APB and PQ. P is y
the mid-point of AB. A(−3 , 5) Q(6 , 6)
(a) Find the coordinates of P.
(b) Is PQ perpendicular to AB? Explain your answer.
(a) x-coordinate of P = P
x
O
y-coordinate of P = B(7 , −3)
(b) Slope of AB =
Slope of PQ =
Recall:
If AB ⊥ PQ, then
∴ PQ (is / is not) perpendicular to AB. slope of AB × slope of PQ =
( ).
77
11. In the figure, a line segment runs from B(8 , 9) y
to cut the y-axis at M, and to cut the x-axis at A. B(8 , 9)
If M is the mid-point of AB, find the coordinates
of A and M.
M
x
A O
12. P(3 , a) is a point on the line segment joining A(−1 , a + 1) and B(b , 2a). If P divides AB in the
ratio 1 : 3, find the values of a and b.
78

11D

Level 1
1. In each of the following figures, M is the mid-point of the line segment AB. Find the coordinates
of M.
(a) (b) y
y
B(−3 , 6)
A(1 , 3)
M
B(5 , 1)
x
M O
x
O
A(−7 , −8)
In each of the following, find the coordinates of the mid-point of the line segment XY. [Nos. 2−4]
2. X(3 , −6), Y(11 , 0)
3. X(−7 , 2), Y(4 , −10)
4. X(−1.5 , 1.1), Y(−7.5 , 4.7)
5. In each of the following figures, P is the mid-point of the line segment AB. Find the values of
r and s.
(a) (b) y
y
A(−11 , r)
x
O x
B(r , s) O
P(−2 , −3)
A(−2 , −7) B(s , −10)
P(3 , −5)
6. In each of the following, M is the mid-point of the line segment joining P and Q. Find the
coordinates of Q.
5 
(a) P(−8 , −3), M(−7 , 4) (b) P(−2 , 9), M  , 6 
2 
79
 7. In each of the following figures, P is a point on AB. Find the coordinates of P.
(a) y (b) y
B(10 , 7) A(−5 , 4)
P x
x O
O P
A(−2 , −1)
AP : PB = 1 : 3 B(1 , −5)
AP : PB = 2 : 1
In each of the following, find the coordinates of a point P which divides the line segment XY
internally in the given ratio. [Nos. 8−9]
 8. X(−4 , 1), Y(8 , −5), XP : PY = 1 : 2
 9. X(2 , −1), Y(9 , 6), XP : PY = 4 : 3
 10. In each of the following figures, P is a point on AB. Find the values of r and s.
(a) y (b) y
B(7 , 5)
x
A(−4 , r) O
P(2 , 3) P(−1 , −3)
x B(s , −7)
O
A(r , s)
AP : PB = 2 : 1 AP : PB = 1 : 4
 11. In each of the following, P is a point which divides the line segment CD internally in the given
ratio. Find the coordinates of D.
(a) C(1 , 12), P(5 , 4), CP : PD = 4 : 5
(b) C(−3 , −5), P(9 , 1), CP : PD = 6 : 1
 12.In the figure, X and Y are points on the line segment joining y
A(−4 , −7) and B(14 , 5). If AX : XY : YB = 1 : 1 : 1, find the
coordinates of X and Y. B(14 , 5)
Y
x
O
X
A(−4 , −7)
80
Level 2
13. The line segment joining A(−6 , k) and B(k + 3 , −5) cuts the x-axis at M. If M is the mid-point
of AB, find
(a) the value of k,
(b) the coordinates of M.
14.In the figure, Q is a point on the y-axis. The line segment joining y
P(−16 , −5) and Q cuts the x-axis at M. If M is the mid-point of
PQ, find the coordinates of Q and M. Q
M
x
P(−16 , −5) O
 15. P(2c − 1 , 2) is a point on the line segment joining A(9 , c + 4)

and B(3d , 1 − 3c), and P divides AB internally in the ratio 1 : 2. Find the values of c and d.
 16.In the figure, B is a point on the x-axis. The line segment joining y
A(−9 , 5) and B cuts the y-axis at P. If AP : PB = 3 : 2, find the
coordinates of P and B. A(−9 , 5)
P
B
x
O
 17.In the figure, X and Y are points on the line segment joining y
A(−5 , −15) and B(9 , 6). If AX : XY : YB = 2 : 1 : 4, find the B(9 , 6)
coordinates of X and Y.
x
O
Y
X
A(−5 , −15)
 18.In the figure, the line segment joining A(3 , −10) and B(11 , 6) y
cuts the x-axis at P. B(11 , 6)
(a) Find AP : PB.
(b) Using the result of (a), find the coordinates of P. x
O P
A(3 , −10)
19.In the figure, A(6 , 7) is a vertex of △ABC. M(1 , 4) and N(5 , 1) y
are the mid-points of AB and AC respectively. A(6 , 7)
(a) Find the coordinates of B and C.
M(1 , 4)
(b) Suppose P is the mid-point of BC. Does P lie on the y-axis?
Explain your answer.
B N(5 , 1)
x
O
81
Answer
Consolidation Exercise 11D
1. (a) (3 , 2) (b) (−5 , −1)
2. (7 , −3)
 3 
3.  − , − 4 
 2 
4. (−4.5 , 2.9)
5. (a) r = 8, s = −3 (b) r = 4, s = 7
6. (a) (−6 , 11) (b) (7 , 3)
7. (a) (1 , 1) (b) (−1 , −2)
8. (0 , −1)
9. (6 , 3)
10. (a) r = −8, s = −1 (b) r = −2, s = 11
11. (a) (10 , −6) (b) (11 , 2)
12. X(2 , −3), Y(8 , 1)
13. (a) 5 (b) (1 , 0)
14. Q(0 , 5), M(−8 , 0)
15. c = 3, d = −1
16. P(0 , 2), B(6 , 0)
17. X(−1 , −9), Y(1 , −6)
18. 5 : 3 (b) (8 , 0)
19. (a) B(−4 , 1), C(4 , −5)
(b) yes
82
F3B: Chapter 11E
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83
 Book 3B Lesson Worksheet 11E (Refer to §11.5B)
[In this worksheet, use analytic approach to complete the proofs.]
11.5B Prove Geometric Properties by Analytic Approach

Analytic approach in geometry:
prove geometric properties by introducing a rectangular coordinate system
Example 1 y Instant Drill 1 y

In the figure, OABC is a In the figure, OABC is a
square. Let (0 , a) be the A(0 , a) B rectangle. Let (p , q) be A B(p , q)
coordinates of A. the coordinates of B.
x x
O C O C
(a) Express the coordinates of B and C in (a) Express the coordinates of A and C in
terms of a. Check if m1 × m2 = −1.
terms of p and q.
(b) Prove that the two diagonals OB and AC (b) Prove that the two diagonals OB and AC
are perpendicular to each other. bisect each other.
Sol (a) The coordinates of B are (a , a). Sol (a) The coordinates of A are
The coordinates of C are (a , 0). ( , ).
a−0 The coordinates of C are ( , ).
(b) Slope of OB = =1 (b) Coordinates of the mid-point of OB
a−0
0−a =
Slope of AC = = −1
a−0 Coordinates of the mid-point of AC
∵ Slope of OB × slope of AC =
= 1 × (−1) ∵ The two diagonals OB and AC
= −1 (have / do not have) the same
∴ OB ⊥ AC mid-point.
∴
1. Refer to Example 1. Prove that 2. Refer to Instant Drill 1. Prove that

∠BOC = 45°. Recall: the two diagonals are equal in length.
For a straight line with Distance =
inclination θ, slope =
( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2
tan θ.
→
○ Ex 11E 1−3
84
3. In the figure, O(0 , 0), A(h , k) and B are the vertices of a y
triangle. M is the mid-point of OB and AM is a vertical line. A ( h , k)
Prove that △OAB is an isosceles triangle.
x
M
O : Express
Step 1 the B
coordinates of B in
terms of h.
Step 2: Check if it has two
equal sides by using
→
○ Ex 11E 6
4. In the figure, B is a point on AO such that AB : BO = 1 : 2. y
C is a point on AD such that BC is a horizontal line. Prove A(a , p)
that AC : CD = 1 : 2.
B C
x
O D(a , 0)
85
 Consolidation Exercise
11E

Level 1
1. In the figure, ABC is a triangle. O is the mid-point of AC. Let y
(a , 0) and (0 , b) be the coordinates of A and B respectively.
(a) Express the coordinates of C in terms of a. B(0 , b)
(b) Hence, prove that △ABC is an isosceles triangle.
x
C O A(a , 0)
2. In the figure, O(0 , 0), A(0 , 2a), B(2a , 2a) and C(2a , 0) are y
the vertices of a square. D and E are the mid-points of OA and
AB respectively. E B(2a , 2a)
A(0 , 2a)
(a) Express the coordinates of D and E in terms of a.
(b) Hence, prove that OE ⊥ DC.
D
x
O C(2a , 0)
3. In the figure, O(0 , 0), P(a , 0), Q(a , b) and R(0 , b) are the y
vertices of a rectangle. X and Y are the points on OP and RQ
respectively such that OX = YQ. Let (c , 0) be the coordinates Y Q( a , b )
R(0 , b)
of X.
(a) Express the coordinates of Y in terms of a, b and c.
(b) Hence, prove that RX // YP.
x
O X(c , 0) P(a , 0)
4. In the figure, O(0 , 0), D(0 , b), E(a , b) and F(a , 0) are the y
vertices of a rectangle. M and N are the points on DO and EF
respectively such that EN = NF and DE // MN // OF. D(0 , b) E(a , b)
(a) Express the coordinates of N in terms of a and b.
(b) Hence, prove that M is the mid-point of DO. M N
x
O F(a , 0)
86
5. In the figure, O(0 , 0), P(b , c), Q(a + b , c) and R(a , 0) are the y
vertices of a parallelogram. X and Y are the mid-points of PO and
P ( b , c) Q( a + b , c )
QR respectively. Prove that PQ // XY by analytic approach.
X
Y
x
O R(a , 0)
Level 2
6. In the figure, O(0 , 0), P(b , c), Q(a + b , c) and R(a , 0) are the y
vertices of a quadrilateral, where OP = PQ. Prove that OR = RQ by
P ( b , c) Q( a + b , c )
analytic approach.
x
O R(a , 0)
7. In the figure, O(0 , 0), A(6a , 0) and B(6b , 6c) are the vertices of y
△OAB. P is the mid-point of AB. Y is a point on OP such that
OY : YP = 2 : 1. B(6b , 6c)
(a) Express the coordinates of Y in terms of a, b and c.
(b) If Q is the mid-point of OA, prove by analytic approach that
(i) BY : YQ = 2 : 1, Y P
(ii) B, Y and Q lie on the same straight line.
x
O Q A(6a , 0)
8. In the figure, ABCD is a kite, where AB = AD and CB = CD. W, X, Y A

and Z are the mid-points of AB, AD, BC and DC respectively. Prove X
W
that WX // BD // YZ and BD = WX + YZ by analytic approach.
B D
Y Z
87
Answer
Consolidation Exercise 11E
1. (a) (−a , 0)
2. (a) D(0 , a), E(a , 2a)
3. (a) (a − c , b)
 b
4. (a)  a , 
 2
7. (a) (2a + 2b , 2c)
88
F3B: Chapter 12A
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89
Book 3B Lesson Worksheet 12A (Refer to §12.1B–C)
12.1BPossible Outcomes of an Activity and Outcomes Favourable to an Event

1. List ALL the possible outcomes of each of the following activities.
(The first two have been done for you as examples.)
Activity All possible outcomes
(a) Toss a coin. head, tail
(b) Choose a letter from the word ‘MATHS’. ‘M’, ‘A’, ‘T’, ‘H’, ‘S’
(c) Record the gender of a person.
(d) Choose a digit from the number ‘630’.
2. Complete the table below.

(The first one has been done for you as an example.)
Outcome(s)
Activity Event All possible outcomes favourable
to the event
Play the game
(a) Paper is thrown. rock, paper, scissors paper
‘rock–paper–scissors’.
Choose a letter from

(b) ‘I’ is chosen.
the word ‘SINE’.
Throw a dice to obtain An odd number

(c)
a number. is obtained.
12.1C Definition of Probability

Suppose all the possible outcomes in an activity are equally likely to occur (i.e.
they are equally likely outcomes). Then the probability of an event E, denoted by
P(E), is defined as:
number of outcomes favourable to E
P(E) =
total number of possible outcomes
Note: (a) For any event E, 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1.
(b) If E is an impossible event, then P(E) = 0.
(c) If E is a certain event, then P(E) = 1.
90
‘Chosen randomly’ means that all the A letter is chosen randomly from the word
possible outcomes are equally likely to ‘TERRY’. Find the probability of choosing
A letter isbechosen
chosen.randomly from the word each of the following letters.
‘ADD’. Find the probability of choosing a (a) ‘E’ (b) ‘R’
letter ‘D’.
Sol (a) Total number of possible outcomes =
Sol Total number of possible outcomes = 3
T E R R Y
A D D Circle the favourable outcome(s), i.e. ‘E’.
Number of favourable outcomes =
Number of favourable outcomes = 2
There are 3 letters in the word ‘ADD’. There are letters in the word
There are 2 ‘D’s in the word. ‘TERRY’.
2 There is/are ‘E’(s) in the word.
∴ P(‘D’ is chosen) = ( )
3 ∴ P(‘E’ is chosen) =
( )
(b)
T E R R Y
Circle the favourable outcome(s), i.e. ‘R’.
There is/are ‘R’(s) in the word.
( )
∴ P(‘ ’ is chosen) =
( )
3. A digit is chosen randomly from the date 4. A fair dice is thrown. Find the probability
‘01-10-2019’. What is the probability that of getting
it is (a) a ‘5’, (b) an even number.
(a) a ‘0’? (b) an odd number? A fair dice means that it has a uniform
weight.
∴ All the possible outcomes are equally
likely outcomes.
○→ Ex 12A 1–4
91
4# is a 2-digit number, where # is an integer 3 is a 2-digit number, where is an integer
from 0 to 9 inclusive. Find the probability that from 1 to 9 inclusive. Find the probability that
the 2-digit number is a multiple of 5. the 2-digit number is a multiple of 3.
Sol 4# can be: Sol 3 can be:
40 41 42 43 44 31 32
45 46 47 48 49
Multiples of 5
Total number of possible outcomes =
Total number of possible outcomes = 10 Only are multiples of 3.
Only 40 and 45 are multiples of 5. ∴ Number of favourable outcomes =
∴ Number of favourable outcomes = 2
P( )=
2
P(a multiple of 5) =
10
1
=
5
5. ♦6 is a 2-digit number, where ♦ is an 6. In a school, the ages of 8 teachers are as

integer from 2 to 7 inclusive. Find the follows:
probability that the 2-digit number is 24, 27, 29, 29, 33, 37, 38, 43
greater than 39. If a teacher is chosen at random from
them, find the probability that the age of
the teacher is an odd number.
○→ Ex 12A 5–10
7. In a group of 20 students, 5 of them are boys. If a student is randomly selected from the
group, what is the probability that the student selected is not a boy?
○→ Ex 12A 11
92
8. A box contains 6 apples, 4 oranges and 5 mangoes. If a piece of fruit is drawn at random from
the box, find the probability that the fruit drawn is
(a) an apple, (b) not a mango,
(c) not a kiwi fruit, (d) a peach.
○→ Ex 12A 12–14
9. In the figure, there are only white balls and black balls in a bag. A ball
is randomly drawn from the bag. Find the probability that the ball
drawn is
1
(a) a black ball or a white ball,
3
(b) a white ball,
(c) a green ball,
(d) a white ball with a number.
2
93
12 Introduction to Probability
12A

Level 1
1. A letter is chosen randomly from the word ‘EXPERIENCE’. Find the probability of choosing
each of the following letters.
(a) ‘I’
(b) ‘E’
2. Benny selects a digit from his staff number ‘39769’ at random. Find the probability that the
digit selected is an odd number.
3. A fair dice is thrown. Find the probability of getting

(a) a ‘4’,
(b) a number less than 4.
4. ☆9 is a 2-digit number, where ☆ is an integer from 1 to 9 inclusive. Find the probability that
the 2-digit number is
(a) greater than 70,
(b) a prime number,
(c) an even number.
5. The scores of eight students in a test are 49, 25, 74, 36, 58, 43, 65 and 85 respectively. If a
student is chosen at random, find the probability that the score of the student chosen
(a) is a square number,
(b) has the tens digit 3 greater than the units digit.
6. A card is selected at random from the playing cards shown in the figure.
What is the probability of selecting each of the following cards?
(a) a ‘5’
(b) a face card
(Note: A face card is a ‘J’, a ‘Q’ or a ‘K’.)
(c) a diamond
7. There are 10 boys in a group of 16 students. If a student is chosen at random from the group,
find the probability that the student chosen is a girl.
8. An inspector visits a restaurant on a day at random in April. Suppose there are 9 public holidays
in April. Find the probability that the visit is not on a public holiday.
9. An integer is randomly selected from the 90 integers 1 to 90. What is the probability that the
integer selected is
(a) a multiple of 9?
(b) not a multiple of 9?
94
10. A box contains 15 white chocolates and 25 dark chocolates. If a chocolate is chosen at random
from the box, find the probability of each of the following events.
(a) A dark chocolate is chosen.
(b) A white chocolate is chosen.
11. There are 5 oranges, 3 apples and 4 pears in a refrigerator. Kenneth takes out a piece of fruit at
random. Find the probability that the fruit taken out is
(a) an apple,
(b) not a pear,
(c) a lemon.
12. Sam has n books, and 24 of them are storybooks. If he selects a book at random, the probability
of selecting a storybook is 0.3. Find the value of n.
Level 2
13. A card is drawn randomly from a pack of 52 playing cards. What is the probability of drawing
(a) a ‘10’,
(b) a black ‘J’,
(c) a diamond or a club,
(d) any card with number from ‘3’ to ‘7’ inclusive.
14. There are 5 green stone marbles, 4 blue stone marbles, 2 blue glass marbles and 4 yellow glass
marbles in a bag. If a marble is drawn at random from the bag, find the probability of drawing
(a) a green stone marble,
(b) a blue marble,
(c) a yellow marble or a stone marble,
(d) a stone marble or a glass marble.
15. A number is randomly selected from the 40 integers 1 to 40. What is the probability that the
number selected is
(a) an even square number?
(b) a multiple of 7 or a multiple of 8?
16. The figure shows the distribution of the favourite fruit of a group of students.
Favourite fruit of a group of students
15
Number of students
10
0
Apple Orange Mango Peach
Fruit
If a student is selected at random from the group, what is the probability that the favourite fruit
of the student is
(a) orange?
(b) apple or peach?
(c) not apple?
95
17. The stem-and-leaf diagram below shows the ages of the employees in a company.
Ages of the employees in a company
Stem(10) Leaf (1)
2 3 4 5 6 7 9
3 1 2 3 3 4 7 8
4 1 5 8 9 9
5 6 8
If an employee is randomly selected from the company, find the probability that the employee
(a) is younger than 28,
(b) is older than 43,
(c) is aged between 35 and 57.
18. Janet has 120 books, in which 30 are cookery books, 36 are comic books, 42 are textbooks and
the rest are travel books. She takes a book at random. What is the probability that the book
taken is
(a) a comic book?
(b) a travel book?
(c) neither a comic book nor a textbook?
19. In a group of people, the numbers of males and females who are smokers or non-smokers are
shown in the table below.
Smokers Non-smokers
Number of males 18 72
Number of females 12 108
(a) If a person in the group is chosen randomly, what is the probability that the person is
(i) a male non-smoker?
(ii) a smoker?
(b) Henry claims that if a person is chosen randomly from the group, the probability of
choosing a female is more than that of choosing a male. Do you agree? Explain your
answer.
96
Answer
1 2
1. (a) (b)
10 5
4
2.
5
1 1
3. (a) (b)
6 2
1 5
4. (a) (b) (c) 0
3 9
3 1
5. (a) (b)
8 4
1 1 3
6. (a) (b) (c)
8 4 8
3
7.
8
7
8.
10
1 8
9. (a) (b)
9 9
5 3
10. (a) (b)
8 8
1 2
11. (a) (b) (c) 0
4 3
12. 80
1 1 1 5
13. (a) (b) (c) (d)
13 26 2 13
1 2 13
14. (a) (b) (c) (d) 1
3 5 15
3 1
15. (a) (b)
40 4
13 3 4
16. (a) (b) (c)
30 10 5
1 3 2
17. (a) (b) (c)
4 10 5
3 1 7
18. (a) (b) (c)
10 10 20
12 1
19. (a) (i) (ii)
35 7
(b) yes
97
F3B: Chapter 12B
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99
12.2A Methods for Listing Possible Outcomes

I. Tree Diagram

A letter is randomly chosen from each of the Two fair coins are tossed. Find the probability
two words ‘UP’ and ‘POP’. Find the of each of the following events.
probability of each of the following events. (a) Two heads are obtained.
(a) Two ‘P’s are obtained. (b) Only one head is obtained.
(b) Only one ‘P’ is obtained.
Sol Let H stand for a head and T for a tail.
Sol The tree diagram below shows all the The tree diagram below shows all the
possible outcomes. possible outcomes.
1st letter 2nd letter Outcome 1st coin 2nd coin Outcome
P . . . . . . UP H ......
U O . . . . . . UO H
P . . . . . . UP ......
P . . . . . . PP ......
P O . . . . . . PO T
P . . . . . . PP ......
Total number of possible outcomes = 6
(a) Total number of possible outcomes =
Which of them are favourable
outcomes?
(a) The favourable outcome is
HH.
UP UO UP PP PO PP Number of favourable outcomes =
∴ P(two heads)
=
∴ P(two ‘P’s are obtained)
2
=
6
1
= (b) The favourable outcomes
3
are .
(b) Number of favourable outcomes =
Which of them are favourable
outcomes? ∴ P(only one head is obtained)
UP of
Number UO UP PPoutcomes
favourable PO PP=3 =
∴ P(only one ‘P’ is obtained)
3
=
6
1
=
2
100
1. Box X contains a red pen and a blue pen. 2. There are three true or false questions in a
Box Y contains a red pen, a green pen and quiz. If Donna answers each question by
a blue pen. Roy randomly chooses a pen choosing ‘true’ or ‘false’ at random, find
from each box. Find the probability of the probability that ‘true’ is chosen
each of the following events. (a) three times,
(a) Two blue pens are chosen. (b) only once,
(b) The pens chosen are of the same (c) at least two times.
colour.
Let stand for a red pen, stand
for a blue pen and stand for a green
pen.
The tree diagram below shows all the
possible outcomes.
Box X Box Y Outcome
Total number of possible outcomes =

(a) Number of favourable outcomes =
∴ P(two blue pens)
=
(b)
The favourable outcomes
are .
○→ Ex 12B 1–5
101
II. Tabulation

A box contains 3 balls marked with 1, 2 and 3 A bag contains two red blocks and two green
respectively. Two balls are randomly drawn blocks. Two blocks are randomly drawn from
from the box at the same time. Find the the bag at the same time. Find the probability
probability of each of the following events. of each of the following events.
(a) The numbers on the two balls are both odd (a) Two red blocks are drawn.
numbers. (b) The two blocks drawn are of different
(b) One of the balls drawn is marked with 2. colours.
Sol The table below lists all the possible Sol Let R1, R2 stand for the two red blocks,
outcomes. and G1, G2 stand for the two green blocks.
Number on the 2nd ball The table below lists all the possible
outcomes.
1 2 3
2nd block
1  (1 , 2) (1 , 3) R1 R2 G1 G2
Number on
the 1st ball
2 (2 , 1)  (2 , 3) 1st block R1  R1R2 R1G1
3 (3 , 1) (3 , 2)  R2 
‘’ denotes that the G1 

outcome
is impossible. G2 
Total number of possible outcomes = 6
(a) Total number of possible outcomes =
The favourable outcomes are:
(a) The favourable outcomes
(1 , 3) (3 , 1) are .
Number of favourable outcomes = 2 ∴ P(two red blocks)
∴ P(both are odd numbers)
=
2
=
6
1
=
3 (b) Circle the favourable
(b) outcomes in the table.
The favourable outcomes are:
(1 , 2) (2 , 1) (2 , 3) (3 , Number of favourable outcomes =

2) ∴ P(two blocks of different colours)
∴ P(one of the numbers is 2) =
4
=
6
2
=
3
102
3. There are two boys and two girls in a 4. A letter is randomly chosen from each of
room. Two of them are chosen at random. the two words ‘SUN’ and ‘MOON’.
(a) List all the possible outcomes in a (a) List all the possible outcomes in a
table. table.
(b) Hence, find the probability of each of (b) Hence, find the probabilities of the
the following events. following events.
(i) The two children chosen are of (i) Two ‘N’s are chosen.
different genders. (ii) At least one ‘N’ is chosen.
(ii) No boys are chosen. (iii) Two ‘O’s are chosen.
(a) Let stand for the two
boys, and stand for
the two girls.
The table below lists all the possible
outcomes.
2nd child
1st child
(b)
○→ Ex 12B 6–10
103
12.2BGeometric Probability
(a) The probability obtained by considering measures of geometric figures,

such as lengths, areas or volumes, is called a geometric probability.
(b) If an event E happens in a certain region of a geometric figure, then
measure of the region in which E happens
P(E) =
same measure of the whole figure
5. Refer to the line segment ABC on the right. If a point on AC 2 cm 5 cm

is selected at random, what is the probability that the point A B C
lies on BC?
the region in which the event
length of (happens )
P(the point lies on BC) =
length of ( )
the whole
figure
=
○→ Ex 12B 11
8 cm
4 cm
6 cm
15 cm
The figure shows a target formed by two

squares. Ada throws a dart at random and it hits The figure shows a target formed by two
the target. Find the probability that the dart hits circles. Carol shoots an arrow at random and it
the smaller square. hits the target. Find the probability that the
Sol Region in which the
arrow hits the smaller circle.
the smaller square
event happens Sol P( )
Whole figure the larger square
=
P(hitting the smaller square)
area of the smaller square
=
area of the larger square
4 2 cm 2 Do not write:
= 2 2
8 cm P(hitting the smaller
1 square)
=
4 =
4 cm 
8 cm
104
6. 7. The figure shows a circular
lucky wheel. A player turns 80°
the wheel once at random.
Find the probability that the
pointer falls in the shaded
sector.
The figure shows an equilateral triangular Consider the
target, in which all the small triangles are arc
identical. Billy throws a dart randomly and length
it hits the target. Find the probability that of the
the dart hits the shaded region.
○→ Ex 12B 12–14
8. Box X contains 2 gold coins and 1 silver coin. Box Y contains 1 gold coin and 2 silver coins.
Teresa draws one coin from each box at random. She claims that the probability of drawing
1
one gold coin and one silver coin is greater than . Do you agree? Explain your answer.
2
105
9. Two fair dice are thrown. Find the probability that the sum of the two numbers is 7.
10. The figure shows a target formed by three concentric circles.

Kevin throws a dart randomly and it hits the target. Find the
probability of each of the following events.
(a) The dart hits the grey bullseye. 2 cm 4 cm
(b) The dart hits the dotted region. 10 cm
106
12B

Level 1
Use tree diagrams to solve the following problems. [Nos. 1–4]
1. James tosses a fair coin two times. Find the probability that he gets a head and then a tail.
2. David makes two basketball shots. Assume that the probabilities of the shots being successful
and unsuccessful are equal. Find the probability that he makes one unsuccessful shot only.
3. Patrick has a red tie, a blue tie and a green tie. He wears one of the three ties at random every
day. Find the probability that he wears the same tie in two successive days.
4. In a shop, there are apple juice, orange juice and pineapple juice only. Karen and Carman each
buy one kind of juice at random from the shop. What is the probability that
(a) both of them buy pineapple juice?
(b) only one of them buys orange juice?
Use the method of tabulation to solve the following problems. [Nos. 5–8]
5. A letter is randomly selected from each of the two words ‘SUM’ and ‘US’. Find the probability
that the two letters selected are different.
6. There are three candidates P, Q and R in an election. Calvin and Ben each choose one candidate
at random. What is the probability that
(a) they both choose candidate Q?
(b) they choose different candidates?
7. There are two boxes X and Y. Each box contains one apple and two lemons. If a piece of fruit is
randomly taken out from each box at the same time, find the probability that an apple and a
lemon are taken out.
8. There are three boys and four girls in a class. The ages of the boys are 3, 5 and 6 respectively,
and the ages of the girls are 3, 4, 5 and 7 respectively. If one boy and one girl are selected at
random to answer a question, find the probability that they
(a) have the same age,
(b) have an age difference of 2.
107
9. The figure shows a line segment XY of length 12 cm. N 8 cm
X Y
N is a point on XY such that NY = 8 cm. If a point K is 12
selected randomly from XY, find the probability that K
lies on NY.
10. The figure shows a square target of side 1 m. A circular region of diameter 60 cm
1m
is in the
middle of the target. Jacky shoots an arrow
at random and it hits the target. Find the probability, in terms of π, that
the arrow hits the circular region.
60 cm
11. The figure shows the circular wheel in a game. Fanny turns
the wheel once at random and wins the prize indicated by the Prize D Prize A
pointer. Find the probability that she wins 129°
(a) prize C,
Prize B
(b) prize D. 132°
Prize C
Level 2
12. George has a brown dog, a grey dog and two white dogs. He chooses two dogs at random. Find
the probability that
(a) both dogs chosen are white,
(b) one of the dogs chosen is brown.
13. A drawer contains two red socks and two green socks. Ken takes two socks randomly from the
drawer at the same time. Find the probability that
(a) the colours of the two socks taken are different,
(b) at most one green sock is taken.
14. A fair coin is tossed three times. Find the probability of getting
(a) three heads,
(b) at most one tail.
15. Two fair dice are thrown. Find the probability of each of the following events.
(a) The sum of the two numbers obtained is less than 5.
(b) The difference of the two numbers obtained is a multiple of 2.
108
16. Amy has four cards and Ben has three cards as shown below. Each of them draws one of his/her
own cards at random.
Amy’s cards Ben’s cards
Find the probability of each of the following events.

(a) The cards drawn are in the same suit.
(b) The sum of the numbers on the cards drawn is at least 10.
17.There are 5 pens in a case including 2 different red pens, 1 blue pen and 2 different green pens.
A pen is drawn at random and put back into the case. Then, a pen is drawn at random from the
case again. Find the probability that
(a) a red pen and a blue pen are drawn,
(b) only one of the pens drawn is green,
(c) the pens drawn are different.
18. The figure shows a target formed by three concentric circles.

The diameter of smallest circle is 80 cm, and the widths of the 20 cm
rings of regions B and C are 30 cm and 20 cm respectively. 30 cm
Paul throws a dart at random and it hits the target. He can win a
prize according to the region where the dart hits.
Region A Region B Region C
A coupon of A roll of Region A
Prize A pen
$50 toilet paper
(a) Find the probability that Paul wins a coupon. Region B
(b) Susan claims that the probability that Paul wins a roll of toilet
Region C
paper is lower than that of a pen. Do you agree? Explain your
answer.
109
Answer
1
1.
4
1
2.
2
1
3.
3
1 4
4. (a) (b)
9 9
2
5.
3
1 2
6. (a) (b)
9 3
4
7.
9
1 1
8. (a) (b)
6 3
2
9.
3
9π
10.
100
11 1
11. (a) (b)
30 40
1 1
12. (a) (b)
6 2
2 5
13. (a) (b)
3 6
1 1
14. (a) (b)
8 2
1 1
15. (a) (b)
6 3
1 2
16. (a) (b)
4 3
4 12 4
17. (a) (b) (c)
25 25 5
16
18. (a) (b) yes
81
110
F3B: Chapter 12C
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111
12.3 Experimental Probability

(a) A probability found by deductive reasoning is called
a theoretical probability. A probability based on In Lesson Worksheets
relative frequencies found from experiments is called 12A and 12B, all
an experimental probability. probabilities are
theoretical probabilities.
(b) Experimental probability of an event E
number of times that event E happens
=
number of trials
(c) When the number of trials is very large,
experimental probability ≈ theoretical probability

A coin is tossed many times and the results are A drawing pin is thrown many times and the
as follows: results are as follows:
Outcome Head Tail The tip The tip lands
Outcome
Frequency 15 35 points up on the ground
Find the experimental probability of getting Frequency 52 28
(a) a head, Find the experimental probability that the tip
(b) a tail. (a) points up,
(b) lands on the ground.
Sol Total frequency = 15 + 35 = 50 Sol Total frequency = ( )+( )=
(a) Experimental probability of getting a
(a) Experimental probability that the tip
head
points up
15
= =
50
3
=
10
(b) Experimental probability of getting a (b) Experimental probability that the tip
tail lands on the ground
35 =
=
50
7
=
10
112
1. A group of students is randomly chosen 2. A group of customers is randomly chosen
from a school. The numbers of hats they from a restaurant. The set meals they
have are recorded as follows: ordered are recorded as follows:
Number of hats 1 2 3 Set meal A B C D
Number of students 27 13 5 Frequency 38 21 29 32
If a student is randomly chosen from the If a customer is randomly chosen from the
school, find the experimental probability restaurant, find the experimental probability
that the student has that the customer ordered
(a) 3 hats, (a) set meal B,
(b) at least 2 hats. (b) set meal A or D.
(b) Frequency of ‘A’ =

Frequency of ‘D’ =
Frequency of ‘A or D’ = ( )+
○→ Ex 12C 1–6
( )
=
3. 300 books are selected at random from a library. Their languages are recorded as follows:
Language Chinese English Japanese Others
Frequency 126 x 55 14
(a) Find x.
(b) If a book is selected at random from the library, find the experimental probability that it is
(i) an English book, (ii) not a Chinese book.
113
12C

Level 1
1. The test results of 24 students chosen randomly from S3 students in a school are shown below.
Result Fail Pass
Frequency 15 9
If a student is chosen randomly from S3 students in the school, what is the experimental
probability that the student
(a) fails the test?
(b) passes the test?
2. The genders of a group of people chosen randomly from a city are shown below.
Gender Male Female
Frequency 84 66
If a person is selected randomly from the city, what is the experimental probability that the
person is a female?
3. Five brands of rice cookers are sold in a shop. The following table shows the brands of rice
cookers bought by 240 customers chosen randomly from the shop.
Brand A B C D E
Frequency 33 63 27 72 45
If a customer buying a rice cooker in the shop is chosen randomly, find the experimental
probability that the rice cooker bought by the customer
(a) is brand C,
(b) is not brand E.
4. 500 adults are chosen randomly from a city. The numbers of credit cards owned by them are as
follows.
Number of credit cards 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 72 145 100 83 64 36
If an adult is chosen randomly from the city, find the experimental probability that the adult
(a) does not have any credit card,
(b) has at most 3 credit cards.
5. A dice is thrown many times and the results are as follows.

Number obtained 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 19 58 37 21 44 71
Find the experimental probability of getting
(a) an odd number,
(b) a number less than 5.
114
6. 50 students are chosen at random from a school. Their favourite sports are recorded as follows.
Favourite sport Football Basketball Swimming Others
Frequency 12 13 n 18
(a) Find the value of n.
(b) If a student is chosen at random from the school, find the experimental probability that the
student’s favourite sport is basketball or swimming.
Level 2
7
7. Three coins are tossed together 400 times. In 6% of the times, no heads are obtained, and in
25
of the times, only one head is obtained.
(a) Find the number of times that
(i) no heads are obtained,
(ii) only one head is obtained.
(b) If the three coins are tossed together once more, find the experimental probability that at
least two heads are obtained.
8. A sample of students from a school is chosen randomly and asked about their favourite
countries. The results are shown in the following bar chart.
Favourite countries of a sample of students
30
Number of students
20
10
0
China Japan USA Others
Countries
If a student is chosen at random from the school, find the experimental probability that the
student’s favourite country is
(a) Japan,
(b) USA or others.
9. Yesterday, a scientist caught 76 tortoises from a lake. After making a mark on the shell of each
tortoise, they were put back into the lake. Today, he catches 285 tortoises from the lake and
finds that 31 of them have marks on their shells. Estimate the number of tortoises in the lake,
correct to the nearest integer.
10. There are 483 gold coins, silver coins and copper coins altogether in a bag. Daniel draws a coin
from the bag at random, records the result and then puts it back into the bag. He repeats the
process 150 times and the results are shown in the table below.
Result Gold coin Silver coin Copper coin
Frequency 60 72 18
(a) When a coin is drawn from the bag at random, find the experimental probability that the
coin drawn is not a copper coin.
(b) Daniel guesses that there are about 190 gold coins in the bag. Is his guess reasonable?
Explain your answer.
115
11. Jessie throws a dice 800 times and the results are as follows.
Number obtained 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 185 88 172 94 129 132
(a) Jessie claims that the dice is fair. Is her claim reasonable? Explain your answer.
(b) Suppose Nick throws the dice 96 more times. Estimate the number of times that he obtains
an even number, correct to the nearest integer.
116
Answer
5 3
1. (a) (b)
8 8
11
2.
25
9 13
3. (a) (b)
80 16
18 4
4. (a) (b)
125 5
2 27
5. (a) (b)
5 50
2
6. (a) 7 (b)
5
7. (a) (i) 24 (ii) 112
33
(b)
50
2 1
8. (a) (b)
5 3
9. 699
22
10. (a) (b) yes
25
11. (a) no (b) 38
117
F3B: Chapter 12D
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118
Book 3B Lesson Worksheet 12D (Refer to §12.4)
12.4A Expected Number of Occurrences

If the probability of an event is p, then we expect after n trials, this event will occur
np times.

A fair coin is tossed once. A fair dice is thrown once.
(a) Find the probability that a head is obtained. (a) Find the probability of getting a ‘2’.
(b) If the fair coin is tossed 500 times, (b) If the fair dice is thrown 60 times, estimate
estimate the number of times of getting a the number of times of getting a ‘2’.
head.
Sol (a) P(getting a ‘2’) =
1
Sol (a) P(a head) =
2
(b) Estimated number of times
(b) Estimated number of times
1 =( )×( )
= 500 ×
2 =
= 250
1. 2. The probability that a candidate passes a

public examination is 0.71. This year,
30 000 candidates sit in the examination.
Estimate the number of candidates who
(a) pass the examination,
(b) fail the examination.
The figure shows a circular wheel which is

divided into 5 equal sectors. If it is turned
200 times, find the expected number of
times that the pointer stops at the shaded
sectors.
○→ Ex 12D 4–6
○→ Ex 12D 1–3
119
12.4BConcept of Expected Values
Consider an activity with n possible outcomes, and the values obtained from the
possible outcomes are x1, x2, …, xn respectively. If the probabilities of the
occurrences of these possible outcomes are p1, p2, …, pn respectively, then
expected value for the activity = x1p1 + x2p2 + … + xnpn

A purse contains ten $1 coins, six $2 coins and 3 cards are marked with ‘2’, 5 cards are
four $5 coins. A coin is randomly drawn from marked with ‘3’ and 7 cards are marked with
the purse. ‘6’. A card is drawn from them randomly.
(a) Complete the following table. (a) Complete the following table.
Coin Probability Number on the card Probability
$1 2
$2 3
$5 6
(b) Find the expected value of the coin drawn. (b) Find the expected value of the number on
the card drawn.
Sol (a) Total number of coins in the purse
= 10 + 6 + 4 Sol (a) Total number of cards
= 20 =
All the possible outcomes and the
corresponding probabilities are as All the possible outcomes and the
follows: corresponding probabilities are as
Coin Probability follows:
Number on the card Probability
10 1
$1 =
20 2 2
6 3
$2 =
20 10 3
4 1
$5 =
20 5 6
(b) Expected value of the coin drawn
 1 3 1 (b) Expected value of the number on the
= $1 × + 2 × + 5 ×  card drawn
 2 10 5
= $2.1 =
120
3. There are 4 pencils A, B, C and D in a 4. Box M contains 2 black balls and 1 white
case. Their prices are $10, $5, $3 and $1 ball. Box N contains 2 white balls. Wilson
respectively. Tommy chooses a pencil randomly draws a ball from each box. If
randomly from the case. Find the expected the two balls drawn are of the same colour,
price of the pencil chosen. he will get $20; otherwise he will lose $5.
Find the expected amount that Wilson can
List all the possible outcomes and find their You may use a tree diagram or a
corresponding theoretical probabilities
obtain.
table to list all the possible
first. outcomes.
○→ Ex 12D 7–9
5. In the lucky draw of a bookshop, the probabilities of winning a $500 coupon, a $100 coupon
and a $10 coupon are 0.04, 0.1 and 0.5 respectively. Anna takes part in the lucky draw
7 times. Find the expected total value of coupons won by Anna.
121
12D

Level 1
1. A fair dice is thrown 120 times. Estimate the number of occurrences of each of the following
events.
(a) The number 5 is obtained.
(b) A number less than 4 is obtained.
2. In a school, students are assigned randomly to the Red, Yellow, Green, Blue and Purple
Houses. If there are 780 students in the school, estimate the number of students assigned to Blue
House or Purple House.
3. On a farm, the probability that an egg contains double yolks is 0.002 5. If the farm produces
1 600 eggs today, estimate the number of double-yolk eggs produced.
4. In a city, the probability that a newborn baby being a boy is 0.48. If there are 75 000 newborn
babies this year, estimate the number of newborn baby girls.
5. Suppose the probability that a kettle produced by a factory being defective is 0.045. If it is
expected that 144 kettles produced today are defective, estimate the total number of kettles
produced today.
6. In a lucky draw, the probabilities that Alex wins a coupon of value $1 000, $200 and $40 are
0.03, 0.22 and 0.75 respectively. Find the expected value of the coupon that he wins.
7. Peter draws a card at random from a pack of 52 playing cards. If he can get $4, $2, $5 and $1
for a club, a diamond, a heart and a spade drawn respectively, find the expected amount he can
get.
Level 2
8. A bag contains one red ball, three green balls and six blue balls. Hilary draws a ball at random
from the bag. If she can get $4, $1 and nothing for a red ball, a green ball and a blue ball drawn
respectively, find the expected amount she can get.
9. In a game, Zoe throws a fair dice once. Four points will be awarded if a factor of 6 is obtained,
while five points will be deducted for other results. Find the expected value of the points
obtained by throwing the dice once.
10. A bag contains a $1 coin, a $5 coin and a $10 coin. Two coins are drawn randomly from the bag
at the same time.
(a) Use a tree diagram or the method of tabulation to list all the possible outcomes.
(b) Hence, find the expected total value of the coins drawn.
122
11. In a game, a participant draws a card at random from a pack of 52 playing cards. A prize will be
awarded according to the following table.
Card drawn a face card an ‘A’ any other card
Prize $7.8 $32.5 $1.3
If Tom plays the game 15 times, find the expected value of the total amount he will get.
(Note: A face card is a ‘J’, a ‘Q’ or a ‘K’.)
12. The target in the figure is formed by three concentric circles. The radius of the smallest circle is
10 cm, and the widths of the two rings B and C are 10 cm and 20 cm respectively.
C
John pays $16 for throwing a dart once. A prize is awarded according to the following table.
Region A B C
Prize $100 $20 $4
If John throws a dart randomly and it hits the target, is the game favourable to John? Explain
your answer.
123
Answer
Consolidation Exercise 12D
1. (a) 20 (b) 60
2. 312
3. 4
4. 39 000
5. 3 200
6. $104
7. $3
8. $0.7
9. 1
32
10. (b) $
3
11. $78
12. no
124

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Chapter 10 Applications in Trigonometry

Chapter 11 Coordinate Geometry of Straight Lines

Chapter 12 Introduction to Probability

For mathematics problems consultation, please email to the following address:

○ Complete and Checked

○ Complete and Checked

e.g. Gradient of the inclined plane XY in the figure Y

distance AC distance BC (in the form of 1 : n)

(c) 400 m 60 000 m

Example 2 Instant Drill 2

7. In each of the following, find the 8. B

∵ Gradient of PQ ( > / < ) gradient of RS

(a) tan θ = 0.06 (b) θ = 5.2° (c) sin θ = 0.4

(a) What is the inclination of the path?

(a) Find the inclination of the road.

It is given that the inclination of the road XY is 13°.

18. The figure shows a contour map of scale 1 : 30 000. XY

○ Complete and Checked

○ Complete and Checked

Example 1 Instant Drill 1

∠PRQ = alt. ∠s, PR // QS

∴ The required angle of depression is

5. In the figure, the top P of a table is 130 cm above the horizontal

6. In the figure, Paul’s eyes at P are 1.5 m above the Q

11. In the figure, PQR is a vertical statue. X and R lie P

14. The figure shows two buildings AB and CD in a school. C C

15. In the figure, XY is the lightning rod of a building YZ and XYZ

○ Complete and Checked

○ Complete and Checked

10.3A Compass Bearing

N40°E N45°W S50°E S55°W

Example 1 Instant Drill 1

○→ Ex 10C 1(a)(i), (b)(i), (c)(i), (d)(i)

3. In the figure, the compass N 4. If the compass bearing of F from G is

009° 097.5° 220° 300.5°

Example 3 Instant Drill 3

5. Refer to the figure. Find the true bearings of N

○→ Ex 10C 1(a)(ii), (b)(ii), (c)(ii), (d)(ii)

Example 5 Instant Drill 5

3. In the figure, the true bearing of H from K is 250°. N

4. In the figure, the true bearing of B from A is 115°.

6. In the figure, A is due west of B, and C is due south of B. It X

8. In the figure, A is due north of B, and C is due west of B. P Q

12. Refer to the figure. Q

(a) Find the compass bearing of A from B.

17. In the figure, P, Q and R represent three bus stations. A bus R

○ Complete and Checked

○ Complete and Checked

11.1 Distance between Two Points

For any two points A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2) in y

Example 1 Instant Drill 1

AC = A(1 , −2) B(8 , −2)

10. Find the area of square ABCD shown in the figure. y

11 Coordinate Geometry of Straight Lines

3. E(−7 , 4), F(2 , −8) 4. P(6 , −5), Q(−9 , 3)

5. R(−10 , 5), S(2 , 3) 6. T(−9 , −17), U(−1 , 0)

Y(−1 , −2) Z(5 , −2)

21.In the figure, the coordinates of P and R are (−1 , 0) and (8 , 6) y

22.In the figure, the coordinates of Q and R are (8 , 9) and (5 , −4) y

○ Complete and Checked

○ Complete and Checked

Note: The slope of a horizontal line is 0, while the y