F4a 1

Chapter 1 Number Systems
1A p.2
1B p.10
Chapter 2 Equations of Straight Lines
2A p.26
2B p.40
2C p.56
Chapter 3 Quadratic Equations in One Unknown
3A p.64
3B p.73
3C p.80
3D p.87
3E p.98
3F p.107
3G p.112
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1
F4A: Chapter 1A
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4A Lesson Worksheet 1.1 & 1.2 (Refer to Book 4A P.1.3)
Objective: To understand the real number system and the complex number system.
Real Numbers, Rational Numbers and Irrational Numbers

(a) Real numbers consist of rational numbers and irrational numbers.
p
(b) A number that can be expressed as a ratio of two integers, i.e. , where p and q are integers with
q
q ≠ 0, is called a rational number; otherwise, it is called an irrational number.
1. Identify the type of each of the following numbers. Put a tick ‘’ in the correct space in the table.
3 4 2π − 5 1.6 2.1ɺ
(a) Rational All integers, fractions,
terminating decimals
number and recurring decimals
(b) Irrational are rational numbers.
number
(c) Integer
(d) Real number
Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Convert 0.7ɺ into a fraction. Convert 0.3ɺ into a fraction.
Let x = 0.7ɺ . Let x = 0.3ɺ .
… …………… (1)
x = 0.777 7 x = _____________ ……… (1)
10x = 7.777 7… …………… (2) ( )x = _____________ ……… (2)
(2) – (1): 9x = 7 (2) – (1): ( )x = _________
7
x= x=
9
∴ 0.7ɺ =
7
9 = Simplify the
answer.
∴ 0.3ɺ =
Convert each of the following into a fraction. [Nos. 2–3]

2. 1.2ɺ Ex 1A: 5–8 3. 2.1ɺ 8ɺ Ex 1A: 18–21
Let x = 1.2ɺ . Let x = 2.1ɺ 8ɺ .
x = _________________ …… (1) x = _________________ …… (1)
( )x = _________________ …… (2) ( )x = _________________ …… (2)
( )–( ): ( )–( ): Consider 100x.
( )x = ( )x =
3
∴ 1.2ɺ = ∴ 2.1ɺ 8ɺ =
Imaginary Numbers
If N is a positive real number, then − N = N i , where i = − 1 .
Complex Numbers
A complex number can be written in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers with i = − 1 .
real part a + bi imaginary part
Express each of the following in the form bi, where b is a real number. [Nos. 4–6]
4. −7 5. −9 6. − − 49
=( )i i= −1 =( )i =
=

Identify the real part and the imaginary part of Identify the real part and the imaginary part of
1 + −4 . − 9 + 5.
1 + −4 −9 + 5
=1+ 4 i =( )+( )i Rearrange the order
of the real part and
= 1 + 2i =
∴ The real part is 1 and the imaginary part is ∴ The real part is (
the imaginary part.
) and the imaginary
2. part is ( ).
Identify the real part and the imaginary part of each of the following complex numbers. [Nos. 7–8]
7. – −1 + 3 8. – 1 –2 −4 Ex 1A: 9–12
=( )–( )i =
=
∴ The real part is ( ) and
the imaginary part is ( ).
Level Up Question

9. (a) Determine whether − π is a purely imaginary number.
(b) Suggest another real number a such that a is a purely imaginary number.
4
1 Number Systems
Consolidation Exercise 1A
Level 1
1. Determine whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F).
(a) Zero is a non-negative real number.
(b) All fractions are rational numbers.
(c) All non-terminating decimals are irrational numbers.
(d) All recurring decimals can be converted into fractions.
(e) All integers are natural numbers.
(f) All terminating decimals are rational numbers.
(g) All purely imaginary numbers are not complex numbers.
(h) All real numbers are complex numbers.
1 4 4.6ɺ
2. Consider the numbers 4, − , 8 , 1.37, −π, 3 9 , −5, 2.13ɺ , , 12, −1 + 3 , 0 and .
3 7 3
(a) Write down all the natural numbers.
(b) Write down all the non-positive integers.
(c) Write down all the rational numbers.
(d) Write down all the irrational numbers.
3. Determine whether each of the following fractions can be expressed as a terminating decimal or a
recurring decimal.
7 1
(a) (b) −
8 6
12 16
(c) (d) −
7 25
4. Determine whether each of the following numbers can be expressed as a recurring decimal or a non-
terminating and non-recurring decimal.
4
(a) (b) 7
13
π 10
(c) (d) −
2 9
5
5. Classify the following numbers. Use the letters shown on the right to
N: Natural numbers
show the answers.
Z: Integers
3π
(a) 20 (b) Q: Rational numbers
5
(c) 1.4ɺ 5ɺ (d) − 36 R: Real numbers
11
(e) (f) 2+ −3 C: Complex numbers
12
Convert each of the following recurring decimals into a fraction. [Nos. 6–11]
6. 0.2ɺ 7. 1.4ɺ
8. 2.6ɺ 9. 0.54ɺ
10. 1.78ɺ 11. 3.13ɺ
Identify the real part and the imaginary part of each of the following complex numbers. [Nos. 12–19]
12. 5 − 2i 13. 6i + 7
14. −3 − 4i 15. −8 + 9i
1
16. − 3 17. 10i
2
5
18. 4 + 19. − 2i
3
Level 2
20. Determine whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F). If it is false, give an
example to justify your answer.
(a) The product of two irrational numbers cannot be a rational number.
(b) The sum of two natural numbers must be a natural number.
(c) The difference between two irrational numbers must be an irrational number.
21. Determine whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F).
(a) 3 + − 3 is a real number.
(b) 4 + 0i is not a real number.
(c) − 5i is a purely imaginary number.
(d) 6 − 7i is an irrational number.
6
22. Determine whether the result of each of the following is a rational number or an irrational number.
17 9
(a) 13 + 3 (b) −
2 2
(c) 1 − 25 (d) π2 − 2π
 3 
(e) (2 − 2 )2 (f) 1 + (2 − 3 )
 2 
23. Do the following equations have solutions in rational numbers, real numbers or complex numbers?
Put a ✓
tick ‘ ’ in the correct space in the table.
Rational Real Complex

Equation numbers numbers numbers
(a) 2x − 5 =
0
2
(b) x = −4
(c) x2 = 8
(d) x2 = 16
Convert each of the following recurring decimals into a fraction. [Nos. 24–29]
24. 0.3ɺ 2ɺ 25. 1.6ɺ 9ɺ
26. 0.05ɺ 4ɺ 27. 2.44ɺ 8ɺ
28. 1.1ɺ 01ɺ 29. 3.4ɺ 56ɺ
30. (a) Convert each of the following recurring decimals into a fraction.
(i) 0.6ɺ
(ii) 0.53ɺ
(b) Hence, solve the equation 0.6ɺ x = 0.53ɺ .
31. (a) Convert each of the following recurring decimals into a fraction.
(i) 0.083ɺ
(ii) 1.3ɺ
(b) Hence, solve the equation x2 = 0.083ɺ × 1.3ɺ .
32. If a = 0.4ɺ and b = 0.83ɺ , find the value of a + 2b and express the answer in a fraction.
33. If m = 2.16ɺ and n = 0.5ɺ , find the value of m − 3n and express the answer in a fraction.
34. The real part of the complex number (2x + 5) + (4 – 3x)i is −3, where x is a real number.
(a) Find the value of x.
(b) Find the imaginary part of the complex number.
7
35. The imaginary part of the complex number (6 − 3y) − (4y – 5)i is 1, where y is a real number.
(a) Find the value of y.
(b) Find the real part of the complex number.
36. Let z = (2 − x) − (3x + 6)i be a complex number, where x is a real number. Find the value of x such
that
(a) z is a real number,
(b) z is a purely imaginary number.
37. Let z = (4 + m) + (3 − 2m)i be a complex number, where m is a real number. Find z for each of the
following conditions.
(a) z is a real number.
(b) z is a purely imaginary number.
38. Let z = (4 − 2x) + (x − 2)i be a complex number, where x is a real number.

(a) If z is a real number, find the value of x.
(b) Is there a real number x such that z is a purely imaginary number? Explain your answer.
39. Let z = (6y + 3) − (2 + y)i be a complex number, where y is a real number.

(a) If z is a purely imaginary number, find the value of y.
(b) Is there a real number y such that z is a real number? Explain your answer.
40. Let z = (x + 4) − (2x + 5)i be a complex number, where x is a real number. If the real part and the
imaginary part of z are equal, find the value of x.
41. Let z = (3 − 2k) + (4k − 9)i be a complex number, where k is a real number. If the sum of the real part
and the imaginary part of z is 0, find the value of k.
8
Answers
1. (a) T (b) T (c) F 21. (a) F (b) F
(d) T (e) F (f) T (c) T (d) F
(g) F (h) T 22. (a) irrational number
2. (a) 4, 3 9 , 12 (b) rational number
(b) −5, 0 (c) rational number
1 4
(c) 4, − , 1.37 , 3 9 , −5, 2.13ɺ , , (d) irrational number
3 7
4.6ɺ (e) irrational number
12, 0,
3 (f) rational number
(d) 8 , −π, −1 + 3 23. Rational Real Complex
3. (a) terminating decimal numbers numbers numbers
(b) recurring decimal (a)
(c) recurring decimal (b)
(d) terminating decimal (c)
4. (a) recurring decimal (d)
(b) non-terminating and non-recurring
32 
56 23 
decimal 24. 25.  or 1 
99 
33 33 
(c) non-terminating and non-recurring
3 404  74 
decimal 26. 27.  or 2 
55 165  165 
(d) recurring decimal
5. (a) N, Z, Q, R, C (b) R, C 1100  101  1151  152 
28.  or 1  29.  or 3 
(c) Q, R, C (d) C 999  999  333  333 
(e) Q, R, C (f) C 2 8
30. (a) (i) (ii)
2 13  4 3 15
6. 7.  or 1  4
9 9  9 (b)
5
8  2 49
8.  or 2  9. 1 4 1
3  3 90 31. (a) (i) (ii)  or 1 
12 3 3
161  71  47  2
10.  or 1  11.  or 3  1
90  90  15  15  (b) ±
3
12. real part = 5, imaginary part = −2
19  1 1
13. real part = 7, imaginary part = 6 32.  or 2  33.
9  9 2
14. real part = −3, imaginary part = −4
34. (a) −4 (b) 16
15. real part = −8, imaginary part = 9
1 35. (a) 1 (b) 3
16. real part = − 3 , imaginary part = 0
2 36. (a) −2 (b) 2
17. real part = 0, imaginary part = 10 11
37. (a) (b) 11i
5 2
18. real part = 4 + , imaginary part = 0
3 38. (a) 2 (b) no
19. real part = 0, imaginary part = − 2 1
1 39. (a) − (b) yes
20. (a) F, π × (or other reasonable answers) 2
π
(b) T 40. −3
(c) F, 2 − ( 2 − 2) (or other reasonable
answers)
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F4A: Chapter 1B
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4A Lesson Worksheet 1.3A (Refer to Book 4A P.1.14)
Objective: To perform operations of imaginary numbers.
Operations of Imaginary Numbers

Let a and b be real numbers, and i = − 1 .
(a) a × bi = bi × a = abi (b) ai ± bi = (a ± b)i The multiplication (or
division) of two
ai a imaginary numbers gives
(c) ai × bi = (a × b)i2 = ab(–1) = –ab (d) = (where b ≠ 0)
bi b a real number.
Simplify the following expressions. [Nos. 1–6]

1. 5(3i) 2. 6i + 2i 3. 7i – 5i
=( × )i = (____ + ____)i =
= =
9i
4. i × 4i 5. 2i × 8i 6.
3i
=( × )i2 = =
=( )( ) i2 = –1
=

Simplify 2(5i – i). Simplify (2i + i) × i.
2(5i – i) = 2(5 – 1)i (2i + i) × i = ( + )i × i
= 2(4)i =( )i( )
= 8i =( )( )
=

7i 3
7. 2i 2 × 2i 8. Ex 1B: 1, 2
i
=( × )(i2)( ) = i
3
= i3 – 1
= i
Powers of i
(a) i2 = –1 (b) i3 = i2 × i = (–1) × i = –i
(c) i4 = i2 × i2 = (–1) × (–1) = 1 (d) i5 = i4 × i = 1 × i = i
12
i7
9. i3 × i2 10. 11. i10 Ex 1B: 10
i4
=( )( ) = i( )–( )
= i4 × ( )+( )
= = i( )
= ( i 4) ( ) (
i )
= =( )( )
×( )
=

Simplify − 4 + − 1 . Simplify − 9 – − 25 .
− 4 + −1 = 4 i + i For a positive real − 9 – − 25 = ( )i – ( )i
= 2i + i number N, =( )i – ( )i
= (2 + 1)i −N = Ni. =( )i
= 3i =
12. −9 −1 13. − 16 ÷ − 4 Ex 1B: 3, 4
= =

14. ( 2 i)( 2 i3) 15. i 6 – 4i 4 + i Ex 1B: 14
= =
Level Up Question

16. (a) Find the remainder of 2 014 ÷ 4.
(b) Hence, simplify i2 014.
13
4A Lesson Worksheet 1.3B(I) (Refer to Book 4A P.1.16)
Objective: To perform the addition and subtraction of complex numbers.
Addition of Complex Numbers

If a, b, c and d are real numbers, then
(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i. Add the real part and the imaginary part separately.
Simplify the following expressions and express the answers in the form a + bi. [Nos. 1–2]
1. (1 + 3i) + 2 2. (4 – i) + 6i
=( )+ i = +( )i
= =

Simplify (2 + i) + (1 + 5i). Simplify (5 + 3i) + (2 – i).
(2 + i) + (1 + 5i) (5 + 3i) + (2 – i)
= (2 + 1) + (1 + 5)i =( )+( )i
= 3 + 6i =
3. (8 + 2i) + (7 – 3i) 4. (–6 – 4i) + (3 – 2i) Ex 1B: 5
= =
Subtraction of Complex Numbers

If a, b, c and d are real numbers, then
(a + bi) – (c + di) = (a – c) + (b – d)i. Subtract the real part and the imaginary part separately.

Simplify (1 + 2i) – (5 + 3i). Simplify (7 + i) – (3 – 2i).
(1 + 2i) – (5 + 3i) (7 + i) – (3 – 2i)
= (1 – 5) + (2 – 3)i =( )+( )i
= –4 – i =
14
5. 7 – (2 + 5i) 6. (12 – i) – 6i
=( )+( )i =( ) + [(–1) – ]i
= =
7. (–3 + i) – (6 + 2i) 8. (2 – 9i) – (4 – i) Ex 1B: 6

= =
9. (3 – 4i) + (5 – 6i) + 2 10. –8i + (7 – 6i) – (1 + 4i) Ex 1B: 16

=( )+( )i =( )+( )i
Distinguish between
real numbers and
imaginary numbers
carefully.
11. (1 – 3i) + (2 + i) + (4 + 2i) 12. (5 + 9i) – (1 + 3i) – (4 + 5i)

= =
Level Up Question

13. (a) Simplify (4 – 2i) – (–3 + 7i) + (5 – 3i) and express the answer in the form a + bi.
(b) Hence, write down the real part and the imaginary part of (4 – 2i) – (–3 + 7i) + (5 – 3i).
15
4A Lesson Worksheet 1.3B(II) (Refer to Book 4A P.1.17)
Objective: To perform the multiplication of complex numbers and understand the concept of conjugate
complex numbers.
Review: Multiplication of Polynomials

1. 4(3 + x) 2. (2x – 1) × 5x
=( )( )+( )( ) 4(3 + x) =( )( )–( )( ) (2x – 1) × 5x
= =
3. (2 + x)(1 + 3x) 4. (1 + x)(1 – x)

(a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2
=( )(1) + ( )(3x) (2 + x)(1 + 3x) =
=( )+( )+( )+( )
=
Multiplication of Complex Numbers
5. 3(1 + 2i) 6. i(2 + i) Ex 1B: 7(a)
=( )( )+( )( ) 3(1 + 2i) =( ) + i( )
= =( )+( ) i2 = –1
=
Simplify (1 + i)(1 + 4i) and express the answer Simplify (2 – i)(3 + i) and express the answer in
in the form a + bi. the form a + bi.
(1 + i)(1 + 4i) = (1 + i)(1) + (1 + i)(4i) (2 – i)(3 + i)= ( )(3) + ( )i
= 1 + i + 4i + 4i2 =
= 1 + 5i + 4(–1)
= –3 + 5i
7. (4 + i)(1 + 5i) 8. (1 – 2i)(7 – i) Ex 1B: 7(b), (c)
= =
16
9. (1 + i)2 10. (1 – 3i)2 Ex1B: 8(a), (b)
=( )2 + 2( )( )+( )2 =
= (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 (x – y)2 = x2 – 2xy + y2
Conjugate Complex Numbers

Let a and b be real numbers. a + bi and a – bi are called conjugate complex numbers.
11. (6 + i)(6 – i) 12. (1 – 4i)(1 + 4i) Ex 1B: 8(c)
=( )2 – ( )2 (x + y)(x – y) = x2 – y2 =
=
13. (1 + 2i)2 – i 14. (1 + 5i)(1 – 5i)i Ex 1B: 17, 20
= =
Level Up Question

15. If a is a real number, express the real part of (2a – i)(a + i) in terms of a.
17
4A Lesson Worksheet 1.3B(III) (Refer to Book 4A P.1.18)
Objective: To perform the division of complex numbers.
Review: Dividing a Polynomial by a Real Number

2 + 2x 6 − 3x
1. 2.
2 3
( ) ( ) a + bx a b
= + x = + x =
( ) ( ) c c c
=
Dividing a Complex Number by a Real Number

a ± bi a b
If a, b and c are real numbers, then = ± i. Divide the real and imaginary parts separately.
c c c
4 − 2i ( ) ( ) 3 + 7i ( ) ( )
3. = – i 4. = + i
2 ( ) ( ) 3 ( ) ( )
= Express the answer in =

the form a + bi.
Division of Complex Numbers

Let a, b, c and d be real numbers.
a + bi a + bi i
(a) = ×
ci ci i
a + bi a + bi c − di
(b) = × c – di is the conjugate of c + di.
c + di c + di c − di
1 1 i 5 5 ( ) 2−i
5. = × 6. = × 7. =
i i i 3i 3i ( ) 2i
( )
= =
( )
= i2 = –1
18
1 1
Simplify and express the answer in the Simplify and express the answer in the
1+ i 2−i
form form
a + bi. a + bi.
1 1 1− i 1 1 ( ) The conjugate of 2 – i
= × The conjugate of 1 + i = × is ( ).
1+ i 1+ i 1− i is 1 – i. 2−i 2−i ( )
1− i (x + y)(x – y) = x2 – y2 ( )
= 2 2 =
1 −i ( 2
) −( )2
1− i
=
1 − (−1) =
1 1
= − i
2 2
4 4 ( ) The conjugate 2 The conjugate
8. = × 9. = Ex 1B: 9
3+i 3+i ( ) of 3 + i is 1 − 4i of 1 – 4i is
( ). ( ).
=
i The conjugate
13i The conjugate Ex 1B: 18
10. = 11. =
1− i of 1 – i is 2 + 3i of 2 + 3i is
( ). ( ).
Level Up Question
3 − 5i
12. (a) Simplify and express the answer in the form a + bi.
4−i
3 − 5i
(b) Hence, simplify − ( 2 − 7i ) .
4−i
19
4A Lesson Worksheet 1.3C (Refer to Book 4A P.1.21)
Objective: To find unknowns from the equality of complex numbers.
Equality of Complex Numbers

Let a, b, c and d be real numbers. If a + bi = c + di, then a = c and b = d, and vice versa.
In each of the following, find the values of the real numbers x and y. [Nos. 1–2]
1. x + 4i = 5 – yi 2. (x + 2i) + yi = 4 + 3i Ex 1B: 11
x= and ( )+( ) i = 4 + 3i Rearrange the real
and imaginary
x= and parts first.

If (x + y) + (x – y)i = –1 – 3i, find the values of If (y – x) + (2x + y)i = 4 + i, find the values of the
the real numbers x and y. real numbers x and y.
 x + y = −1 ............. (1) ( )=( ) ............. (1)
 
 x − y = −3 ............. (2) ( )=( ) ............. (2)
(1) + (2): 2x = –4 (2) – (1): ( )x = ( )
x = –2 x=
Substitute x = –2 into (1). Substitute x = ( ) into (1).
–2 + y = –1 y–( ) =( )
y =1 y=
In each of the following, find the values of the real numbers x and y. [Nos. 3–4]
3. 2y + (3x + y)i = 8 – 5i 4. (x + 3y) – (x + 2y)i = 2i Ex 1B: 12, 13
( )=( ) ............. (1) ( )=( ) ............. (1)

 
( )=( ) ............. (2) ( )=( ) ............. (2)
From (1), y = ( )+( ):
Substitute y = ( ) into (2).
Level Up Question
5. (a) Express (1 + i)(x + yi) in the form a + bi, where x and y are real numbers.
(b) If (1 + i)(x + yi) = 2 + 8i, find the values of the real numbers x and y. Ex 1B: 24, 26
20
New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 4A
1 Number Systems
Consolidation Exercise 1B
Level 1
4
1. (a) ×i (b) i × (−3)
3
(c) 5i + 6i (d) 13i − 4i
(e) 3i − 7i (f) −10i − i
2. (a) 4i × i (b) 3i × 4i
(c) −6i × 9i (d) (−5i)(−2i)
14i − 18i
(e) (f)
7i 9i
8i − 6i
(g) (h)
− 12i − 15i
3. (a) 6(2i + 5i) (b) 3(6i – i)

(c) −2(7i − 11i) (d) 5i + 7i + 9i
(e) 6i + 3i − 10i (f) 12i − 8i − i
4. (a) 3i(4i + 5i) (b) (3i + 4i)(4i − 3i)

(c) (8i − 2i)(2i − 3i) (d) i5
(e) i2 × 2i (f) 9i × 3i3
10i 4 − 8i 5
5. (a) (b)
5i 2 12i 2
4i 5 + 3i 5 2i 3 × 5i 4
(c) (d)
14i 3 15i 5
6. (a) −1 + − 4 (b) − 25 − − 9 (c) − 81 − − 144
7. (a) − 9 −1 (b) − 16 − 49 (c) − 121 ÷ − 64
8. (a) 2 + (1 + 6i) (b) 5i + (3 − 4i)
(c) (5 + 3i) + (4 + 7i) (d) (–7 + 3i) + (2 – i)
(e) (8 + 2i) + (–11 + 5i) (f) (9 – i) + (–3 – 6i)
21
9. (a) 5i – (2 + 3i) (b) 13 – (9 − 6i)
(c) (3 + 6i) – (4 + 2i) (d) (–1 + 8i) – (−3 + 7i)
(e) (6 – 4i) – (5 – 9i) (f) (12 − 7i) – (−5 − 10i)
10. (a) 9(2 + 5i) (b) i(6 – 3i)

(c) −2i(4 − 8i) (d) (1 + i)(2 + 4i)
(e) (–3 + 9i)(8 – 3i) (f) (7 + 4i)(–2 – 6i)
11. (a) (5 + 2i)2 (b) (3 − 4i)2

(c) (−6 − 5i)2 (d) (6 + i)(6 − i)
(e) (4 − 3i)(4 + 3i) (f) (8 − 7i)(7 – 8i)
3 −5
12. (a) (b)
i i
1+ 2i 4 − 5i
(c) (d)
i i
−6+i − 3 − 7i
(e) (f)
2i 3i
1 17
13. (a) (b)
1 + 3i 1 − 4i
29 25
(c) (d)
2 − 5i − 4 + 3i
34 122
(e) (f)
6 + 7i − 5 − 6i
14. Simplify the following expressions, where n is a positive integer.

(a) i6 (b) i9
(c) i4n + 2 (d) i4n − 1
15. If x + 5i = 2 + yi, find the values of the real numbers x and y.
16. If –7 – pi = –q + 2i, find the values of the real numbers p and q.
17. If (a + 5i) + (4 − bi) = 6 + 2i, find the values of the real numbers a and b.
18. If (x − 4i) + (y − xi) = −1 − 5i, find the values of the real numbers x and y.
19. If (2a + bi) − (b − 3ai) = 8 + 7i, find the values of the real numbers a and b.
20. If (c − 2di) + (5 + 3c)i = 3d + (c + 2)i, find the values of the real numbers c and d.
22
Level 2
4i 3
21. (a) ( 3 6i )( 2 3i ) (b) (c) i(4i3 + 5i5 − 2i)
2 2i 5
22. (a) − 72 + − 2 (b) − 48 − − 75

− 50
(c) − 45 − 40 (d)
− 32
− 32 − − 8 − 24 − 27
(e) (f)
− 16 − 128
23. (a) (6 + 3i) + (5 − 5i) + (−3 + 2i) (b) (11 + 2i) − (13 − 12i) + (1 + 6i)
(c) (7 − 8i) + (−9 − 4i) − (−15 + 10i) (d) (−8 + 13i) − (5 + 8i) − (−14 − 7i)
24. (a) (5 + 2i)(1 + 4i) (b) (4 − 3i)(5 + 8i)

(c) (6 − 7i)(−5 − i) (d) (−3 + 2i)(2 − 7i)
25. (a) (2 + i)(4 − 3i)(−1 + i) (b) (5 + 2i)(−2 − 5i)(3 − i)
i 41i
26. (a) (b)
3 + 2i 5 − 4i
1+ i 5 + 2i
(c) (d)
1 + 2i 7 − 3i
5 − 2i 4 − 8i
(e) (f)
2 + 5i 8 − 3i
3a + 2i
27. (a) ai + , where a is a real number.
i
4ki
(b) − (3 − 2ki), where k is a real number.
1− i
28. (a) (11 + 6i) + 4(−3 − 2i) (b) (16 − 9i) − 3i(4 + i)
29. (a) (5 + 3i)(3 + 5i) + (2 − 7i) (b) (2 − 3i)2 − (7 + 6i)
2 − 4i 5 + 9i
30. (a) + (5 + 6i) (b) (7 − 8i) −
2i i
− 4 + 7i 13 + i
31. (a) − (1 − 8i) (b) (4 − 5i) +
2 + 3i 4−i
23
3 − 2i 3 + 2i 5 − 4i 6 − i
32. (a) − (b) +
1 + 3i 1 − 3i 4 − 2i 1 + 2i
− 1 + 8i
33. (a) Simplify and express the answer in the form a + bi.
1 + 2i
2
 − 1 + 8i 
(b) Using the result of (a), simplify   and express the answer in the form a + bi.
 1 + 2i 
2
7 − i  12 + 5i 
34. Simplify +  and express the answer in the form a + bi.
i  3 − 2i 
35. If (4 − 3i)(a + 2bi) = −25i, find the values of the real numbers a and b.
36. If (m + 5i)(5 + 3i) = ni, find the values of the real numbers m and n.
37. If the result of (k − 4i)(3 − 2i) is a real number, find the value of the real number k.
3 + 6i
38. If the result of is a purely imaginary number, find the value of the real number a.
a −i
2+i
39. If (3x − yi) − = y − (x + 1)i, find the values of the real numbers x and y.
i
 2 + bi 
40. If (2a + 3i) − 2   = (a + 1) + 4i, find the values of the real numbers a and b.
 1+ i 
41. Let a and b be non-zero real numbers.

a − bi
(a) Simplify .
b + ai
a + bi a − bi
(b) Simplify − .
b − ai b + ai
42. Let a and b be non-zero real numbers.

(a) Is (a + bi)(b + ai) a purely imaginary number? Explain your answer.
(b) Let m = (a + bi)(b + ai) and n = (a − bi)(b − ai).
(i) Show that m + n = 0.
 1 2  2 1   1 2  2 1 
(ii) Hence, simplify  + i  + i  +  − i  − i  .
 3 5  5 3   3 5  5 3 
24
Answers
4 12 14
1. (a) i (b) −3i (e) − i (f) −10 + 12i
3 5 5
(c) 11i (d) 9i 14. (a) −1 (b) i
(e) −4i (f) −11i (c) −1 (d) −i
2. (a) −4 (b) −12 15. x = 2, y = 5
(c) 54 (d) −10 16. p = −2, q = 7
(e) 2 (f) −2 17. a = 2, b = 3
2 2 18. x = 1, y = −2
(g) − (h)
3 5 19. a = 3, b = −2
3. (a) 42i (b) 15i (c) 20. c = 4, d = 3
8i (d) 21i (e) −i (f) 21. (a) − 18 2 (b) − 2 (c) 1
3i 22. (a) 7 2i (b) − 3i
4. (a) −27 (b) −7 (c) 6 5
(c) − 30 2 (d)
(d) i (e) −2i (f) 4
27 2 9
2 (e) (f) i
5. (a) −2 (b) i 2 4
3 23. (a) 8 (b) −1 + 20i
1 2
(c) − (d) − (c) 13 − 22i (d) 1 + 12i
2 3
24. (a) −3 + 22i (b) 44 + 17i
6. (a) 3i (b) 2i (c)
(c) −37 + 29i (d) 8 + 25i
−3i
25. (a) −9 + 13i (b) −29 − 87i
7. (a) −3 (b) −28 (c) 2 3
11 26. (a) + i (b) −4 + 5i
13 13
8 3 1 1 1
8. (a) 3 + 6i (b) 3+i (c) − i (d) + i
5 5 2 2
(c) 9 + 10i (d) −5 + 2i 56 52
(e) −3 + 7i (f) 6 − 7i (e) −i (f) − i
73 73
9. (a) −2 + 2i (b) 4 + 6i 27. (a) 2 − 2ai (b) −(2k + 3) + 4ki
(c) −1 + 4i (d) 2+i 28. (a) −1 − 2i (b) 19 − 21i
(e) 1 + 5i (f) 17 + 3i 29. (a) 2 + 27i (b) −12 − 18i
10. (a) 18 + 45i (b) 3 + 6i 30. (a) 3 + 5i (b) −2 − 3i
(c) −16 − 8i (d) −2 + 6i 31. (a) 10i (b) 7 − 4i
(e) 3 + 81i (f) 10 − 50i 11 11 29
32. (a) − i (b) − i
11. (a) 21 + 20i (b) −7 − 24i 5 5 10
(c) 11 + 60i (d) 37 33. (a) 3 + 2i (b) 5 + 12i
(e) 25 (f) −113i 34. −6 + 5i
12. (a) −3i (b) 5i 35. a = 3, b = −2
(c) 2 − i (d) −5 − 4i 36. m = 3, n = 34
1 7 37. −6
(e) + 3i (f) − + i
2 3 38. 2
1 3 39. x = 2, y = 5
13. (a) − i (b) 1 + 4i
10 10 40. a = 4, b = 1
(c) 2 + 5i (d) −4 − 3i 41. (a) −i (b) 2i
42. (a) yes (b) (ii) 0
25
F4A: Chapter 2A
Date Task Progress

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2A Level 1
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26
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27
4A Lesson Worksheet 2.0 (Refer to Book 4A P.2.3)
o
Objective: To review the distance f rmula, the slope of a straight line, parallel lines, perpendicular lines
and point of division.
Distance Formula
(a) AB = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2
Slope of a Straight Line

y − y1
(b) Slope m of L = 2 (where x1 ≠ x2)
x2 − x1
(c) m = tan θ (θ is called the inclination of L.)
In each of the following, find the distance between the points A and B. [Nos. 1–4] Review Ex: 1
(Leave the radical sign ‘ √’ in the answers if necessary.)
1. A(0 , 2), B(4 , 5) 2. A(3 , 2), B(8 , 14)
AB = [( )−( )]2 + [( )−( )]2 AB = ( )2 + ( )2
= =
3. A(2 , –1), B(3 , 3) 4. A(1 , –5), B(–4 , –7)
In each of the following, find the slope m and the inclination θ of the straight line passing through the
points P and Q. [Nos. 5–6]
(Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures if necessary.)
5. P(2 , 1), Q(4 , 3) 6. P(1 , 0), Q(4 , 1) Review Ex: 2–4
( )−( )
m= = m=
( )−( )
tan θ = ( ) tan θ = ( )
θ= θ= , cor. to 3 sig. fig.
Parallel Lines and Perpendicular Lines

(a) (i) If ℓ1 // ℓ 2 , then m1 = m2. (b) (i) If ℓ1 ⊥ ℓ 2 , then m1 × m2 = –1.
(ii) If m1 = m2, then ℓ1 // ℓ 2 . (ii) If m1 × m2 = –1, then ℓ1 ⊥ ℓ 2 .
7. Four points A(0 , 2), B(2 , 0), C(9 , –3) and D(3 , 3) are given. Determine whether
28
(a) AB is parallel to CD, (b) AD is perpendicular to CD. Review Ex: 5
( )−( )
Slope of AB = =( ) Slope of AD =
( )−( )
( )−( )
Slope of CD = =( ) Slope of CD =
( )−( )
∵ Slope of AB ( = / ≠ ) slope of CD
∴ AB ( is / is not ) parallel to CD.
Point of Division
(a) Mid-point Formula (b) Section Formula
x +x sx + rx2
x= 1 2 x= 1
2 r+s
y1 + y2 sy1 + ry2
y= y=
2 r+s
In each of the following, find the coordinates of the mid-point P of the line segment AB. [Nos. 8–9]
8. A(13 , 6), B(3 , 4) 9. A(7 , –2), B(–3 , 10) Review Ex: 6
( )+( ) ( )+( )
P = , 
 2 2 
=( , )
In each of the following, find the coordinates of the point P which divides the line segment AB in the given
ratio. [Nos. 10–11] Review Ex: 7
10. A(1 , –4), B(5 , 8), AP : PB = 3 : 1 11. A(4 , 12), B(–3 , –2), AP : PB = 2 : 5
 1( ) + 3( ) 1( ) + 3( )
P = , 
 3 +1 3 +1 
=( , )
Level Up Question
12. (a) Find the slope of the straight line L passing through the points P(2 , 3) and Q(3 , 6).
(b) The inclination of a straight line L1 is 60°. Is L1 parallel to L? Explain your answer.
29
4A Lesson Worksheet 2.1A & B (Refer to Book 4A P.2.6)
Objective: To find the equation of a straight line passing through two points.
Review: Slope of a Straight Line
In each of the following, find the slope of the straight line passing through P and Q. [Nos. 1–2]
1. P(0 , 0), Q(3 , 2) 2. P(1 , 6), Q(2 , 4)
( )−0 ( )−( )
Slope of PQ = = Slope of PQ = =
( )−0 ( )−( )
General Form of the Equation of a Straight Line

Ax + By + C = 0, where A, B and C are constants with A and B not both zero.
Express each of the following equations of straight lines in the general form. [Nos. 3–6]
3. y + 1 = −5x 4. y = 2(x + 3)
( )x + y + ( )=( ) y=( )x + ( )
( )x − y + ( )=( )
y −3
5. 2(y − 1) = 5(1 − x) 6. =2
x+2
( )y − ( )=( )−( )x ( )=( )x + ( )
= Order of terms: =
x, y, constant
Two-point Form
The equation of the straight line passing through A(x1 , y1)
and
B(x2 , y2) is given by:
y − y1 y − y1
= 2 (where x1 ≠ x2)
x − x1 x2 − x1
In each of the following, write down the equation of the straight line L in the two-point form. [Nos. 7–8]
7. y L 8. L y
x
A(1 , 4) A(–3 , 0) O
B(–1 , 1)
B(3 , –6)
x
O
y−( ) ( )−( ) y−( ) ( )−( )
= =
x−( ) ( )−( ) x−( ) ( )−( )
30
Find the equation of the straight line passing Find the equation of the straight line passing
through the points (0 , 2) and (4 , 1). through the points (3 , 5) and (1 , –1).
The required equation is y The required equation is y
y−2 1− 2 y−( ) ( )
= (0 , 2) = (3 , 5)
x−0 4−0 x−( ) ( )
y−2 1 (4 , 1)
=– ( )
=( ) x
x 4 x ( ) O (1 , –1)
O
4y – 8 = –x ( )=( )
x + 4y – 8 = 0 Express the answer in the general form. =
In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line passing through A and B. [Nos. 9–10]
9. A(2 , 3), B(0 , 4) 10. A(1 , –2), B(5 , 6) Ex 2A: 3, 4
11. (a) Find the equation of the straight line L passing through (–1 , 4) and (3 , 8).
(b) Does P(2 , 7) lie on L? Explain your answer. Ex 2A: 13
Level Up Question
12. (a) Find the equation of the straight line L passing through (–2 , 1) and (2 , 5).
(b) If (1 , k) lies on L, find the value of k.
31
4A Lesson Worksheet 2..1C (Refer to Book 4A P.2.9)
Objective: To find the equation of a straight line from a given slope and the coordinates of a point on it.
Point-slope Form
The equation of the straight line with slope m and passing
through A(x1 , y1) is given by:
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
In each of the following, write down the equation of the straight line ℓ in the point-slope form. [Nos. 1–3]
1. 2. 3. y
y y
ℓ ℓ
1
slope = ℓ (1 , 3)
slope = 2 2
x
(0 , 1) 0 3
45° x
x O
O
The equation of ℓ is ℓ passes through (3 , ). Slope of ℓ = tan ( )

y – 1 = 2( – ) The equation of ℓ is =
y–( )= The equation of ℓ is
______________________

Find the equation of the straight line passing Find the equation of the straight line passing
through (1 , 1) and with slope 3. through (5 , 2) and with slope –4.
The required equation is The required equation is
y – 1 = 3(x – 1) y – ___ = _________
y – 1 = 3x – 3 =
3x – y – 2 = 0 Express the answer in the general
form.
In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line passing through the point P and with slope m.
[Nos. 4–5]
1
4. P(3 , 2), m = –2 5. P(–3 , 1), m = Ex 2A: 7, 8
3
The required equation is
y– = ( – )
=
32
In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line L1. [Nos. 6–9]
6. y 7. y Ex 2A: 10, 11
L1 L2: slope = –1
L1
(2 , 3)
(–5 , 1)
x
O
x
O
L2: slope = –2
∵ L1 ( // / ⊥ ) L2
∴ Slope of L1 ( = / × ) slope of L2 =
The equation of L1 is
y– = ( – )
=
8. y 9. y
L1
L2 L1 (–4 , 3)
(2 , 7)
(3 , 8)
45° x
(1 , 2) O
x First find the L2
O
slope of L2.
Level Up Question
10. (a) Find the equation of the straight line L passing through P(2 , –3) and with slope –2.
(b) ℓ is another straight line passing through P and perpendicular to L. Find the equation of ℓ .
33
2 Equations of Straight Lines
Level 1
In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line which passes through the points A and B.
[Nos. 1–5]
1. (a) y (b) y
A(−2 , 1) O
B(5 , 4) x
A(1 , 2)
x B(4 , −3)
O
2. (a) A(–1 , 1), B(2 , 3) (b) A(3 , –2), B(–2 , –1)
3. (a) A(5 , 7), B(–4 , –5) (b) A(–1 , 5), B(3 , –7)
4. (a) A(–3 , 1), B(1 , 3) (b) A(2 , –7), B(–2 , 1)
5. (a) A(10 , 7), B(–8 , –2) (b) A(–8 , –1), B(5 , –4)
In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line passing through the point P and with slope m.
[Nos. 6–10]
6. (a) y (b) y
P(4 , 3)
P(−1 , 2)
m=2 m = −3
x x
O O
1 1
7. (a) P(3 , 2), m = (b) P(2 , 0), m = −
3 2
2 2
8. (a) P(–2 , –3), m = (b) P(4 , –6), m = −
3 5
1 4
9. (a) P(–1 , –3), m = (b) P(–4 , 7), m = −
2 3
 1 1  1  3
10. (a) P 1 ,  , m = − (b) P  − , − 2  , m =
 2 4  3  5
34
In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line ℓ . [Nos. 11–12]
(Leave the radical sign ‘ √’ in the answers if necessary.)
11. (a) y ℓ (b) y
30° x ℓ
0 120°
−2
x
0
−5
−
12. (a) y (b) y
ℓ
x 45° ℓ
0
135° 3
−3 x
0
In each of the following, the straight lines ℓ and L are parallel to each other. Find the equation of ℓ .
[Nos. 13–15]
13. (a) ℓ passes through (3 , 1) and the slope of L is 1.
(b) ℓ passes through (–1 , 5) and the slope of L is –2.
14. (a) ℓ passes through (–6 , –3) and the slope of L is 2.

(b) ℓ passes through (0 , 0) and the slope of L is –4.
1
15. (a) ℓ passes through (4 , –1) and the slope of L is − .
3
2
(b) ℓ passes through (7 , 5) and the slope of L is .
3
In each of the following, the straight lines ℓ and L are perpendicular to each other. Find the equation of ℓ .
[Nos. 16–18]
16. (a) ℓ passes through (–1 , 2) and the slope of L is 2.
1
17. (a) ℓ passes through (2 , –4) and the slope of L is .
3
1
18. (a) ℓ passes through (–3 , –4) and the slope of L is − .
3
2
(b) ℓ passes through (1 , 8) and the slope of L is .
5
35
Level 2
19. In the figure, the straight line L passes through (4 , 1) and (1 , –4). y
(a) Find the equation of L. L
(b) Determine whether P(–2 , –8) lies on L. Explain your answer. (4 , 1)
x
O
(1 , –4)
20. The straight line L passes through (5 , 3) and (–4 , −2).

(a) Find the equation of L.
(b) If L cuts the x-axis at (p , 0), find the value of p.
21. The straight line L passes through (2 , −2) and (−2 , 4).
(b) If P(a , 7) lies on L, find the value of a.
22. The straight line L with slope 3 passes through (1 , 2).

(b) Does L pass through Q(−1 , –4)? Explain your answer.
2
23. The straight line L with slope − passes through (−3 , −2).
3
(b) If L cuts the y-axis at (0 , q), find the value of q.
5
24. The straight line L with slope passes through (2 , −1).
2
(b) If Q(6 , b) lies on L, find the value of b.
25. R(a , −4) lies on the straight line L1: 5x + 8y − 3 = 0.

(a) Find the value of a.
(b) Find the equation of the straight line L2 passing through R and S(1 , −1).
26. S(−5 , b) lies on the straight line L1: x − 4y + 9 = 0.

(a) Find the value of b.
(b) Find the equation of the straight line L2 passing through S and with slope 4.
36
27. In the figure, the coordinates of the point A are (−3 , 2). A is translated y
upward by 3 units to the point B. Then B is translated to the left by
4 units to the point C. The straight line L passes through A and C.
A(–3 , 2)
(a) Write down the coordinates of B and C.
(b) Find the equation of L. x
O
28. A(5 , 7) is reflected in the x-axis to the point B. C(−3 , 1) is reflected in the y-axis to the point D.
The straight line L passes through B and D.
(a) Write down the coordinates of B and D.
(b) Find the equation of L.
29. A(−5 , −4) is reflected in the y-axis to the point B. Find the equation of the straight line L with slope
3
− and passing through B.
5
30. In the figure, the coordinates of the point P are (−5 , −6). P is rotated y
anticlockwise about the origin O through 90° to the point Q. Find the
1
equation of the straight line L with slope and passing through Q.
6
x
O
P(–5 , –6)
31. A(4 , −5) is rotated anticlockwise about the origin O through 180° to the point B. The straight line L
with slope −5 passes through B.
(b) If L cuts the x-axis at (p , 0), find the value of p.
32. A(k , −6) lies on the straight line L1: x – 2y – 14 = 0.

(a) Find the value of k.
(b) A is rotated anticlockwise about the origin O through 270° to the point B. Find the equation of the
straight line L passing through B and C(6 , −8).
33. In the figure, the straight line L1 cuts the x-axis and the y-axis at (−4 , y
L2
0) and (0 , −5) respectively. The straight line L2 passes through (1 ,
L1
−2).
(a) Find the slope of L1. O
x
(–4 , 0) (1 , –2)
(b) If L2 // L1, find the equation of L2.
(0 , –5)
37
34. In the figure, the straight line L1 passes through (−4 , 2) and cuts the y
L1
y-axis at (0 , 8). The straight line L2 cuts the x-axis at (4 , 0). (0 , 8)
(a) Find the slope of L1.

L2
(b) Find the equation of L1.
(c) If L2 ⊥ L , find the equation of L .
1 2
(–4 , 2)
x
O (4 , 0)
35. The straight line L1 with slope m passes through A(3 , −2m) and B(1 , −6).
(a) Find the value of m.
(b) L2 is a straight line passing through C(−2 , 7). If L2 // L1, find the equation of L2.
36. The straight line L1 with slope –1 passes through A(−7 , −1) and B(k , k).
(b) If the straight line L2 passes through B and L2 ⊥ L , find the equation of L .
1 2
37. In the figure, M is the mid-point of the line segment joining A(5 , 6) y
and B(−7 , 0). A(5 , 6)

(a) Find the coordinates of M.
M
(b) Find the slope of AB.
(c) The straight line L is the perpendicular bisector of AB. Find the
x
equation of L. B(–7 , 0) O
38. In the figure, A(3 , 5), B(−8 , 4) and C(5 , −3) are the vertices of y
△ABC. BM is a median of △ABC. B(–8 , 4)
A(3 , 5)
(a) Find the coordinates of M.

(b) Find the equation of BM. M
(c) Find the coordinates of the centroid G of △ABC. O
x
[Hint: If BM is a median of △ABC, then BG : GM = 2 : 1.] C(5 , –3)
39. A(5 , 4), B(–9 , 2) and C(3 , –7) are the vertices of △ABC. D is a point on BC such that BD : DC = 2 : 1.
(a) Find the coordinates of D.
(b) Is AD an altitude of △ABC? Explain your answer.
(c) Find the equation of AD.
40. In the figure, A(10 , 2) and B(–6 , 4) are two vertices of △ABC. The y
coordinates of the orthocentre H of △ABC are (–5 , 2). B(–6 , 4)
H A(10 , 2)
(a) Find the equation of AC.
(b) Find the coordinates of C. x
O
(c) Find the area of △ABC.
C
38
Answers
1. (a) y = 3x − 3 (b) y = −2x + 5 4
30. (a) (b) 3x + 4y – 12 = 0
1 3
(c) y = − x – 1
2 31. (a) 12
2. (a) 2x − 3y − 6 = 0 (b) x + 4y − 12 = 0 9 3
(b) x-intercept: , y-intercept:
3. (a) 10x − 4y + 3 = 0 (b) 4x + 6y + 3 = 0 4 4
32. (a) 10 (b) slope: 2, y-intercept: 10
4. (a) 5x + 3y − 15 = 0 (b) 9x − 6y − 2 = 0
6
5. (a) 7x + 8y + 2 = 0 (b) 9x − 2y + 14 = 0 33. (a) a = 6, b = 5 (b) −
5
x y x y
6. (a) + =1 (b) + =1 34. (a) p = –4, q = 40 (b) 10
3 4 2 −2
35. –3 36. 2
7. (a) 5x − 3y + 15 = 0 (b) x + 2y + 8 = 0
37. (a) 3 (b) 7x + 3y + 11 = 0
8. (a) 2x + 3y − 1 = 0 (b) 9x − 10y − 6 = 0
4
9. (a) x + 2 = 0 (b) y – 6 = 0 38. (a) slope: , y-intercept: –4
3
(c) 9x + 5y = 0 (b) 3x + 4y + 16 = 0
3 2 1
10. slope: − , x-intercept: − , y-intercept: − 39. (a) 2 (b) 5x – 2y + 4 = 0
4 3 2
5 1 1 40. (a) 8x – 5y – 40 = 0 (b) 5x + 8y + 64 = 0
11. slope: , x-intercept: − , y-intercept:
3 5 3 41. (a) 2x + y + 1 = 0 (b) yes
7 7 42. (a) 5x + 3y – 21 = 0 (b) no
12. slope: −3, x-intercept: , y-intercept:
6 2 43. (a) y + 8 = 0 (b) −2
4 1 2
13. slope: , x-intercept: − , y-intercept: 44. (a) 2x + 3y + 12 = 0 (b) 3x − 2y − 17 = 0
5 2 5
8 45. (a) (0 , 7), (0 , −7)
14. slope: − , x-intercept: 5, y-intercept: 8
5 (b) x + y − 7 = 0, x + y + 7 = 0
7  3 9 
15. slope: , x-intercept: 4, y-intercept: −7 46. (a) P  0 ,  , Q  , 0 
4  2 4 
1 1
16. slope: − , x-intercept: 2, y-intercept: (b) 12x − 14y + 21 = 0
4 2
47. (a) A(−8 , 0), B(0 , 15) (b) 40
1
17. slope: 2, x-intercept: − , y-intercept: 1 48. (a) x + 2y = 0 (b) (8 , −4)
2
18. (a) slope of L1: 4, slope of L2: 4 (b) yes (c) 2x − y − 20 = 0
19. no 1 3
49. (a) 3x + y − 3 = 0 (b)  , 
20. (a) −4 (b) 4x + y – 8 = 0 2 2
21. (a) 3 (b) x + 3y + 9 = 0 50. (a) 5x – y + 1 = 0 (b) (1 , 6)
3 (c) yes
22. (a) (b) 7x + 2y – 3 = 0
2 51. (a) –1 (b) 3x + y – 9 = 0
23. 7x – 15y – 21 = 0 24. 3x – y + 2 = 0 (c) (4 , –3)
25. (a) x – 3y – 9 = 0 (b) 9x + 7y – 21 = 0 39
52. (a) k = −4, a = −13 (b)
2
26. (a) 3x – y + 12 = 0 (b) x + 3y + 1 = 0
53. (a) a = 6, b = −6 (b) 3x + 2y + 18 = 0, –6
27. (a) x – 2y + 2 = 0 (b) –2
(c) 1 : 1
28. (a) 2x + 3y + 9 = 0 (b) 1
54. (a) 3x + 4y + 20 = 0 (b) (i) 15 (ii) no
3
29. (a) − (b) 3x + 4y + 12 = 0
4
39
F4A: Chapter 2B
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40
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41
4A Lesson Worksheet 2.1D (Refer to Book 4A P.2.17)
Objective: To find the equation of a straight line from a given slope and the y-intercept of the straight line,
and to find the slope, the x-intercept and the y-intercept of a straight line.
Review: y-intercept
In each of the following, find the y-intercept of the straight line L. [Nos. 1–2]
1. y 2. y
2 L
y-intercept = x y-intercept =
O
3
4
x Be careful of the +/– sign.
0 4 L
Slope-intercept Form
The equation of the straight line with slope m and y-intercept b
is given by:
y = mx + b
In each of the following, write down the equation of the straight line L in the slope-intercept form. [Nos. 3–4]
3. y 4. y Ex 2B: 1
L
L
6 7
slope = 1 y=x+( ) 1 y=( )+( )
slope = −
4
x x
0 0

Find the equation of the straight line with slope Find the equation of the straight line with
3 and y-intercept 5. slope –4 and y-intercept 8.
y = 3x + 5 y=( )x + ( )
3x – y + 5 = 0 Express the answer in the general ( )=( )
form.
In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line according to the given information. [Nos. 5–8]
5. Slope = 6, y-intercept = 4 6. Slope = 2, y-intercept = –3 Ex 2B: 2
y=( )x + ( )
( )=( )
42
1 4
7. Slope = –5, y-intercept = 8. Slope = − , y-intercept = –1
5 3
y=( )+( )
( )y = ( )+( ) Multiply
both sides
( )=( ) by 5.
Finding the Slope, the x-intercept and the y-intercept of a Straight Line
A C C
For a straight line Ax + By + C = 0, slope = − , x-intercept = − and y-intercept = − .
B A B

Find the slope, the x-intercept and the y- Find the slope, the x-intercept and the y-
intercept of the straight line 3x + 2y + 1 = 0. intercept of the straight line x – 2y + 4 = 0.
3 A=3 1
Slope = − B=2 Slope = − = A=
2 C=1
( )
B=
1 ( )
x-intercept = − x-intercept = − = C=
3 ( )
1 ( )
y-intercept = − y-intercept = − =
2 ( )
Find the slope, the x-intercept and the y-intercept of each of the following straight lines. [Nos. 9–10]
9. x – 5y = 0 10. 2x + y – 6 = 0 Ex 2B: 7, 8
( )
Slope = − = A= A=
( )
( ) B= B=
x-intercept = − =
( ) C= C=
( )
y-intercept = − =
( )
Level Up Question
11. (a) Find the equation of the straight line L with slope –2 and y-intercept 1.
(b) Find the x-intercept of the straight line L.
43
4A Lesson Worksheet 2.1E (Refer to Book 4A P.2.22)
Objective: To find the equation of a straight line from the given intercepts.
Review: The x-intercept and the y-intercept of a Straight Line
Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of each of the following straight lines. [Nos. 1–2]
1. 3x + y + 6 = 0 2. 2x + 5y – 10 = 0 Ax + By + C = 0
( ) ( ) C
x-intercept = – = x-intercept = – = x-intercept = –
( ) ( ) A
( ) ( ) C
y-intercept = – = y-intercept = – = y-intercept = –
( ) ( ) B
Intercept Form
The equation of the straight line L with x-intercept a and y-intercept b
is given by:
x y
+ = 1 (where a ≠ 0 and b ≠ 0)
a b
In each of the following, write down the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the straight line L. [Nos. 3–5]
x y x y y
3. L: + = 1 4. L: – = 1 5. L: –x – = 1
3 4 5 2 6
x-intercept of L = x-intercept of L = x-intercept of L =
y-intercept of L = y-intercept of L = y-intercept of L =
In each of the following, write down the equation of the straight line L in the intercept form. [Nos. 6–7]
6. y 7. y Ex 2B: 4
L
x y L x y
3 + =1 2 + =1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x x
0 5 –4 0

Find the equation of the straight line with x- Find the equation of the straight line with
intercept 2 and y-intercept 3. x-intercept 4 and y-intercept –7.
x y x y
+ =1 + =1
2 3 ( ) ( )
6x 6y ( )x ( )y
+ = 6 Multiply both sides by 6. + =( )
2 3 ( ) ( )
3x + 2y = 6 ( )x – ( )y = ( )
3x + 2y – 6 = 0 Express the answer in the general form. =
44
In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line according to the given information.
[Nos. 8–11]
8. x-intercept = –6, y-intercept = 5 9. x-intercept = 3, y-intercept = –12 Ex 2B: 5, 6
x y x y
+ =1 + =1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )x ( )y ( )x ( )y
+ =( ) + =( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )x + ( )y = ( ) =
=
10. Passing through A(6 , 0) and B(0 , –2) 11. Passing through A(–3 , 0) and B(0 , –9)
x-intercept = x-intercept =
y-intercept = y-intercept =
x y y
12. (a) Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the straight line L: – = 1.
4 3
x
(b) Find the area of the shaded region in the figure. O
x y
L: – =1
4 3
Level Up Question
13. The x-intercept and the y-intercept of a straight line L are 6 and –8 respectively.
(b) Does the point (2 , –5) lie on L? Explain your answer.
45
4A Lesson Worksheet 2.1F (Refer to Book 4A P.2.24)
Objective: To find the equation of straight lines parallel to the y-axis or the x-axis, or passing through the
origin.
Review: Coordinates of Points on a Horizontal or Vertical Line
1. In the figure, L1 and L3 are horizontal lines, and L2 is a vertical line. L2 y

Write down the values of a, b, c and d. L1
3 P(5 , a)
Q(b , 2)
x
–2 0
L3
R(c , –1) S(1 , d)
Straight Lines Parallel to the y-axis (Vertical Lines) y
The equation of a vertical line is given by: x=h

x=h
x
O h
In each of the following, find the equation of the vertical line L. [Nos. 2–3]
2. The equation of L is y L 3. The equation of L is y L
P(3 , 2)
x=( )
x–( )=0 x x
0 1 O
Straight Lines Parallel to the x-axis (Horizontal Lines) y
The equation of a horizontal line is given by: k y=k

y=k
x
O
In each of the following, find the equation of the horizontal line L. [Nos. 4–5]
4. The equation of L is y 5. The equation of L is y
y=( ) L O x
2
y–( )=0 L
x P(5 , –1)
0
Straight Lines Passing through the Origin y

(a , b)
The equation of the straight line passing through the origin and the point (a , b)
b
y= x
is given by: a
x
b O
y= x (where a ≠ 0)
a
46
In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line passing through the origin and the point P.
[Nos. 6–7]
6. P(1 , 2) y 7. P(–4 , 3)
( ) P(1 , 2)
y= x
( )
x
y=( )x O
In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line L. [Nos. 8–10] Ex 2B: 11
y y y
8. L 9. 10.
L
(–5 , 6) x
L O
(–2 , 4) (3 , 4)
(2 , –3)
(–5 , 1)
x x
O O
The equation of L is
11. Find the equation of the straight lines L1, L2 and L3 in the figure. Ex 2B: 12
(Express the answers in terms of a if necessary.) L1 y
x
O
L2
L3 (–2a , –a)
Level Up Question
12. (a) Find the equation of the straight line L passing through the origin and the point (1 , 3).
(b) If L passes through the point (–3 , 3a), find the value of a.
47
Level 1
1. In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line ℓ in the slope-intercept form.
(a) y
ℓ
(b) y (c) y
x 5 ℓ
0 x
0
m = –2 1
m=3 m =−
2 –1
−3 x
0
ℓ
2 1
2. (a) Slope = , y-intercept = –2 (b) Slope = − , y-intercept = 3
3 4
5 3 2 1
3. (a) Slope = , y-intercept = (b) Slope = − , y-intercept = −
2 4 3 2
5  1 3
4. (a) Passing through (0 , 5) with slope − (b) Passing through  0 , −  with slope
3  3 2
 1 7 9
5. (a) Passing through  0 , −  with slope − (b) Passing through (0 , 7) with slope
 4 8 2
6. In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line ℓ in the intercept form.
(a) y (b) y
ℓ
4 x
0 2
−2
x
0 3 ℓ
7. (a) x-intercept = –3, y-intercept = 5 (b) x-intercept = –8, y-intercept = –4
1   1 2   3
8. (a) Passing through  , 0  and  0 ,  (b) Passing through  , 0  and  0 , − 
2   3 3   5
48
9. In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line ℓ .
(a) ℓ y (b) y (c) y
(–2 , 5) x
ℓ O
(–6 , 6) (3 , 6)
x
O x
O
(–2 , –4)
(5 , –9)
ℓ
Find the slope, the x-intercept and the y-intercept of each of the following straight lines. [Nos. 10–17]
10. 3x + 4y + 2 = 0 11. 5x – 3y + 1 = 0
12. 6x + 2y – 7 = 0 13. –4x + 5y – 2 = 0
14. 8x + 5y – 40 = 0 15. 7x – 4y – 28 = 0
16. x + 4y – 2 = 0 17. 2x – y + 1 = 0
18. The straight lines L1: 8x – 2y – 3 = 0 and L2: 4x – y + 7 = 0 are given.

(a) Find the slopes of L1 and L2.
(b) Is L1 parallel to L2? Explain your answer.
9
19. Are the straight lines L1: y = − x + 6 and L2: 2x + 9y – 1 = 0 perpendicular to each other? Explain
2
your answer.
20. In the figure, the equation of the straight line L is 4x + y + 5 = 0. y

The y-intercept of the straight line L1 is 8. 8
(a) Find the slope of L.
(b) If L1 // L, find the equation of L1. x
0 L1
21. The equation of the straight line L is 6x – 2y + 1 = 0.

(a) Find the slope of L.
(b) The y-intercept of the straight line L1 is –3. If L1 ⊥ L, find the equation of L . 1
22. The equation of the straight line L is 8x + 6y – 9 = 0.

(a) Find the y-intercept of L.
7
(b) The slope of the straight line L1 is − . If the y-intercepts of L1 and L are the same, find the
2
equation of L1.
49
23. The equation of the straight line L is 8x – 5y – 7 = 0. The x-intercept of the straight line L1 is 3. If the
y-intercepts of L1 and L are the same, find the equation of L1.
24. The equation of the straight line L is 9x – 4y + 6 = 0. The y-intercept of the straight line L1 is 2. If the
x-intercepts of L1 and L are the same, find the equation of L1.
25. The equation of the straight line L is x + 3y – 9 = 0.

(a) L1 is a straight line passing through (–6 , –5). If the x-intercepts of L1 and L are the same, find the
equation of L1.
(b) L2 is a straight line passing through (7 , –6). If the y-intercepts of L2 and L are the same, find the
equation of L2.
26. The equation of the straight line L is 3x – y + 4 = 0.

(a) Find the equation of the straight line L1 passing through (–5 , –3) and parallel to L.
(b) Find the equation of the straight line L2 passing through (5 , –2) and perpendicular to L.
Level 2
1
27. The slope and the y-intercept of the straight line L are and 1 respectively.
2
(b) Find the x-intercept of L.
2
28. The slope and the y-intercept of the straight line L are − and –3 respectively.
3
(b) If L passes through (–6 , k), find the value of k.
29. The slope of the straight line L1 is m. L1 cuts the x-axis at (8 , 0) and its y-intercept is 6.
(b) If the straight line L2 is parallel to L1 and passes through (0 , –3), find the equation of L2.
30. The slope of the straight line L1 is m. L1 cuts the y-axis at (0 , –8) and its x-intercept is 6.
(b) If the straight line L2 is perpendicular to L1 and passes through (0 , 3), find the equation of L2.
1
31. The slope of the straight line L: 4x + ky – 9 = 0 is − , where k is a constant.
3
(b) Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of L.
50
32. The x-intercept of the straight line L: 2x – y + k = 0 is –5, where k is a constant.
(b) Find the slope and the y-intercept of L.
33. The x-intercept and the y-intercept of the straight line L: ax + by + 30 = 0 are –5 and –6 respectively,
where a and b are constants.
(a) Find the values of a and b.
(b) Find the slope of L.
5
34. The slope and the x-intercept of the straight line L: 5x + py + q = 0 are and –8 respectively, where p
4
and q are constants.
(a) Find the values of p and q.
(b) Find the y-intercept of L.
35. Consider the straight lines L1: 2x + ky – 17 = 0 and L2: 4x – 6y + 9 = 0, where k is a constant. If L1 // L2,
find the value of k.
36. Consider the straight lines L1: x + 2y – 11 = 0 and L2: kx – y – 10 = 0, where k is a constant. If L1 ⊥L,
2
find the value of k.
37. The y-intercept of the straight line L1: 7x + by – 21 = 0 is 7, where b is a constant.

(a) Find the value of b.
(b) If the straight line L2 is parallel to L1 and passes through (–5 , 8), find the equation of L2.
38. In the figure, the y-intercepts of the straight lines L1: 4x – 3y – 12 = 0 y

and L2 are the same. L2 is perpendicular to L1.
x
(a) Find the slope and the y-intercept of L1. O
L1: 4x – 3y – 12 = 0 L2
39. The x-intercept of the straight line L1: ax + 5y – 10 = 0 is 5, where a is a constant.

(a) Find the value of a.
(b) If the straight line L2 is perpendicular to L1 and the y-intercepts of the two lines are the same, find
the equation of L2.
8
40. The slope and the x-intercept of the straight line L1 are and 5 respectively.
5
(a) Find the equation of L1.
(b) The straight line L2 is perpendicular to L1. If they intersect at a point on the y-axis, find the
equation of L2.
51
41. The y-intercept of the straight line L is –1. L is parallel to the straight line L1 which passes through
(8 , –5) and (9 , –7).
(b) Does (2 , –5) lie on L? Explain your answer.
42. The y-intercept of the straight line L is 7. L is perpendicular to the straight line L1 which passes
through (7 , 2) and (–8 , –7).
(b) Does L pass through (2 , 4)? Explain your answer.
43. (a) Find the equation of the straight line which passes through (–6 , –8) and is parallel to the x-axis.
(b) If (1 , 4b) lies on the straight line obtained in (a), find the value of b.
44. The x-intercept and the y-intercept of the straight line L1 are –6 and –4 respectively. The straight line
L2 passes through (9 , 5) and is perpendicular to L1.
45. The slope of the straight line L is –1. L cuts the y-axis at the point P. It is given that OP = 7, where O
is the origin.
(a) Write down the two possible coordinates of P.
(b) Hence, find the possible equations of L.
46. In the figure, two straight lines L1: 4x + 6y – 9 = 0 and L2 intersect at a y L2

point P on the y-axis. L1 and L2 cut the x-axis at the points Q and R P
respectively.
R Q
(a) Find the coordinates of P and Q. x
O
(b) If QR = 4, find the equation of L2. L1: 4x + 6y – 9 = 0
47. In the figure, the straight line L: 15x – 8y + 120 = 0 cuts the x-axis and y
the y-axis at the points A and B respectively. B
L: 15x – 8y + 120 = 0
(a) Find the coordinates of A and B.
(b) Find the perimeter of △OAB.
A
x
O
1
48. The straight line L1 with slope − passes through the origin. L1 intersects the straight line L2: x = 8 at
2
the point P.
(b) Find the coordinates of P.
(c) Find the equation of the straight line which passes through P and is perpendicular to L1.
52
49. In the figure, the straight lines L1: x – 2y – 1 = 0 and L2 intersect at a y
L2
point on the x-axis. L2 passes through Q(3 , –6). P is a point lying on
L2 such that PQ = PR, where the coordinates of R are (–7 , –1). L1
O
(a) Find the equation of L2. x
R(–7 , –1)
Q(3 , –6)
50. The equation of the straight line L1 is 5x – y – 2 = 0. The straight line L2 cuts the y-axis at M(0 , 1) and
L2 // L . P is a point lying on L such that MP = NP, where the coordinates of N are (6 , 5).
1 2

(c) Is △MPN a right-angled triangle with ∠MPN = 90°? Explain your answer.
51. The slope of the straight line L1: 4x + ky + 9 = 0 is 4, where k is a constant. The straight line L2
intersects L1 at a point on the y-axis and the x-intercept of L2 is 3. Two points P(4 , 7) and Q(–4 , 3) are
given.
(c) If R is a point lying on L2 such that PR = QR, find the coordinates of R.
52. The straight lines L1: 3x – 2y = 0 and L2 intersect at P(k , –6). L2 is perpendicular to L1 and cuts the x-
axis at Q(a , 0).
(a) Find the values of k and a.
(b) Let O be the origin. If M is the mid-point of PQ, find the area of △OPM.
53. Let a be a constant. The straight line L1: 6x – y + a = 0 cuts the y-axis at A(0 , 6) and intersects the
straight line L2 at B(–2 , b). L2 cuts the y-axis at C(0 , –9).
(b) Find the equation of L2. Hence, find the x-intercept of L2.
(c) If CM is a median of △ABC, find the ratio of the area of △BCM to the area of △ACM.
54. A(8 , 1) is reflected in the y-axis to the point B. The straight line L passes through B and C(4 , –8).
(b) It is known that L cuts the y-axis at a point P.
(i) Find the length of AP + CP.
(ii) Is it possible to find a point Q on the y-axis such that AQ + CQ < AP + CP? Explain your
answer.
53
Answers
1. (a) y = 3x − 3 (b) y = −2x + 5 3
29. (a) − (b) 3x + 4y + 12 = 0
1 4
(c) y = − x – 1 4
2 30. (a) (b) 3x + 4y – 12 = 0
2. (a) 2x − 3y − 6 = 0 (b) x + 4y − 12 = 0 3
31. (a) 12
3. (a) 10x − 4y + 3 = 0 (b) 4x + 6y + 3 = 0
9 3
4. (a) 5x + 3y − 15 = 0 (b) 9x − 6y − 2 = 0 (b) x-intercept: , y-intercept:
4 4
5. (a) 7x + 8y + 2 = 0 (b) 9x − 2y + 14 = 0 32. (a) 10
x y x y
6. (a) + =1 (b) + =1 (b) slope: 2, y-intercept: 10
3 4 2 −2
6
7. (a) 5x − 3y + 15 = 0 (b) x + 2y + 8 = 0 33. (a) a = 6, b = 5 (b) −
5
8. (a) 2x + 3y − 1 = 0 (b) 9x − 10y − 6 = 0 34. (a) p = –4, q = 40 (b) 10
9. (a) x + 2 = 0 (b) y – 6 = 0 35. –3
(c) 9x + 5y = 0 36. 2
3 2 1
10. slope: − , x-intercept: − , y-intercept: − 37. (a) 3 (b) 7x + 3y + 11 = 0
4 3 2
4
5 1 1 38. (a) slope: , y-intercept: –4
11. slope: , x-intercept: − , y-intercept: 3
3 5 3
7 7 (b) 3x + 4y + 16 = 0
12. slope: −3, x-intercept: , y-intercept:
6 2 39. (a) 2 (b) 5x – 2y + 4 = 0
4 1 2 40. (a) 8x – 5y – 40 = 0 (b) 5x + 8y + 64 = 0
13. slope: , x-intercept: − , y-intercept:
5 2 5 41. (a) 2x + y + 1 = 0 (b) yes
8
14. slope: − , x-intercept: 5, y-intercept: 8 42. (a) 5x + 3y – 21 = 0 (b) no
5
7 43. (a) y + 8 = 0 (b) −2
15. slope: , x-intercept: 4, y-intercept: −7
4 44. (a) 2x + 3y + 12 = 0 (b) 3x − 2y − 17 = 0
1 1 45. (a) (0 , 7), (0 , −7)
16. slope: − , x-intercept: 2, y-intercept:
4 2
(b) x + y − 7 = 0, x + y + 7 = 0
1
17. slope: 2, x-intercept: − , y-intercept: 1  3 9 
2 46. (a) P  0 ,  , Q  , 0 
18. (a) slope of L1: 4, slope of L2: 4  2 4 
(b) yes (b) 12x − 14y + 21 = 0
19. no 47. (a) A(−8 , 0), B(0 , 15)
20. (a) −4 (b) 4x + y – 8 = 0 (b) 40
21. (a) 3 (b) x + 3y + 9 = 0 48. (a) x + 2y = 0 (b) (8 , −4)

3 (c) 2x − y − 20 = 0
22. (a) (b) 7x + 2y – 3 = 0
2 1 3
49. (a) 3x + y − 3 = 0 (b)  , 
23. 7x – 15y – 21 = 0 2 2
24. 3x – y + 2 = 0 50. (a) 5x – y + 1 = 0 (b) (1 , 6)
25. (a) x – 3y – 9 = 0 (b) 9x + 7y – 21 = 0 (c) yes
26. (a) 3x – y + 12 = 0 (b) x + 3y + 1 = 0 51. (a) –1 (b) 3x + y – 9 = 0
27. (a) x – 2y + 2 = 0 (b) –2 (c) (4 , –3)
39
28. (a) 2x + 3y + 9 = 0 (b) 1 52. (a) k = −4, a = −13 (b)
2
54
53. (a) a = 6, b = −6 54. (a) 3x + 4y + 20 = 0
(b) 3x + 2y + 18 = 0, –6 (b) (i) 15 (ii) no
(c) 1 : 1
55
F4A: Chapter 2C
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56
Objective: To find the number of points of intersection of two straight lines.
Review: The Slope and the y-intercept of a Straight Line
In each of the following, find the slope and the y-intercept of the straight line. [Nos. 1–2]
1. y = 3x + 1 y = mx + b 2. 2x + y – 7 = 0 Ax + By + C = 0
( ) A
Slope = slope y-intercept Slope = – = slope = –
( ) B
C
( ) y-intercept = –
y-intercept = y-intercept = – = B
( )
Number of Points of Intersection of Two Straight Lines

Let m1 and b1 be the slope and the y-intercept of ℓ 1 respectively.
Let m2 and b2 be the slope and the y-intercept of ℓ 2 respectively.
(a) (b) (c)
Steps
Check if
(i) m1 = m2,
(ii) b1 = b2.
Relationship m1 ≠ m2 m1 = m2, b1 ≠ b2 m1 = m2, b1 = b2

Number of
points of 1 0 infinitely many
intersection
In each of the following, find the number of points of intersection of the straight lines L1: y = m1x + b1 and
L2: y = m2x + b2. [Nos. 3–4]
3. m1 = 1, b1 = 2; m2 = 2, b2 = 4 4. m1 = –3, b1 = 7; m2 = –3, b2 = 5
L1 and L2 have ( no / one / infinitely many ) L1 and L2 have ( no / one / infinitely many )
point(s) of intersection. point(s) of intersection.

Find the number of points of intersection of the Find the number of points of intersection of the
straight lines L1: y = 2x and L2: 4x + y + 1= 0. straight lines L1: y = x + 9 and L2: 5x + y = 0.
Slope of L1 = 2 Slope of L1 = ( )
4 ( )
Slope of L2 = – = –4 Slope of L2 = – =( )
1 ( )
Slope of L1 ≠ slope of L2 Slope of L1 ( = / ≠ ) slope of L2
∴ L1 and L2 have one point of intersecti on. ∴ L1 and L2 have ( ) point of intersecti on.
57
In each of the following, find the number of points of intersection of the straight lines L1 and L2. [Nos. 5–8]
5. L1: 5x – y – 9 = 0, L2: x + 5y + 3 = 0 6. L1: 2x + 8y – 1 = 0, L2: –x – 4y + 6 = 0
( ) Ex 2C: 1–8
Slope of L1 = – =( ) Slope of L1 =
( )
( )
Slope of L2 = – =( ) Slope of L2 =
( )
Slope of L1 ( = / ≠ ) slope of L2
y-intercept of L1 =
y-intercept of L2 =
7. L1: 3x – 7y – 7 = 0, L2: 6x – 14y + 1 = 0 8. L1: 5x + y – 1 = 0, L2: 10x + 2y – 2 = 0
In each of the following, if two straight lines L1 and L2 have no points of intersection, find the value of a.
[Nos. 9–10]
9. L1: y = ax + 16, L2: 5x – y + 11 = 0 10. L1: 2ax – y + 9 = 0, L2: 18x + 3y + 7 = 0
( )
a=– Slope of L1 = slope of L2
( )
=
Level Up Question
11. The straight lines L1: y = 4x + m and L2: nx + 2y – 6 = 0 have infinitely many points of intersection.
Find the values of m and n.
58
Consolidation Exercise 2C
Level 1
In each of the following, find the number of points of intersection of the straight lines L1 and L2.
[Nos. 1–12]
1. L1: x + 3y – 5 = 0, L2: 2x + 5y + 1 = 0 2. L1: 2x + 2y + 7 = 0, L2: 3x + 3y – 8 = 0
3. L1: 3x + 2y + 2 = 0, L2: 6x + 4y + 4 = 0 4. L1: 5x – 7y + 5 = 0, L2: –3x + 7y – 3 = 0
5. L1: 4x – 2y – 3 = 0, L2: –12x + 6y + 9 = 0 6. L1: 6x + 9y – 2 = 0, L2: 12x + 18y + 5 = 0
7. L1: 3x – 2y + 3 = 0, L2: 9x – 6y + 4 = 0 8. L1: 5x – y + 3 = 0, L2: 20x – 4y + 12 = 0
9. L1: 2x + 5y – 1 = 0, L2: 5x – 3y + 8 = 0 10. L1: –4x + 3y + 4 = 0, L2: 8x – 6y – 8 = 0
11. L1: 8x – 8y + 9 = 0, L2: 6x – 6y + 7 = 0 12. L1: 3x – 9y – 1 = 0, L2: 2x + 4y – 7 = 0
In each of the following, find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the straight lines L1 and L2.
[Nos. 13–18]
13. L1: 5x – 2y = 3, L2: x + 3y = 4 14. L1: y = 3x + 2, L2: 2x + 5y + 7 = 0
15. L1: 3x + y = 10, L2: 2x + 7y + 6 = 0 16. L1: 4x + 3y – 6 = 0, L2: 9x + 5y – 3 = 0
17. L1: 3x – y + 16 = 0, L2: 2x – 7y – 21 = 0 18. L1: x – y – 5 = 0, L2: 9x – y + 27 = 0
In each of the following, find the number of points of intersection of the straight lines L1 and L2
(where k is a non-zero constant) and describe the case of intersection. [Nos. 19–22]
19. L1: 5kx – ky + 4 = 0, L2: y = 5x – 3k 20. L1: 2kx + ky + 9 = 0, L2: y = –2x + 8k
2 3
21. L1: 3kx + 2y – k = 0, L2: y = –3x + 1 22. L1: x – 7y + 7 = 0, L2: 3x = 7ky – 7k
k k
23. Two straight lines L1: 7x + 6y + 3 = 0 and L2: 4x – 5y – 32 = 0 intersect at the point A.
(a) Find the coordinates of A.
(b) Find the equation of the straight line passing through A and with y-intercept –6.
59
24. Two straight lines L1: 5x – 3y – 1 = 0 and L2: 5x – 7y – 9 = 0 intersect at the point P.
(a) Find the coordinates of P.
(b) Find the equation of the straight line passing through P and Q(−3 , 3).
25. Two straight lines L1: 3x – y + 7 = 0 and L2: 3x + 2y – 5 = 0 intersect at the point B.
(a) Find the coordinates of B.
(b) Find the equation of the straight line which passes through B and is parallel to the straight line
x + 2y – 1 = 0.
(c) Find the equation of the straight line which passes through B and is perpendicular to the straight
line x – 3y – 6 = 0.
26. The equation of the straight line L1 is x + 2y + 10 = 0. The straight line L2 passes through (5 , 5) and (–
7 , –4).
(b) Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of L1 and L2.
27. The equation of the straight line L1 is x + y – 6 = 0. The straight line L2 passes through (–1 , –5) and its
slope is 1.
28. The equation of the straight line L1 is 2x + 3y + 19 = 0. The straight line L2 with y-intercept –2 is
perpendicular to L1.
Level 2
29. The straight lines L1: ax – by + 8 = 0 and L2: 5y = –9x are given, where a and b are non-zero constants.
b
If L1 and L2 have no points of intersection, find the value of .
a
30. The straight lines L1: 4x + (k – 1)y + 7 = 0 and L2: 3x + 2ky + 6 = 0 are given, where k is a constant.
(a) Is it possible that L1 and L2 have infinitely many points of intersection? Explain your answer.
(b) If L1 and L2 have no points of intersection, find the value of k.
31. Two straight lines ax + 2y – 6 = 0 and 3x – by – 9 = 0 have infinitely many points of intersection.
Find the values of the constants a and b.
32. Two straight lines –2x + my + 1 = 0 and 4x – 3y + n = 0 have infinitely many points of intersection.
Find the values of the constants m and n.
60
33. The equations of four straight lines are given below:
x y
L 1: + = 1 L2: Ax + y + C = 0
5 2
L3: y = –mx L4: y = px + q
(a) If L1 and L2 have infinitely many points of intersection, find the slope of L2 and the value of C.
(b) If L1 and L3 are perpendicular to each other, find the value of m.
(c) If L1 and L4 are parallel to each other, and the x-intercept of L4 is three times that of L1, find the
values of p and q.
34. Two straight lines L1: x + ky – 5 = 0 and L2: –2x + 8y + 3 = 0 have no points of intersection, where k is
a constant.
(b) If the equation of the straight line L3 is x + 5y – 14 = 0, find the coordinates of the point of
intersection of L1 and L3.
35. Two straight lines L1: 3x – 4y + k = 0 and L2: 2x + y + 6 = 0 intersect at the point P, where k is a
constant. The y-intercept of L1 is 5.
(c) Find the equation of the straight line with slope 2 passing through P.
36. Two straight lines L1: x – 6y – 9 = 0 and L2: kx + 3y – 9 = 0 intersect at the point A, where k is a
constant. L2 is perpendicular to the straight line 3x + 2y – 5 = 0.
(b) Find the coordinates of A.
(c) A is translated horizontally to the point B such that the slope of OB is –3, where O is the origin.
Find the coordinates of B.
37. Two straight lines L1: x – 3y + 1 = 0 and L2: 3x + 2y + 14 = 0 intersect at the point P.
(a) Find the coordinates of P.
(b) P is reflected in the x-axis to the point R. If the coordinates of the point Q are (−2 , 1), is △PQR
an isosceles triangle? Explain your answer.
38. In the figure, the straight lines L1: x + my – 14 = 0 and L2 cut the y- y
L2
axis at the points A and B respectively, where m is a constant. L1 A C(2 , 6)
passes through C(2 , 6) and intersects L2 at the point D. The slope and
D L1
the
3
x-intercept of L2 are m and respectively.
2 x
0
(a) Find the value of m. 3
B 2
(c) Find the area of △ABD.
61
39. The figure shows two given points P(–8 , 11) and Q(16 , 1). The y
P(–8 , 11)
L
straight line L passes through R(–1 , –6). L is perpendicular to PQ and
intersects PQ at the point T. T
Q(16 , 1)
(a) Find the coordinates of T.
△PQR an isosceles triangle? Explain your answer.
x
O
(b) Is
Find the area of △PQR.
R(–1 , –6)
(c)
40. In the figure, the straight lines L1 and L2 are perpendicular to each other, y
and intersect at A. L1 cuts the y-axis and the x-axis at B(0 , 10) and B(0 , 10)
C(5 , 0) respectively. C is reflected in the y-axis to the point D. BD
produced meets L2 at the point E. It is given that D is the mid-point of D C(5 , 0)
x
BE. O L2
A
(a) Find the coordinates of D and E.
L1
E
41. In the figure, OABC is a rhombus, where O is the origin and the y
coordinates of B are (2 , –6). The diagonals OB and AC intersect at O x
A
the point D. The slope of OC is 1.
(a) Find the coordinates of D. D
C
B(2 , –6)
(c) Find the area of the rhombus OABC.
42. In the figure, A(2 , 5), B(6 , 2) and C(–4 , –3) are the vertices of △ y
ABC. D is a point on BC such that AD is an altitude of △ABC. A(2 , 5)
(a) Find the coordinates of D.

(b) Find the area of △ABC. B(6 , 2)
(c) If E is a point on BC such that the area of △ABE is 5, find the O

D x
coordinates of E.
C(–4 , –3)
43. The straight lines L1: 3x – y – 10 = 0 and L2: x + y + 6 = 0 intersect at the point C. A(7 , 11) lies on L1
and B(−5 , −1) lies on L2. D is a point on AC such that AD : DC = AB : BC.
(a) Find the coordinates of C.
(b) Find the coordinates of D.
(c) Find the slopes of AB and BC.
(d) Is BD the angle bisector of ∠ABC? Explain your answer.
62
Answers
1. 1 2. 0 35. (a) 20 (b) (–4 , 2)
3. infinitely many 4. 1 (c) 2x – y + 10 = 0
5. infinitely many 6. 0 36. (a) −2 (b) (−9 , −3)
7. 0 8. infinitely many (c) (1 , −3)
9. 1 10. infinitely many 37. (a) (−4 , −1) (b) yes
11. 0 12. 1 38. (a) 2 (b) 2x − y − 3 = 0
13. (1 , 1) 14. (−1 , −1) (c) 20
15. (4 , −2) 16. (−3 , 6) 39. (a) (4 , 6) (b) yes
17. (−7 , −5) 18. (−4 , −9) (c) 169
19. 0, the two straight lines are parallel to each 40. (a) D(–5 , 0), E(–10 , –10)
other and have no points of intersection (b) (6 , –2)
20. 0, the two straight lines are parallel to each 41. (a) (1 , –3) (b) (7 , –1)
other and have no points of intersection (c) 40
21. infinitely many, the two straight lines 42. (a) (4 , 1) (b) 25
coincide with each other and intersect at (c) (4 , 1)
infinitely many points 43. (a) (1 , –7) (b) (3 , −1)
22. infinitely many, the two straight lines (c) slope of AB: 1, slope of BC: −1
coincide with each other and intersect at (d) yes
infinitely many points
23. (a) (3 , −4) (b) 2x − 3y − 18 =
0
24. (a) (−1 , −2) (b) 5x + 2y + 9 = 0
25. (a) (−1 , 4) (b) x + 2y − 7 = 0
(c) 3x + y – 1 = 0
 5
26. (a) 3x – 4y + 5 = 0 (b)  − 5 , − 
 2
27. (a) x – y – 4 = 0 (b) (5 , 1)
28. (a) 3x – 2y – 4 = 0 (b) (−2 , −5)
5
29. −
9
3
30. (a) no (b) −
5
31. a = 2, b = –3
3
32. m = , n = –2
2
2
33. (a) slope of L2: − , C = –2
5
5 2
(b) − (c) p = − ,q=6
2 5
34. (a) –4 (b) (9 , 1)
63
F4A: Chapter 3A
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65
Objective: To review factorization of polynomials.
Taking out Common Factors
Factorize the following polynomials. [Nos. 1–4]

1. x2 + 2x 2. x2 – 5x
= x(x + ) Take out the common = x( )
factor x.
3. 3x2 – 9x 4. 4x2 + 6x
= =
Using the Difference of Two Squares Identity

x2 – y2 ≡ (x + y)(x – y)

5. x2 – 16 6. x2 – 49
= x2 – ( )2 = x2 – ( )2
= (x + )(x – ) = (x + )(x – )
7. 9x2 – 1 8. 81x2 – 4
=( )2 – ( )2 =
=( )( )
Using the Perfect Square Identities

(a) x2 + 2xy + y2 ≡ (x + y)2
(b) x2 – 2xy + y2 ≡ (x – y)2

9. x2 + 12x + 36 10. x2 – 16x + 64
= x2 + 2(x)( )+( )2 = x2 – 2(x)( )+( )2
= (x + )2 =
11. 25x2 – 10x + 1 12. 4x2 + 12x + 9

= =
66
Cross-method

13. x2 + 8x + 7 x ( ) 14. 8x2 – 6x + 1 ( ) ( )
= (x + )(x + ) x ( )
= ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) = +8x ( ) ( ) = –6x
15. 3x2 + 14x – 5 ( ) ( ) 16. 5x2 – 17x – 12 ( ) ( )

= =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )=( ) ( ) ( )=( )

17. 7x2 + 13x 18. 15x2 – 10x Review Ex: 1–12
= =
19. 9x2 – 100 20. 81x2 – 25

= =
21. 4x2 + 28x + 49 22. 64x2 – 48x + 9

= =
23. x2 – 9x + 20 24. 6x2 + 11x + 4

= =
Level Up Question
25. (a) Factorize 3u2 + 2u – 5.
(b) Hence, factorize 3(x + 2)2 + 2(x + 2) – 5.
67
Objective: To solve quadratic equations by the factor method.
Review: Factorization of Polynomials

1. x2 + 2x Take out the common 2. x2 – 9 a2 – b2 ≡ (a + b)(a – b)
factor x.
= x( ) =( )( )
3. 4x2 – 4x + 1 a2 – 2ab + b2 ≡ (a – b)2 4. x2 + 2x – 3 x ( )

= =
x ( )
( ) ( )=( )
For any real numbers m and n, if mn = 0, then m = 0 or n = 0.

Factor Method
(px + q)(rx + s) = 0
px + q = 0 or rx + s = 0
q s
x=− or x = −
p r
Solve the following quadratic equations. [Nos. 5–8]

5. (x – 2)(x + 3) = 0 6. x(x – 4) = 0 Ex 3A: 1–4
( ) =0 or ( ) =0 ( )= 0 or ( )= 0
x= or x= x= or x=
7. (x + 5)(x – 7) = 0 8. (2x – 1)(2x + 1) = 0

Solve the quadratic equation x2 + 3x + 2 = 0. Solve the quadratic equation x2 – 6x + 8 = 0.
x ( )
x +1
x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 x +2 x2 – 6x + 8 = 0 x ( )
+x +2x = +3x
(x + 1)(x + 2) = 0 ( )( )=0 ( ) ( )=( )
x+1=0 or x+2 =0 ( )=0 or ( )=0
x = –1 or x = –2 x= or x=
68
Solve the following quadratic equations. [Nos. 9–16]
9. x2 – 8x = 0 Ex 3A: 5–7 10. x2 + 9x + 18 = 0 Ex 3A: 8–14
Take out the common x ( )

factor.
x ( )
( ) ( )=( )
11. x2 – 4x – 21 = 0 12. x2 + 14x + 49 = 0 Ex 3A: 15–17

2 2
( ) ( ) x + 2( )( )+( ) =0 a2 + 2ab + b2 ≡ (a + b)2
( ) ( )
(x + )2 = 0
x + _____ = 0 or x + _____ = 0
( ) ( )=( )
x = _____ or x = _____
x = (repeated)
13. x2 – 12x + 36 = 0 14. x2 – 16 = 0 Ex 3A: 18–20
a2 – 2ab + b2 ≡ (a – b)2 a2 – b2 ≡ (a + b)(a – b)
15. x2 – 9x + 20 = 0 16. 2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0 Ex 3A: 21, 22
Level Up Question
17. (a) Expand (x – 5)(x + 2).
(b) Hence, solve the quadratic equation (x – 5)(x + 2) = 18.
69
3 Quadratic Equations in One Unknown
Level 1
Solve the following equations. [Nos. 1–6]
1. 2x(x – 3) = 0 2. x(5 – x) = 0
3. (x + 6)(x – 6) = 0 4. (2x – 1)2 = 0
5. (4x + 1)(x + 2) = 0 6. (5x + 1)(7x – 3) = 0
Solve the following equations using the factor method. [Nos. 7–28]
7. x2 + 10x = 0 8. 3x2 – 9x = 0
9. 7x2 = 28x 10. –15x = 10x2
11. x2 – 6x + 5 = 0 12. x2 – x – 20 = 0
13. x2 + 7x + 10 = 0 14. x2 + 2x – 15 = 0
15. x2 – 4x – 21 = 0 16. x2 + 13x + 36 = 0
17. 2x2 – x – 6 = 0 18. 3x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
19. 7x2 = 8x – 1 20. 8x + 3x2 + 1 = 4
21. x2 – 12x + 36 = 0 22. 25x2 + 10x + 1 = 0
23. 9x2 + 1 = –6x 24. –4x2 = 9 + 12x
25. 36x2 – 1 = 0 26. 49 – 16x2 = 0
27. 2x2 – 8 = 0 28. 12 – 27x2 = 0
70
Level 2
29. 6x2 + x – 2 = 0 30. 8x2 – 14x + 3 = 0
31. 10x2 – 3x – 4 = 0 32. 12x2 + 17x + 6 = 0
33. (x + 6)(x – 2) = 9 34. 2x – 2 = (x + 8)(x + 1)
35. (3 + 4x)(2x – 3) = 2x2 + x + 1 36. (2x – 1)(5 – x) = 6(x – 2)
37. (5x – 3)(x – 4) = 2 – 4(x + 2) 38. (x + 1)(4x – 3) = (–1 + x)(2x + 3)
39. 49 – (9 – 2x)2 = 0 40. 3(x + 5)2 – 48 = 0
41. (3x + 1)2 – (2 – x)2 = 0 42. 4(x – 3)2 – 9(2 + x)2 = 0
43. (3x – 1)(x – 6) + 2(3x – 1) = 0 44. (3x + 2)(6x – 1) = (6 – x)(2 + 3x)
45. (5x + 3)(2x + 1) = 2(2x + 1)2 46. (9 + 2x)(4x – 3) = 3 – 4x
47. (4x – 1)(8x – 1) = 8x – 2 48. (6x – 8)(3x – 1) = (8x – 6)(3x – 4)
49. 2x(3x + 8) = x2 – x 50. 2(x + 9)(x – 3) = 9 – x2
51. (a) Factorize 4x2 + 11x + 6.

(b) Hence, solve the equation (5x – 9)(4x + 3) = 4x2 + 11x + 6.
52. (a) Solve the equation 2y2 + 7y + 6 = 0.

(b) Using the result of (a), solve the equation 2(x – 3)2 + 7(x – 3) + 6 = 0.
53. 3 is a root of the quadratic equation –x2 + px + 6 = 0.

(a) Find the value of p. (b) Find the other root of the equation.
54. Let b be a constant. Solve the equation (x + 2b)(x + b – 2) = x + 2b and express the answers in terms
of b.
55. Let p be a constant. Solve the equation (x – 2p)2 – 9p2 = 0 and express the answers in terms of p.
71
Answers
1. 0, 3 2. 0, 5 1 4 2 3
31. − , 32. − , −
1 2 5 3 4
3. –6, 6 4. (repeated)
2 33. –7, 3 34. –2, –5
1 1 3 5 7
5. − , –2 6. − , 35. − ,2 36. –1,
4 5 7 6 2
7. 0, –10 8. 0, 3 9
37. ,2 38. 0 (repeated)
5
3
9. 0, 4 10. 0, − 39. 1, 8 40. –1, –9
2
3 1
11. 1, 5 12. –4, 5 41. − , 42. 0, –12
2 4
13. −2, –5 14. –5, 3 1 2
43. ,4 44. − ,1
15. −3, 7 16. –4, –9 3 3
3 1 1 3
17. − , 2 18. –1, − 45. –1, − 46. –5,
2 3 2 4
1 1 1 3 4
19. ,1 20. –3, 47. , 48. ,2
7 3 4 8 3
1 17
21. 6 (repeated) 22. − (repeated) 49. 0, − 50. 3, –7
5 5
1 3 3 11
23. − (repeated) 24. − (repeated) 51. (a) (4x + 3)(x + 2) (b) − ,
3 2 4 4
1 1 7 7 3 3
25. − , 26. − , 52. (a) − , –2 (b) ,1
6 6 4 4 2 2
2 2 53. (a) 1 (b) –2
27. –2, 2 28. − ,
3 3 54. –2b, 3 – b 55. –p, 5p
2 1 1 3
29. − , 30. ,
3 2 4 2
72
F4A: Chapter 3B
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73
Objective: To solve quadratic equations by the graphical method.
Solving Quadratic Equations by the Graphical Method

The roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are the x-intercepts of the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c,
where a ≠ 0. The roots obtained are approximate values.
Solve the following equations by the graphical method. [Nos. 1–6]

1. x2 – 5x + 4 = 0 2. –2x2 + x + 1 = 0 Ex 3B: 1–4
From the graph, the x-intercepts are From the graph, the x-intercepts are
( ) and ( ). ( ) and ( ).
∴ The required roots are ( ) ∴
and ( ), cor. to 1 d.p.
3. –x2 + 4x – 4 = 0 4. x2 + 6x + 9 = 0
From the graph, the x-intercept is ( ). From the graph, the x-intercept is ( ).
∴ The required root is ( ), cor. to 1 d.p. ∴
(repeated).
5. 2x2 + 4x + 3 = 0 6. –3x2 – 9x – 8 = 0
The graph of y = 2x2 + 4x + 3 has ( ) The graph of y = –3x2 – 9x – 8 has ( )

x-intercepts. x-intercepts.
∴ The equation has ( ) real roots. ∴
74
(a) Draw the graph of y = x2 – 4x + 2 from (a) Draw the graph of y = 4x2 – 20x + 25 from
x = 0 to x = 4. x = 1 to x = 4.
(b) Hence, solve the equation x2 – 4x + 2 = 0. (b) Hence, solve the equation 4x2 – 20x + 25 =
(a) y = x2 – 4x + 2 0.
x 0 1 2 3 4 (a) y = 4x2 – 20x + 25
y 2 –1 –2 –1 2 x 1 2 3 4
y 9 1
(b) From the graph in (a), the x-intercepts are

0.6 and 3.4. (b) From the graph in (a), the x-intercept
∴ The required roots are 0.6 and 3.4, is ( ).
cor. to 1 d.p. ∴ The required root is ( ), cor. to 1
d.p.
( ).
7. (a) Draw the graph of y = –x2 + 6x – 12 from x = 1 to x = 5. Ex 3B: 5–10

2
(b) Use the graph in (a) to solve the equation –x + 6x – 12 = 0.
(a) y = –x2 + 6x – 12
x 1 2 3 4 5
y –7 –4
(b)
Level Up Question
8. (a) Draw the graph of y = x2 – 5x + 3 from x = 0 to x = 5.
(b) Use the graph in (a) to solve the equation x2 – 5x + 3 = 0.
75
[When drawing graphs, the suggested unit length for the x-axis or the y-axis is 10 divisions (1 cm), unless
stated otherwise.]
Level 1
Solve the following equations by the graphical method. [Nos. 1–6]
1. x2 + 2x – 3 = 0 2. 2x2 – x – 2 = 0
y y
2
2
1
1
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2
x
–1 0
–1 1 2
–2 –1
–3
–2 y = 2x2 – x – 2
y = x2 + 2x – 3 –4
3. 4x2 + 12x + 9 = 0 4. 2x2 – 2x + 2 = 0

y y
2
y = 4x + 12x + 9
15 6
10 4
5 2
y = 2x2 – 2x + 2
x x
–3 – –1 0 –1 0 1 2
76
5. y = –x2 – x + 6 6. y = –2x2 + 6x + 9
y y
6 y = –x2 – x + 6 15 y = –2x2 + 6x + 9
4 10
2 5
x x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–2 –5
7. (a) Let y = –x2 – 4x – 3. Complete the following table.

x –4 –3 –2 –1 0
y –3 0
(b) Draw the graph of y = –x2 – 4x – 3 from x = –4 to x = 0.

y
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0
–2
y = –x2 – 4x – 3
–4
(c) Hence, solve the equation –x2 – 4x – 3 = 0.
8. (a) Let y = 2x2 + 4x – 1. Complete the following table.

x –3 –2 –1 0 1
y 5 –1
(b) Draw the graph of y = 2x2 + 4x – 1 from x = –3 to x = 1.

y
4
y = 2x2 + 4x – 1
2
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1
–2
(c) Hence, solve the equation 2x2 + 4x – 1 = 0.
77
9. (a) Let y = –4x2 + 8x + 9. Complete the following table. y
x –1 0 1 2 3 15 y = –4x2 + 8x + 9
y –3 9 10
(b) Draw the graph of y = –4x2 + 8x + 9 from x = –1 to x = 3.
5
2
(c) Hence, solve the equation –4x + 8x + 9 = 0.
x
–1 0 1 2 3
–5
Level 2
10. (a) Draw the graph of y = –1 – 2x – x2 from x = –3 to x = 1.
(b) Use the graph in (a) to solve the equation –1 – 2x – x2 = 0.
11. (a) Draw the graph of y = x2 + x + 1 from x = –2 to x = 1.

(b) Use the graph in (a) to solve the equation x2 + x + 1 = 0.
12. (a) Draw the graph of y = 2x2 – 5x + 3 from x = –1 to x = 3.

(b) Use the graph in (a) to solve the equation 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0.
[Unit length for x-axis: 10 divisions (1 cm)
Unit length for y-axis: 5 divisions (0.5 cm)]
13. (a) Draw the graph of y = –3x2 – 7x – 2 from x = –3 to x = 1.

(b) Use the graph in (a) to solve the equation –3x2 – 7x – 2 = 0.
14. (a) Draw the graph of y = x2 + 4x + 1 from x = –4 to x = 0.

(b) Use the graph in (a) to solve the equation x2 + 4x + 1 = 0.
15. (a) Draw the graph of y = 2x2 – 3x – 1 from x = –1 to x = 3.

(b) Use the graph in (a) to solve the equation 2x2 – 3x = 1.
16. (a) Draw the graph of y = –x2 + 3x – 3 from x = –1 to x = 4.

(b) Use the graph in (a) to solve the equation 3x = x2 + 3.
78
Answers
1. –3.0, 1.0 2. –0.8, 1.3 9. (a) x –1 0 1 2 3
3. –1.5 (repeated) 4. no real roots y –3 9 13 9 –3
5. –3.0, 2.0 6. –1.1, 4.1 (c) –0.8, 2.8
10. (b) –1.0 (repeated)
7. (a) x –4 –3 –2 –1 0
11. (b) no real roots 12. (b) 1.0, 1.5
y –3 0 1 0 –3
13. (b) −2.0, –0.3 14. (b) −3.7, –0.3
(c) –3.0, –1.0
15. (b) –0.3, 1.8 16. (b) no real roots
8. (a) x –3 –2 –1 0 1
y 5 –1 –3 –1 5
(c) –2.2, 0.2
79
F4A: Chapter 3C
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80
Objective: To solve quadratic equations by the quadratic formula.
Review: General Form of a Quadratic Equation
Rewrite each of the following quadratic equations into the general form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a > 0.
Then write down the values of a, b and c. [Nos. 1–4]
Quadratic General form ax2 + bx + c a b c
equation =0
1. x2 = –x – 5 x2 + =0
2
2. 2x – 6 = –x
3. 3x2 + 4 = 2x
4. 1 + 7x – 9x2 = 0
Quadratic Formula
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
The roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (where a ≠ 0) are given by x = .
2a

Use the quadratic formula to solve x2 + 4x – 5 = 0. Use the quadratic formula to solve x2 – 9x
− 4 ± 4 2 − 4(1)(−5) a=1 −( )± ( ) 2 − 4( )(
x= b=4 x=
2(1) c = –5 2( )
− 4 ± 36 ( )± ( a= )
= =
2 ( )bc ==
−4±6 ( )
= =
2 ( )
−4+6 −4−6
= or ( ) ( )
2 2 = or
( ) ( )
= 1 or –5
= or
Solve the following quadratic equations by the quadratic formula. [Nos. 5–8]
5. 2x2 + 7x – 4 = 0 6. 3x2 – 5x – 8 = 0 Ex 3C: 1–8
−( )± ( ) 2 − 4( )( ) −( )± ( ) 2 − 4( )( )
x= x=
2( ) 2( )
= a= = a=
b= b=
c= c=
7. 16x2 + 8x + 1 = 0 8. 4x2 – 12x + 9 = 0

81
a= a=
x= b= b=
c= c=
( )±( )
=
( )
= (repeated)
Solve the following quadratic equations by the quadratic formula. [Nos. 9–12]
(Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answers if necessary. Identify those equations that have no real roots.)
9. x 2 + 9x + 2 = 0 10. 4x2 – 3x – 5 = 0 Ex 3C: 9–13
a= a=
b= b=
c= c=
11. 3x2 – 4x + 6 = 0 12. 8x2 + x + 3 = 0 Ex 3C: 15, 16
Since ( ) is not a real number,

the equation has no real roots.
Level Up Question
13. (a) Rewrite 2x(x + 4) = 3 – x into the general form.
(b) Hence, solve the quadratic equation in (a) by the quadratic formula.
82
Level 1
Solve the following equations by the quadratic formula. [Nos. 1–10]
1. x2 + 8x + 7 = 0 2. x2 + 4x – 12 = 0
3. x2 – 5x – 14 = 0 4. x2 – 8x + 16 = 0
5. 2x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 6. 3x2 – 7x + 4 = 0
7. 4x2 – 9x – 9 = 0 8. 7x2 + 15x – 18 = 0
9. 4x2 – 25 = 0 10. 8x2 + 3x = 0

(Leave the radical sign ‘ √’ in the answers if necessary. Identify those equations that have no real roots.)
11. x2 – 3x + 5 = 0 12. x2 + 6x + 4 = 0
13. x2 + 5x – 7 = 0 14. x2 – 4x – 11 = 0
15. 2x2 + 9x – 3 = 0 16. 3x2 + 8x + 1 = 0
17. 4x2 – 7x + 2 = 0 18. 9x2 – 8x – 6 = 0
19. 7x2 – 11 = 0 20. 9x2 + 5 = 0

(Give the answers correct to 2 decimal places if necessary. Identify those equations that have no real roots.)
21. x2 – 7x – 5 = 0 22. x2 + 8x + 3 = 0
23. 4x2 + 3x – 6 = 0 24. 5x2 – x + 11 = 0
83
Level 2
1 2 1 3 8 2 3
25. x + x– =0 26. x – 4x + = 0
4 6 8 3 2
2
27. 2x2 + 5x+5=0 28. 3x2 + 17 x + =0
3
29. 2(x2 + 5) = 3x + 4 30. (x – 1)(3x + 8) = 4
2
31. (2x + 5)(2x – 5) + 13 = 0 32. x(x – 2) = x + 3
3
33. (3x – 1)2 = 2(4x + 3) 34. (x + 4)(3x – 5) = 4(2x – 3)
35. (3 – x)2 – (2x – 1)2 = 3 36. (3x + 2)2 + (4x + 1)2 = 1

(Give the answers correct to 2 decimal places if necessary. Identify those equations that have no real roots.)
10
37. 4x2 + 21 x – 11 = 0 38. 3x2 + x+1=0
4
39. x2 + 8 = 1 – 28 x 40. (x + 4)(x + 5) = 2(x + 2)(x + 3)
41. 2(3x + 1)(x – 3) = (5x – 1)(x + 5) 42. (x + 2)2 – (x + 2)(x – 2) – (x – 2)2 = 0
Solve the following equations by any algebraic method. [Nos. 43–48]

43. 2x(x + 4) = 7 44. 2(x + 1)2 = 7 + x2
45. x2 + x(x + 1) + (x + 1)2 = 0 46. (2x + 3)2 + (x – 4)2 = 26
47. (x + 4)2 – 3(4 – x)2 = 0 48. 3(2x – 1)(3 – x) = 4(1 – x)(3x + 2)
84
Solve the following equations by the quadratic formula. Give the answers in the form a + bi. [Nos. 49–52]
49. x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 50. x2 – 6x + 13 = 0
51. 2x2 + 7x + 9 = 0 52. 4x2 – 8x + 13 = 0
53. –2 is a root of the quadratic equation in x: 2x2 – 7cx – 4c2 = 0.

(a) Find the values of c.
(b) If c takes the larger value obtained in (a), solve the quadratic equation (x – c)2 = x(5 – x).
(Leave the radical sign ‘ √’ in the answers.)
54. It is given that p and q are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + 5x + 3 = 0, where p > q.
(b) Harry claims that the roots of the quadratic equation –3 = x(pq + x + 2) are p and q. Do you agree?
Explain your answer.
2 − 7i
55. It is given that = a + bi.
i
(b) Using the results of (a), solve the quadratic equation bx2 – ax + 5 = 0.
5i
56. It is given that = a + bi.
1 + 3i
(b) Using the results of (a), solve the quadratic equation x2 – b2 = 1 – a2x.
57. (a) Solve the equation x2 – 8x + 3 = 0.
(b) In the figure, the graph of y = x2 – 8x + 3 intersects the x-axis at two points A(a , 0) and B(b , 0),
where a < b. Using the results of (a), find the length of AB.
y
y = x2 – 8x + 3
A B x
O
85
Answers
1. –1, –7 2. 2, –6 14 ± 376  7 ± 94 
33.  or 
3. 7, –2 4. 4 (repeated) 18  9 
 
1 4 1 ± 97 5
5. − , –2 6. ,1 34. 35. 1, −
2 3 6 3
2
3 6 36. − (repeated) 37. –2.33, 1.18
7. 3, − 8. , –3 5
4 7
38. no real roots
5 5 3
9. , − 10. 0, − 39. –2.65 (repeated)
2 2 8
40. 2.37, –3.37
11. no real roots
41. 40.02, –0.02
− 6 ± 20
12. (or –3 ± 5 ) 42. –0.47, 8.47
2
− 8 ± 120  − 4 ± 30 
− 5 ± 53 43.  or 
13. 4  2 
2  
4 ± 60 44. –5, 1
14. (or 2 ± 15 )
2 45. no real roots
− 9 ± 105
15. 1
4 46. –1,
5
− 8 ± 52  − 4 ± 13 
16. or 16 ± 192
6  3  47. (or 8 ± 4 3 )
  2
7 ± 17 − 17 ± 697
17. 48.
8 12
8 ± 280  4 ± 70  49. –1 ± 2i
18. or
18  9 
  50. 3 ± 2i
± 308  77  7 23
19.  or ±  51. − ± i
14  7 
  4 4
20. no real roots 21. 7.65, –0.65 3
52. 1 ± i
2
22. –0.39, –7.61 23. 0.91, –1.66
1 13 ± 41
24. no real roots 53. (a) − , 4 (b)
2 4
− 4 ± 232  − 2 ± 58  − 5 + 13 − 5 − 13
25.  or  54. (a) p = ,q=
12  6 
  2 2
3 (b) yes
26. (repeated) 27. no real roots
4 7 ± 89
55. (a) a = –7, b = –2 (b)
− 17 ± 3 4
28. 29. no real roots
6 3 1 − 9 ± 161
4 56. (a) a = , b = (b)
30. , –3 2 2 8
3 8 ± 52
12 57. (a) (or 4 ± 13 )
31. ± (or ± 3 ) 2
2 (b) 52 (or 2 13 )
9
32. , –1
2
86
F4A: Chapter 3D
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88
4A Lesson Worksheet 3.4(I) (Refer to Book 4A P.3.22)
Objective: To understand the relations between the discriminant (∆) and the nature of roots of a quadratic
equation.
Review: Solving Quadratic Equations by the Quadratic Formula

1. 2x2 – 7x + 2 = 0 2. 4x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 3. 2x2 + 5x + 4 = 0
− (−7) ± ( −7) 2 − 4(2)(2)
x= x= x=
2( 2)
7± ( ) a=
= b=
4 c=
Relations between the Discriminant and the Nature of Roots

For a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0), discriminant (∆) = b2 – 4ac.
Discriminant ∆>0 ∆=0 ∆<0
∆ = b2 – 4ac ( b 2 − 4ac is a ( b 2 − 4ac is not a
positive real number.) real number.)
Number of real One double real root
roots Two distinct real
(or two equal real No real roots
roots
(Nature of roots) roots)

Find the value of the discriminant for x2 – 3x – Find the value of the discriminant for x2 – 5x + 7
4 = 0 and state the nature of the roots of the = 0 and state the nature of the roots of the
equation. equation.
2
∆ = (–3) – 4(1)(–4) ∆ = (–5)2 – 4( )( )
a=1 a=
= 25 b = –3 = b=
∵∆>0 c = –4
∵∆(>/=/<)0 c=
∴ The equation has two distinct real roots. ∴

Find the value of the discriminant for each of the following quadratic equations and state the nature of the
roots of the equation. [Nos. 4–5]
4. x2 + 3x – 1 = 0 5. x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 Ex 3D: 1–6
2
∆=( ) – 4( )( ) a= a=
= b= b=
c= c=
89
The quadratic equation kx2 – 4x – 2 = 0 has The quadratic equation 9x2 – 6x + k = 0 has two
two equal real roots. Find the value of k. equal real roots. Find the value of k.
∵ The equation has two equal real roots. ∵ The equation has two equal real roots.
∴ ∆=0
a=k
∴ ∆=( )
a=
(–4)2 – 4(k)(–2)= 0 b = –4 ( )2 – 4( )( )=( ) b=
c = –2 c=
16 + 8k = 0 =
8k = –16
k = –2
Find the values or the range of values of k for each of the following quadratic equations. [Nos. 6–9] Ex 3D: 11–13
6. x2 + kx + 1 = 0 has two equal real roots. 7. x2 – 8x – 4k = 0 has no real roots.
∵ The equation has two equal real roots.
∴ ∆=( ) a= a=
( 2
) – 4( )( )=( ) b= b=
c= c=
=
8. kx2 + 10x – 5 = 0 has no real roots. 9. 2x2 + 4x + k – 3 = 0 has two distinct real roots.
a= a=
b= b=
c= c=
Level Up Question
10. The quadratic equation x2 + 4x – k = 0 has two equal real roots.
(b) Solve the equation.
90
4A Lesson Worksheet 3.4(II) (Refer to Book 4A P.3.25)
Objective: To find the number of intersections of the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0) and the x-axis by
considering the discriminant of ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Relations between the Discriminant of ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0) and the Number of

Intersections of the Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c and the x-axis
∆ ∆>0 ∆=0 ∆<0
Number of intersections of the
graph 2 1 0
of y = ax2 + bx + c and the x-axis
Find the number of x-intercepts of the graph of each of the following equations. [Nos. 1–4] Ex 3D: 7–10
1. y = x2 + 2x + 2 2. y = 2x2 – 5x + 1
Consider x2 + 2x + 2 = 0. Consider 2x2 – 5x + 1 = 0.
a=
∆=( )2 – 4( )( ) b= ∆=
c=
= (>/=/<)0 = (>/=/<)0
∴ The number of x-intercepts is ( ). ∴ .
3. y = x2 + 6x + 9 4. y = 4x2 – 7x + 3

The graph of y = x2 – 3x + m does not intersect The graph of y = x2 + 4x – m intersects the x-
the x-axis. Find the range of values of m. axis at two points. Find the range of values of
∵ The graph of y = x 2
– 3x + m does not m.
intersect the x-axis. ∵ The graph of y = x 2
+ 4x – m intersects the
∴ ∆<0 x-axis at two points.
(–3)2 – 4(1)(m) < 0 ∴∆(>/=/<)0
9 – 4m < 0
–4m < –9
9
m>
4
91
5. The graph of y = 4x2 – 6x + m intersects the 6. The graph of y = 7x2 + 2x – m intersects the
x-axis at only one point. Find the value of m. x-axis at two points. Find the range of values of m.
∵ The graph of y = 4x – 6x + m intersects
2
Ex 3D: 16–18
the x-axis at only one point.

∴∆(>/=/<)0
7. The graph of y = 4mx2 + 8x + 1 intersects the 8. The graph of y = 3mx2 – 6x – 1 does not
x-axis at only one point, where m ≠ 0. Find the intersect the x-axis, where m ≠ 0. Find the range of
value of m. values of m.
9. The graph of y = x2 – 5x + m – 2 intersects the 10. The graph of y = 2x2 + 4x – (6 – m) intersects

x-axis at only one point. Find the value of m. the x-axis at two points. Find the range of values of m.
Level Up Question
11. The graph of y = 2x2 + 3x – k does not intersect the x-axis. If k in an integer, find the maximum value
of k.
92
Consolidation Exercise 3D
Level 1
1. x2 + 6x + 2 = 0 2. 2x2 + 8x + 8 = 0
3. 2x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 4. 3x2 – 2x – 7 = 0
5. 4x2 + 7x – 1 = 0 6. –x2 + 2x – 4 = 0
7. 12x – 4x2 – 9 = 0 8. 6x2 + 2 – 7x = 0
Find the number of x-intercepts of the graph of each of the following equations. [Nos. 9–14]
9. y = x2 – 3x + 1 10. y = x2 – 6x – 4
11. y = 4x2 + 2x + 1 12. y = –3x2 + 6x – 3
13. y = 3x2 + 5x 14. y = 4x – x2 – 5
15. Consider the quadratic equation mx2 + 2x + 3 = 0.

(a) Express the discriminant of the equation in terms of m.
(b) If the equation has one double real root, find the value of m.
16. Consider the quadratic equation x2 – kx + 16 = 0.

(a) Express the discriminant of the equation in terms of k.
(b) If the equation has two equal real roots, find the values of k.
17. Consider the quadratic equation 2x2 + 7x – c = 0.

(a) Express the discriminant of the equation in terms of c.
(b) If the equation has two distinct real roots, find the range of values of c.
93
18. Consider the quadratic equation 3x2 + 8x + n = 0.
(a) Express the discriminant of the equation in terms of n.
(b) If the equation has no real roots, find the range of values of n.
19. Each of the following quadratic equations has two equal real roots. Find the value(s) of a.
(a) ax2 + 4x – 2 = 0 (b) 3x2 – 6x + 2a = 0 (c) 4x2 – ax + 9 = 0
20. Each of the following quadratic equations has two distinct real roots. Find the range of values of c.
(a) 5x2 – 3x + c = 0 (b) 3x2 – 4x – 2c = 0 (c) cx2 + 2x + 6 = 0 (where c ≠ 0)
21. Each of the following quadratic equations has no real roots. Find the range of values of k.
(a) –x2 + 4x + k = 0 (b) kx2 – 8x + 2 = 0 (c) 2x2 – 6x + 1 – k = 0
(where k ≠ 0)
22. Each of the following quadratic equations has real root(s). Find the range of values of d.
(a) x2 – 10x – d = 0 (b) x2 + 2x + 2d – 3 = 0 (c) dx2 – 3x + 4 = 0 (where d ≠ 0)
23. The quadratic equation 4x2 – 12x + m = 0 has two equal real roots.
(a) Find the value of m. (b) Solve the equation.
24. The graph of each of the following equations intersects the x-axis at only one point. Find the value(s) of
k.
(a) y = 2x2 – kx + 8 (b) y = 6x2 + 7x + k – 3
25. The graph of each of the following equations intersects the x-axis at two points. Find the range of
values of u.
(a) y = 4x2 – 12x + u (b) y = –ux2 + 8x – 5 (where u ≠ 0)
26. The graph of each of the following equations does not intersect the x-axis. Find the range of values of
t.
(a) y = –3x2 + 3x – 2t (b) y = tx2 – 5x + 6 (where t ≠ 0)
27. The graph of each of the following equations intersects the x-axis. Find the range of values of w.
(a) y = 3x2 + 6x + w – 1 (b) y = 2wx2 – 10x – 1 (where w ≠ 0)
28. The graph of y = –3x2 + 12x + 4v intersects the x-axis at only one point.
(a) Find the value of v. (b) Find the x-intercept of the graph.
29. Let k be an integer. If the graph of y = –2x2 – 6x + 3k does not intersect the x-axis, find the maximum
value of k.
30. The graph of y = kx2 + 4x – 8 intersects the x-axis, where k ≠ 0. Can k be a negative integer? Explain
your answer.
94
Level 2
31. 2x2 + x = 9x – 8 32. 3(2 – x) = 4x2 + 1
33. (x + 2)(x – 2) = –5 34. (x – 6)2 = –4(x – 5)
Find the number of x-intercepts of the graph of each of the following equations. [Nos. 35–38]
35. y = x2 – 4(2 – 5x) 36. y = 7x(7x – 2) + 1
37. y = 8 – (1 – 2x)(x + 3) 38. y = 2(3 – x)2 + 3
39. Each of the following quadratic equations has one double real root. Find the value(s) of k.
(a) –3kx2 + 8x – 12k = 0
(b) 3x2 – 2kx = k
(c) x2 – 3kx + 6k = 4
40. If the quadratic equation x2 – 2(3x – 4k) = 5 has two distinct real roots, find the range of values of k.
41. If the quadratic equation (x + 2)(2x – k) + k(x – 1) = 0 has no real roots, find the range of values of k.
42. If the quadratic equation in x: –x2 + 2kx – (k – 3)(k + 2) = 0 has real root(s), find the range of values of k.
43. The quadratic equation h(x + 1)2 – 2x – 7 = 0 has no real roots. If h is an integer, find the maximum
value of h.
44. The quadratic equation (c + 1)x2 + 4cx – 2(3 – 2c) = 0 has real root(s), where c ≠ –1.
(a) Find the range of values of c.
(b) If c is a negative integer, how many possible values of c are there? Explain your answer.
45. The quadratic equation (n – 1)x2 – 3nx + 2(n + 2) = 0 has two equal real roots.
(a) Find the value of n.
(b) Solve the equation.
46. The quadratic equation (k – 4)x2 + 2(kx + 9) = 0 has two equal real roots.
(a) Find the two possible values of k.
(b) Solve the equation corresponding to each value of k.
95
47. The quadratic equation (3 – b)x2 + 2bx – b = 1 has real root(s), where b ≠ 3.
(a) Find the range of values of b.
(b) If b takes the minimum integer in (a), solve the equation.
48. The graph of y = mx2 – 2mx + 3 touches the x-axis at only one point T, where m ≠ 0.
(b) Find the coordinates of T.
49. The graph of y = (k – 1)x2 + 4x – 2 intersects the x-axis at only one point P.
(a) Can the value of k be equal to 1? Explain your answer.
(b) Hence, find the values of k.
(c) For each value of k obtained in (b), find the coordinates of P.
50. The figure shows the graph of y = x2 + 4x – b + 3. y
(a) Find the range of values of b. y = x2 + 4x – b + 3
(b) Find the number of points of intersection of the graph

of y = –x2 + 4x – (b + 4) and the x-axis.
x
O
51. The graph of y = 3x2 + 4x – (5u + 7) intersects the x-axis.

(a) Find the range of values of u.
(b) If u takes the minimum value in (a), solve the equation 2x2 – ux + 2u + 3 = 0.
1
52. The graph of y = (2v + 1)x2 + 8vx – 4(3 – 2v) does not intersect the x-axis, where v ≠ − .
2
(a) Find the range of values of v.
(b) If v takes the maximum integer in (a), solve the equation 5x2 + 2v(v – 2)x – v = 0.
53. The graph of y = p + 12x – 2x2 touches the x-axis at only one point Q(q , 0).
(b) The straight line L passes through Q and (–1 , –32). If L cuts the y-axis at the point S, find the
coordinates of S.
54. Consider the quadratic equation (*): ax2 + bx + c = 0.

(a) Find the discriminant of (*) and express the answer in terms of a, b and c.
(b) Show that the discriminant of the quadratic equation x2 – bx + ac = 0 is the same as that of (*).
(c) Anna claims that the discriminant of the quadratic equation ax2 + (2a + b)x + (a + b + c) = 0 is
the same as that of (*). Do you agree? Explain your answer.
96
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 3D
1. 28, two distinct real roots 27. (a) w ≤ 4
2. 0, one double real root 25
(b) w ≥ − and w ≠ 0
3. –24, no real roots 2
4. 88, two distinct real roots 28. (a) –3 (b) 2
5. 65, two distinct real roots 29. –2 30. no
6. –12, no real roots 31. 0, one double real root
7. 0, one double real root 32. 89, two distinct real roots
8. 1, two distinct real roots 33. –4, no real roots
9. 2 10. 2 34. 0, one double real root
11. 0 12. 1 35. 2 36. 1
13. 2 14. 0 37. 0 38. 0
1 2 2
15. (a) 4 – 12m (b) 39. (a) − , (b) 0, –3
3 3 3
4
16. (a) k2 – 64 (b) –8, 8 (c)
3
49 7 2
17. (a) 49 + 8c (b) c > − 40. k < 41. k < −
8 4 3
16 42. k ≥ –6 43. –1
18. (a) 64 – 12n (b) n >
3 44. (a) c ≥ –3 and c ≠ –1
3
19. (a) –2 (b) (b) 2
2
45. (a) 4 (b) 2 (repeated)
(c) –12, 12
46. (a) 6, 12
9 2
20. (a) c < (b) c > − (b) when k = 6, x = –3 (repeated);
20 3
3
1 when k = 12, x = − (repeated)
(c) c < and c ≠ 0 2
6 3
47. (a) b ≥ − and b ≠ 3
21. (a) k < –4 (b) k > 8 2
1
7 (b) 0,
(c) k < − 2
2
48. (a) 3 (b) (1 , 0)
22. (a) d ≥ –25 (b) d ≤ 2
49. (a) yes (b) –1, 1
9
(c) d ≤ and d ≠ 0 (c) when k = –1, P(1 , 0);
16
1 
3 when k = 1, P  , 0 
23. (a) 9 (b) (repeated) 2 
2
121 50. (a) b < –1 (b) 2
24. (a) –8, 8 (b) 5 1
24 51. (a) u≥ − (b) –1,
16 3 6
25. (a) u < 9 (b) u< and u ≠ 0 3 1
5 52. (a) v< − (b) –1, −
3 25 4 5
26. (a) t > (b) t>
8 24 53. (a) p = –18, q = 3 (b) (0 , –24)
54. (a) b2 – 4ac (c) yes
97
F4A: Chapter 3E
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98
Objective: To solve practical problems leading to quadratic equations.
Review: Solving Quadratic Equations

1. 3x2 – x – 2 = 0 3x ( ) 2. 2x2 – 3x – 4 = 0
x ( ) −( )± ( ) 2 − 4( )( )
( )x ( )x = ( )x x=
2( )
( )( )=0
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
( )± ( ) x=
( )=0 or ( )=0 = 2a
( )
Solving Practical Problems Leading to Quadratic Equations

Step 1: Use a letter (e.g. x) to represent one of the unknowns.
Step 2: Form an equation in x.
Step 3: Choose the most appropriate method to solve the equation.
Step 4: Check the roots obtained to see if they are acceptable and reject those which are unreasonable.
Step 5: Write the answer(s) clearly in a complete sentence.
In each of the following, set up a quadratic equation in x according to the given information. [Nos. 3–4]
3. The lengths of the two legs of a right-angled 4. There are x students in a class. Each student
triangle are (x + 3) cm and (2x + 1) cm prepares a Christmas gift for each classmate.
2
respectively. The area of the triangle is 9 cm . The total number of gifts needed is 462.

The product of two consecutive positive even The product of two consecutive positive odd
numbers is 168. Find the smaller number. numbers is 195. Find the larger number.
Let x be the smaller number. Let x be . Step 1
Step 1 =
Larger number = x + 2 ( )( )=( )
x(x + 2) = 168 Step Step 2

2 = Do steps 3
2 and 4.
x + 2x – 168 =0
(x – 12)(x + 14) = 0
Step 3 ∴ . Step 5
x = 12 or –14 (rejected)
Step 4
∴ The smaller number is 12.
99
Step 5
5. Peter is 3 years younger than his sister. The 6. The walking speed of Mr Chan is x m/s. He
product of the present ages of Peter and his can walk 1 440 m in (40x – 2) min. Find the
sister is equal to 40. Find the present age of Peter. value of x. Ex 3E: 5
Let x be . Distance
Present age of his sister = = speed × time
1 min = s
7. The following shows some patterns. The number 8. The figure shows a right-angled triangle
n(n + 1)
of dots in the nth pattern is . formed by three metal sticks. Find the
2
… length of the longest stick. Ex 3E: 8
If ∠C = 90°,
1st pattern 2nd pattern 3rd pattern (x + 9) m then a2 + b2 = c2.
xm
If the number of dots in the mth pattern is 66,
find the value of m. (x + 1) m
By Pythagoras’ theorem,
Level Up Question
9. The area of a rectangular garden is 63 m2. The length of the garden is 2 m longer than its width.
(a) Find the width of the garden.
(b) Find the perimeter of the garden.
100
Consolidation Exercise 3E
Level 1
1. The sum of two numbers is 5 and their product is –6. Find the larger number.
2. The difference of two numbers is 8. If 23 is added to their product, the result is 8. Find the smaller
number.
3. The product of two consecutive positive odd numbers is 143. Find the two numbers.
4. Alex is 4 years older than Stephy. If the product of their ages after 5 years is 396, find the present age
of Stephy.
5. 60 candies are equally shared among x students. Each student gets (x – 4) candies. Find the number of
candies that each student gets.
6. The figure shows a rectangle with area 72 cm2. Find the value of x.
(x + 9) cm
(x + 3) cm
7. The figure shows a right-angled triangle. Find the value of x.
(14 + x) cm
(6 + x) cm
(10 – 2x) cm
8. The difference of the lengths of the two legs of a right-angled triangle is 4 cm. If the length of the
hypotenuse is 58 cm, find the length of the longer leg of the triangle.
9. The perimeter and the area of a rectangle are 20 cm and 16 cm2 respectively. Find the length of the
longer side of the rectangle.
101
 m
10. If two straight lines with slopes (m – 1) and 1 −  are perpendicular to each other, find the values of
 3
m.
11. The width of a rectangle is x cm. The length is longer than twice the width by 2 cm.
(a) Express the area of the rectangle in terms of x.
(b) If the area of the rectangle is 7 cm2, use the graph of y = 2x2 + 2x – 7 to find the width of the
rectangle, correct to 1 decimal place.
y
y = 2x2 + 2x – 7
2
x
0
–2 –1 1 2
–2
–4
–6
12. The base radius of a solid cylinder is x cm. The height of the cylinder is 4 cm.
(a) Express the total surface area of the cylinder in terms of x and π.
(b) If the total surface area of the cylinder is 18π cm2, use the graph of y = x2 + 4x – 9 to find the base
radius of the cylinder, correct to 1 decimal place.
x
0
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2
–5
y = x2 + 4x – 9
–10
13. In the figure, a circular path with uniform width of x m is built around
path
a circular fountain of diameter 12 m.
(a) Express the area of the path in terms of x and π. xm
2
(b) If the area of the path is 28π m , find the width of the path. fountain
12 m
102
Level 2
14. A box of biscuits is equally shared among a group of children. If there are n children, each child can
get (3n – 1) biscuits. If one more child joins the group, each child gets (n – 1) biscuits less. Find the
total number of biscuits in the box.
15. A stone is thrown vertically upward from a point P on the ground. The height H m of the stone from P
after t s can be found by the formula H = 10t – 5t2. Can the stone hit a target 6 m vertically above P?
16. The sum of two positive numbers is 7. Is it possible that the sum of the squares of the two numbers is
equal to 30? Explain your answer.
17. The perimeter of a right-angled triangle is 24 cm. If the longest side of the triangle is longer than the
shortest side by 4 cm,
(a) find the hypotenuse of the triangle,
(b) find the area of the triangle.
18. In the figure, ABCD is a trapezium, where ∠B = ∠C = 90°. A (4 + x) cm B

Find the possible areas of ABCD.
5 cm (5 + x) cm
D C
6 cm
19. The slant height of a right circular cone is 8 cm longer than its base radius. If the total surface area of
the cone is 90π cm2,
(a) find the height of the cone,
(b) find the volume of the cone in terms of π.
20. A wire of length 16π cm is cut into two parts. Each part is bent into a circle. If the total area of the two
circles is 34π cm2,
length = 16π cm
(a) find the radius of the larger circle,

(b) find the difference in the areas of the two circles in terms of π.
103
21. In the figure, B and C are points on AD and AE respectively such that BC // DE. Find the values of x.
A
Area = 12 cm2
4 cm
B C Area = (x2 + 3x + 5) cm2

x cm
D E
22. In the figure, a solid metal sphere of radius (r – 1) cm is put into an empty cylindrical container of
4  157
base radius r cm and height  r + 3  cm. π cm3 of water is then poured into the container and
3  3
the container is fully filled without any overflow.
(a) Find the value of r.

157
(b) If only π cm3 of water is poured into the empty cylindrical container, can the sphere in the
6
container be totally immersed in the water? Explain your answer.
23. The figure shows a rectangular field ABCD, where AB = 20 m and AD = 50 m. In a competition,
participants start from A and go to a point P on BC, and then reach D. Let BP = x m.
B P C
20 m
A 50 m D
(a) If Connie chooses the point P such that she goes from P to D in 15 s with a speed of 3 m/s, find
the value of x.
(b) Samson chooses the point P such that ∠APD = 90°.
(i) Show that △ABP ~ △PCD.
(ii) Hence, find the value(s) of x and the total distance travelled by Samson.
(Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures if necessary.)
104
24. The following shows some patterns formed by identical squares. The number of squares in the nth
pattern is 3n2 + 4n – 4.
1st pattern 2nd pattern 3rd pattern
(a) If the number of squares in the pth pattern is 220, find the value of p.
(b) Is there any pattern with exactly 300 squares? Explain your answer.
3 2 3
25. The following shows some patterns. The number of dots in the nth pattern is n + n.
2 2
1st pattern 2nd pattern 3rd pattern
(a) If the number of dots in the kth pattern is 135, find the value of k.
(b) Can the 8th pattern be formed using all the dots in two consecutive patterns? Explain your answer.
26. The cost of manufacturing a car is $80 000. The marked price of the car is x% higher than its cost and
x
it is sold at a discount of %.
2
(a) Express the selling price of the car in terms of x.
(b) If a profit of $10 000 is made from selling the car, find the value of x.
27. (a) Solve x2 + 600x – 1 809 = 0.

(b) At the beginning of the first year, Mr Chan deposits $10 000 in a bank at an interest rate r%
compounded yearly. At the beginning of the second year, Mr Chan deposits $20 000 in another
bank at an interest rate 2r% compounded yearly. If the total amount received at the end of the
second year is $31 809, find the value of r.
105
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 3E
1. 6 2. –5, –3 17. (a) 10 cm (b) 24 cm2
3. 11, 13 4. 13 18. 12 cm2, 18 cm2
5. 6 6. 3 19. (a) 12 cm (b) 100π cm3
7. –1 8. 7 cm 20. (a) 5 cm (b) 16π cm2
9. 8 cm 10. 0, 4 21. 2, 10
2 2
11. (a) (2x + 2x) cm 22. (a) 3 (b) yes
(b) 1.4 cm 23. (a) 9.69
2 2
12. (a) (2x + 8x)π cm (b) (ii) 10, 40; 67.1 m
(b) 1.6 cm 24. (a) 8 (b) no
2 2
13. (a) (x + 12x)π m 25. (a) 9 (b) yes
(b) 2 m 26. (a) $(–4x2 + 400x + 80 000)
14. 24 (b) 50
15. no 27. (a) –603, 3 (b) 3
16. yes
106
F4A: Chapter 3F
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107
Objective: To form quadratic equations from given roots.
Forming Quadratic Equations from Given Roots

The quadratic equation in x formed from the given roots α and β is:
x =α or x =β
x–α =0 or x–β =0
(x – α)(x – β) = 0
∴ x – (α + β)x + αβ = 0
2

Form a quadratic equation in x with roots –2 Form a quadratic equation in x with roots 3
and 4. and –1.
x = –2 or x =4 x =3 or x = –1
x + 2= 0 or x–4 =0 x – 3= 0 or ( )=0
∴ The required equation is ∴ The required equation is
(x + 2)(x – 4) = 0 ( )( )=0
x2 – 2x – 8 = 0
In each of the following, form a quadratic equation in x from the given roots. [Nos. 1–10]
1. 0, 6 2. –2, 8 Ex 3F: 1–13
x=0 or x=6 x=( ) or x=( )
x=0 or ( )=0 ( )=0 or ( )=0
∴ The required equation is ∴ The required equation is
( )( )=0 ( )( )=0
= =
3. 8, –5 4. –7, –9
108
1 2
5. ,6 6. ,1
2 3
1 3
7. 4, − 8. –6, −
4 5
1 1 2 3
9. , 10. − ,−
6 6 3 4
Level Up Question
1 1
11. (a) Form a quadratic equation in x with roots − and .
5 5
2
(b) Hence, solve the quadratic equation 25(y – 1) = 1.
109
Consolidation Exercise 3F
[In this exercise, write the quadratic equations in the answers in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b and
c
are integers.]
Level 1
1. 3, 6 2. 5, –2 3. 1, –7 4. –6, 6
1
5. –2, –4 6. 0, –3 7. 5, 5 8. 3,
2
1 2 3 2
9. − ,2 10. –1, 11. –2, − 12. 0,
4 5 4 3
Level 2
1 1 3 1 3 2 6 6
13. , 14. , − 15. − , 16. , −
6 4 5 7 2 9 7 7
1 2 4 4
17. − , − 18. − , − 19. a, –2a 20. c, c + 2
5 3 3 3
21. (a) Solve z2 – 6z + 8 = 0.

(b) Form a quadratic equation in x whose two roots are three times the roots of z2 – 6z + 8 = 0
respectively.
22. (a) Solve 3m2 + 7m + 2 = 0.

(b) Form a quadratic equation in n whose two roots are the squares of the roots of
3m2 + 7m + 2 = 0 respectively.
23. (a) Solve 8p2 + 10p – 7 = 0.

(b) Form a quadratic equation in q whose two roots are the reciprocals of the roots of
8p2 + 10p – 7 = 0 respectively.
110
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 3F
1. x2 – 9x + 18 = 0 14. 35x2 – 16x – 3 = 0
2. x2 – 3x – 10 = 0 15. 18x2 + 23x – 6 = 0
3. x2 + 6x – 7 = 0 16. 49x2 – 36 = 0
4. x2 – 36 = 0 17. 15x2 + 13x + 2 = 0
5. x2 + 6x + 8 = 0 18. 9x2 + 24x + 16 = 0
6. x2 + 3x = 0 19. x2 + ax – 2a2 = 0
7. x2 – 10x + 25 = 0 20. x2 – 2(2c + 2)x + c2 + 2c = 0
8. 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0 21. (a) 2, 4 (b) x2 – 18x + 72 = 0
9. 4x2 – 7x – 2 = 0 1
22. (a) − , –2 (b) 9n2 – 37n + 4 = 0
2
10. 5x + 3x – 2 = 0 3
1 7
11. 4x2 + 11x + 6 = 0 23. (a) , − (b) 7q2 – 10q – 8 = 0
2 4
12. 3x2 – 2x = 0
13. 24x2 – 10x + 1 = 0
111
F4A: Chapter 3G
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3G Level 1
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3G Level 2 ○ Problems encountered Signature ___________
112
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Teacher’s ___________
3G Multiple Choice
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Self-Test
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113
Objective: To understand the relations between the roots and the coefficients of a quadratic equation, and
to form quadratic equations using these relations.
Sum and Product of Two Roots

Let α and β be the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (where a ≠ 0).
b c
Sum of roots = α + β = − , product of roots = αβ =
a a
In each of the following, write down the sum of roots and the product of roots. [Nos. 1–2] Ex 3G: 1
2 2
1. x – 2x – 8 = 0 2. 4x + 3x – 5 = 0
a= a=
( ) b= b=
Sum of roots = − = c= Sum of roots = c=
( )
( )
Product of roots = = Product of roots =
( )

If the sum of roots of the equation 2x2 + kx – 11 If the product of roots of the equation
= 0 is 5, find the value of k. kx2 – 6x + 9 = 0 (where k ≠ 0) is –3, find the value
Sum of roots = 5 of k.
k Product of roots = ( )
− =5
2 ( )
=( )
k = –10 ( )
k=
3. If the sum of roots of the equation 4. If the product of roots of the equation
2
3x + (k + 1)x + 7 = 0 is –2, find the kx2 – 3x + k + 8 = 0 (where k ≠ 0) is 5,
value of k. find the value of k. Ex 3G: 2–5

If α and β are the roots of the equation If α and β are the roots of the equation
x2 + 4x – 6 = 0, find the value of (α + 1)(β + 1). x2 – 5x + 2 = 0, find the value of α2β + αβ 2.
4 ( )
α + β = − = –4 α + β =− =
1 ( )
−6
αβ = = –6 ( )
1 αβ = =
( )
(α + 1)(β + 1) = αβ + β + α + 1
α2β + αβ 2 = αβ( )
= (–6) + (–4) + 1
=
= –9
114
5. If α and β are the roots of the equation x2 – 4x – 3 = 0, find the values of the following expressions.
(a) α + β (b) αβ Ex 3G: 14–16
(c) α2 + β 2 (d) (β – 1)(α – 1)
x2 – (sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0
In each of the following, form a quadratic equation in x from the given sum and product of roots. [Nos. 6–7]
6. Sum of roots = 3, product of roots = 1 7. Sum of roots = –4, product of roots = 6
x2 – ( )x + ( ) = 0. x2 – ( )x + ( ) =0
=0
8. –2, 4 9. 3+ 7 ,3− 7 Ex 3G: 17
Sum of roots = ( )+( )
=( )
Product of roots = ( )( )
=( )
∴ The required equation is
Level Up Question

10. α and β are the roots of the equation x2 + 3kx – (k + 2) = 0.
1 1
(a) Express α + β and αβ in terms of k. (b) If + = 1 , find the value of k.
α β
115
Consolidation Exercise 3G
Level 1
In each of the following, write down
(a) the sum of roots,
(b) the product of roots. [Nos. 1–9]
1. x2 + 7 x + 2 = 0 2. x2 – 6 x + 4 = 0 3. 3 x2 – 2 x – 6 = 0
4. 4 x2 – 4 x + 1 = 0 5. 5 x2 + 8 x – 3 = 0 6. 3 x2 – 8 = 0
2 2 1
7. 2 x2 = 4 x + 7 8. –5x2 + 1 = 7x 9. x – x=0
3 6
10. If the sum of roots of the equation 3x2 – (2k + 1)x + 4 = 0 is –3, find the value of k.
11. If the product of roots of the equation 2ax2 – ax + (3 – a) = 0 (where a ≠ 0) is –2, find the value of a.
12. If the roots of the equation x2 – bx + c = 0 are –2 and 6, find the values of b and c.
1
13. If the roots of the equation 7x2 + mx + n = 0 are – and 2, find the values of m and n.
3
14. The sum of roots of the equation –2x2 + 4tx + 2 – t = 0 is 6.

(a) Find the value of t.
(b) Find the product of roots of the equation.
15. The product of roots of the equation hx2 + (h – 3)x – h + 6 = 0 (where h ≠ 0) is 2.

(a) Find the value of h.
(b) Find the sum of roots of the equation.
16. One root of the equation x2 – 7x + 6s = 0 is 3. Find the other root and the value of s.
17. One root of the equation x2 – 3tx + 14 = 0 is 2. Find the other root and the value of t.
116
18. If the sum of roots is equal to the product of roots of the equation rx2 – 2rx + 6 = 0 (where r ≠ 0), find
the value of r.
19. If the sum of roots is twice the product of roots of the equation 4qx2 – 3x + 1 – 2q = 0 (where q ≠ 0),
find the value of q.
20. If the sum of roots is greater than the product of roots of the equation 2x2 – px – 3p + 5 = 0 by 4, find
the value of p.
21. If the sum of roots is equal to the positive square root of the product of roots of the equation
nx2 – (1 + 2n)x + 9n = 0 (where n ≠ 0), find the value of n.
22. If α and β are the roots of the equation x2 + 3x + 5 = 0, find the values of the following expressions.
(a) 3α + 3β (b) 2αβ
(c) –2α – 2β (d) (–3α)(4β)
23. If α and β are the roots of the equation 4x2 – 7x + 1 = 0, find the values of the following expressions.
8 7
(a) (b)
αβ α +β
(c) (2 + α)(β + 2) (d) (3α – 1)(1 – 3β)
24. If α and β are the roots of the equation 2x2 + 5x – 8 = 0, find the values of the following expressions.
1 1
(a) 3α(αβ + β2) (b) +
α β
1 2 1 1  1 
(c) + + (d)  + 2  + 2 
α αβ β α  β 
25. In each of the following, form a quadratic equation in x from the given roots.
(a) 2, 9 (b) – 7 , 7
(c) 1 + 6,1– 6 (d) –4 + 5 , –4 – 5
26. α and β are the roots of the equation 2x2 + 5x – 9 = 0. Form a quadratic equation in x from the roots in
each of the following.
α β
(a) –α, –β (b) 4α, 4β (c) − , −
5 5
27. α and β are the roots of the equation x2 – 6x – 10 = 0. Form a quadratic equation in x from the roots in
3 3
(a) α + 1, β + 1 (b) 2 – α, 2 – β (c) ,
α β
117
Level 2
28. α and 2α + 2 are the roots of the equation 3x2 – 8x + 3k = k.
(a) Find the value of α.
(b) Find the value of k.
29. α and 2α are the roots of the equation 2x2 – 3mx + 16 = x.

(a) Find the two possible values of α.
(b) For each value of α obtained in (a), find the value of m.
30. α and β are the roots of the equation mx2 + 3x – (5 – 2m) = 0 (where m ≠ 0).
(a) Express α + β and αβ in terms of m.
(b) If (2α – 1)(2β – 1) = 2, find the value of m.
31. α and β are the roots of the equation 2x2 + (3n – 5)x – 6n = 0. If α2 + β2 = 10, find the values of n.
32. If α and β are the roots of the equation x2 – 6x – 1 = 0, find the values of the following expressions.
(a) α2 – αβ + β2 (b) α3 + β3
1 1
(c) (2α + 3β)(3α + 2β) (d) (α – β)  − 
α β 
(e) 12α + 2β2 + 2 (f) α3 + 37β
33. α and β are the roots of the equation 2x2 + 4x – 3 = 0, where α > β. Find the values of the following
expressions.
(Leave the radical sign ‘√’ in the answers.)
1 1
(a) α – β (b) −
α β
(c) α4 – β4 (d) –2α – β2
34. If α and β are the roots of the equation x2 + x – 5 = 0, find the values of the following expressions.
α β α −1 β −1
(a) + (b) +
α −1 β −1 β +1 α +1
(c) (α2 – β)(α – β2) (d) 2α2 – 2β
35. –3 + 4i and –3 – 4i are the roots of the equation x2 – 2ax + (3b + 1) = 0.

(a) Find the value of (–3 + 4i)(–3 – 4i).
(b) Find the values of a and b.
1 3 1 3
36. + i and – i are the roots of the equation 2x2 + cx + d = 0.
2 2 2 2
 1 3  1 3 
(a) Find the value of  + i  − i  .
 2 2  2 2 
(b) Find the values of c and d.
118
26
37. (a) Express in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers.
3 + 2i
26
(b) It is given that the real part and the imaginary part of are the roots of the quadratic
3 + 2i
equation x2 + 2px + 3q = 0.
(i) Find the values of p and q.
(ii) Is there a negative number n such that the quadratic equation x2 – px – q = n has real root(s)?
38. In the figure, the graph of y = –x2 + kx + 6 intersects the x-axis at two y
points M(m , 0) and N(n , 0), where m < n. y = –x2 + kx + 6
(a) Express k in terms of m and n.

(b) Find the value of mn.
(c) If k < 0 and MN = 5, find the values of k, m and n.
M(m , 0) N(n , 0)
x
O
39. In the figure, the graph of y = ax2 + bx – 10 intersects the x-axis at two y
points A(α , 0) and B(β , 0).
(a) Express α + β in terms of a and b. x
A(α , 0) O B(β , 0)
(b) Is it true that OA + OB = α + β? Explain your answer.
(c) It is given that αβ = –5 and M(2 , 0) is the mid-point of AB. Find
the values of a and b.
y = ax2 + bx – 10
40. α and β are the roots of the equation 3x2 – 5x + 9 = 0.

1 1
(a) Find the value of + .
α β
 1  1
(b) Form a quadratic equation in x with roots  α +  and  β +  .
 β  α
41. α and β are the roots of the equation x2 – 6x – 8 = 0.

(a) Find the value of α2 + β2.
 β  α
(b) Form a quadratic equation in x with roots  α −  and  β −  .
 2  2
42. α and β are the roots of the equation 2x2 – 6x – 7 = 0.

(a) Find the value of (α – β)2.
1 1
(b) Form a quadratic equation in x with roots and .
α −β β −α
119
43. α and β are the roots of the equation x2 + 4x – 3 = 0.
(a) Find the value of α2 – αβ + β2.
(b) Form a quadratic equation in x with roots (α3 + β3) and α3β3.
44. α and β are the roots of the equation x2 – 4x + 7 = 0.

(a) Find the value of (α2 + β2)2.
(b) Form a quadratic equation in x with roots α4 and β4.
45. α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b and c are non-zero
constants. Form a quadratic equation in x from the roots in each of the following.
1 1
(a) –α, –β (b) , (c) 3α, 3β
α β
46. –2α and –2β are the roots of the equation 4x2 – 6x + 9 = 0.
(a) Find the values of α + β and αβ.
(b) Form a quadratic equation in x with roots α and β.
1  1 
47.  + 1 and  + 1 are the roots of the equation x2 – 3x – 8 = 0.
 α   β 
(a) Find the values of α + β and αβ.
(b) Form a quadratic equation in x with roots (α + 1) and (β + 1).
α = 6α + 1
2
48. It is given that  2 , where α ≠ β. Without finding the values of α and β, find the value of
β = 6 β + 1
(a) α2 + 6β
(b) α3β + α2
4α = α 2 − 6
49. It is given that  .
4 β = β 2 − 6
(a) If α ≠ β, find the values of α + β and αβ.
(b) If α = β, find the values of α.
(Leave the radical sign ‘√’ in the answers.)
50. If the roots of the quadratic equation 3x2 + nx + 36 = 0 are integers, find all the possible values of n.
51. It is given that the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 5x + p = 0 are non-negative integers. Fanny
claims that there are 6 different possible values of p. Do you agree? Explain your answer.
120
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 3G
1. (a) –7 (b) 2 (c) x2 – 2x – 5 = 0
2. (a) 6 (b) 4 (d) x2 + 8x + 11 = 0
2 26. (a) 2x2 – 5x – 9 = 0
3. (a) (b) –2
3 (b) x2 + 10x – 72 = 0
1 (c) 50x2 – 25x – 9 = 0
4. (a) 1 (b)
4 27. (a) x2 – 8x – 3 = 0
8 3 (b) x2 + 2x – 18 = 0
5. (a) − (b) −
5 5 (c) 10x2 + 18x – 9 = 0
8 2
6. (a) 0 (b) − 28. (a)
3 9
7 22
7. (a) 2 (b) − (b)
2 27
7 1 29. (a) –2, 2
8. (a) − (b) −
5 5 13
(b) when α = –2, m = − ;
3
1
9. (a) (b) 0 11
4 when α = 2, m =
3
10. –5 11. –1 3 2m − 5
30. (a) α + β = − , αβ =
35 14 m m
12. b = 4, c = –12 13. m = − , n =−
3 3 (b) 2
1 5
14. (a) 3 (b) 31. –1,
2 3
1 32. (a) 39 (b) 234

15. (a) 2 (b)
2 (c) 215 (d) 40
16. the other root = 4, s = 2 (e) 76 (f) 228
17. the other root = 7, t = 3 2 10
33. (a) 10 (b)
1 3
18. 3 19. − 3
4 (c) − 14 10 (d) − − 2 10
13 2
20. 21. 1 9
4 34. (a) 3 (b) −
5
22. (a) –9 (b) 10
(c) –36 (d) 12
(c) 6 (d) –60
35. (a) 25 (b) a = –3, b = 8
23. (a) 32 (b) 4
5
31 36. (a) (b) c = –2, d = 5
(c) (d) 2 2
4
37. (a) 6 – 4i
5
24. (a) 30 (b) (b) (i) p = –1, q = –8
8
1 (ii) no
(c) (d) 5
8 38. (a) k = m + n (b) –6
25. (a) x2 – 11x + 18 = 0
(c) k = –1, m = –3, n = 2
(b) x2 – 7 = 0
121
b 3 9
39. (a) α + β = − (b) no 46. (a) α + β = − , αβ =
a 4 16
(c) a = 2, b = –8 (b) 16x2 + 12x + 9 = 0
5 1 1
40. (a) (b) 9x2 – 20x + 48 = 0 47. (a) α + β = − , αβ = −
9 10 10
41. (a) 52 (b) x2 – 3x – 36 = 0 (b) 10x2 – 19x + 8 = 0
42. (a) 23 (b) 23x2 – 1 = 0 48. (a) 37
43. (a) 25 (b) x2 + 127x + 2 700 = 0 (b) 0
2
44. (a) 4 (b) x + 94x + 2 401 = 0 49. (a) α + β = 4, αβ = –6
45. (a) ax2 – bx + c = 0 4 ± 40
(b) (or 2 ± 10 )
(b) cx2 + bx + a = 0 2
(c) ax2 + 3bx + 9c = 0 50. –39, –24, –21, 21, 24, 39
51. no
122

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Chapter 1 Number Systems

For mathematics problems consultation, please email to the following address:

○ Complete and Checked

○ Complete and Checked

Real Numbers, Rational Numbers and Irrational Numbers

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Convert each of the following into a fraction. [Nos. 2–3]

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

10. 1.78ɺ 11. 3.13ɺ

Rational Real Complex

26. 0.05ɺ 4ɺ 27. 2.44ɺ 8ɺ

28. 1.1ɺ 01ɺ 29. 3.4ɺ 56ɺ

38. Let z = (4 − 2x) + (x − 2)i be a complex number, where x is a real number.

39. Let z = (6y + 3) − (2 + y)i be a complex number, where y is a real number.

○ Complete and Checked

○ Complete and Checked

Objective: To perform operations of imaginary numbers.

Operations of Imaginary Numbers

Simplify the following expressions. [Nos. 1–6]

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Simplify the following expressions. [Nos. 7–8]

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

Simplify the following expressions. [Nos. 14–15]

Objective: To perform the addition and subtraction of complex numbers.

Addition of Complex Numbers

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

7. (–3 + i) – (6 + 2i) 8. (2 – 9i) – (4 – i) Ex 1B: 6

9. (3 – 4i) + (5 – 6i) + 2 10. –8i + (7 – 6i) – (1 + 4i) Ex 1B: 16

11. (1 – 3i) + (2 + i) + (4 + 2i) 12. (5 + 9i) – (1 + 3i) – (4 + 5i)

Review: Multiplication of Polynomials

Simplify the following expressions. [Nos. 1–4]

3. (2 + x)(1 + 3x) 4. (1 + x)(1 – x)

Multiplication of Complex Numbers

Conjugate Complex Numbers

Objective: To perform the division of complex numbers.

Review: Dividing a Polynomial by a Real Number

Simplify the following expressions. [Nos. 1–2]

Dividing a Complex Number by a Real Number

= Express the answer in =

Division of Complex Numbers

Objective: To find unknowns from the equality of complex numbers.

Equality of Complex Numbers

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

( )=( ) ............. (1) ( )=( ) ............. (1)

3. (a) 6(2i + 5i) (b) 3(6i – i)

4. (a) 3i(4i + 5i) (b) (3i + 4i)(4i − 3i)

6. (a) −1 + − 4 (b) − 25 − − 9 (c) − 81 − − 144

7. (a) − 9 −1 (b) − 16 − 49 (c) − 121 ÷ − 64

10. (a) 9(2 + 5i) (b) i(6 – 3i)

11. (a) (5 + 2i)2 (b) (3 − 4i)2

14. Simplify the following expressions, where n is a positive integer.

15. If x + 5i = 2 + yi, find the values of the real numbers x and y.

16. If –7 – pi = –q + 2i, find the values of the real numbers p and q.

22. (a) − 72 + − 2 (b) − 48 − − 75

24. (a) (5 + 2i)(1 + 4i) (b) (4 − 3i)(5 + 8i)

25. (a) (2 + i)(4 − 3i)(−1 + i) (b) (5 + 2i)(−2 − 5i)(3 − i)

29. (a) (5 + 3i)(3 + 5i) + (2 − 7i) (b) (2 − 3i)2 − (7 + 6i)

41. Let a and b be non-zero real numbers.

42. Let a and b be non-zero real numbers.

○ Complete and Checked