F4a 2

Chapter 4 Basic Knowledge of Functions
4A p.2
4B p.13
Chapter 5 Quadratic Functions
5A p.26
5B p.41
Chapter 6 More about Polynomials
6A p.54
6B p.68
6C p.75
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1
F4A: Chapter 4A
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4A Lesson Worksheet 4.1 (Refer to Book 4A P.4.3)
v
Objecti e: To recognize the concepts of functions, independent variables and dependent variables.
Basic Concept of Functions
In each of the following function relations, identify the independent variable and the dependent variable.
[Nos. 1–2]
1. The circumference l cm of a circle is a function of the radius r cm of the circle. Ex 4A: 1
Independent variable = Dependent variable =
2. Ada’s salaries tax payable $T is a function of her monthly income $S.

Independent variable = Dependent variable =
Each of the following diagrams shows a relation between x and y. Determine whether y is a function of x.
[Nos. 3–6]
3. y 4. y Ex 4A: 2
x x
1 ‧ ‧1 1 ‧ ‧1
2 ‧ ‧2 2 ‧ ‧2
3 ‧ ‧3 3 ‧ ‧3
For each value of x, there is ( no / one / When x = ( ), there is ( no / one /
more than one ) corresponding value of y. more than one ) corresponding value of y.
∴ y ( is / is not ) a function of x. ∴ y ( is / is not ) a function of x.
5. x y 6. x y
1‧ ‧1 1 ‧ ‧1
‧2 ‧
2‧ ‧2
2
‧3 3 ‧
When x = ( ), there is ( no / one /
more than one ) corresponding value of y.
∴ y ( is / is not ) a function of x.
Level Up Question

Each of the following diagrams shows a relation between x and y, where a and b are constants. Determine
whether a specific condition for a and b is needed for y to be a function of x. If yes, state the condition.
[Nos. 7–9]
7. x y 8. x y 9. x y
‧a ‧ ‧1
‧ ‧1 ‧
a
1 a
‧b b‧ ‧b
3
Objective: To identify a function and to recognize the methods of representing a function relation.
Tabular Method
Each of the following tables shows a relation between x and y. Determine whether y is a function of x. [Nos. 1–4]
1. x 1 3 5 2. x 1 2 2 Ex 4A: 3, 4
y 2 4 6 y 1 4 2
3. x 1 2 3 4. x 2 3 5
y 1 1 1 y 1 1 2
Algebraic Method
Each of the following equations shows a relation between x and y. Determine whether y is a function of x. [Nos. 5–8]
5. y = 2x + 13 6. y2 = x + 1 (where x > −1) Ex 4A: 5
When x = 1, y = 2( ) + 13 = ( ); When x = 0,
when x = 2, y = 2( ) + 13 = ( ); y2 = ( )+1
when x = 3, y = 2( ) + 13 = ( ); y2 = ( )
when x = 4, y = 2( ) + 13 = ( ), etc. y =( ) or ( )
2
7. y = x2 + 12 8. y= (where x ≠ 0)
x
4
Graphical Method
(i) Draw a vertical line at every different position for the value of x.
(ii) If every vertical line intersects the graph at only one point, then
the graph represents a function.
Each of the following graphs shows a relation between x and y. Determine whether y is a function of x. [Nos. 9–11]
9. y vertical line 10. y 11. y Ex 4A: 6
x
x O
O O
x
There does not exist any vertical

line which intersects the graph
at more than one point.
∴ y ( is / is not ) a function of x.
12. It is given that y = 2x2 − x + 1. Ex 4A: 8

(a) Complete the table. (b) From the table above, determine whether
x −2 −1 0 1 2 y is a function of x.
y
13. The table shows the function relation between x and y, x −2 −1 1 2 4

where y = 2x + k and k is a constant. y 5 7 11 13 17
(a) Find the value of k.
(b) Using the result of (a), find the value of y when x = 3. Ex 4A: 10
Level Up Question

14. It is given that y = 2x + 1.
(a) (i) Complete the table. (b) (i) According to the table in (a)(i), draw
x −1 0 1 3 the graph of y = 2x + 1.
y
y
10
(ii) From the table above, determine 5

whether y is a function of x. x
–1 0 1 2 3
–5
(ii) Using the graph in (b)(i), read the

value of y when x = 2.
5
New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 4A
4 Basic Knowledge of Functions
Consolidation Exercise 4A
Level 1
In each of the following function relations, identify the independent variable and the dependent variable.
[Nos. 1–2]
1. The volume V cm3 of a solid metal cube is a function of the length d cm of each side of the cube.
2. The value $C of a diamond is a function of the weight w g of the diamond.
Each of the following diagrams shows a relation between x and y. Determine whether y is a function of x.
[Nos. 3–6]
3. x y
2 ‧ ‧ –
3 ‧ 3
5 ‧ ‧–
7 ‧ 1
4. x y
‧–
0‧ 2
1‧ ‧–
1
5. x y
‧ ‧–1
3
‧ ‧0
5
‧6
6. x y
–2 ‧
–1 ‧ ‧5
4 ‧
7 ‧
7. The table shows a relation between x and y.
x –3 2 5 7 11
y 2 0 6 2 –5
(a) How many corresponding values of y are there for each value of x?
(b) Is y a function of x?
6
Refer to each of the tables below. Is the relation between x and y a function relation? Explain your answers.
[Nos. 8–10]
8. x –4 –1 0 3 7
1 3 7
y 2 0 − −
2 2 2
9. x –1 0 0 2 5
y 1 2 3 4 5
10. x –3 1 3 5 6
y 9 1 9 25 36
11. In each of the following,

(i) write down the number of corresponding values of y for each value of x,
(ii) hence, determine whether y is a function of x.
(a) y = –2x + 7 (b) y = x2 + 8
7
(c) y = 3 – 5x2 (d) y = − (where x ≠ 0)
x
(e) y2 = 3x (where x > 0) (f) y = 2 x (where x > 0)
12. Each of the following graphs shows a relation between x and y. Determine whether y is a function of x.
(a) y (b) y
x
O
x
O
(c) y (d) y
x x
O O
13. It is given that y is a function of x, where y = 6 – x.

(a) Complete the table below.
x 1 2 3 4 5
y
(b) According to the table in (a), draw the graph of y = 6 – x.
[Unit length for both axes: 10 divisions (1 cm)]
7
14. The graph shows the function relation between x and y.
y
x
–2 –1 0 1 2
–1
–2
According to the graph,

(a) find the value of y when x = 0,
(b) find the value of y when x = 2,
(c) find the value of x when y = 0.
Level 2
15. It is given that the relation between x and y is y = 4 – 3x.
x 1 2 3 4 5
y
(b) According to the table in (a), determine whether y is a function of x.

y
x
0
–3 –2 –1 1

x –3 –2 –1 0
y
(b) If the function relation between x and y can be represented by the algebraic expression y = –mx +
3, find the value of m.
8
y
x
0 1 2 3 4
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
–7
–8

x 0 1 2 3 4
y
(b) If the function relation between x and y can be represented by the algebraic expression
y = –x2 – px – 3, find the value of p.
18. The graph shows the function relation between x and y. If the function relation between x and y can be
represented by the algebraic expression y = ax2 – x – 5, find the value of a.
x
–1 0 1 2 3 4
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
9
19. The table below shows the function relation between x and y, where y = kx – 6.
x –4 –2 0 1 3
y 2 –2 –6 –8 –12
(b) Using the result of (a), find the value of y when x = 4.
(c) Using the result of (a), find the value of x when y = 11.
20. The table below shows the function relation between x and y, where y = x2 + rx – 4.
x –3 –1 0 1 4
y 11 –1 –4 –5 4
(a) Find the value of r.
(b) Using the result of (a), find the value of y when x = 2.
(c) Using the result of (a), find the values of x when y = 20.
21. The table below shows the number of pages (n) of a document and the corresponding cost of
copying the document ($C), where C = 3 + kn.
n 1 000 3 000 5 000 7 000 10 000
C 203 603 1 003 1 403 2 003
(b) Using the result of (a), find the cost of copying a document with 6 500 pages.
(c) Bella claims that the cost of copying a certain document is exactly $725.5. Do you agree?
Explain your answer.
22. The table below shows the heights above sea level (h km) and the corresponding temperatures (T °C)
of some locations on a mountain, where T = a – 6.5h.
h 0.8 1.4 2 2.4 2.8
T 19.8 15.9 12 9.4 6.8
(a) Find the value of a.
(b) Using the result of (a), find the temperature when the height above sea level is 3 km.
(c) When the height above sea level is less than 4 km, is it possible that the corresponding
temperature is exactly 0°C? Explain your answer.
23. It is given that the relation between x and y is y = 2x – 3.

(a) (i) Complete the table below.
x –2 –1 2 3 5
y
(ii) From the table above, determine whether y is a function of x.
(b) (i) According to the table in (a)(i), draw the graph of y = 2x – 3.
[Unit length for both axes: 5 divisions (0.5 cm)]
(ii) Using the graph in (b)(i), read the value of y when x = 1.
10
24. Peter goes to school by MTR every day and uses his Octopus Card for payment. Suppose after Peter
goes to school for x days, the remaining stored value on his Octopus Card is $y. The relation between
x and y can be represented by the algebraic expression y = 28 – 3.5x.
(a) (i) According to the given algebraic expression, complete the table below.
x 0 1 3 6
y
(ii) From the table above, determine whether y is a function of x.

(b) (i) According to the table in (a)(i), draw the graph of y = 28 – 3.5x.
[Unit length for x-axis: 10 divisions (1 cm)
Unit length for y-axis: 2 divisions (0.2 cm)]
(ii) Using the graph in (b)(i), find the number of days that Peter goes to school such that the
remaining stored value on his Octopus Card will become $14.
25. Joanne wants to order x dresses through an online shop and the total fee is $y. The function relation
between x and y can be represented by the algebraic expression y = T + Px, where $T is the
transportation fee and $P is the selling price of each dress. It is given that T and P are constants. The
figure shows the graph of y = T + Px.
y
1 500
1 250
1 000
750
500
250
x
0 5 10 15 20
(a) Using the graph, find the value of T.

(b) Using the graph, find the value of y when x = 10. Hence, find the value of P.
(c) Joanne orders dresses through the online shop and the total fee is $1 850. Using the results of (a)
and (b), find the number of dresses that she ordered.
11
Answers
1. independent variable: d, dependent variable: V 17. (a) x 0 1 2 3 4
2. independent variable: w, dependent variable: C y –3 –1 –1 –3 –7
3. yes 4. no (b) –3
5. yes 6. yes 18. 1
7. (a) 1 (b) yes 19. (a) –2 (b) –14
8. yes 9. no 17
(c) −
10. yes 2
20. (a) –2 (b) –4
11. (a) (i) 1 (ii) yes
(c) –4, 6
(b) (i) 1 (ii) yes
21. (a) 0.2 (b) $1 303
(c) (i) 1 (ii) yes
(c) no
(d) (i) 1 (ii) yes
22. (a) 25 (b) 5.5°C
(e) (i) 2 (ii) no
(c) yes
(f) (i) 1 (ii) yes
23. (a) (i) x –2 –1 2 3 5
12. (a) yes (b) no
y –7 –5 1 3 7
(c) no (d) yes
13. (a) x 1 2 3 4 5 (ii) yes
(b) (ii) –1
y 5 4 3 2 1
14. (a) –1 (b) –2 24. (a) (i) x 0 1 3 6
(c) –2 y 28 24.5 17.5 7
15. (a) x 1 2 3 4 5 (ii) yes
y 1 –2 –5 –8 –11 (b) (ii) 4
(b) yes 25. (a) 50 (b) y = 800, P = 75
16. (a) x –3 –2 –1 0 (c) 24
y 0 1 2 3
(b) –1
12
F4A: Chapter 4B
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i
Object ve: To recognize the concept of domains and to find the values of functions.
Domain of a Function
Match each of the following functions with its domain by joining them with a straight line. [Nos. 1–3]
Function Domain
1.
f(x) = 5x –
21
․ ․ (a)
All
numbers
non-negative real
2. f(x) = x ․ ․ (b) All non-zero real numbers (i) 1 is undefined when x = 0.

x
3. f(x) =
1
x
․ ․ (c) All real numbers (ii) When x < 0, x is not a
real number.
Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Find the domain of each of the following Find the domain of each of the following
functions. functions.
1 1
(a) f(x) = x − 4 (b) g(x) = (a) f(x) = x + 8 (b) g(x) =
x+9 3x − 3
(a) ∵ The value of x – 4 under the radical (a) ∵ The value of ( ) under the
sign cannot be negative. radical sign cannot be ( ).
∴ x–4≥0 ∴ ( )≥0
x≥4 x≥( )
∴ The domain is all real numbers greater ∴
than or equal to 4.
(b) ∵ The value of the denominator x + 9 (b) ∵ The value of the denominator
cannot be 0. ( ) cannot be ( ).
∴ x+9≠0 ∴ ( )≠0
x ≠ –9 x≠( )
∴ The domain is all real numbers ∴
except –9.
Find the domain of each of the following functions. [Nos. 4–5]

9
4. f(x) = 7 − x 5. g(x) = Ex 4B: 1, 2
6+ x
15
Values of a Function

If f(x) = x2 + 2, find f(3) and f(–2). If g(x) = x2 + 3x, find g(4) and g(–1).
f(3) = 32 + 2 f(–2) = (–2)2 + 2 g(4) = ( )2 + 3( ) g(–1) =
=9+2 =4+2 =( )+( )
= 11 =6 =
6. If f(x) = 2x2 – x, find f(0) and f(–3). 7. If g(x) = x2 + x + 3, find g(2) and g(–2).
f(0) = 2( )2 – ( ) Ex 4B: 3–6
=( )–( )
=
f(–3) = 2( )2 – ( )
=

2
If f(x) = x + 3, find f(x + 1). If g(x) = x2 – x – 1, find g(2x).
f(x + 1) = (x + 1)2 + 3 g( )=( )2 – ( )–1
2
= x + 2x + 1 + 3 =
= x2 + 2x + 4
8. If f(x) = x2 – 5, find f(3x) and f(4x + 1). 9. If g(x) = x2 – 2x + 3, find g(–2x) and g(5 – x).
f(3x) = ( )2 – 5 g(–2x) = Ex 4B: 7
=
f(4x + 1) = ( )2 – 5 g(5 – x) =
=
Level Up Question

10. Let f(x) = 2x2 – 3x – 4 be a function.
(a) Find the domain of f(x).
(b) Find the values of f(3), f(4) and f(7).
(c) Is it true that f(3) + f(4) = f(7)? Explain your answer.
16
4 Basic Knowledge of Functions
Consolidation Exercise 4B
Level 1
1. f(x) = 3x + 11 2. f(x) = 5 – x
1
3. g(x) = 9x2 – 2 4. g(x) =
x−7
3
5. h(x) = 6. h(x) = x − 8
2+ x
7. k(x) = x + 11 8. k(x) = 12 − x
9. If f(x) = x − 7, find the value of each of the following.

(a) f(0) (b) f(1) (c) f(−1)
10. If f(x) = 5x + 4, find the value of each of the following.

(a) f(2) (b) f(4) (c) f(−3)
11. If f(x) = x2 + 2x, find the value of each of the following.

(a) f(3) (b) f(−2) (c) f(−5)
12. If f(x) = x + 4 , find the value of each of the following.

(a) f(5) (b) f(12) (c) f(−4)
1
13. If f(x) = , find the value of each of the following.
2x − 1
(a) f(4) (b) f(−6) (c) f(−10)
x
14. If f(x) = 2
, find the value of each of the following.
x +3
(a) f(0) (b) f(2) (c) f(−3)
15. Find the value of each of the following functions when x = –2.
(a) A(x) = 7x + 4 (b) B(x) = 8 – 3x (c) C(x) = –x2 + 4x – 3
17
16. Find the value of each of the following functions when x = 3.
−2
(a) D(x) = 3x + 7 (b) E(x) = 3 x + 7 (c) F(x) =
3x + 7
17. If f(x) = 3x2 + 4, find

(a) f(–b), (b) f ( b ) , (c) f(3 – b).
18. Let f(x) = 2x2 – 5 be a function.

(b) Find the values of f(1), f(4) and f(5).
(c) Is it true that f(1) + f(4) = f(5)? Explain your answer.
19. Let g(x) = 8 – x2 be a function.

(a) Find the domain of g(x).
(b) Find the values of g(–1), g(3) and g(4).
(c) Is it true that g(3) – g(4) = g(–1)? Explain your answer.
1
20. Let h(x) = be a function.
2x −1
(a) Find the domain of h(x).
(b) Find the values of h(3), h(4) and h(12).
(c) Is it true that h(3) × h(4) = h(12)? Explain your answer.
3
21. Let k(x) = x − 1 be a function.
2
(a) Find the domain of k(x).
(b) Find the values of k(2), k(5) and k(10).
(c) Is it true that k(10) ÷ k(5) = k(2)? Explain your answer.
22. If f(x) = x2 + 7, find the value of each of the following.

4
(a) f(3) + 1 (b) 6f(–2) (c) (d) [ f ( 3 )]2
f (1)
23. If f(x) = –3x + 6, find the value of each of the following.
(a) f(1) + f(4) (b) f(3) – f(–3) (c) f(2) ．f(–2) (d)
f (−1)
f (0)
24. If p(x) = x + 8 and q(x) = –2x + 4, find the value of each of the following.
(a) p(1) + q(4) (b) p(–4) – q(–4) ．
(c) p(3) q(2) (d)
p (8)
q ( 0)
18
6
25. If u(x) = 4x – 1 and v(x) = , find the value of each of the following.
x−3
(a) u(–3) + v(2) (b) u(1) – v(5) ．
(c) u(4) v(–6) (d)
v(0)
u ( 0)
26. If t(x) = tan x, find the value of each of the following.

t (60°)
(a) t(30°) (b) t(45°) – 2 (c)
t (30°)
(Leave the radical sign ‘ √’ in the answers if necessary.)
27. It is given that f(x) = 2ax + 3, where a is a constant. If f(3) = 7, find the value of a.
28. It is given that g(x) = 3 x + c , where c is a constant. If g(4) = 1,

(a) find the value of c,
(b) find the domain of g(x).
29. It is given that k(x) = ax2 – 3x + 4 and k(–2) = 18, where a is a constant.
(b) Find the value of k(3).
30. If F(1 – x) = 2x – 3, find F(x).
31. If H(3x) = 4 – 6x, find H(x).
32. (a) It is given that f(x – 4) = 4 – 5x. Find the value of f(9).
(b) It is given that g(x + 2) = 3 – 6x. Find the value of g(0).
33. The weight (in g) of a metallic sphere can be represented by the function W(x) = 10.5πx3, where the
radius of the sphere is x cm.
(a) If the radius of a metallic sphere is 2 cm, find its weight in terms of π.
(b) Find the total weight of 20 metallic spheres with radii 3 cm in terms of π.
34. In the figure, ∠ACB = 110° and ∠CAB = θ°. Let f(θ) be the C
function representing ∠ABC (in degrees). 110
(a) Express f(θ) in terms of θ.
θ°
(b) Find the domain of the function f(θ). A B
(c) Find the value of f(40).
Hence, find ∠ABC when ∠CAB = 40°.
x−m
35. Let m and n be positive integers. Write down a function g(x) = such that g(3) = 1.
n
19
Level 2
1 1
36. f(x) = 37. f(x) = 2
5 − 4x x +1
x x−7
38. f(x) = 39. f(x) =
x+3 8 − 2x
40. f(x) = 2 − 9 x 41. f(x) = 7 x + 4
1
42. f(x) = x 2 + 3 43. f(x) =
x+9
x x+3
44. f(x) = 45. f(x) =
x−4 − 3x + 2
4 1
46. f(x) = 47. f(x) = 2
x( x − 3) x + 8x
1 1
48. f(x) = 2
49. f(x) = 2
x −9 x + 5x − 6
1 1
50. f(x) = 2
51. f(x) = 2
x + 8 x + 16 2x − 9x − 5
1 x
52. f(x) = + x 53. f(x) =
x x −1
x2 − 4
54. Let f(x) = x – 2 and g(x) = be functions.
x+2
(b) Is the domain of g(x) the same as that of f(x)? Explain your answer.
5x − 3 1
55. It is given that f(x) = − .
x+4 2
(a) Find the value of f(12).
(b) Find the value of f(0.6) + f(–3) f(0). ．
3 + 5x
56. If R(x) = , find
1 − 2x
1
(a) R  ,
 3
 1
(b) R −  ,
 a
(c) R(a – 2).
20
2k − x
57. Let Q(x) = , where k is a non-zero constant. Express each of the following in terms of k.
4 − kx
1
(a) Q 
4
(b) Q(2k + 1)
6
(c) Q 
k
x−3
58. Let h(x) = be a function.
3x − 3
(a) Find the values of h(3), h(4) and h(7).
(b) Is it true that h(3) + h(4) = h(7)? Explain your answer.
y2
59. If f(x) = 3x + 10 and g(y) = − , find the value of each of the following.
1+ y2
(a) g(3) + 3f(–1)
1
(b) f(–2) –
g (−1)
(c) [3 f (2)][2 g (1)]
2x − 5 3
60. It is given that f(x) = , where a is a constant and a ≠ .
a +1− x 2
(a) Find f(3a – 2).
1
(b) Find the value of m such that f(m) = .
a−2
61. It is given that P(x) = ax2 – 2x + 2a and P(1) = 7, where a is a constant.

(b) Find the values of b such that P(b) = 27.
62. It is given that f(x) = (x + 1)(6x – 1) + r and f(–1) = –5, where r is a constant.
(a) Find the value of r.
(b) Hence, solve the equation f(x) = 0.
63. It is given that f(x) = 3x2 – cx + 4c, where c is a constant. If f(2) = f(–2) + 4, find the value of c.
64. It is given that g(x) = kx2 – 4x + 2k – 1, where k is a constant. If 2g(3) – 3g(2) = 1, find the value of k.
65. Let p(x) = x2 – 8x + 7. If p(r) = –8, find the values of r.
66. Let q(x) = 2x2 + 7x – 3. If q(2s) = 4s, find the values of s.
21
67. Let f(x) = –x2 + 4x – 2.
(a) If f(–m) = –m, find the values of m.
(b) If f(n – 1) = f(n) – f(1), find the value of n.
6 − ux
68. It is given that T(x) = , T(1) = 1 and T(2) = 4, where u and v are constants.
x−v
(a) Find the values of u and v.
(b) Is it true that T(3) = 9? Explain your answer.
69. Let f(x) = x3 + a2x2 – 2b2x + (ab − 2), where a and b are positive integers. It is given that f(1) = 6.
(a) Show that (a − b)(a + 2b) = 7.
(b) Find the values of a and b.
ax + b
70. Let f(x) = , where a, b and c are constants. If f(0) = 1, f(1) = 2 and f(–1) = –1, find the values of
cx + 3
a, b and c.
71. It is given that a(x) = 1 – 3x, b(x) = 2x2 – 3 and c(x) = [a(x)]2 – 5b(x).
(a) Express c(x) in terms of x.
(b) Find the values of k such that c(k) = 0.
72. If f(2x + 3) = 8 + 6x – 4x2, find f(x).
 1  2
73. Let g   = x + 1.
 x + 2
(a) Find g(x).
(b) Hence, find the value of g(2) + g(–2).
74. Let F(x) = 8 – 4x + x2.

(a) Find F(x + 2).
(b) Solve the equation F(x + 2) = 2F(x).
75. It is given that f(x) = 2x2 – 3 and g(x) = –x – 4.

(a) Find f(x + 3) and g(3x + 1).
(b) Solve the equation f(x + 3) + g(3x + 1) + 3x = 0.
76. It is given that f(x) = 3x2 + ax + 1 and f(1) + 3f(2) = 1, where a is a constant.
(b) If the equation f(x) = k has no real roots, find the range of values of k.
22
77. The figure shows the rectangle ABDF, where AB = 10 cm and A 10 cm B
AF = 2x cm. C and E are points on BD and FD respectively
such that CD = 4 cm, FE = x cm and 4 triangles are formed. Let
T(x) be the function representing the area (in cm2) of △ACE. 2x cm
(a) Express T(x) in terms of x. C
(b) Find the domain of the function T(x). 4 cm
(c) (i) Find the area of △ACE when x = 5. F x cm D
△ACE is 36 cm .
E
2
(ii) Find the value of x when the area of
(d) Can the area of △ACE be 40 cm ? Explain your answer.
2
78. The figure shows a circular garden of diameter 50 m. A rectangular

garde
fountain will be built at the central part of the garden. The length of
the fountain is greater than its width by 10 m. Let x m be the width of
x m fountain
the fountain and F(x) be the function representing the area (in m2) of
the fountain.
(a) Express F(x) in terms of x.
(b) When the width of the fountain is 15 m, find the area of the 50 m
fountain.
(c) Is it possible that the area of the fountain is 70% of the area of
the whole garden? Explain your answer.
79. There are p pandas in a zoo. The total weight of bamboos (in kg) prepared by the zoo keeper each day
can be represented by the function A(p) = 48 + 35p. The total weight of bamboos (in kg) consumed by
p pandas each day can be represented by the function B(p) = 11 + 38p. It is known that the bamboos
prepared are sufficient for all pandas each day. Let C(p) be the function representing the weight of
bamboos left (in kg) each day.
(a) Express C(p) in terms of p.
(b) If there are 10 pandas in the zoo, find the weight of bamboos left each day.
(c) The zoo keeper claims that there are bamboos left each day for any number of pandas. Do you
agree? Explain your answer.
80. A magazine is sold at $20 each. The total printing cost (in $) of m magazines each week can be
represented by the function C(m) = 4 000 + 14m. Let A(m) be the function representing the total
amount (in $) received by selling m magazines each week. Let P(m) = A(m) – C(m).
(a) Express P(m) in terms of m.
(b) Find the domain of the function P(m).
(c) If 3 000 magazines are printed and sold out in a certain week, find the profit made.
(d) The publishing manager claims that there is a loss of exactly $2 000 after printing and selling out
all the magazines in a certain week. Do you agree? Explain your answer.
23
Answers
1. all real numbers 1
20. (a) all real numbers except
2. all real numbers 2
1 1 1
3. all real numbers (b) h(3) = , h(4) = , h(12) =
5 7 23
4. all real numbers except 7 (c) no
5. all real numbers except –2 21. (a) all real numbers greater than or equal to 1
6. all real numbers greater than or equal to 8 3 9
(b) k(2) = , k(5) = 3, k(10) =
7. all real numbers greater than or equal to –11 2 2
8. all real numbers smaller than or equal to 12 (c) yes
9. (a) –7 (b) –6 22. (a) 17 (b) 66
(c) –8 1
(c) (d) 100
2
10. (a) 14 (b) 24
23. (a) –3 (b) –18
(c) –11 3
(c) 0 (d)
11. (a) 15 (b) 0 2
(c) 15 24. (a) –1 (b) –10
12. (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 0 (d) 1
(c) 0 25. (a) –19 (b) 0
1 1 (c) –10 (d) 2
13. (a) (b) −
7 13 1  3 
1 26. (a) or (b) –1
(c) − 3 3 
21
2 (c) 3
14. (a) 0 (b)
7 2
27.
1 3
(c) −
4 28. (a) –11
15. (a) –10 (b) 14 (b) all real numbers greater than or equal to
(c) –15 11
16. (a) 16 (b) 4 3
1 29. (a) 2 (b) 13
(c) − 30. –2x – 1
2
17. (a) 3b2 + 4 (b) 3b + 4 31. 4 – 2x
2
(c) 3b – 18b + 31 32. (a) –61 (b) 15
18. (a) all real numbers 33. (a) 84π g (b) 5 670π g
34. (a) f(θ) = 70 – θ
(b) f(1) = –3, f(4) = 27, f(5) = 45
(b) all real numbers greater than 0 and
(c) no
smaller than 70
19. (a) all real numbers
(c) f(40) = 30, ∠ABC = 30°
(b) g(–1) = 7, g(3) = –1, g(4) = –8
 x −1
(c) yes 35. g(x) = x – 2  or g ( x) = 
 2 
5
36. all real numbers except
4
37. all real numbers
24
38. all real numbers except –3 63. –1
39. all real numbers except 4 64. 0
2 65. 3, 5
40. all real numbers smaller than or equal to
9 3 1
41. all real numbers greater than or equal to 66. − ,
2 4
4 67. (a) –2, –1
−
7 (b) 2
42. all real numbers
68. (a) u = 11, v = 6
43. all real numbers greater than –9
(b) yes
44. all real numbers greater than 4
69. (b) a = 3, b = 2
2
45. all real numbers smaller than 70. a = 5, b = 3, c = 1
3
46. all real numbers except 0 and 3 71. (a) c(x) = –x2 – 6x + 16
47. all real numbers except 0 and –8 (b) –8, 2
48. all real numbers except –3 and 3 72. –x2 + 9x – 10

1 4
49. all real numbers except –6 and 1 73. (a) − +5
x2 x
50. all real numbers except –4
21
1 (b)
51. all real numbers except − and 5 2
2 74. (a) x2 + 4
52. all real numbers greater than 0
(b) 2, 6
53. all real numbers greater than or equal to 0
75. (a) f(x + 3) = 2x2 + 12x + 15,
except 1
g(3x + 1) = –3x – 5
54. (a) all real numbers
(b) –5, –1
(b) no
76. (a) –6
55 73
55. (a) (b) (b) k < –2
4 2
3a − 5 77. (a) T(x) = –x2 + 12x
56. (a) 14 (b)
a+2 (b) all real numbers greater than 2 and
5a − 7
(c) smaller than 10
5 − 2a
8k − 1 1 (c) (i) 35 cm2
57. (a) (b)
16 − k 2
2k + k − 4 (ii) 6
3 (d) no
(c) −k
k 78. (a) F(x) = x2 + 10x
1 1
58. (a) h(3) = 0, h(4) = , h(7) = (b) 375 m2
9 9
(b) yes (c) no
201 79. (a) C(p) = 37 – 3p
59. (a) (b) 6
10 (b) 7 kg
(c) –48 (c) yes
60. (a) –3 (b) 3
80. (a) P(m) = 6m – 4 000
7
61. (a) 3 (b) − , 3 (b) all non-negative integers
3
3 2 (c) $14 000
62. (a) –5 (b) − ,
2 3 (d) no
25
F4A: Chapter 5A
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27
4A Lesson Worksheet 5.1A (Refer to Book 4A P.5.3)
Objective: To understand the graph of the quadratic function y = ax2 and its features.
Features of the Quadratic Function y = ax2 and Its Graph

Graph of y = ax2 (a > 0) axis of symmetry Graph of y = ax2 (a < 0)
y x=0 y
vertex (0 , 0)
y = 2x2 x
O maximum value 0
y = x2 minimum value 0
1
x y=– x2
O vertex (0 , 0) 2 2
axis of symmetry y = –x
x=0
Range of a a>0 a<0
Axis of symmetry x=0
Vertex (0 , 0)
Direction of opening upward downward
Maximum or minimum 0 0
value (minimum value) (maximum value)
In both cases, if we ignore the sign of a, the opening of the parabola
becomes narrower as the value of a increases.
Write down the equation of the axis of symmetry and the coordinates of the vertex of each of the graphs of
the following quadratic functions. Also, find the maximum or minimum value of each function. [Nos. 1–2]
1. y 1
2. y
y= x2 O
3 x
y = –4x2
x
O
Axis of symmetry: Axis of symmetry:
Coordinates of the vertex = ( , ) Coordinates of the vertex = ( , )
( Maximum / Minimum ) value = ( Maximum / Minimum ) value =
Determine the directions of opening of the graphs of the following quadratic functions. [Nos. 3–6]
3. y = 5x 2 4. y = –8x2 Ex 5A: 1
2
Compare with y = ax .
a>0 a<0
a= (</>)0
∴ The graph opens ( upward / downward ).
1 2 2 2
5. y=− x 6. y= x
4 5
Write down the equation of the axis of symmetry and the coordinates of the vertex of each of the graphs of
the following quadratic functions. Also, find the maximum or minimum value of each function. [Nos. 7–10]
28
7. y = –6x2 8. y = 10x2 Ex 5A: 2
The equation of the axis of symmetry is
( ).
Coordinates of the vertex = ( , )
( Maximum / Minimum ) value =
5 2 7 2
9. y= x 10. y = − x
3 2
11. The figure shows the graph of the function 12. The figure shows the graph of the function
2 2 2
y = 3x . Sketch the graphs of y = x and y = 4x y = –4x2. Sketch the graphs of y = –2x2 and
on the same figure. y = –7x2 on the same figure.
y y
y = 3x2
O x
x
O y = –4x2
Level Up Question

13. The figure shows the graphs of the functions y = 2x2 y
and y = 2x2
y = –2x2.
1
(a) Sketch the graphs of y = x 2 and y = –6x2 on the
6
same x
figure. O
(b) Which of the four graphs has the widest opening?
y = –2x2
29
4A Lesson Worksheet 5.1B (Refer to Book 4A P.5.6)
Objective: To understand the graph of the quadratic function y = ax2 + bx + c and its features.
Features of the Quadratic Function y = ax2 + bx + c and Its Graph

y
axis of symmetry
y = ax2 + bx + c (h , k)
y vertex maximum value
(a > 0)
x
c c O
x
O
minimum vertex axis of symmetry x = h y = ax2 + bx + c
value (h , k) (a < 0)
x=h
Range of a a>0 a<0
Axis of symmetry x=h
(h , k) (h , k)
Vertex
(the lowest point) (the highest point)
Maximum or minimum k k
value (minimum value) (maximum value)
x-intercepts roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0
y-intercept c
1. The figure shows the graph of the quadratic 2. The figure shows the graph of the quadratic
function y = ax2 + bx + c. function y = –x2 + 2x + 3.
y
y = ax2 + bx + c y
5 y = –x2 + 2x + 3
4 y
4 y
y = ax2 + bx + c y = ax2 + bx + c
3 3
2 c 2 c
1 1
x x
0 1 2 3 4 5 –2 –10 1 2 3 4
y-intercept = c = y-intercept = c =
The equation of the axis of symmetry is The equation of the axis of symmetry is
. .
Coordinates of the vertex = ( , ) Coordinates of the vertex = ( , )
Minimum value of the function = Maximum value of the function =
Find the direction of opening, the y-intercept Find the direction of opening, the y-intercept
and the x-intercepts of the graph of y = x2 + 5x and the x-intercepts of the graph of y = –x2 + 3x
+ 6. + 4.
2
Coefficient of x = 1 > 0 Coefficient of x2 = (</>)0
∴ The graph opens upward. ∴
y-intercept = 6 y-intercept =
30
When y = 0,x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 When y = 0,–x2 + 3x + 4 = 0
(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0 x2 – ( )–( ) =0
x = –2 or –3 ( )( ) =0
∴ The x-intercepts are –2 and –3. x =( ) or ( )
∴ The x-intercepts are ( ) and ( ).
Find the directions of opening, the y-intercepts and the x-intercepts of the graphs of the following quadratic
functions. [Nos. 3–4]
3. y = x2 – 6x 4. y = –2x2 + 5x + 12 Ex 5A: 7–12
For each of the following graphs of the quadratic functions y = ax2 + bx + c, determine whether each of
the following is true. Explain your answers. [Nos. 5–6]
5. (a) a>0 y 6. (a) c>0 y
y = ax2 + bx + c
(b) c<0 (b) ac > 0 x
y = ax2 + bx + c O
x
O
(a) The graph opens ( upward / downward ). Ex 5A: 21, 22

∴a(</>)0
∴ a > 0 ( is / is not ) true.
(b) y-intercept of the graph ( < / > ) 0
∴c(</>)0
∴ c < 0 ( is / is not ) true.
Level Up Question

7. Eva claims that the minimum value of the quadratic function y = –(x – 5)2 + 1 is 1. Is her claim
correct? Explain your answer.
31
5 Quadratic Functions
Level 1
Determine the directions of opening of the graphs of the following quadratic functions. [Nos. 1–5]
4
1. y = 3x2 2. y = –7x2 3. y = − x 2
5
4. y = –5x2 + 1 5. y = 6x 2 – x + 4
6. For each of the following graphs of the quadratic functions y = ax2 + bx + c, determine whether
(i) a > 0 or a < 0, (ii) c > 0 or c < 0.
(a) y (b) y
x x
O O
(c) y (d) y
x
O
x
O
Refer to each of the following graphs of quadratic functions.

(a) Write down the y-intercept of the graph.
(b) Write down the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph.
(c) Write down the coordinates of the vertex of the graph.
(d) Write down the maximum or minimum value of the function. [Nos. 7–12]
7. y 8. y
x=3 y = ax2 + bx + c x=5
7
9
x
0
1 –8
x
0 y = ax2 + bx + c
32
9. x = –2 y 10. x = –4 y
2
y = ax + bx + c 6
4
x
0 y = ax2 + bx + c
x
0
–6
–3
11. y 12. y
2 8 y = –x2 + 6x – 2
y = 3x2 + 6x + 1 6
4
x
0 2
–2 –1
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–2 –2
13. According to the given information about the graph of each of the quadratic functions,
(i) write down the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph,
(ii) write down the maximum or minimum value of the function.
Direction of opening Vertex
(a) upward (–1 , 3)
(b) downward (–5 , –2)
(c) downward (2 , 9)
(d) upward (4 , 11)
(e) upward (–6 , 2)
(f) downward (–7 , –25)
Find the directions of opening, the y-intercepts and the x-intercepts of the graphs of the following quadratic
functions. [Nos. 14–21]
14. y = x2 + 3x + 2 15. y = 4x2 – 2x – 6
16. y = –x2 + 4x – 3 17. y = –2x2 – 3x + 5
18. y = –5x2 + 9x + 2 19. y = 8x2 – 5x – 13
20. y = –8x + 2x2 21. y = 12 – 3x2
33
22. The axis of symmetry of the graph of the function y = 2x2 – 4x + 3 is x = 1. Find the coordinates of the
vertex of the graph.
23. The axis of symmetry of the graph of the function y = –x2 – 8x – 8 is x = –4. Find the coordinates of
the vertex of the graph.
24. The vertex of the graph of a quadratic function is (3 , 2). The axis of symmetry of the graph cuts the x-
axis at a point A.
(a) Find the coordinates of A.
(b) If the x-intercepts of the graph are –2 and c, find the value of c.
25. The figure shows the graph of the function y = x2 + 4x – 5. y

(a) Find the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph. y = x2 + 4x – 5
(b) Find the coordinates of the vertex of the graph.
x
0 1
–5
26. Consider the graph of the quadratic function y = 5x2 + 30x + 40.
(a) Find the x-intercepts of the graph.
(b) Using the results of (a), find the minimum value of the function.
27. The vertex of the graph of the function y = –4x2 – 4kx – 6 is (1 , k), where k is a constant.
(b) Find the maximum value of the function.
28. The vertex of the graph of the function y = x2 + 6x + 7 – k is (–3 , k), where k is a constant.
(b) Find the minimum value of the function.
29. The vertex of the graph of the quadratic function y = kx2 – 8x – 4 is (–2 , –2k), where k is a constant.
(b) Determine the direction of opening of the graph.
(c) Is the maximum value of the quadratic function y = kx2 – 8x – 4 equal to –2k? Explain your
answer.
34
Level 2
Find the directions of opening, the y-intercepts and the x-intercepts of the graphs of the following functions.
[Nos. 30–37]
30. y = 4x2 + 4x – 15 31. y = 2 + 5x – 12x2
32. y = (x + 1)(x – 2) – 4 33. y = (4 – x)(x + 1) – 6
34. y = (3 – x)(x – 8) + 6 35. y = –(2 – x)(x – 4) + 1
36. y = 1 – (6 – x)2 37. y = 2(x – 4)2 – 8
38. The figure shows the graph of the quadratic function y = ax2, where a y
y = ax2
is a constant.
(a) Is the value of a positive or negative? Explain your answer.
(b) The graph passes through the point (2 , 6). Find the value of a.
x
O
39. In the figure, the x-intercepts of the graph of the quadratic function y
y = ax2 + bx + 3
1
y = ax2 + bx + 3 are –3 and , where a and b are constants. Find the
2
values of a and b.
x
–3 0 1
2
40. The figure shows the graph of the function y = x2 + bx + c, where b y
and c are constants. y = x2 + bx + c

(a) Find the values of b and c.
(b) Find the y-intercept of the graph.
x
0
–3 2
41. The figure shows the graph of the quadratic function y = rx2 – 8x + s, y
where r and s are integers.
y = rx2 – 8x + s
(a) Find the value of rs.
(b) If r > s, find all possible sets of values of r and s.
x
O
35
42. The figure shows the graph of the quadratic function y = px2 + 2x + q, y
where p and q are constants. Determine whether each of the following y = px2 + 2x + q
is true. Explain your answers. x

O
(a) p + q < 0
(b) pq > 1
43. The figure shows the graph of the function y = x2 + 12x + c, where c is y
a constant. 21
y = x2 + 12x + c
(a) Find the value of c.
(b) Find the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph. x
0
–15
44. The figure shows the graph of the function y = –x2 + bx + 5, where b y
is a constant. 9
(a) Find the value of b.

(b) Find the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph.
y = –x2 + bx + 5
x
–1 0
45. The vertex of the graph of the quadratic function y = –2x2 + kx – 8 lies on the x-axis, where k is a
constant.
(a) Find the possible values of k.
(b) For each value of k obtained in (a), find the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph.
46. The graph of the quadratic function y = g(x) = –(x + 8)(x + r) + s passes through (1 , –9) and (–4 , –4),
where r and s are constants.
(a) Find the values of r and s.
(b) How many x-intercepts does the graph of y = g(x) have? Explain your answer.
47. In the figure, the graph of the function y = –x2 − 9x + h passes through y
(−6 , 4), where h is a constant. (–6 , 4)
(a) Find the value of h. x

O
(b) Find the x-intercepts of the graph.
(c) Find the coordinates of the vertex of the graph. y = –x2 − 9x + h
36
48. The figure shows the graph of the quadratic function y = ax2 – 2x + c,
where c is a constant. A(–3 , 5) and B(1 , 5) are two points on the y
y = ax2 – 2x + c
graph.
(a) Find the values of a and c. A(–3 , 5) B(1 , 5)
(c) Find the maximum value of the function.
x
O
49. The figure shows the graph of the quadratic function y = ax2 + bx + c, y
where a, b and c are constants.

x
(a) Find the values of a, b and c. 0
–1 4
–8
(c) Find the minimum value of the function.
y = ax2 + bx + c
50. The following table shows some values of x and the corresponding values of y of the function
y = ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 0.
x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y –10 –5 –2 –1 –2 –5 –10
(a) Using the above table, plot the graph of the function.
y
x
0
–2 –1 1 2 3 4
–2
–4
–6
–8
–10
(b) Write down the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph.
(c) Write down the maximum value of the function.
51. (a) Plot the graph of the function y = x2 + 8x + 11 for –6 ≤ x ≤ –1.

[Unit length for x-axis: 10 divisions (1 cm)
Unit length for y-axis: 5 divisions (0.5 cm)]
(b) Write down the coordinates of the vertex of the graph.
(c) Write down the minimum value of the function.
37
52. Consider the quadratic function f(x) = 3x2 – 2x + c, where c is a constant. The y-intercept of the graph
of y = f(x) is –8.
(a) Find the value of c.
(b) Find the x-intercepts of the graph of y = f(x).
(c) If the equation f(x) = k has real root(s), find the range of values of k.
53. The graph of the quadratic function y = x2 + 8x + k cuts the x-axis at two points A and B, where k is a
constant.
(a) Find the range of values of k.
(b) Suppose k takes the greatest integer in the range found in (a) and P is the vertex of the graph.
(i) Find the coordinates of P.
(ii) Find the area of △ABP.
54. Let p and q be constants. The equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph of the quadratic function
y = x2 + px + q is x = 2. The graph cuts the x-axis at two points M(–2 , 0) and N(n , 0).
(a) Find the values of p and q.
(b) Find the minimum value of the function.
(c) If the vertex of the graph is P, find the area of △MNP.
55. In the figure, the coordinates of the vertex V of the graph of the y
y = x2 + bx + c
quadratic function y = x2 + bx + c are (6 , –16), where b and c are x
constants. One of the x-intercepts of the graph is 2. P and Q are two 0 2
distinct points lying on the graph. The y-coordinates of P and Q are P Q
both –7.
(a) Find the values of b and c. V(6 , –16)
(b) Find the distance between P and Q.
(c) If A(α , 0) and B(β , 0) are two points lying on the x-axis, where
β – α = 2, find the area of the trapezium ABQP.
38
Answers
1. upward (c) (i) x = 2
2. downward (ii) maximum value: 9
3. downward (d) (i) x = 4
4. downward (ii) minimum value: 11
5. upward (e) (i) x = –6
6. (a) (i) a > 0 (ii) c < 0 (ii) minimum value: 2
(b) (i) a < 0 (ii) c < 0 (f) (i) x = –7
(c) (i) a < 0 (ii) c > 0 (ii) maximum value: –25
(d) (i) a > 0 (ii) c > 0 14. upward, y-intercept: 2, x-intercepts: –1, –2
7. (a) 9 3
15. upward, y-intercept: –6, x-intercepts: –1,
(b) x = 3 2
16. downward, y-intercept: –3, x-intercepts: 1, 3
(c) (3 , 1)
5
(d) minimum value: 1 17. downward, y-intercept: 5, x-intercepts: − , 1
2
8. (a) −8 1
18. downward, y-intercept: 2, x-intercepts: − , 2
(b) x = 5 5
(c) (5 , 7) 13
19. upward, y-intercept: –13, x-intercepts: –1,
8
(d) maximum value: 7
20. upward, y-intercept: 0, x-intercepts: 0, 4
9. (a) −6
21. downward, y-intercept: 12, x-intercepts: –2, 2
(b) x = −2
22. (1 , 1)
(c) (−2 , 4)
23. (–4 , 8)
(d) maximum value: 4
24. (a) (3 , 0) (b) 8
10. (a) 6
25. (a) x = –2 (b) (–2 , –9)
(b) x = −4
26. (a) –2, –4 (b) –5
(c) (−4 , −3)
27. (a) –2 (b) –2
(d) minimum value: −3
28. (a) –1 (b) –1
11. (a) 1
29. (a) –2 (b) downward
(b) x = −1
(c) yes
(c) (−1 , −2)
30. upward, y-intercept: –15,
(d) minimum value: −2
5 3
12. (a) −2 x-intercepts: − ,
2 2
(b) x = 3 31. downward, y-intercept: 2,
(c) (3 , 7) 1 2
x-intercepts: − ,
(d) maximum value: 7 4 3
32. upward, y-intercept: –6, x-intercepts: –2, 3
13. (a) (i) x = –1
(ii) minimum value: 3
(b) (i) x = –5
35. upward, y-intercept: 9, x-intercept: 3
(ii) maximum value: –2
39
37. upward, y-intercept: 24, x-intercepts: 2, 6 48. (a) a = –1, c = 8 (b) x = –1
3 (c) 9
38. (a) positive (b)
2 49. (a) a = 2, b = –6, c = –8
39. a = –2, b = –5 3 25
(b) x = (c) −
40. (a) b = 1, c = –6 (b) –6 2 2
50. (b) x = 1 (c) –1
41. (a) 16
51. (b) (–4 , –5) (c) –5
(b) r = 16, s = 1; r = 8, s = 2
4
42. (a) yes (b) no 52. (a) –8 (b) − ,2
3
43. (a) 21 (b) x = –6 25
(c) k ≥ −
44. (a) 4 (b) x = 2 3
45. (a) –8, 8 53. (a) k < 16
(b) when k = –8, x = –2; when k = 8, x = 2 (b) (i) (–4 , –1) (ii) 1
46. (a) r = –4, s = –36 (b) 1 54. (a) p = –4, q = –12
47. (a) –14 (b) –2, –7 (b) –16 (c) 64
 9 25  55. (a) b = –12, c = 20
(c)  − , 
 2 4  (b) 6 (c) 28
40
F4A: Chapter 5B
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42
Objective: To find the maximum or minimum value of the quadratic function y = a(x – h)2 + k.
Features of the Quadratic Function y = a(x – h)2 + k and Its Graph

y axis of symmetry y
y = a(x – h)2 + k vertex (h , k) maximum value
(a > 0)
x x
O O
minimum
value vertex (h , k) y = a(x – h)2 + k
x=h x=h
axis of symmetry (a < 0)
Range of a a>0 a<0

Maximum or minimum
k (minimum value) k (maximum value)
value
Vertex (h , k) (the lowest point) (h , k) (the highest point)
Axis of symmetry x=h
1. Consider the function y = (x – 1)2 + 4. 2. Consider the function y = –(x + 3)2 + 5. Ex 5B: 1–6
The graph opens ( upward / downward ). The graph opens ( upward / downward ).
Coordinates of the vertex Coordinates of the vertex
=( , ) =( , ) y = –[x – ( )]2 + 5
The equation of the axis of symmetry is The equation of the axis of

. symmetry is .
( Maximum / Minimum ) value = ( Maximum / Minimum ) value =
In each of the following, find the values of the constants m and n using the graph of the quadratic function.
[Nos. 3–4] Ex 5B: 7(a)
3. Coordinates of the vertex y y = 3(x – m)2 + n 4. y

axis of symmetry
=( , ) x
∴ m=
O (4 , –3)
n=
(2 , 1)
x
O y = –2(x – m)2 + n
axis of symmetry
5. The figure shows the graph of the quadratic function y = 2(x – h)2 + k. y
x = –1
Find the values of the constants h and k. Ex 5B: 7(b)
Find the value of h
first from the axis of 6
symmetry.
y = 2(x – h)2 + k
x
0
axis of symmetry
43
In the figure, the vertex of y In the figure, the vertex of the
y = f(x) y
(–2 , 3)
the graph of a quadratic x graph of a quadratic function
0 (–3 , 1)
function –1 y = f(x) is (–2 , 3). The graph x
0
y = f(x) is (1 , –4) and the y- passes through the point (–3 ,
intercept is –1. Find f(x). 1). Find f(x).
(1 , –4) y = f(x)
Let y = .
Let y = a(x – 1)2 – 4.

Substitute x = 0 and y = –1 into y = a(x – 1)2 –
4.
–1 = a(0 – 1)2 – 4
a =3
∴ f(x) = 3(x – 1)2 – 4
= 3(x2 – 2x + 1) – 4
= 3x2 – 6x – 1
6. In the figure, the vertex of y 7. The vertex of the graph of a quadratic function
(5 , 9)
the graph of a quadratic y = f(x) is (–3 , –6). The graph passes through
y = f(x)
function y = f(x) is (5 , 9) the point (–1 , 10). Find f(x). Ex 5B: 10
and one of the x-intercepts

is 8. Find f(x). Ex 5B: 9
x
0 8
Level Up Question

8. In the figure, P is the vertex of the graph of the function y = –(x – m)2 – n. y
P
(a) Find the values of m and n. Q
(b) Find the area of △PQR. x
–4 0
–6 R
y = –(x – m)2 – n
44
4A Lesson Worksheet 5.2B & C (Refer to Book 4A P.5.21)
Objective: To find the maximum or minimum value of a quadratic function by the method of completing
the square.
Review: Factorization of Polynomials Using the Perfect Square Identities
Factorize the following polynomials. [Nos. 1–4]

1. x 2 + 6x + 9 a2 + 2ab + b2 ≡ (a + b)2 2. x2 – 16x + 64 a2 – 2ab + b2 ≡ (a – b)2
= x2 + 2( )( )+( )2 = x2 – 2( )( )+( )2
=( )2 =( )2
3. 4x2 – 12x + 9 4. –25x2 – 20x – 4

= =
Method of Completing the Square

2 2
a  a
By the method of completing the square, add   to x2 + ax to obtain  x +  .
 2  2
Complete the following questions by making each expression become a perfect square. [Nos. 5–8]
2
 
5. x + 2x + 
2
 = (x + )2 6. x2 – 14x + =( )2
 2 
7. x2 – x + =( )2 8. x2 + 11x + =( )2

Find the maximum or minimum value of the Find the maximum or minimum value of the
quadratic function y = x2 + 6x + 5 and the quadratic function y = x2 – 8x + 3 and the
corresponding value of x. corresponding value of x.
2
y = x + 6x + 5 y = x2 – 8x + 3 Coefficient of
2 2 2 2 x2 ( < / > ) 0
6 6    
= x2 + 6x +   –   + 5 = x2 – 8x +   –  +3
2 2  2   2  ( Maximum /
2 2 Minimum )
= x + 6x + 9 – 9 + 5 = x – 8x + ( )–( )+3 value of y
= (x + 3)2 – 4 =( )2 – ( )
∴ The minimum value of the function is –4 ∴ The ( ) value of the function is
and ( )
the corresponding value of x is –3. and the corresponding value of x is ( ).
45
In each of the following quadratic functions, find the maximum or minimum value and the corresponding
value of x. [Nos. 9–14]
9. y = x2 – 10x + 9 10. y = –x2 – 4x + 1 Ex 5B: 11–16
= x2 – 10x + – +9 = –( + )+1
= =
11. y = x2 + 3x + 4 12. y = –x2 + 5x – 2
13. y = 3x2 – 12x Take out the 14. y = –5x2 + 10x – 6 Ex 5B: 24–29
common
factor first.
Level Up Question

15. The graph of the quadratic function y = x2 + 4x + k cuts the y-axis at (0 , 6).
(b) Find the minimum value of the function and the vertex of the graph.
46
5 Quadratic Functions
Level 1
Complete the following table. [Nos. 1–10]
Maximum or Equation of
Direction of Coordinates
Function minimum the axis of
opening of the vertex
value symmetry
1. y = (x + 5)2 – 3
2. y = (x – 3)2 – 4
3. y = (x – 4)2 + 5
4. y = –(x + 7)2
5. y = –(x – 1)2 + 8
6. y = –(x – 10)2 – 6
7. y = 2(x + 6)2 + 9
8. y = –2 + 3(x – 9)2
9. y = –6(x – 8)2 – 1
10. y = 7 – 4(x + 2)2
11. In each of the following, find the values of the constants a and b using the graph of the quadratic function.
(a) y (b) y
axis of symmetry
(7 , 9)
x
y = (x – a)2 + b O
y = –(x – a)2 + b
(–4 , 5)
x axis of symmetry
O
(c) y (d) axis of symmetry y

2
y = –2(x – a) + b
y = 3(x – a)2 + b
8
x=3 x = –2
6
x
x 0
0 axis of symmetry
47
12. The vertex of the graph of the quadratic function y = a(x – h)2 + k is (–2 , 0).
(a) Find the values of h and k.
(b) If the graph passes through (–3 , 4), find the value of a.
13. The vertex of the graph of the quadratic function y = a(x – h)2 + k is (5 , –6).
(b) If (7 , –10) is a point on the graph, find the value of a.
14. In the figure, the vertex of the graph of a quadratic function y = f(x) is y
(–2 , 5)
(–2 , 5) and the y-intercept is –3. Find f(x).
x
0
–3
y = f(x)
15. In the figure, the vertex of the graph of a quadratic function y = f(x) is y
y = f(x)
(3 , –10) and the y-intercept is 8. Find f(x).
8
x
0
(3 , –10)
16. The vertex of the graph of a quadratic function y = f(x) is (–4 , 7). If the graph passes through the point
(–1 , –2), find f(x).
17. The vertex of the graph of a quadratic function y = f(x) is (–2 , –7). If the point (–4 , 5) lies on the
graph, find f(x).
18. The y-intercept of the graph of a quadratic function y = f(x) is 8. If the graph touches the x-axis at x =
1 only, find f(x).
19. The vertex of the graph of a quadratic function y = f(x) is (k , –18), where k is a constant. The x-
intercepts of the graph of y = f(x) are –1 and 5.
(b) Find f(x).
48
In each of the following, find the equation of the axis of symmetry and the coordinates of the vertex of the
graph of the quadratic function. [Nos. 20–29]
20. y = x2 + 2x – 2 21. y = x2 – 8x – 5
22. y = x2 – 14x + 56 23. y = x2 + 16x + 75
24. y = –x2 – 4x + 3 25. y = –x2 + 6x + 5
26. y = –x2 + 10x – 28 27. y = –x2 – 12x – 21
28. y = –x2 + 3x – 11 29. y = x2 + 9x + 15
30. The maximum value of the function y = –x2 – 6x + k is 2, where k is a constant. Find the value of k.
31. The minimum value of the function y = (x – 2)(x – 14) + 3k is –k, where k is a constant. Find the value
of k.
32. The graph of the quadratic function y = –x2 + bx – 5 passes through (–4 , 3).
(a) Find the value of b.
(b) Find the coordinates of the vertex of the graph.
33. The graph of the quadratic function y = x2 + bx + c cuts the x-axis at (–3 , 0) and (5 , 0).
(b) Find the minimum value of y.
34. The sum of two real numbers is 20. Find the maximum value of their product.
35. The perimeter of a rectangle is 28 cm. Find the maximum area of the rectangle.
36. The height and the base of a triangle is (x + 2) cm and (8 – 2x) cm respectively. Find the maximum
area of the triangle.
Level 2
37. In the figure, the graph of the quadratic function y = p(x – q)2 + r lies y
above the x-axis. Determine whether each of the following is true.

Explain your answers.
(a) p + q > 0
(b) pqr < 0
y = p(x – q)2 + r
x
O
49
38. In the figure, P is the vertex of the graph of the quadratic function y
P
y = a(x – h)2 + 17.
(a) Find the values of a and h.
(b) Find the y-intercept of the graph. (–1 , 5)
x
0
–3
y = a(x – h)2 + 17
39. (–3 , –1) and (1 , 15) are two points on the graph of the quadratic function y = a(x – h)2 + k. The axis
of symmetry of the graph is x = –2.
(a) Find the value of h.
(b) Does the graph open upward or downward? Explain your answer.
(c) Find the y-intercept of the graph.
40. In the figure, the graph of the function y = –2(x + 1)2 + 5 cuts the y- y
C
axis at the point B. The graph cuts its axis of symmetry at the point C.
(a) Write down the coordinates of C. B
(b) Find the area of △OBC.

x
O
2
y = –2(x + 1) + 5
41. In the figure, the graph of the function y = (x + 3)2 + k cuts the x-axis y
at the points A and B, where k is a constant. The graph cuts the y-axis y = (x + 3)2 + k P
at the point P. The minimum value of the function is –4.
(b) Find the coordinates of P. x
A B O
(c) Find the area of △PAB.
In each of the following quadratic functions, find the maximum or minimum value and the equation of the
axis of symmetry of its graph. [Nos. 42–51]
42. y = 2x2 + 16x – 1 43. y = 3x2 – 6x – 7
44. y = –3x2 + 12x + 4 45. y = –4x2 – 8x + 9
46. y = 5x2 – 20x + 16 47. y = –6x2 – 36x – 30
48. y = –7x2 + 14x – 5 49. y = 8x2 – 64x + 97
50. y = 2x2 – 18x – 3 51. y = –9x2 – 45x – 60
50
52. The minimum value of the function y = x2 + bx + 16 is –9, where b is a constant. Find the two possible
values of b.
53. The graph of the quadratic function y = ax2 + bx + 3 passes through (–2 , 3) and (1 , –9), where a and
b are constants.
(a) Find the values of a and b.
(b) Find the equation of the axis of symmetry and the coordinates of the vertex of the graph.
54. The figure shows the graph of the quadratic function y = x2 + bx + c, y
where b and c are constants. y = x2 + bx + c

5
(b) Find the minimum value of y. x
0 6
55. In the figure, R is the vertex of the graph of y = –x2 + 4x – 5. y

(a) Find the coordinates of R. x
O
(b) P and Q are the points on the x-axis and the y-axis respectively R
such that OPRQ is a rectangle. Find the perimeter of OPRQ.
y = –x2 + 4x – 5
56. The difference between two real numbers is 4. Let x be the larger number of the two numbers.
A number N is greater than the product of the two numbers by 9.
(a) Express N in terms of x.
(b) Find the minimum value of N.
57. A stone is thrown vertically upward. The height of the stone above the ground after t seconds is h m,
where h = –5t2 + 20t + 25.
(a) Find the maximum height of the stone above the ground.
(b) Find the time needed for the stone to reach the ground.
58. The administration fee for managing a certain activity in a university is $A. If x students join the
activity, then A = 2x2 − 120x + 3 600.
(a) Find the value of x so that the administration fee is a minimum.
(b) Is it possible that the administration fee is below $1 500? Explain your answer.
59. The base radius and the slant height of a right circular cone is (3 − x) cm and (4x + 8) cm respectively.
(a) Express the total surface area of the cone in terms of x.
(b) Find the maximum total surface area of the cone.
(Leave the answers in terms of π.)
51
60. The figure shows a metal sheet and its dimensions. x cm
(a) Express the perimeter and the area of the sheet in terms of x and (x – y) cm
y.
y cm
(b) If the perimeter of the sheet is 56 cm, find the maximum area of
2(x – y) cm
the sheet.
61. In the figure,△PQR is an isosceles triangle with PQ = PR, base QR P

of 18 cm and height of 12 cm. A rectangle ABCD is inscribed in △
x cm 12 cm
PQR. Let AB = x cm, BC = y cm and S cm2 be the area of the A B
rectangle. y cm
(a) Express S in terms of x. Q D C R
18 cm
(b) Find the maximum area of the rectangle and the corresponding
value of x.
62. (a) Let f(x) = 15x – x2. Using the method of completing the square,
find the coordinates of the vertex of the graph of y = f(x).
(b) The figure shows a rectangular paper card of dimensions
5 cm
(x + 10) cm × (25 – x) cm. Four small squares of side 5 cm are
cut off from the corners of the paper card. The remaining paper
card is folded into a paper box without lid.
(i) Express the capacity of the box in terms of x.
(ii) Steve claims that the capacity of the box can exceed 300
cm3. Do you agree? Explain your answer.
63. In the figure, the graph of the function y = –2(x – h)2 + 2 cuts the y- y
C
axis at the point A, where h > 0. The graph cuts the x-axis at the points B
x
B and D. C is the vertex of the graph. The equation of the straight line O D
AD is 2x – y – 6 = 0.
2x – y – 6 = 0
(a) Find the coordinates of A and D. A
(b) Find the coordinates of B and C. y = –2(x – h)2 + 2
(c) Find the area of the quadrilateral ABCD.
64. Let α and β be the roots of the equation x2 − 3(m − 1)x + m2 − 4 = 0, where m is a positive integer. It is
given that α < β and α2 + β2 = 26.
(a) Find the values of α and β.
(b) The graph of the quadratic function y = a(x − h)2 + k cuts the y-axis at C(0 , 10). The graph cuts
the x-axis at two points A(α , 0) and B(β , 0). Find the values of a, h and k.
52
Answers
1. upward, minimum value: –3, (–5 , –3), x = –5 41. (a) –4 (b) (0 , 5)
2. upward, minimum value: –4, (3 , –4), x = 3 (c) 10
3. upward, minimum value: 5, (4 , 5), x = 4 42. minimum value: –33, x = –4
4. downward, maximum value: 0, (–7 , 0), x = –7 43. minimum value: –10, x = 1
5. downward, maximum value: 8, (1 , 8), x = 1 44. maximum value: 16, x = 2
6. downward, maximum value: –6, (10 , –6), 45. maximum value: 13, x = –1
x = 10 46. minimum value: –4, x = 2
7. upward, minimum value: 9, (–6 , 9), x = –6 47. maximum value: 24, x = –3
8. upward, minimum value: –2, (9 , –2), x = 9 48. maximum value: 2, x = 1
9. downward, maximum value: –1, (8 , –1), x = 8 49. minimum value: –31, x = 4
10. downward, maximum value: 7, (–2 , 7), x = –2 87 9
50. minimum value: − ,x=
11. (a) a = –4, b = 5 (b) a = 7, b = 9 2 2
15 5
(c) a = 3, b = 24 (d) a = –2, b = –4 51. maximum value: − , x = −
4 2
12. (a) h = –2, k = 0 (b) 4 52. 10, –10
13. (a) h = 5, k = –6 (b) –1 53. (a) a = –4, b = –8 (b) x = –1, (–1 , 7)
2
14. –2x – 8x – 3 15. 2x2 – 12x + 8 54. (a) b = –6, c = 5 (b) –4
2 2
16. –x – 8x – 9 17. 3x + 12x + 5 55. (a) (2 , –1) (b) 6
2
18. 8x – 16x + 8 2
56. (a) N = x − 4x + 9 (b) 5
2
19. (a) 2 (b) 2x – 8x – 10 57. (a) 45 m (b) 5 seconds
20. x = –1, (–1 , –3) 21. x = 4, (4 , –21) 58. (a) 30 (b) no
22. x = 7, (7 , 7) 23. x = –8, (–8 , 11) 59. (a) π(33 – 2x – 3x2) cm2
24. x = –2, (–2 , 7) 25. x = 3, (3 , 14) 100
(b) π cm2
26. x = 5, (5 , –3) 27. x = –6, (–6 , 15) 3
3 3 35  60. (a) perimeter = (8x – 4y) cm,
28. x = ,  ,− 
2 2 4 area = (3x2 – xy – 2y2) cm2
9  9 21  (b) 175 cm2
29. x = , − , − 
2  2 4 2
61. (a) S = 12x – x2 (b) 54 cm2, x = 9
30. –7 31. 9 3
32. (a) –6 (b) (–3 , 4)  15 225 
62. (a)  , 
33. (a) b = –2, c = –15 (b) –16 2 4 
(b) (i) (75x – 5x2) cm3
34. 100
(ii) no
35. 49 cm2
36. 9 cm2 63. (a) A(0 , –6), D(3 , 0)
37. (a) yes (b) no (b) B(1 , 0), C(2 , 2)
38. (a) a = –3, h = –3 (b) –10 (c) 8
39. (a) –2 (b) upward 64. (a) α = 1, β = 5
(c) 5 (b) a = 2, h = 3, k = –8
3
40. (a) (–1 , 5) (b)
2
53
F4A: Chapter 6A
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55
Objective: To review the addition, subtraction and multiplication of polynomials, identities and
factorization of polynomials.
Polynomials
Complete the following table. [Nos. 1–2] Review Ex: 1
No. of Coefficients of Constant

Polynomial Variable Degree
terms x 4
x 3
x 2
x term
3 2
1. 6x + 13x – 7x – 9
2. 1 – 4x2 + 9x3 – 16x4
Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials
Simplify the following expressions and arrange the terms in ascending powers of x. [Nos. 3–4]
3. (x + 5) + (x2 – 3x – 16) 4. (x2 – 12x + 7) – (2 – 9x – 3x2) Review Ex: 2, 3
= x + 5 + x2 – ( )x – ( ) =
=
Order of terms:
constant, x, x2
Simplify the following expressions and arrange the terms in descending powers of x. [Nos. 5–6]
5. (x2 – 8x + 6) + (2x – 4) 6. (5x2 + 11x – 12) – (–3 + 4x + x2)
= x 2 – 8x + 6 + ( )x – ( ) =
=
Order of terms:
x2, x, constant
Multiplication of Polynomials
Expand the following expressions and arrange the terms in descending powers of x. [Nos. 7–10]
7. (x + 4)(x + 7) 8. (x – 3)(2x + 5) Review Ex: 4
2
=x +( )x + ( )x + ( ) (x + 4)(x + 7) =
=
9. (7x + 1)(x2 – x + 2) 10. (x – 9)(x2 + 3x – 1)

= =
56
Identities
11. If x2 + ax + 13 ≡ x2 – 5x + b, find the values of a and b. Review Ex: 5

a= ,b=
12. If (x – a)(x + 5) ≡ (x + 1)2 + b, find the values of a and b.

L.H.S. = x2 – ( )x + ( )x – ( ) First expand the L.H.S.
and the R.H.S.
=
R.H.S. =
∴ ≡
Comparing like terms on both sides, we have
Factorization of Polynomials
Factorize the following expressions. [Nos. 13–18] Review Ex: 6

2 2
13. 4x – 25 a2 – b2 ≡ (a + b)(a – b) 14. x + 16x + 64 a2 + 2ab + b2 ≡ (a + b)2
= =
15. 9x 2 – 6x + 1 a2 – 2ab + b2 ≡ (a – b)2 16. x2 – 8x + 15 ( ) ( )
= = ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) = –8x
17. x2 – 5x – 14 18. 5x 2 + 4x – 1
= =
Level Up Question

19. (a) Factorize 3x2 + x – 2 and 3x2 + xy – 2y2.
(b) Factorize 3x2 + xy – 2y2 + 12x – 8y.
57
Objective: To perform the division of polynomials by monomials.
Review: Division of Positive Integers
Find the quotient and the remainder in each of the following. [Nos. 1–2]
1. 84 ÷ 7 2. 635 ÷ 3
) )
∴ Quotient = ∴ Quotient =
Remainder = Remainder =
Dividing a Polynomial by a Monomial

Find the quotient and the remainder when Find the quotient and the remainder when 2x2 + 3x is
x2 + 3x + 1 is divided by x. divided by x.
x +3 Quotient
Divisor x ) x 2 + 3x + 1 Dividend (terms arranged )( ) x2 + ( )x
x2 in descending powers of x) ( ) x2
3x ( )x
3x ( )x
1 Remainder
∴ Quotient = x + 3 ∴ Quotient =
Remainder = 1 Remainder =
3. (4x2 + 4x + 7) ÷ x 4. (6x2 – 2x + 3) ÷ x
)( ) x2 + ( )x + ( ) )( ) x2 – ( )x + ( )
( ) x2 ( )
( )x ( )x
( )x
( )
5. (5x2 + 3x – 1) ÷ x 6. (2x3 – 7x2) ÷ x
58
)( ) x2 + ( )x – ( )
∴ Quotient =
Remainder =

Find the quotient and the remainder when 2x2 – 6x Find the quotient and the remainder when
is divided by 2x. 9x2 + 3x + 8 is divided by 3x.
x –3
2x ) 2x 2 – 6x )( ) x2 + ( )x + ( )
2x 2 ( ) x2
–6x ( )x
–6x ( )x
( )
∴ Quotient = x – 3 ∴ Quotient =
7. (4x2 – 2x + 1) ÷ 2x 8. (3x2 + 3x – 4) ÷ 3x Ex 6A: 1–3
Level Up Question

9. (a) Find the quotient and the remainder when 3x3 + 7x2 – x is divided by x.
(b) By using the results of (a), find the quotient and the remainder when 3(u + 2)3 + 7(u + 2)2 – u – 2
is divided by (u + 2).
59
Objective: To perform the division of polynomials by polynomials.
Review: Dividing a Polynomial by a Monomial
Use long division to find the quotient and the remainder in each of the following. [Nos. 1–2]
1. (2x2 + 3x – 5) ÷ x 2. (4x2 – 4x + 1) ÷ 2x
)( ) x2 + ( )x – ( ) )( ) x2 – ( )x + ( )
( ) x2
( )x
( )x
( )
Dividing a Polynomial by a Polynomial

Find the quotient and the remainder when Find the quotient and the remainder when x2 – 2x – 1
x2 + 3x + 2 is divided by x + 2. is divided by x – 4.
x +1
x + 2 ) x 2 + 3x + 2 x–( ) ) x2 – ( )x – ( )
x 2 + 2x x(x + 2) = x2 + 2x x2 – ( )x
x+2 ( )x – ( )
x+2 1(x + 2) = x + 2 ( )x – ( )
In each step of division,
( )
∴ Quotient = x + 1 the aim is to eliminate
the left-most term of the
∴ Quotient =
Remainder = 0 dividend. Remainder =
3. (x2 + 5x – 12) ÷ (x – 3) 4. (2x2 + 9x – 5) ÷ (x + 5) Ex 6A: 4–8, 11–14
) x2 + ( )x – ( )
x2 – ( )x
( )x – ( )
∴ Quotient =
Remainder =
60
5. (4x2 + 3x + 2) ÷ (4x – 1) 6. (–5x – 8 + 3x2) ÷ (3x + 4) Arrange the terms
of the dividend in
descending
powers of x.

Find the quotient and the remainder when Find the quotient and the remainder when 2x2 – 7 is
5x2 + 1 is divided by x – 1. divided by x + 2.
5x + 5
x – 1 ) 5x 2 + 0x + 1 Insert a term with zero coefficient ) ( ) x2 + ( )x – ( )
5x 2 – 5x for the missing term in the ( ) x2 + ( )x
dividend.
5x + 1 ( )x – ( )
5x – 5 ( )x – ( )
6 ( )
∴ Quotient = 5x + 5 ∴ Quotient =
7. (2x3 + 5x2 + 3) ÷ (x + 3) 8. (1 – 7x + 9x3) ÷ (3x – 2) Ex 6A: 9, 10, 15, 16
)( ) x3 + ( ) x2 + ( )x + ( )
( ) x3 + ( ) x2
( ) x2 + ( )x
∴ Quotient =
Remainder =
Level Up Question

9. Find the quotient and the remainder when x3 – x2 + 2x – 1 is divided by x2 + x + 1.
61
4A Lesson Worksheet 6.1C (Refer to Book 4A P.6.11)
Objective: To use the division algorithm to find the dividend and the divisor.
Review: Division of Integers
In each of the following, express the dividend in terms of the divisor, the quotient and the remainder. [Nos. 1–2]
1. 36 ÷ 5 7 Quotient 2. 58 ÷ 7
Divisor 5 ) 36 Dividend ) 58
35
1 Remainder
Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder Dividend =
36 = ( ) × ( )+( ) =
Division Algorithm of Polynomials

Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder
The degree of the remainder must be less than the degree of the divisor.
Find the dividend in each of the following. [Nos. 3–6]

3. Divisor = x + 1, quotient = 2x – 5, 4. Divisor = x – 2, quotient = 5x + 6,
remainder = 0 remainder = 5 Ex 6A: 17–19
Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder Dividend =
=( )( )+( )
=
5. Divisor = x – 4, quotient = x2 + 3, 6. Divisor = 2x + 3, quotient = x2 + 5,

remainder = 6 remainder = –8

In a division of polynomials, the dividend is In a division of polynomials, the dividend is
x2 + 2x – 4, the quotient is x + 1 and the remainder x2 – 7x + 8, the quotient is x – 6 and the remainder
is –5. Find the divisor. is 2. Find the divisor.
Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder
2
x + 2x – 4 = divisor × (x + 1) + (–5) x +1 ( ) = divisor × ( )+( )
x + 1) x2 + 2x + 1
x2 + 2x + 1 = divisor × (x + 1) x2 + x =
2 x+1
Divisor = (x + 2x + 1) ÷ (x + 1) x+1
=x+1
62
Find the divisor in each of the following. [Nos. 7–10]
7. Dividend = 2x2 + 3x – 5, quotient = x + 3, 8. Dividend = 6x2 – 9x – 8, quotient = 2x – 5,
remainder = 4 remainder = 7 Ex 6A: 20–23
=
9. Dividend = 8x2 – 18x + 3, quotient = 4x – 1, 10. Dividend = x3 + 11x2 + 21x – 7, quotient = x + 2,

remainder = –1 remainder = –13
11. When 3x2 + ax + b is divided by x – 8, the 12. When ax2 + 2x + b is divided by 2x – 1, the
quotient is 3x + 1 and the remainder is 5. quotient is 4x + 3 and the remainder is 4.
Find the values of a and b. Find the values of a and b. Ex 6A: 37–39
=
∴ 3x + ax + b ≡
2
Comparing like terms on both sides, we have

a= ,b=
Level Up Question

13. When a polynomial P is divided by x + 4, the quotient is 7x – 1 and the remainder is –2.
(a) Find P. (b) Find the quotient and the remainder of P ÷ (x – 1).
63
6 More about Polynomials
Level 1
1. (8x2 + 10x) ÷ (2x) 2. (6x2 + 6x − 3) ÷ (2x)
3. (15x2 − 12x + 4) ÷ (3x) 4. (12x2 + 8x − 5) ÷ (4x)
5. (x2 + 5x − 6) ÷ (x + 1) 6. (2x2 + 7x + 8) ÷ (x − 1)
7. (2x2 − 3x − 11) ÷ (2x − 1) 8. (4x2 + 8x − 15) ÷ (2x + 3)
9. (2x2 − 11) ÷ (x + 3) 10. (4x2 + 8) ÷ (x − 2)
11. (x3 + 2x2 − 3x + 1) ÷ (x − 3) 12. (2x3 − x2 − 5x − 12) ÷ (2x + 1)
13. (6x2 − 6x + 3x3 − 13) ÷ (x + 2) 14. (−x2 + 6x3 − 6 + 7x) ÷ (3x − 2)
15. (8x − 5 − 6x2 + 4x3) ÷ (2x − 3) 16. (7x2 + 6x3 + 2x + 5) ÷ (6x − 5)
17. (x3 − 3x2 + 9) ÷ (4 − x) 18. (9x3 − 7x − 1) ÷ (1 − 3x)
19. (x3 + 4) ÷ (x + 1) 20. (8x3 − 7) ÷ (2x + 1)
Find the dividend in each of the following. [Nos. 21–24]

21. Divisor = x − 2, quotient = 2x + 3, remainder = 5
22. Divisor = 2x + 1, quotient = 3x + 7, remainder = −9
23. Divisor = 3x − 5, quotient = x2 − 3x − 8, remainder = −6
24. Divisor = 3 − x, quotient = 2x2 − 4x + 3, remainder = 11
64
25. Dividend = 2x2 + 8x − 3, quotient = 2x, remainder = −3
26. Dividend = x2 − 7x − 5, quotient = x + 1, remainder = 3
27. Dividend = x3 − 6x2 + 13x − 19, quotient = x − 5, remainder = 21
28. Dividend = 2x3 − x2 + 4x + 10, quotient = 2x + 3, remainder = −5
Level 2
29. (x3 + 4x2 − 5x + 8) ÷ (x2 + 2x − 1) 30. (2x3 − 3x2 + 9x − 4) ÷ (x2 − x + 3)
31. (4x3 − 6x2 + x + 5) ÷ (2x2 − 2x − 5) 32. (3x3 + 7x2 − 10x + 6) ÷ (3x2 − 2 + x)
33. (x3 + 2x2 + 5x − 11) ÷ (x2 + 3) 34. (2x3 − 4x2 − 5x + 3) ÷ (2x2 − 1)
35. (6x3 − 3x2 + 4x − 2) ÷ (3x2 + 2) 36. (9 − 5x + x3) ÷ (x2 − 2x − 1)
37. (7x2 − 3x3 − 15) ÷ (2 − x2) 38. (5x + 4x2 − 6x3) ÷ (−3 + 2x2)

39. Dividend = x3 + 6x2 + 9x − 8, quotient = x + 3, remainder = 2x − 2
40. Dividend = 2x3 + 7x2 − 11x − 5, quotient = x2 + 3x − 7, remainder = 2
41. Dividend = 4x3 − 16x2 + 21x − 3, quotient = 2x2 − 5x + 3, remainder = 6
42. Dividend = 3x3 + 2x2 − 19x − 1, quotient = (3x − 1)(x + 3), remainder = −7
43. When x2 + ax − 4 is divided by x − 2, the quotient and the remainder are x + 5 and 6 respectively. Find
the value of a.
44. When x3 + 5x2 + 7x + 6 is divided by x + b, the quotient and the remainder are x2 + 2x + 1 and 3
respectively. Find the value of b.
45. When x2 + ax + b is divided by x + 4, the quotient and the remainder are x − 2 and −7 respectively.
Find the values of a and b.
65
46. When 2x2 + 5x + b is divided by 2x + c, the quotient and the remainder are x + 3 and −2 respectively.
Find the values of b and c.
47. When 3x2 + mx − 5 is divided by 3x − 2, the quotient and the remainder are x + n and 3 respectively.
Find the values of m and n.
48. When 2x3 + Ax2 + Bx + C is divided by 2x2 − 3x + 2, the quotient and the remainder are x − 3 and x + 2
respectively. Find the values of A, B and C.
49. When 6x3 − 17x2 − x + A is divided by 3x2 − Bx − 5, the quotient and the remainder are 2x − 1 and
Cx − 3 respectively. Find the values of A, B and C.
50. When a polynomial P is divided by 2x2 − 3, the quotient and the remainder are x − 5 and x − 2
respectively.
(a) Find P.
(b) Find the quotient and the remainder of P ÷ (x − 1).
51. When f (x) = x3 + x2 − 2x + 1 is divided by x2 + 2x − 5, the quotient is h(x) and the remainder is 5x − 4.
(a) Find h(x).
(b) Find the quotient and the remainder when f (x) is divided by h(x).
52. When f (x) = 6x2 + hx − 8 is divided by 2x + 3, the quotient and the remainder are 3x + k and −14
respectively.
(b) Find the quotient and the remainder of f (x) ÷ (3x − 4).
53. When f (x) = 2x3 + Ax2 + 8 is divided by x2 + 3x + B, the quotient and the remainder are 2x + 1 and
Cx + 10 respectively.
(a) Find the values of A, B and C.
(b) Find the quotient and the remainder of f (x) ÷ (x + 2).
54. When x3 + 6x2 + ax − 3 is divided by x2 + x − 2, the remainder is a constant k.

(b) Find the value of k.
55. When 2x3 − 9x2 + ax + 10 is divided by x2 − 2x + b, the remainder is 0. Find the values of a and b.
56. (a) Find the remainder when 2x3 + x2 − 6x − 3 is divided by x2 − x − 2.

(b) Let f (x) = (2x3 + x2 − 6x − 3) + (ax + b). When f (x) is divided by x2 − x − 2, the remainder is 0.
Find the values of a and b.
66
Answers
1. quotient = 4x + 5, remainder = 0 32. quotient = x + 2, remainder = −10x + 10
2. quotient = 3x + 3, remainder = −3 33. quotient = x + 2, remainder = 2x − 17
3. quotient = 5x − 4, remainder = 4 34. quotient = x − 2, remainder = −4x + 1
4. quotient = 3x + 2, remainder = −5 35. quotient = 2x − 1, remainder = 0
5. quotient = x + 4, remainder = −10 36. quotient = x + 2, remainder = 11
6. quotient = 2x + 9, remainder = 17 37. quotient = 3x − 7, remainder = −6x − 1
7. quotient = x − 1, remainder = −12 38. quotient = −3x + 2, remainder = −4x + 6
8. quotient = 2x + 1, remainder = −18 39. x2 + 3x − 2
9. quotient = 2x − 6, remainder = 7 40. 2x + 1
10. quotient = 4x + 8, remainder = 24 41. 2x − 3
2
11. quotient = x + 5x + 12, remainder = 37 42. x − 2
12. quotient = x2 − x − 2, remainder = −10 43. 3
2
13. quotient = 3x − 6, remainder = −1 44. 3
14. quotient = 2x2 + x + 3, remainder = 0 45. a = 2, b = −15
2
15. quotient = 2x + 4, remainder = 7 46. b = −5, c = −1
16. quotient = x2 + 2x + 2, remainder = 15 47. m = 10, n = 4
2
17. quotient = −x − x − 4, remainder = 25 48. A = −9, B = 12, C = −4
18. quotient = −3x2 − x + 2, remainder = −3 49. A = 2, B = 7, C = 2
2
19. quotient = x − x + 1, remainder = 3 50. (a) 2x3 − 10x2 − 2x + 13
20. quotient = 4x2 − 2x + 1, remainder = −8 (b) quotient = 2x2 − 8x − 10, remainder = 3
21. 2x2 − x − 1 51. (a) x − 1
22. 6x2 + 17x − 2 (b) quotient = x2 + 2x, remainder = 1
23. 3x3 − 14x2 − 9x + 34 52. (a) h = 13, k = 2
24. −2x3 + 10x2 − 15x + 20 (b) quotient = 2x + 7, remainder = 20
25. x + 4 53. (a) A = 7, B = −2, C = 1
26. x − 8 (b) quotient = 2x2 + 3x − 6, remainder = 20
27. x2 − x + 8 54. (a) 3 (b) 7
28. x2 − 2x + 5 55. a = 6, b = −2
29. quotient = x + 2, remainder = −8x + 10 56. (a) x + 3
30. quotient = 2x − 1, remainder = 2x − 1 (b) a = −1, b = −3
31. quotient = 2x − 1, remainder = 9x
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F4A: Chapter 6B
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68
Objective: To use the Remainder Theorem to find remainders.
Review: Division Algorithm of Polynomials And Values of a Function
1. When a polynomial f(x) is divided by x – 2, 2. When a polynomial f(x) is divided by 2x – 1, the

. the remainder is 5.
the quotient is 4x + 1 and quotient is 2x2 + x – 3 and the remainder is –4.
Find f(2). 1
Find f   .
Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder 2
f(x) = ( )( )+( ) Dividend = ( )×( )+( )
∴ f(2) = f(x) =
Remainder Theorem
(a) When a polynomial f(x) is divided by x – a, the remainder is f(a). If x – a = 0, then x = a.
 n  If mx – n = 0, then x =
n
.
(b) When a polynomial f(x) is divided by mx – n, the remainder is f   . m
 m
If f(x) is a polynomial, write down the remainder in the form f(a) in each of the following. [Nos. 3–6]
3. f(x) ÷ (x – 1) x – 1= 0 4. f(x) ÷ (x + 4) Ex 6B: 1
Remainder = x = ___ Remainder =
5. f(x) ÷ (2x – 5) 2x – 5 = 0 6. f(x) ÷ (3x + 2)
x = ___

Find the remainder when f(x) = 2x2 + 4x – 1 is Find the remainder when f(x) = 4x2 – x + 3 is divided
divided by x – 2. by x + 1.
Remainder = f(2) Remainder = f( )
x + 1= 0
2
= 2(2) + 4(2) – 1 = 4( )2 – ( )+3 x = ___
=8+8–1 =
= 15 =
Use the Remainder Theorem to find the remainder in each of the following. [Nos. 7–10]
7. (x3 – 7x – 2) ÷ (x – 3) 8. (5x3 + 3x2 – x + 1) ÷ (x + 2) Ex 6B: 2–13
3
Let f(x) = x – 7x – 2. Let f(x) = .
Remainder = f( ) Remainder = f( )
3
=( ) – 7( )–2 =
=
=
69
9. (4x3 + 3x2 + 3x – 1) ÷ (2x – 1) 10. (3x3 + 6x2 – 5) ÷ (3x + 4)
2x – 1 = 0
x = ___

When x2 + kx + 2 is divided by x – 3, the remainder When x2 + kx – 5 is divided by x + 2, the remainder
is 8. Find the value of k. is 11. Find the value of k.
Let f(x) = x2 + kx + 2. Let f(x) = .
f(3) = 8 f( )=
32 + k(3) + 2 = 8
11 + 3k = 8
3k = –3
k = –1
11. When kx2 + 4x – 2 is divided by x + 3, the 12. When x2 – 2x + 3k is divided by x + 4, the

remainder is 13. Find the value of k. remainder is 9. Find the value of k.
Let f(x) = . Ex 6B: 14–19
f( )=
Level Up Question

13. Let f(x) = x2 + bx + c, where b and c are integers. When f(x) is divided by x – 1, the remainder is 0.
Write down a set of possible values of b and c. Explain your answer.
70
Level 1
1. If f (x) is a polynomial, write down the remainder in the form of f (a) in each of the following.
(a) f (x) ÷ (x − 5) (b) f (x) ÷ (x + 6)
(c) f (x) ÷ (5x − 2) (d) f (x) ÷ (4x + 9)
(e) f (x) ÷ (3x) (f) f (x) ÷ (−8x)
2. (x2 − 6x + 3) ÷ (x − 1) 3. (x3 + x2 + 2) ÷ (x + 1)
4. (x3 + 3x2 − 2x) ÷ (x − 2) 5. (x3 + 4x2 − x + 5) ÷ (x + 3)
6. (x3 + x2 − 3x + 2) ÷ (x − 3) 7. (3x3 − 2x2 − 7) ÷ (x + 2)
8. (2x3 − 5x − 1) ÷ (2x − 1) 9. (4x3 − 2x2 + 8) ÷ (2x + 3)
10. (3x3 − 8x2 + 2) ÷ (3x + 1) 11. (4x3 + 5x2 + 6x − 4) ÷ (4x − 3)
12. (3x3 + 7x2 + x − 4) ÷ (1 − x) 13. (4x3 − 4x2 − 7x + 9) ÷ (3 − 2x)
14. (4x3 + 3x2 − 10x − 1) ÷ x 15. (5x3 − 8x2 + 6x − 6) ÷ (−3x)
16. When x2 + kx − 5 is divided by x − 3, the remainder is 13. Find the value of k.
17. When 2x2 + 7x + k is divided by x + 2, the remainder is −4. Find the value of k.
18. When bx2 − 2x + 3 is divided by 2x − 1, the remainder is 3. Find the value of b.
19. When 3x2 − (k − 1)x − 1 is divided by 3x + 2, the remainder is 1. Find the value of k.
20. When x3 + 3x2 − kx − 8 is divided by x + 3, the remainder is −2. Find the value of k.
21. When ax2 − 2x3 − x + 7 is divided by 2x + 1, the remainder is 9. Find the value of a.
71
22. When 2x3 + bx2 − 5x + 2b is divided by x − 3, the remainder is 6. Find the value of b.
23. If x2 + kx + 5 is divided by x + 2 and x − 4 respectively, the remainders are the same. Find the value
of k.
24. If 4x2 − 2x + k is divided by 2x + 3 and 2x − 3 respectively, the sum of the remainders is zero. Find the
value of k.
Level 2
25. [(x + 2)(2x − 5)] ÷ (2x − 1) 26. [x(2x − 3)(2 − x) + 2] ÷ (x + 2)
27. (x2 014 − 20x − 14) ÷ (x + 1) 28. (x1 999 + 1 999x2 − 4) ÷ (−5x)
29. It is given that f (x) = (x − 3)3 − 2(x − 3)2 + k and f (1) = −6.
(b) Find the remainder when f (x) is divided by x − 2.
30. When −x2 + 6x − 3 is divided by x − k, the remainder is 2. Find the value(s) of k.
31. When x2 + 4x + b is divided by x + b, the remainder is 4. Find the value(s) of b.
32. When 2x2 + 5x − 6 is divided by x − m, the remainder is 2m − 1. Find the value(s) of m.
33. When (2x + 3)(x − k) + k is divided by x + k, the remainder is 6. Find the value(s) of k.
34. When (x − 4)(2x − 3) − 2k is divided by x − k, the remainder is 4 − 3k. Find the value(s) of k.
35. When a polynomial f (x) is divided by x − 4, the quotient is x2 + 3. It is given that f (4) = −4. Find f (x).
36. When a polynomial f (x) is divided by x + 1, the quotient is 2x2 − x − 9. It is given that f (−1) = 2.
Find f (x).
37. When a polynomial f (x) is divided by x + 2, the quotient is 2x2 − 5x + 16. It is given that f (−2) = −15.
(a) Find f (x).
(b) Find the remainder when f (x) is divided by 2x − 1.
38. (a) Find the remainder of (x88 + x + 4) ÷ (x + 1).

(b) Using the result of (a), find the remainder of (688 + 10) ÷ 7.
72
39. Let f (x) = x2 + ax + b. When f (x) is divided by x + 2 and x − 1, the remainders are −6 and 0
respectively. Find the values of a and b.
40. Let f (x) = x3 − mx2 + nx − 5. When f (x) is divided by x − 2 and x − 3, the remainders are −7 and −5
respectively. Find the values of m and n.
41. When x2 + ax − b is divided by x + 2, the remainder is −8. When bx2 − ax + 1 is divided by 2x − 1, the
remainder is −1. Find the values of a and b.
42. Let f (x) = x3 − mx2 − x + n. When f (x) is divided by x − 1 and x − 2 respectively, the remainders are
the same. When f (x) is divided by x + 2, the remainder is −5. Find the values of m and n.
43. When 2x3 − px2 + qx − 5 is divided by x + 1, x − 2 and 2x − 3 respectively, the remainders are the same.
Find the values of p and q.
44. When f (x) = 2x2 − 7x + 10 and g(x) = 3x2 − 2x − 4 are divided by x − k, the remainders are the same.
(a) Find the value(s) of k.
(b) If k > 0, find the remainder when f (x) is divided by x − k.
45. When f (x) = x3 + 4x2 − 7x − 9 is divided by x − m, the remainder is R, where R is a constant. When
g(x) = 2x3 + 11x2 + 19x + 12 is divided by x − m, the remainder is 2R. Find the value(s) of m.
46. (a) Let p and q be positive integers. Find the values of p and q such that 3p + q = 7.
(b) When x3 + ax2 + bx − 10 is divided by x − 3, the remainder is 38. If a and b are positive integers
and a < b, find the values of a and b.
47. When a polynomial f (x) is divided by x2 − x − 2, the remainder is 2x + 1. Find the remainder when f (x)
is divided by x + 1.
48. When a polynomial f (x) is divided by 2x2 + x − 6, the remainder is ax − 5. When f (x) is divided by
2x − 3, the remainder is 1. Find the value of a.
49. When f (x) = a(x + 2)2 + b(3x + 4) − 6 is divided by x + 1, the remainder is −5. When f (x) is divided by
x − 2, the remainder is 16.
(a) Find f (x).
(b) When f (x) is divided by 2x + m and x + n respectively, the remainders are the same. If both m and
n are positive integers and m ≠ 2n, how many sets of possible values of m and n are there?
Explain your answer.
73
Answers
1. (a) f (5) (b) f (−6) 5 3
32. 1, − 33. 2, −
 2  9 2 4
(c) f   (d) f  − 
5  4 34. 1, 4
(e) f (0) (f) f (0) 35. x3 − 4x2 + 3x − 16
2. −2 3. 2 36. 2x3 + x2 − 10x − 7
4. 16 5. 17 37. (a) 2x3 − x2 + 6x + 17
6. 29 7. −39 (b) 20
13 38. (a) 4 (b) 4
8. − 9. −10
4 39. a = 3, b = −4
10. 1 11. 5
40. m = 4, n = 3
12. 7 13. 3
41. a = 5, b = 2
14. −1 15. −6
42. m = 2, n = 9
16. 3 17. 2
43. p = 5, q = −1
18. 4 19. 2
44. (a) −7, 2 (b) 4
20. 2 21. 5
45. −1, −10
22. −3 23. −2
46. (a) p = 1, q = 4 ; p = 2, q = 1
24. −9 25. −10
(b) a = 1, b = 4
26. 58 27. 7
47. −1
28. −4
48. 4
29. (a) 10 (b) 7
49. (a) 2x2 + 5x − 2 (b) 2
30. 1, 5 31. −1, 4
74
F4A: Chapter 6C
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1A Level 1
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75
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1A Multiple Choice
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Self-Test
○ Skipped _________
76
Objective: To use the Factor Theorem to factorize polynomials (with integral coefficients).
Review: Dividing a Polynomial by a Polynomial
Complete the following calculations. [Nos. 1–2]

1. 2x 2 + 2.
x + 1 ) 2x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x + 1 x – 2 ) 3x3 – 4x2 – 2x + 3
2x 3 + 2x 2
x2 +
Factor Theorem
(a) If f(x) is a polynomial and f(a) = 0, then x – a is a factor of f(x).
Conversely, if x – a is a factor of the polynomial f(x), then f(a) = 0. If x – a = 0, then x = a.
 n  If mx – n = 0, then x =
n
.
(b) If f(x) is a polynomial and f   = 0, then mx – n is a factor of f(x). m
 m
 n 
Conversely, if mx – n is a factor of the polynomial f(x), then f   = 0.
 m

Let f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 5. Use the Factor Theorem to Let f(x) = 3x3 + x2 – x + 1. Use the Factor Theorem
determine whether x – 1 is a factor of f(x). to determine whether x + 1 is a factor of f(x).
f(1) = 2(1)3 + 3(1)2 – 5 Check whether f(1) = 0. f( ) = 3( )3 + ( )2 – ( )+1
=0 =( )
∴ x – 1 is a factor of f(x). ∴
In each of the following, determine whether the expression in brackets is a factor of the polynomial f(x).
[Nos. 3–8] Ex 6C: 1–7
3. f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – 3x + 6 [x – 2] 4. f(x) = x3 – 4x2 + x + 2 [x – 3]

3 2
f( )=( ) – 2( ) – 3( )+6 f( )=
=( ) =
∴
∴ x – 3 ( is / is not ) a factor of f(x).
5. f(x) = x3 + 5x2 – x + 1 [x + 2] 6. f(x) = 2x3 + 7x2 + 2x – 3 [x + 3]
77
7. f(x) = 12x3 – x2 + 2x – 1 [3x – 1] 8. f(x) = 6x3 + x2 – 4x + 6 [2x + 3]
3x – 1 = 0
x = ___
9. Let f(x) = x3 + 4x2 + x – 6. 10. Let f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 4.

(a) Show that x + 2 is a factor of f(x). (a) Show that x – 1 is a factor of f(x).
(b) Factorize f(x). (b) Factorize f(x). Ex 6C: 8–11
(a) f( )= (a)
(b) Using long division, (b)
)
Insert a term with
zero coefficient for
the missing term in
the dividend.
f(x) = ( )( )
=( )( )( )
Level Up Question

11. It is given that x – 2 is a factor of f(x) = 2x3 – x2 – 8x + k.
(b) Factorize f(x).
78
Objective: To use the Factor Theorem to factorize polynomials with integral coefficients (without known
factors).
Factorization of Polynomials with Integral Coefficients

Factorize f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, where a, b, c and d are integers.
Step 1: Use all the factors of a and d to list all the possible linear factors of f(x).
Step 2: Use the Factor Theorem to find one of the factors mx + n of f(x).
Step 3: Use long division to find the quotient Q(x) of f(x) ÷ (mx + n). Hence, f(x) = (mx + n)Q(x).
Step 4: Further factorize f(x) if possible.
List all the possible linear factors of each of the following polynomials. [Nos. 1–2]
1. x 3 – 3x + 2 2. 2x3 + x2 – 4x – 3
3. Find one of the factors of 4. Find one of the factors of

f(x) = x3 + 5x2 + 3x – 9. f(x) = x3 – 4x2 + x + 6.
The possible linear factors of f(x) are The possible linear factors of f(x) are
. .
f( ) = __________________ = ____
∴ ( ) is a factor of f(x).

Factorize f(x) = x3 + 5x2 + 7x + 3. Factorize f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 7x + 4.
The possible linear factors of f(x) are The possible linear factors of f(x) are
Step 1 Step 1
x ± 1 and x ± 3. .
f(–1) = (–1)3 + 5(–1)2 + 7(–1) + 3 Step 2 f( ) = ___________________________ Step 2

=0 =0
∴ x + 1 is a factor of f(x). ∴ _________ is a factor of f(x).
Using long division, Step 3 Using long division, Step 3
x 2 + 4x + 3
x + 1 ) x 3 + 5x 2 + 7x + 3 )
x3 + x2
4x 2 + 7x
4x 2 + 4x
3x + 3
3x + 3
f(x) = (x + 1)(x2 + 4x + 3) f(x) = ( )( )

= (x + 1)(x + 1)(x + 3) Step 4 = Step 4
= (x + 1)2(x + 3)
79
5. f(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 5 6. f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 4x – 8 Ex 6C: 16–23
f( )=
∴ _________ is a factor of f(x). The possible linear The possible linear
factors of f(x) are factors of f(x) are
Using long division,
. .
7. f(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 3x – 10 8. f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 9x – 18
The possible linear The possible linear

factors of f(x) are factors of f(x) are
. .
Level Up Question

9. When f(x) = 2x3 + kx2 – 3x – 2 is divided by x + 1, the remainder is 2.
(a) Find f(x). (b) Factorize f(x).
80
Consolidation Exercise 6C
Level 1
1. Let f (x) = x3 − x + 6.
(a) Find the value of f (−2).
(b) Determine whether x + 2 is a factor of f (x).
2. Let f (x) = x3 − 4x2 + 2x + 1.

(a) Find the value of f (3).
(b) Determine whether x − 3 is a factor of f (x).
3. Let g (x) = x3 + 6x2 − 5.

(a) Find the value of g (−1). (b) Is x + 1 a factor of g (x)?
4. Let g (x) = 3x3 + 2x2 − 5x + 8.

(a) Find the value of g (−2). (b) Is g (x) divisible by x + 2?
5. In each of the following, determine whether the expression in brackets is a factor of the polynomial
f (x).
(a) f (x) = x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 6 [x – 3]
(b) f (x) = 2x3 – x2 + x – 2 [x + 1]
3
(c) f (x) = x – 4x + 5 [x + 2]
6. Let f (x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 11x + 6. Determine whether each of the following is a factor of f (x).
(a) x − 2 (b) x + 2
7. Let g (x) = 6x3 + 13x2 + 4x − 3. Determine whether each of the following is a factor of g (x).
(a) 3x − 1 (b) 2x − 3
8. Let f (x) = x3 – 4x + 3.
(a) Find the value of f (1).
(b) Factorize f (x).
9. Let f (x) = x3 + 2x2 – 5x − 6.

(a) Find the values of f (−1), f (2) and f (−3).
(b) Hence, factorize f (x).
81
10. Let f (x) = x3 + x2 – 10x + 8.
(a) Show that f (2) = 0.
11. Let f (x) = 2x3 − 15x2 + 22x + 15.

(a) Show that x − 5 is a factor of f (x).
12. Let f (x) = 3x3 + 13x2 + 8x − 12.

(a) Is x + 3 is a factor of f (x)?
13. If x − 4 is a factor of x2 − 7x − 6a, find the value of a.
14. If x + 2 is a factor of x3 + 4x2 − px − 6, find the value of p.
15. If 2x3 – kx2 − 23x + 12 is divisible by x + 3, find the value of k.
16. If 2x3 − mx2 – 2x + m is divisible by 2x − 1, find the value of m.

17. x3 + 3x2 – 9x + 5 18. x3 + 3x2 − 6x − 8
19. x3 + 6x2 + 3x – 10 20. x3 + 5x2 – 8x – 12
21. x3 − 6x2 − x + 30 22. x3 − 13x + 12
23. x3 + 3x2 − 10x − 24 24. x3 + 11x2 + 32x + 28
25. It is given that x − 2 is a factor of f (x) = x3 + mx2 − 3x + n, where m and n are integers. Is it possible to
have a set of values of m and n such that m + n = 6? Explain your answer.
Level 2
26. In each of the following, show that the expression in brackets is a factor of the polynomial f (x).
(a) f (x) = 4x3 − 15x2 + 17x − 6 [4x − 3]
(b) f (x) = 5x3 − 12x2 − 36x + 16 [5x − 2]
3 2
(c) f (x) = x + (k + 3)x + kx − 6k [x + 3]
(d) f (x) = x3 + (k + 1)x2 − k2 [ x + k]
3 2
(e) f (x) = 3x − (1 + 6k)x + (2k − 2)x + 4k [x − 2k]
82
27. Let g(x) = 4x3 − 12x2 + 5x + 6.
(a) Determine whether each of the following is a factor of g(x).
(i) x + 2
(ii) 2x + 1
(b) Factorize g(x).
28. Let p(x) = 6x3 − x2 − 11x + 6.

(a) Determine whether each of the following is a factor of p(x).
(i) x − 1
(ii) 3x + 2
(b) Factorize p(x).
29. If x2 − 3x + k − 5 is divisible by x + k, find the value(s) of k.
30. If x3 − (k − 2)x2 + 3x − 2 is divisible by x − k, find the value(s) of k.
31. If 3x − a is a factor of 3x2 + (a + 1)x − 12, where a is an integer, find the value of a.
32. If x + p is a factor of 2x3 + (2p + 1)x2 − x − 6, where p is an integer, find the value(s) of p.
33. It is given that f (x) = 2x3 − 5x2 + kx + 18 and x + 2 is a factor of f (x).

(b) Find the remainder when f (x) is divided by 2x + 1.
34. Let f (x) = 6x3 + mx2 − 4x + 4. It is given that f (x) is divisible by 2x − 1.

(a) Find the value of m.
(b) Find the remainder when f (x) is divided by 3x − 1.
35. It is given that x − 4 is a factor of f (x) = x3 − kx2 − 5x + 4.

36. It is given that 2x + 5 is a factor of f (x) = 2x3 + mx2 − 2x − m.

(a) Find the value of m.
37. Let f (x) = x3 + 4x2 + x − 6k.

(a) If f (x) is divisible by x + 3, find the value of k.
(b) If f (x − k) is divisible by x + k, find the value(s) of k.
83
38. Let f (x) = 2x3 − kx2 − 9x + 18.
(a) If f (x) is divisible by 2x − 3, find the value of k.
(b) If f (x + 4) is divisible by x + 3, find the value of k.
39. It is given that x − 2 and x + 3 are factors of f (x) = x3 + 3x2 + ax − b.

(b) Find the remaining factor of f (x).
40. It is given that 2x2 + x − 1 is a factor of f (x) = px3 − 5x2 − 4x + q.

(a) Find the values of p and q.
(b) Find the remaining factor of f (x).
41. It is given that f (x) = x3 + ax2 − x + b is divisible by x + 2. When f (x) is divided by x + 1, the
remainder is −3. Find the values of a and b.
42. It is given that x − 3 is a factor of f (x) = 2x3 − 5x2 − 2px + 3q. When f (x) is divided by x − 2, the
remainder is 3. Find the values of p and q.
43. It is given that x − 2 is a common factor of f (x) = x2 − ax + b and g(x) = x2 + (2b − 1)x + 6a.
(b) Factorize f (x) and g(x).
44. It is given that f (x) = 2x2 − ax + b is divisible by 2x + 1. When g(x) = x2 + bx − 2a is divided by x + 1,

the remainder is −6.
(b) Factorize f (x) and g(x).
45. It is given that x − 2 is a factor of f (x) = 2x3 + mx2 − 8x + n. When f (x) is divided by x + 1, the
remainder is 15.
(a) Find the values of m and n.
46. When a polynomial f (x) is divided by x + 2, the quotient is 2x2 − 7x − 3. It is given that f (−2) = −6.
(a) Find f (x).
(b) Find the value of f (−1).
(c) Factorize f (x).
84
47. When a polynomial f (x) is divided by x − 3, the quotient is 2x2 + 7x + 6. It is given that f (3) = 20. Let
g(x) = f (x) − 20.
(a) Show that x − 3 is a factor of g(x).
(b) Factorize g(x).
48. When a polynomial f (x) is divided by 2x + 1, the quotient is x2 + 2x − 3. It is given that f (2) = 25. Let
p(x) = f (x) − (10x + 5).
(a) Is x − 2 a factor of p(x)? Explain your answer.
(b) Factorize p(x).

49. x3 − 5x2 − 2x + 24 50. x3 − 10x2 + 31x − 30
51. 2x3 + x2 − 13x + 6 52. 3x3 + 17x2 + 18x − 8
53. 4x3 − 12x2 − 19x + 12 54. 4x3 + 20x2 + 13x − 12
55. 12x3 + 27x2 − 3x − 18 56. 4x4 − 8x3 − 17x2 + 30x
57. It is given that f (x) = px3 − 4x2 − 11x + 6 is divisible by 2x + 3.

(a) Find the value of p.
(b) Solve the equation f (x) = 0.
58. Let f (x) = 2x3 − ax2 − 7x + 2b and g (x) = 2ax3 − 5x2 − 3bx + 18. It is given that f (x) and g (x) are
divisible by 2x − 3.
(b) Find the values of x such that f (x) = g (x).
59. It is given that f (x) = 6x3 + (4 − 3k)x2 − 8x + k, where k ≠ 0. f (x) is divisible by 2x − k.

(b) Are all the roots of the equation f (x) = 0 real numbers? Explain your answer.
60. (a) Find the value of k such that x − 2 is a factor of kx3 − 9x2 + 13x − 6.
(b) The figure shows the graph of y = 6x2 − 27x + 39. P is a variable
y
point on the graph in the first quadrant. Q and R are the feet of
y = 6x2 − 27x + 39
the perpendiculars from P to the x-axis and the y-axis
respectively.
(i) Let (a , 0) be the coordinates of Q. Express the area of the
rectangle OQPR in terms of a. R P
(ii) Are there three different positions of P such that the area of x
O Q
the rectangle OQPR is 18? Explain your answer.
85
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 6C
1. (a) 0 (b) yes 37. (a) 1 (b) 0, 1
2. (a) −2 (b) no 38. (a) 5 (b) 11
3. (a) 0 (b) yes 39. (a) a = −4, b = 12 (b) x + 2
4. (a) 2 (b) no 40. (a) p = 2, q = 3 (b) x − 3
5. (a) yes (b) no 41. a = 3, b = −6 42. p = 8, q = 13
(c) no 43. (a) a = 1, b = −2
6. (a) no (b) yes (b) f (x) = (x − 2)(x + 1), g(x) = (x − 2)(x − 3)
7. (a) yes (b) no 44. (a) a = 5, b = −3
8. (a) 0 (b) (x − 1)(x2 + x − 3) (b) f (x) = (x − 3)(2x + 1),
9. (a) f (−1) = 0, f (2) = 0, f (−3) = 0 g(x) = (x − 5)(x + 2)
(b) (x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 3) 45. (a) m = −3, n = 12
10. (b) (x − 2)(x − 1)(x + 4) (b) (x − 2)(x + 2)(2x − 3)
11. (b) (x − 5)(x − 3)(2x + 1) 46. (a) 2x3 − 3x2 − 17x − 12
12. (b) (x + 3)(x + 2)(3x − 2) (b) 0
13. −2 14. −1 (c) (x + 1)(x − 4)(2x + 3)
15. 3 16. 1 47. (b) (x − 3)(x + 2)(2x + 3)
17. (x − 1)2(x + 5) 48. (a) yes
18. (x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 4) (b) (x − 2)(x + 4)(2x + 1)
19. (x − 1)(x + 2)(x + 5) 49. (x − 3)(x − 4)(x + 2)
20. (x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 6) 50. (x − 2)(x − 3)(x − 5)
21. (x + 2)(x − 3)(x − 5) 51. (x − 2)(2x − 1)(x + 3)
22. (x − 1)(x − 3)(x + 4) 52. (x + 2)(x + 4)(3x − 1)
23. (x + 2)(x + 4)(x − 3) 53. (x − 4)(2x − 1)(2x + 3)
2
24. (x + 2) (x + 7) 54. (2x − 1)(2x + 3)(x + 4)
25. no 55. 3(x + 1)(x + 2)(4x − 3)
27. (a) (i) no (ii) yes 56. x(x + 2)(2x − 3)(2x − 5)
(b) (x − 2)(2x + 1)(2x − 3) 57. (a) 4
28. (a) (i) yes (ii) no 3 1
(b) − , ,2
(b) (x − 1)(3x − 2)(2x + 3) 2 2
58. (a) a = 1, b = 3
1
29. −5, 1 30. −2, 3
2 (b) −2,
2
31. 4 32. −3, 2 59. (a) 3
33. (a) −9 (b) 21 (b) yes
5
34. (a) −11 (b) 60. (a) 2
3
(b) (i) 6a3 − 27a2 + 39a
35. (a) 3 (b) (x − 4)(x2 + x − 1)
(ii) yes
36. (a) 5 (b) (2x + 5)(x − 1)(x + 1)
86

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Chapter 4 Basic Knowledge of Functions

For mathematics problems consultation, please email to the following address:

○ Complete and Checked

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Basic Concept of Functions

2. Ada’s salaries tax payable $T is a function of her monthly income $S.

There does not exist any vertical

12. It is given that y = 2x2 − x + 1. Ex 4A: 8

13. The table shows the function relation between x and y, x −2 −1 1 2 4

(ii) From the table above, determine 5

(ii) Using the graph in (b)(i), read the

4 Basic Knowledge of Functions

2. The value $C of a diamond is a function of the weight w g of the diamond.

11. In each of the following,

13. It is given that y is a function of x, where y = 6 – x.

According to the graph,

(b) According to the table in (a), determine whether y is a function of x.

16. The graph shows the function relation between x and y.

(a) Complete the table below.

(a) Complete the table below.

23. It is given that the relation between x and y is y = 2x – 3.

(ii) From the table above, determine whether y is a function of x.

(a) Using the graph, find the value of T.

○ Complete and Checked

○ Complete and Checked

2. f(x) = x ․ ․ (b) All non-zero real numbers (i) 1 is undefined when x = 0.

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Find the domain of each of the following functions. [Nos. 4–5]

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

Instant Example 3 Instant Practice 3

4 Basic Knowledge of Functions

9. If f(x) = x − 7, find the value of each of the following.

10. If f(x) = 5x + 4, find the value of each of the following.

11. If f(x) = x2 + 2x, find the value of each of the following.

12. If f(x) = x + 4 , find the value of each of the following.

17. If f(x) = 3x2 + 4, find

18. Let f(x) = 2x2 – 5 be a function.

19. Let g(x) = 8 – x2 be a function.

22. If f(x) = x2 + 7, find the value of each of the following.

23. If f(x) = –3x + 6, find the value of each of the following.

26. If t(x) = tan x, find the value of each of the following.

28. It is given that g(x) = 3 x + c , where c is a constant. If g(4) = 1,

30. If F(1 – x) = 2x – 3, find F(x).

31. If H(3x) = 4 – 6x, find H(x).

40. f(x) = 2 − 9 x 41. f(x) = 7 x + 4

61. It is given that P(x) = ax2 – 2x + 2a and P(1) = 7, where a is a constant.

65. Let p(x) = x2 – 8x + 7. If p(r) = –8, find the values of r.

66. Let q(x) = 2x2 + 7x – 3. If q(2s) = 4s, find the values of s.

72. If f(2x + 3) = 8 + 6x – 4x2, find f(x).

74. Let F(x) = 8 – 4x + x2.

75. It is given that f(x) = 2x2 – 3 and g(x) = –x – 4.

78. The figure shows a circular garden of diameter 50 m. A rectangular

47. all real numbers except 0 and –8 (b) –8, 2

48. all real numbers except –3 and 3 72. –x2 + 9x – 10

○ Complete and Checked

○ Complete and Checked

Features of the Quadratic Function y = ax2 and Its Graph

Features of the Quadratic Function y = ax2 + bx + c and Its Graph

(a) The graph opens ( upward / downward ). Ex 5A: 21, 22

Refer to each of the following graphs of quadratic functions.

Direction of opening Vertex

(a) upward (–1 , 3)