Rebyu ng mga Kaugnay na Literatura at Pag-aaral

I. Banyagang Literatura
Ayon sa Ontario Human Rights Commission (OHRC) (n.d) Sexual harassment is a
type of discrimination based on sex. When someone is sexually harassed in school, it can
undermine their sense of personal dignity and safety, disrupt their education, and interfere
with their ability to reach their full potential in life. If left unchecked, sexual harassment in
the school setting has the potential to escalate to violent behavior, including sexual assault.
A student experiencing sexual harassment may stop doing their school work and
taking part in school-related activities. They may skip or drop classes, or they may drop out
of school entirely. Psychological effects may include anxiety, depression, disrupted sleep,
loss of appetite, inability to concentrate, lowered self-esteem, loss of interest in regular
activities, social isolation, and feelings of sadness, fear or shame. Some students may abuse
drugs and/or alcohol to cope. In extreme cases, students may think about or even attempt
suicide.

Ayon sa American Association of University of Women (AAUW) (2006): "Students

experience a wide range of effects from sexual harassment that impact their academics
including: have trouble sleeping, loss of appetite, decreased participation in class, avoid a
study group, think about changing schools, change schools, avoid the library, change major,
not gone to a professor/ teaching assistant’s office hours. Students may experience multiple
effects or just one. The wide range of experiences lowers the percentage of students who
experience any particular effect."
In their 2002 survey, the American Association of University of Women (AAUW)
reported that, of students who had been harassed, 38% were harassed by teachers or other
school employees. One survey, conducted with psychology students, reports that 10% had
sexual interactions with their educators; in turn, 13% of educators reported sexual interaction
with their students. In a survey of high school students, 14% reported that they had engaged
in sexual intercourse with a teacher. (Wishnietsky, 1991)

Ayon sa Student Against Sexual Harassment (SASH) (2021) Sexual harassment can
begin as early as kindergarten. It includes making fun of children when they do not look or
act like a stereotypical girl or boy. Many elementary school children are groped or sexually
assaulted in the bathroom, often by students of the same sex, or on the playground, or in
school buses by peers or older students. It’s important to stop sexual harassment early before
it gets worse!
Sexual harassment and sexual assault can:
• Traumatize students
• Interfere with their ability to get an education
• Exact a physical, emotional, educational, and economic toll on students
• Cause students to drop out of school • Make it harder for students to go to college or get
good jobs

II. Lokal na Literatura

Ayon sa pag-aaral noong 2009 ng Council for the Welfare of Children sa
pakikipagtulungan sa United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
Philippines, narito ang detalye ng karahasan, pisikal, berbal at seksuwal na pang-aabuso na
natatanggap ng mga batang mag-aaral sa siyudad mula sa kanilang mga kamag-aral, teacher
at school personnel

Verbal abuse mula sa mga kamag-aral:

 73.58% - Grades 4 to 6 students.

 78.36% - high school students.
Nakatatanggap ng pisikal na pang-aabuso mula sa guro:

 3 sa 10 estudyante mula Grade 1 hanggang 3.

 5 sa 10 high school students.
Bilang pagtugon sa mga ulat na ito ay pinaigting ng Department of Education
(DepEd) ang zero tolerance policy kung saan maaaring mag-report ang mga estudyanteng
naaabuso sa punong guro o schools division superintendent para maimbestigahan ang
nangyari. (BULGAR, Nobyembre 22, 2018,
https://www.bulgaronline.com/post/2018/11/22/epekto-ng-pang-aabuso-sa-kabataan-
bantayan)

Ayon kay Marissa G. Eugenio (2022) Ang mga biktima ng pang-aabuso ay

nagkakaroon ng problemang sikolohikal gaya ng trauma, post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD), anxiety, at depression. Sila rin ay karaniwan ng nagiging anti-social,
mababa ang self-esteem at self-confidence, at madalas na nakatulala. Dahil sa awa sa sarili,
galit, at kawalang magagawa, ang ilang biktima ng pang-aabuso ay nagpapakita ng self-
destructive behaviors o nagtatangkang magpakamatay.  Ang ilang biktima ng sekswal na
pang-aabuso ay bumabagsak sa prostitusyon. Dahil na rin sa kawalan ng tiwala sa sarili, wala
silang lakas ng loob na humanap ng marangal na trabaho. (Marissa G. Eugenio, Marso 5,
2022, https://ourhappyschool.com/Epekto-ng-Pang-aabuso-at-prostitusyon)
 Nagbukas ang Department of Education (DepEd) ng mga direktang linya para sa mga
biktima na gustong mag-ulat ng mga insidente ng pang-aabusong sekswal at panliligalig na
naranasan nila — lalo na sa mga paaralan. Sa joint presser nitong Huwebes, Setyembre 8,
sinabi ni DepEdSpokesperson Michael Poa na iniutos ni Vice President at Education
Secretary Sara Duterte ang paglikha ng mga direktang linya para sa mga victim-survivor ng
sekswal na pang-aabuso o harassment upang agad nilang maiulat ang kanilang mga
karanasan sa DepEd.
“Naiintindihan natin yung plight ng victims pagdating sa ganitong napaka-sensitibong
matter, isinaad ni Poa.
Sa hiwalay na pahayag na inilabas sa media, muling iginiit ni Poa na ang DepEd —
sa pamumuno ni Duterte — ay may “zero-tolerance policy” para sa lahat ng uri ng pang-
aabuso na ginagawa sa mga paaralan, lalo na sa mga mag-aaral. (Banat Pilipinas News,
Septyembre 8, 2022, https://www.banatpilipinasnews.com/2022/09/08/deped-nagbukas-ng-
direktang-linya-para-sa-mga-biktima-ng-sekswal-na-pang-aabuso-harassment-sa-mga-
paaralan/)

III. Banyagang Pag-aaral

The psychological and educational consequences of sexual harassment for high
school students were investigated in two studies. Both studies involved a modified survey
originally designed for the American Association of University Women (1993). In Study 1,
which involved 760 male and 779 female high school students (mainly 16- to 19-year-olds),
we compared the behaviors and attitudes of (a) students who had recently been harassed and
were upset by it, and (b) students who had not been harassed. Harassment led to several
negative psychological and educational consequences rather than to a general stress reaction.
Consequences varied with the type of harassment experienced. In Study 2, we surveyed 30
male and 67 female university students who were enrolled in a 1st year psychology course.
We found that current doubt about romantic relations was associated with two types of
harassment experienced during high school. Thus, some specific consequences of harassment
might be long-lasting (Jim Duffy, Stacey Wareham & Margaret Walsh, Sex Roles, 2004,
50, pages811–821)

Sexual abuse is becoming a more prevalent problem among children and teenagers
(Angelica, 2002). The impact that it has on students' academic performance, social skills, and
ability to develop relationships is tremendous. Sexual abuse has been linked to higher
incidences of depression, anxiety, PTSD, low self-esteem, bulimia, behavioral disorders,
substance abuse, and suicidal ideation (Shinn & Toohey, 2000). The rates of child sexual
abuse are alarming, ranging from 1 in 4 girls being abused by the age of eighteen to 1 in 6
boys being sexually abused by the age of eighteen (Angelica, 2002). These statistics become
even more startling in looking at adolescents. Many times, society perceives the risk for
adolescents to be less than for children, but that is not always the case. In two different
studies of confirmed cases of sexual abuse it was found that between 36% and 41 % of the
victims were older than twelve years old (Angelica, 2002). (McWherter, Denelle M., "The
impact of sexual abuse on student performance" ,2005, Graduate Research Papers. 1170.
https://scholarworks.uni.edu/grp/1170)

From kindergarten to high school, bullying and sexual harassment are familiar
experiences for many students. These frequently linked, negative behaviors have received
much attention over the past decade, but for the most part they have been studied separately.
Only two studies have explored and compared sexual harassment and bullying behaviors
within the same sample. Both of these explored the characteristics and behaviors of bullies
and sexual harassers without examining the characteristics of or impact on bullied and
harassed children in Canadian and American schools (Pepler, Craig, Connolly, & Henderson,
2002; Pellegrini, 2001). These problems have placed educators in the uneasy position of
trying to study two frequently occurring problems in school without fully understanding the
impact of each. Are bullying and sexual harassment damaging for children in different ways?
And if so, based on what? Gender? Age? Sexual orientation? Disability? (Gruber, J., &
Fineran, S. ,2007, The Impact of Bullying and Sexual Harassment on Health Outcomes of
Middle School and High School Girls. Violence Against Women, 13(2), 627 – 643)

IV. Lokal na Pag-aaral

Marami sa mga bata ang sinisikap ng mga magulang na kahit papaano’y makatuntong
ng paaralan para matuto subali’t nauuwi lamang sa tuluyang pagtigil sa pag-aaral dahil sa
nararanasang karahasan mula sa mismong paaralang pinapasukan. Sa pinakahuling ulat ng
Council for the Welfare of Children (CWF), pito mula sa sampung batang mag-aaral mula sa
mga pampublikong paaralan ang nagiging biktima ng karahasan mula sa kanilang kapwa
mag-aaral at mga guro. Ayon sa ulat, karaniwan sa nasabing karahasan ay ang pamamalo at
sexual harassment sa mga paaralang pinangangasiwaan ng pampublikong pamahalaan sa
bansa. (Vernie C. Gonzales, March 23, 2018, Pang-aabuso Sa Mga Kabataan, Sulating
Pananaliksik Na Iniharap Kay Prof. Analee M. Velesrubio Fakulti, College of Education
Davao Vision Colleges, Inc. Davao City, Philippines Bilang Bahagi Ng Pangangailangan Sa
Filipino 2- Pagbasa at Pagsulat Tungo Sa Pananaliksik Ikalawang Semistre, 2017-2018)

Anumang sugat sa ari at sa puwit ng bata ay maaring maiugnay sa sekswal na pang-

aaabuso. Ang labis na pagkabahala, pagbaba ng marka sa paaralan at pagpapatiwakal ay
senyales ng sekswal na pang-aabuso.

Ayon naman kay Charles F. Johnson, ang sekswal na pang-aabuso sa kabataan ay

anumang sekswal na aktbidad sa batang menor de edad para sa sekswal na gratification ng
nang-aabuso. Nakapaloob dito ang ang paghawak sa maselang bahagi ng katawan ng bata,
pag-uutos sa batang ipakita ang maselang na bahagi ng kanyang katawan at pagpapanood sa
bata ng mga malalaswang panoorin. Kadalasan, sa mga kaso ng sekswal na pang-aaabuso,
kamag-anakan o kilala ng biktima ang nang-aabuso. Isa sa limang kaso naman ng nang-
aaabuso ay kasing idad o kalaro ng biktima.

Sinuri ni Hatton (2011) ang mga cover ng magasing Rolling Stone mula 1967 hanggang 2009
para tukuyin kung gaano kadalas at kalala ang seksuwalisasyon ng parehong kasarian, at
kanyang natuklasan ang paglaganap ng objectification ng mga babae. Dinepina ng Philippine
Statistics Office (2017) ang violence against women bilang anumang aksyon na mula sa
lalaki o babae na nagreresulta sa pisikal, sekswal, sikolohikal na pinsala pinsala o pagdurusa
sa mga kababaihan, kabilang ang pagbabanta, pamumuwersa, o di-makatwirang pag-agaw ng
kalayaang kumilos ayon sa kagustuhan, mangyari man sa publiko o pribado. Nilalaman nito
ang lahat ng mga anyo ng paglabag sa mga karapatan ng mga kababaihan, kabilang ang mga
pagbabanta at paninira, pagsasamantala, panghaharas, at iba pang anyo ng pag-kontrol. (Carl
Joshua A. Dizon, March 2018, Ang Pananaw ng mga Tauhan ng MCL tungo sa Karahasang
Sekswal, Research Proposal, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349643023)

V. Sintesis
Pamagat: Epekto ng Sekswal na Pang-aabuso sa Kaisipan at Emosyonal na kalagayan ng
mga mag-aaral ng Liceo de San Lorenzo Grade 11 sa S.Y 2022-2023
Tesis na pahayag: Malaman at maipahayag ang mga epekto ng pang-aabusong sekswal sa
mga mag-aaral
Anyo: Explanatory
Uri: Synthesis for the Literature
Pamamaraan: Pagbubuod, Pagdadahilan at pagahahalimbawa.

Pagbubuod:
Marami sa mga bata ang sinisikap ng mga magulang na kahit papaano’y makatuntong
ng paaralan para matuto subali’t nauuwi lamang sa tuluyang pagtigil sa pag-aaral dahil sa
nararanasang karahasan mula sa mismong paaralang pinapasukan. Sa pinakahuling ulat ng
Council for the Welfare of Children (CWF), pito mula sa sampung batang mag-aaral mula sa
mga pampublikong paaralan ang nagiging biktima ng karahasan mula sa kanilang kapwa
mag-aaral at mga guro. Ayon sa ulat, karaniwan sa nasabing karahasan ay ang pamamalo at
sexual harassment sa mga paaralang pinangangasiwaan ng pampublikong pamahalaan sa
bansa. (Vernie C. Gonzales, March 23, 2018, Pang-aabuso Sa Mga Kabataan, Sulating
Pananaliksik Na Iniharap Kay Prof. Analee M. Velesrubio Fakulti, College of Education
Davao Vision Colleges, Inc. Davao City, Philippines Bilang Bahagi Ng Pangangailangan Sa
Filipino 2- Pagbasa at Pagsulat Tungo Sa Pananaliksik Ikalawang Semistre, 2017-2018)
Ayon naman sa pag-aaral noong 2009 ng Council for the Welfare of Children sa
pakikipagtulungan sa United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
Philippines, narito ang detalye ng karahasan, pisikal, berbal at seksuwal na pang-aabuso na
natatanggap ng mga batang mag-aaral sa siyudad mula sa kanilang mga kamag-aral, teacher
at school personnel

Verbal abuse mula sa mga kamag-aral:

 73.58% - Grades 4 to 6 students.
 78.36% - high school students.
Nakatatanggap ng pisikal na pang-aabuso mula sa guro:
 3 sa 10 estudyante mula Grade 1 hanggang 3.
 5 sa 10 high school students.
Bilang pagtugon sa mga ulat na ito ay pinaigting ng Department of Education
(DepEd) ang zero tolerance policy kung saan maaaring mag-report ang mga estudyanteng
naaabuso sa punong guro o schools division superintendent para maimbestigahan ang
nangyari.

Paghahalimbawa:
Ayon kay Marissa G. Eugenio (2022), ito ang ilan sa mga halimbawa ng epekto ng
sekswal na pang-aabuso sa mga mag-aaral:

- Ang mga biktima ng pang-aabuso ay nagkakaroon ng problemang sikolohikal gaya

ng trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, at depression.
- Sila rin ay karaniwan ng nagiging anti-social, mababa ang self-esteem at self-confidence, at
madalas na nakatulala.
- Dahil sa awa sa sarili, galit, at kawalang magagawa, ang ilang biktima ng pang-aabuso ay
nagpapakita ng self-destructive behaviors o nagtatangkang magpakamatay.  
- Ang ilang biktima ng sekswal na pang-aabuso ay bumabagsak sa prostitusyon.
- Dahil na rin sa kawalan ng tiwala sa sarili, wala silang lakas ng loob na humanap ng
marangal na trabaho.

Pagdadahilan:

Binaril ng kanyang asawa ang isang ina sa Taguig habang pinoprotektahan niya ang
kanyang anak sa pangahahalay ng kanyang sariling ama. Ayon sa ulat ni PO2 Jun Rene
Obico,imbistigador ng minisipyo ng Taguig,walang humpay na ginugulpi ni Luminog Otto
ang kanyang anak na babae dahil sa pagtanggi nito sa pakikipag seks sa kanya. Niyakap ang
batang babae ng kanyang anak upang maprotektahan an gang kanyang anak hanggang sa
bunutin ng kanyang asawa ang baril at tuluyan siyang patayin. (Nelson F. Flores, Philippine
Daily Inquirer, 9 Aug 2001 )
 Labis na kahirapan at impluwensya ng ipinagbabawal na gamot at alak ang sinasabing
dahilan ng pang-aaabuso. Ang kawalan ng kabatiran ang sinasabing dahilan ng paglaganap
ng pang-aaabusong sekswal kung saan dalawa sa sampung batang biktima ay hindi nag-ulat
ng nasabing krimen. Wala Napatunayan na ama ng mga biktimang batang Pilipino ang nang-
abuso sa kanila. Pumapangalawa ang amain o tiyuhin. Sinabi pa sa isinagawang pag-aaaral
na ang nang-aabuso ay nasa pagitan ng idad na tatlumpu hanggang apatnapu. Karamihan sa
kanila ay hindi nakatapos ng pag-aaral at ikatlong bahagdan nila ay walang hanapbuhay.
Karagdagan pa nito, nagaganap ang pang-aaabuso sa mga bata habang walang kasama ang
bata sa bahay.Napatunayan din na kalahating bahagdan ng bilang ng kaso ay naganap sa gabi
at ang ikatlong bahagdan ng bilang ay sa araw. (Women in Developmental-Inter-Agency
Committee, UNICEF, U.P. Center for Women’s Studies Foundation: Breaking the Silence,
2001)

Sexual harassment (SH) occurs when people are targets of unwanted sexual
comments, gestures, or actions because of their actual or perceived gender, gender
expression, or sexual orientation. Although workplace SH has received the most attention
from psychology researchers, SH also occurs on public transportation and in other public
places, in educational and athletic settings, in homes, at social gatherings, and in online
groups. It may be conveyed in many ways including face-to-face interactions; via phone,
text, social media, or e-mail; through the display of materials or objects; or by tampering
with personal territories and belongings. (Shawn Meghan Burn, 16 December 2018, The
Psychology of Sexual Harassment, Volume 46, Issue 1)
There are many factors that contribute to the occurrence of sexual violence.  It is
important to understand that perpetrators, not victims are responsible for sexual violence
happening.  Perpetrators have a strong sense of entitlement and use power and control to
commit acts of sexual violence. Most perpetrators adhere to rigid “traditional” gender roles
that focus on the inequality of women.  This allows them to treat women and the targeted
victim with no regard or respect.
It is also important to look at other factors that contribute to sexual violence occurring such
as those that are used to justify or excuse sexual violence.  Gender-based stereotypes
reinforce inequality between genders. (Lisak, 2003, Rutgers Student Affairs,
http://vpva.rutgers.edu/sexual-violence/why-does-sexual-violence-occur/)

Komparatib/Kontrast:
Sa pinakahuling ulat ng Council for the Welfare of Children (CWF), pito mula sa
sampung batang mag-aaral mula sa mga pampublikong paaralan ang nagiging biktima ng
karahasan mula sa kanilang kapwa mag-aaral at mga guro. Ayon sa ulat, karaniwan sa
nasabing karahasan ay ang pamamalo at sexual harassment sa mga paaralang
pinangangasiwaan ng pampublikong pamahalaan sa bansa.
Ayon naman sa pag-aaral noong 2009 ng Council for the Welfare of Children sa
pakikipagtulungan sa United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
Philippines, narito ang detalye ng karahasan, pisikal, berbal at seksuwal na pang-aabuso na
natatanggap ng mga batang mag-aaral sa siyudad mula sa kanilang mga kamag-aral, teacher
at school personnel
Verbal abuse mula sa mga kamag-aral:
 73.58% - Grades 4 to 6 students.
 78.36% - high school students.
Nakatatanggap ng pisikal na pang-aabuso mula sa guro:
 3 sa 10 estudyante mula Grade 1 hanggang 3.
 5 sa 10 high school students.

Sanggunian:
Ontario Human Rights Commission (OHRC)
American Association of University of Women (AAUW)
American Association of University of Women (AAUW)
Council for the Welfare of Children
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Philippines
Jim Duffy, Stacey Wareham & Margaret Walsh, Sex Roles, 2004, 50, pages811–821
Gruber, J., & Fineran, S. ,2007, The Impact of Bullying and Sexual Harassment on Health
Outcomes of Middle School and High School Girls. Violence Against Women, 13(2), 627 –
643)
Vernie C. Gonzales, March 23, 2018, Pang-aabuso Sa Mga Kabataan, Sulating Pananaliksik
Na Iniharap Kay Prof. Analee M. Velesrubio Fakulti, College of Education Davao Vision
Colleges, Inc. Davao City, Philippines Bilang Bahagi Ng Pangangailangan Sa Filipino 2-
Pagbasa at Pagsulat Tungo Sa Pananaliksik Ikalawang Semistre, 2017-2018

https://sharemolangcom.wordpress.com/2018/08/13/akademikong-sulatin/
http://vpva.rutgers.edu/sexual-violence/why-does-sexual-violence-occur/
https://www.bulgaronline.com/post/2018/11/22/epekto-ng-pang-aabuso-sa-kabataan-
bantayan
Marissa G. Eugenio (2022)
https://ourhappyschool.com/Epekto-ng-Pang-aabuso-at-prostitusyon
Banat Pilipinas News
https://www.banatpilipinasnews.com/2022/09/08/deped-nagbukas-ng-direktang-linya-para-
sa-mga-biktima-ng-sekswal-na-pang-aabuso-harassment-sa-mga-paaralan/

McWherter, Denelle M., "The impact of sexual abuse on student performance" ,2005,
Graduate Research Papers. 1170.
https://scholarworks.uni.edu/grp/1170

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0098628318816183

https://prezi.com/p/xo1maljv97ax/paggawa-ng-sintesissynthesis/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
349643023_ANG_MGA_PANANAW_NG_MGA_TAUHAN_NG_MCL_TUNGO_SA_KA
RAHASANG_SEKSWAL