bioavailablity

a. The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body.
Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can
be absorbed and used by the body.
b.  A competitive antagonist binds to the same site as the agonist but does not activate it,
thus blocks the agonist’s action. A non-competitive antagonist binds to an allosteric (non-
agonist) site on the receptor to prevent activation of the receptor

Carbidopa and levodopa combination is used to treat Parkinson's disease,

sometimes called shaking palsy or paralysis agitans. Parkinson's disease is a
disorder of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
Carbidopa and levodopa combination is also used to treat parkinsonism caused by
encephalitis, or parkinsonism caused by carbon monoxide or manganese poisoning.
Dopamine is a naturally occurring substance in the brain that helps provide control of
movement and activities such as walking and talking. In patients with Parkinson's
disease, there is not enough dopamine in some parts of the brain. Levodopa enters
the brain and helps replace the missing dopamine, which allows people to function
better. By increasing the amount of dopamine in the brain, levodopa helps control
symptoms and helps you to perform daily activities such as dressing, walking, and
handling utensils.
This medicine is available only with your doctor's prescription.
This product is available in the following dosage forms:

 Tablet, Extended Release

 Tablet
 Capsule, Extended Release
 Tablet, Disintegrating
Uses for beta blockers

Beta blockers may be used to treat:

 angina – chest pain caused by narrowing of the arteries supplying the heart

 heart failure – failure of the heart to pump enough blood around the body
 atrial fibrillation – irregular heartbeat
 heart attack – an emergency where the blood supply to the heart is suddenly blocked
 high blood pressure – when other medicines have been tried, or in addition to other
medicines
Less commonly, beta blockers are used to prevent migraine or treat:

 an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism)

 anxiety 
 tremor
 glaucoma – as eyedrops
There are several types of beta blocker, and each one has its own characteristics.
The type prescribed for you will depend on your health condition.

Beta blockers are not suitable for everyone. Tell your doctor if you have:

 uncontrolled heart failure

 had an allergic reaction to a beta blocker or any other medicine in the past
 low blood pressure or certain conditions that affect the rhythm of your heart
 metabolic acidosis – when there's too much acid in your blood
 lung disease or asthma
Tell your doctor if you're trying to get pregnant, are already pregnant or breastfeeding.

It's important not to stop taking beta blockers without seeking your doctor's advice. In some
cases, suddenly stopping the medicine may make your health condition worse.

Cautions with other medicines

There are some medicines that may interfere with the way that beta blockers work, including
beta blocker eyedrops.

Tell your doctor if you're taking:

Insulins Commercially Available in the US (Recombinant DNA origin)

Category/Name of Brand Name Preparation(s)

Insulin (manufacturer)

Rapid-Acting

Insulin Lispro Humalog (Lilly) Vial, cartridge,

disposable pen

Insulin Aspart Novolog (Novo Nordisk) Vial, cartridge,

disposable pen

Insulin Glulisine Apidra (Sanofi-Aventis) Vial, disposable pen

Category/Name of Brand Name Preparation(s)
Insulin (manufacturer)

Technosphere insulin Afreeza Inhaler

Short-Acting

Regular Human Humulin R (Lilly) Vial

Novolin R (Novo Nordisk)

Intermediate-Acting

NPH Human Humulin N (Lilly) Vial, disposable pen

Novolin N (Novo Nordisk) Vial

Long-Acting

Insulin Detemir Levemir (Novo Nordisk) Vial, disposable pen

Insulin Glargine Lantus (Sanofi-Aventis) Vial, cartridge, disposable pen

Basaglar (Lilly) Basaglar is only available as a
Toujeo (Sanofi-Aventis) disposable pen
Toujeo is only available as a
disposable pen

Insulin Degludec Tresiba (Novo Nordisk) Disposable pen

Insulin Mixtures
Category/Name of Brand Name Preparation(s)
Insulin (manufacturer)

NPH/Regular Humulin 70/30 (Lilly) Vial, disposable pen

(70%/30%) Novolin 70/30 (Novo Vial
Nordisk)

Protamine/Lispro Humalog Mix 50/50(Lilly) Vial, disposable pen

(50%/50%)

Protamine/Lispro Humalog Mix 75/25(Lilly) Vial, disposable pen

(75%25%)

Protamine/Aspart (70/30) Novolog Mix 70/30 (Novo Vial, disposable pen

Nordisk)

c.