Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Resistant Steel
Building Structures
4. Eccentrically Braced
Frames
Prepared by:
Michael D. Engelhardt
University of Texas at Austin
with the support of the
American Institute of Steel Construction.
Version 1 - March 2007
Design of Seismic-Resistant
Steel Building Structures
• Framing system with beam, columns and braces. At least one end of
every brace is connected to isolate a segment of the beam called a
link.
• Resist lateral load through a combination of frame action and truss
action. EBFs can be viewed as a hybrid system between moment
frames and concentrically braced frames.
• EBFs can supply high levels of ductility (similar to MRFs), but can
also provide high levels of elastic stiffness (similar to CBFs)
e Link
e Link
e Link
e Link
Some possible bracing arrangement for EBFS
e e e e
e
e
Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBFs)
EBF
p
p
e e
P
Link Behavior: Shear vs Flexural Yielding Links
M M
V V
Will link plastic strength be
controlled by shear or flexure?
V
Link length "e" is key parameter
M that controls inelastic behavior
M
e
M M
V V
M Shear yield
web area of link
stress of steel
M M
V V
V M = Mp = Z Fy
M
e
M M
V V
2M
e
V
Shear vs. Flexural Yielding Links:
Mp Mp
Vp Vp
2 Mp
or, when: e
Vp
shear yielding of web along
e entire length of link
M M
Vp Vp
Shear yielding will occur
V =Vp when V=Vp and M < Mp
2Mp
or, when: e
M < Mp Vp
flexural yielding at link ends
e
Mp Mp
V V
Shear yielding will occur
V <Vp when M = Mp and V < Vp
M = Mp 2Mp
or, when: e
Vp
M = Mp
Shear Vs. Flexural Yielding Links:
2Mp
SHEAR YIELDING LINK: e
Vp
2Mp
FLEXURAL YIELDING LINK: e
Vp
Link Nominal Shear Strength, Vn:
2Mp
Vp controls for: e
Vp
Vn = lesser of
2Mp
2Mp / e controls for: e
Vp
Example: W14x82 A992
Vp 0.6 Fy d 2 t f tw
0.6 50 ksi 14.3 2 .855 0.510
193 kips
Vp = 193 kips
Vn = lesser of
2Mp / e = 13,900 in-kips / e
Example: W14x82 A992
Link nominal shear strength:
e / (Mp/Vp)
0 1 2 3 4 5
250
Link Nominal Shear Strength
Vn=Vp
200
150 Vn=2Mp /e
(kips)
100
50
0
0 36 72 108 144 180
150
Link Shear Force (kips)
100
Vult
50 Vn
0
-50
-100
-150
-0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
1.6 Mp
PREDOMINANTLY SHEAR YIELDING LINK: e
Vp
2.6 Mp
PREDOMINANTLY FLEXURAL YIELDING LINK: e
Vp
1.6 Mp 2.6 Mp
COMBINED SHEAR AND FLEXURAL YIELDING: e
Vp Vp
Example: W14x82 A992
Vp 0.6 Fy d 2 t f tw
0.6 50 ksi 14.3 2 .855 0.510
193 kips
Mp 6950 inkips
kips
36
Vp 193
Example: W14x82 A992 (cont)
Mp Mp Mp
36 1 .6 58 2 .6 94
Vp Vp Vp
1.6 Mp
e
Vp
V
Link Deformation: (radian)
e
Experimental Performance of a Shear Link:
W10x33 (A992) e = 23" = 1.1 Mp/Vp
Experimental Performance of a Shear Link:
W10x33 (A992) e = 23" = 1.1 Mp/Vp
Experimental Performance of a Shear Link:
W10x33 (A992) e = 23" = 1.1 Mp/Vp
150
Link Shear Force (kips)
100
50
-50
-100
-150
-0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
p = 0.10 rad
150
Link Shear Force (kips)
100
50
-50
-100
-150
-0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
Link Plastic Rotation, p (rad)
Longer Links
1.6 Mp
e
Vp
200
Link Shear Force (kips)
150
100
50
-50
-100
-150
-200
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
0.08
0.04
Shear +
Shear Yielding Flexure Flexural Yielding
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Link Length: e/ (Mp/ Vp)
EBF Rigid-Plastic Kinematics
e
L
e
p
p
L
p p
e
e
L
e
p
p
L
p p
e
e e
L
e e
p
p
p
L
p p
2e
Design of EBFs
General Approach
Mp
p for e 1. 6
Vp
b/t
Mp
ps for e 1 .6
Vp
AISC Seismic Provisions - EBF
15.2 Links
15.2b Shear Strength
= 0.9
Vp
Vn = lesser of
2Mp / e
15.2b Link Shear Strength
Sizing Link: Vu Vn
Vpa
Vn = lesser of
2Mpa / e
where:
Pu
2
Pu
Vpa Vp 1 M pa M p 1
P Py
y
Py = A Fy
and ....
15.2b Link Shear Strength
Aw M Aw
1.15 0.5 1.6 p for 0 .3
A Vp
g Ag
e
Mp Aw
1.6 for 0.3
Vp Ag
where:
Aw d 2t f tw
Pu
Vu
AISC Seismic Provisions - EBF
15.2 Links
15.2c Link Rotation Angle
The link rotation angle is the inelastic angle between the link
and the beam outside of the link when the story drift is equal
to the design story drift, Δ.
The link rotation angle shall not exceed the following values:
p p
p p
L L
L L
p p p p
e e
e e
p
p
L
p p p
2e
L
15.2c Link Rotation Angle
15
e
10
p
p / p
p
5 L
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
e/L
15.2c Link Rotation Angle
0.1
p
0.08
Maximum Permissible
0.06
0.04
0.02
Shear +
Shear Yielding Flexure Flexural Yielding
0
1.6 2.6
0 1 2 3 4 5
Link Length = e
Link Length = e
1.5 bf 1.5 bf
Link Length = e
1.5 bf 1.5 bf
s s s s
e
Link-to-column connections
Must be capable of sustaining:
or
b) Provide qualifying cyclic test results in
accordance with Appendix S
15.4 Link-to-Column Connections (cont)
Comments:
Exception:
The link-to-column connection need not be Prequalified or
be qualified by testing if:
Pb 0.06
R F Z
y y Link
ho
Link Length = e
AISC Seismic Provisions - EBF
15.6 Diagonal Brace and Beam Outside of Link
Diagonal Brace
Diagonal Brace and Beam Outside of Link
Vult Vult
Mult Mult
Vult Vult
Mult Mult
15.6 Diagonal Brace and Beam Outside of Link
Link Length = e
Vult Vult
Mult Mult
Link Length = e
Vult Vult
Mult Mult
e Vult
Mult (assumes link end moment equalize)
2
15.6 Diagonal Brace and Beam Outside of Link
V
AISC Seismic Provisions - EBF
15.6c Bracing Connections
Vult
Mult
Bracing Connections
• Design for forces (P and M)
generated in brace by Vult and
Mult of link
• Also check for axial
compression force of 1.1 Ry Pn
of brace
• No need to provide "fold line,"
since braces are not designed
to buckle, as in SCBF
Bracing Connections - Typical Details
AISC Seismic Provisions - EBF
15.7 Beam-to-Column Connections
Beam-to-column connections
away from links:
• no shear studs
• no deck attachments that penetrate beam flange
(screws, shot pins)
• no welded, bolted, screwed or shot in attachments for
perimeter edge angles, exterior facades, partitions,
duct work, piping, etc.
Protected Zones
AISC Seismic Provisions - EBF
15.10 Demand Critical Welds
CVN Requirements:
20 ft-lbs at - 200 F and
40 ft-lbs at 700F
Section 15 Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF)
15.1 Scope
15.2 Links
15.3 Link Stiffeners
15.4 Link-to-Column Connections
15.5 Lateral Bracing of Links
15.6 Diagonal Brace and Beam Outside of Link
15.7 Beam-to-Column Connections
15.8 Requires Strength of Columns
15.9 Protected Zone
15.10 Demand Critical Welds