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P-V and I-V Characteristics of Solar Cell

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Design Engineering P-V and I-V Characteristics of Solar Cell

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 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 6 | Pages: 520-528

P-V and I-V Characteristics of Solar Cell

Pooja Singh 1, Vinay T R2, Archana Balyan3 , Gangadhara4, Sandeep Prabhu M5
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University,
Gurugram, Haryana
2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology,
Bangalore, Karnataka.
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology,
New Delhi
4
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Yenepoya Institute of Technology,
Moodbidri, Karnataka
5
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Canara Engineering College,
Benjanapadavu, Bantwal, Mangalore, Karnataka.
Email: pujasingh0409@gmail.com

Abstract:

A PV cell is a semi-conductor specialized diode, which transforms visible light into direct
current (DC). Any PV cells can also transform radiation from infrared to ultraviolet (UV) to
control DC. Photovoltaic cells are a feature of solar power systems. This paper explores the
successful deployment of photovoltaic, with an emphasis on PV characteristics and photovoltaic
systems as a whole. The photovoltaic cell's power-voltage characteristic is non-linear. The
maximum power point (MPP) must be constantly monitored to achieve the maximum
performance power from the photovoltaic device. Solar cell implementations have been
challenging in recent years. More focus is placed on updating the technology in order to optimize
module performance. In this paper the simple current equations are applied to construct a
MATLAB/Simulink model of a solar cell. Different parameters are addressed and their influence
is traced in the shape of I-V and P-V curves on solar cells.

Keywords: Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Photovoltaic technologies, Renewable

Energy, Solar Energy, Solar cells.

I. INTRODUCTION
Many forms of green energy are currently available such as solar energy, wind energy, hydro-
energy mare electricity, diesel energy, etc. Solar energy is an ever-present, sustainable energy
source and one of the most realistic and common types of renewable energy. It can be directly
transformed into solar energy by photovoltaic (PV) battery. PV arrays are distinguished by non-
linear voltage and current, depending on the temperature and irradiance of the grid. Array may
either stand alone or link to the grid. The PV array has a specific point for generating full strength.

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Daytime variations in temperature and irradiance and even changes across multiple seasons of the
year. The implementation of superior methods of utilisation of renewable energies during the 21st
century and subsequent rapid development contributed to a wider variety of applications,
especially in relation to solar power. In general, the use of solar energy is rising rapidly and has
become an important contributor to the general consumption of energy particularly in the domestic
sector. Demand has grown from 20% to 25% over the last 20 years. The demand for photovoltaic
systems has recently grown exponentially. In reality, solar photovoltaics delivers approximately
4,800 GW between 2004 and 2009, grid-connected photovoltaic capacities rise to 21 GW and rose
at an average rate of 60% annually in this field[3,4]. The fast use of different fossil fuels has
culminated in a decline of their deposit and has affected the climate significantly, triggering
biosphere destruction and global warming. Solar energy, increasingly available, has allowed it to
be extracted and utilised correctly. Solar electricity may be a grid-connected generation unit or a
separate generating unit, based on the accessible grid in the local region. It may also be used to
provide electricity to rural areas where grid power is limited. The simple portability process
anywhere and when needed is another advantage of utilising solar energy. In order to tackle the
present scenario of energy use, useful strategies need to be built to effectively and economically
utilise solar radiation utilising solar modules [5, 6]. The Solar Panel comprises essentially of
separate solar cells (normally 32 or 72 cells). The solar cell operating theory is fundamentally
identical to photovoltaic effect. Generally, the photovoltaic effect is provided as a possible
difference at the p-n junction as it comes into contact with visible or other radiation. The I-V and
P-V curves of a solar module are of considerable significance because the study of these curves,
like Maximal Power Point Tracking (MPPT), is used to analyse different techniques and
algorithms [7]. Figure 1 displays the usual I-V and P-V curves.

Fig.1 I-V and P-V Curves of Solar Cell/Module

II. FUNCTIONALITY

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The functionality of PV depends on the light absorption of a bulk or semi-conductor substrate,

most frequently a silicon-pn diode, for a direction through which photons of incident can typically
be transformed into energy in the form of heat. When absorbed, a photon passes energy in the
absorbing material to an electron, and if the magnitude of incidence photon energy is greater than
the electron's work feature, it can increase the energy level of the electron or even release an
electron[8]. If released, the electrons are then free to disperse across the semiconductor content,
affected by the present diffusion, temperature and electric field phenomena. fig. 2 shows
approximately the physical configuration of a photovoltaic cell. the light occurrence on the cell
induces charging transporters that produce an electric current while it is shortened [9, 10, 11].
charges are created when photon energy is adequate to isolate the covalent electrons of the
semiconductor the phenomenon depends on the semiconductor substrate and the incident light's
wavelength.

Fig. 2. Structure of a PV cell

A. PV module

A single solar cell cannot provide the useful performance needed. In order to increase the power
level of a PV grid, the amount of such PV solar cells must be related. The requisite number of
these cells is combined to form a functional solar unit, known as solar module or PV as seen in the
figure. 3. When higher voltage is needed connect PV cell in series and if high current demand is
high, connect PV cell in parallel.

B. PV array

A PV array is essentially an interconnection of many serial and/or parallel photovoltaic arrays.

The electricity produced by each module might not be adequate to fulfil the trading requirements
so that the modules are secured in a grid format or as a frame to meet demand.

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Fig.3. Photovoltaic system

III. METHODOLOGY

In this article, the basic PV Cell model is modelled using MATLAB/Simulink software using the
analogous Solar PV cell circuit. The analogous circuit comprises a current source, a diode and a
series resistance, as seen in Figure 5. The different I-V and P-V curves are investigated by varying
solar cell parameters, as mentioned later in this paper [12].

Fig.5. Equivalent Circuit Diagram

The electronic activity of a solar cell must be recognised, and a model that is electrically similar
to discrete electrical components based on normal behaviour is well established. An ideal solar
cell may be modelled in parallel to a diode by a current source; in reality there is no ideal solar
cell, which is why the shunt resistance and a serial resistance portion is applied to the model [13].
A solar cell's characteristic equation is given by:

𝑞 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑅𝑠
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝐼0 [exp ( (𝑉 + 𝐼𝑅𝑠 )) − 1] −
𝑛𝑘𝑇 𝑅𝑠ℎ

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IV.SIMULATION AND RESULTS

A. Irradiation and Temperature

At 25 ° C, the temperature is maintained constant and irradiation modifications are rendered

(250W/m2, 500W/m2, 750W/m2, 1000W/m2). Fig. 6 The Matlab programme findings show the
I-V and P-V characteristics under these conditions, respectively. Radiation is simply dependent on
the current produced by the incident light, the greater the radiation, the greater the current. The
voltage is virtually constant on the other side and does not. The impact of irradiation on the highest
point of power is obvious: the higher the irradiation, the higher the total point of power [14].
Secondly, at 1000W/m2, the irradiation stays stable and varying temperatures (25 ° C, 50 ° C, 75
° C, 100 ° C) establish the characteristic curves. Fig. 7 The I-V and P-V simulation outcomes are
shown under the same conditions, respectively. The current produced by the incident light would
stay constant, although it increases marginally as the voltage changes. Voltage and energy are
decreased by the effect of the spike in temperature. Fig. 8 illustrates the influence of both
irradiation and temperature. It is possible to detect I-V and P-V. The curves are similar to the
radiation impact of the marginally higher power; in this situation, the effect of temperature is
almost ignored [15].

Fig. 6. Influence of the Irradiation

Fig. 7. Influence of the Temperature

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Fig. 8. Influence of the Temperature and Irradiation

B. Influence of Series Resistance and Temperature

Fig. 9 shows the influence of serial resistance on the I-V and P-V characteristics of 1M4P and
1M5P photovoltaic cells. In the field where the PV cell acts as a voltage regulator, the serial
resistance is the pitch of the characteristic, the open circuit voltage does not change, unless the
short circuit current value is decreased while it is high. The resistance increase in the series leads
to a reduction in the slope of the curve. The effects of both the series resistance and the temperature
on the same previous models is seen in Fig. 10 if, when the open circuit voltage has been increased
[5], the short circuit current has been assigned the same amount.

Fig. 9. Influence of series resistance.

Fig. 10. Influence of series resistance and temperature.

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C. Influence of Shunt Resistance and Temperature

The resistance of the shunt is a resistance which takes into account the unavoidable current leakage
between the terminals of the solar cells. Generally speaking, when the shunt resistance is very
high, its influence is particularly visible in the development of electricity. The effect on the current-
voltage feature of the shunt resistance results in a small decrease in the open circuit voltage and an
improvement in the slope of the I-V cell curve in the field corresponding to the current operation
[8]. (Fig. 11, see below).

Fig. 11. Influence of shunt resistance and temperature.

V. CONCLUSION

PV cells are an environmentally sustainable form of energy whose appealing features begin
photovoltaic science. Since the current Dye sensitised solar systems are still inefficient and
unusual, they are not yet cost competitive with Silicon-based generators, efforts are constantly
increasing to increase their potential. These solar devices are cheap, sustainable and easier to
manufacture. Photovoltaic’s technology will attract more people as efficiency increases due to low
cost. Since the sun supplies ten thousand times as much energy as people currently consume, one
day, photovoltaic improvements will replace environmentally friendly power plants with an
established and clean source of power. We presented the fundamental electrical properties of the
single diode photovoltaic cell, describing the equivalent circuits and discussing the equivalent
models. In the single diode models, physical processes such as the resistance sequence and the
resistance shunt were analysed, as well as environmental parameters such as irradiation and
temperature.

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