was blessed with peace and
700 years of colonial
rule in Telangana
The Telangana struggle has
centuries of historical
background. To fully understand the
reasons behind the Telangana
struggle, we need to know about
the establishment of the colonial
state after the rule of the Kakatiya
kings in 1323. From 1324 to 1948,
five Muslim kingdoms ruled the
Telangana region. During their 624-
year rule, the people of Telangana
lived in miserable conditions. In
other words, our ancestors lived as
second-class citizens in their own
region.
The Golden Age of the Kakatiyas
was in AD. In 1324, when the
Kakatiya king's second
Prataparudra was defeated by the
Sultan of Delhi, Muhammad bin
Tughlaq, colonial rule began in the
Telangana region. With the defeat
of Prataparudu, the golden rule of
the Kakatiyas, which lasted for
more than 300 years, came to an
end.
The Kakatiyas were born and raised
in the northern Telangana region..
They rose from the level of ordinary
Telangana people to become
kings. Kakatiya kings dug ponds,
canals and wells for
cultivation. Many temples were built
in Telangana region. Telangana
RajeshNayak IIA Sir. +91 9441899339
prosperity under their rule.
A record of colonial rule
After the rule of Kakatiyas in
Telangana AD. From 1324
AD Muhammad bin Tughlaq ruled
till 1347. AD In 1347 his subedaru
Allauddin Hasan Gangu Bahmani
rebelled and declared
independence. He established his
independent kingdom in the Deccan
under the name Bahmani Empire. It
was the first Muslim kingdom in
South India. This development
paved the way for subsequent
attacks by Muslim kings on South
India. Golconda was one of the 5
provinces of the Bahmani
kingdom. Telangana was a part of
it. Bahmani Sultans from AD From
1347 AD He ruled for 165 years till
1512. At the end of the 165-year
reign of the Bahmanis, the rulers of
the respective provinces rebelled. In
1512, the Bahmani Empire split into
5 kingdoms. Among these,
Golconda Kingdom was established
by Sultan Quli Qutb Shah in
1512. Telangana is an integral part
of this Golkonda kingdom. Qutb
Shahi rulers ruled Golconda
kingdom till 1687. Qutb Shahi fifth
king Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah
a.d. He built Hyderabad and
Charminar in 1592. He is known as
the creator of the city of
Hyderabad. AD In 1687, Mughal
Emperor Aurangzeb conquered
Golconda and annexed it to his
Page 1
empire. Mughal rule continued till
1723 AD.
In 1724, the first Nizam ul Mulk
Asafza conquered Telangana and
merged it into the Kingdom of
Hyderabad. Asaf Jahis ruled for a
long period of 224 years from AD
1724 to AD 1948. Thus the foreign
rule in Telangana continued
uninterruptedly for 624 years. This
is kind of a world record. Because.
Nowhere else in the history of the
world has there been records of
such a long period of colonial rule in
one region.
There are many discriminations
in foreign rule
The Muslim rulers forced the
Persian language on the people in
place of the Telugu language. The
local culture promoted by the
Kakatiya rulers was replaced by
Persian literature, arts and
culture. There have been changes
in the clothing and food habits of
the upper classes of the
society. The colonial rulers
introduced the medium of
instruction in the Persian medium
instead of the local language. That
too used to happen in towns with a
large Muslim population. The
foreign rulers completely ignored
the villages of Telangana where
Hindus lived the most. Due to this
neglect and bias, people remain
illiterate and are limited to
agricultural work for livelihood. As a
RajeshNayak IIA Sir. +91 9441899339
result local people lost their place in
government jobs and army.
Persian remained the official
language until 1885 under Asaf
Jahi. In 1885, the then Prime
Minister Salarjung II replaced
Persian with Urdu as the official
language. Instead of the local
language Telugu, Urdu was made
mandatory as the medium of
instruction. From then till the end of
Asaf Jahi's rule in 1948, teaching
continued in Urdu medium. In
addition, Sherwani and pajama
became a status symbol for the
non-Muslim upper classes in the
cities in terms of clothing. If all
these are like this... while
establishing Osmania University in
1918... Urdu medium was made
compulsory at all levels up to
PG. Studying in Urdu medium has
left Osmania University students
behind in getting government jobs
later on. On the other hand, in
1887, Jagirdars of Hyderabad
established Nizam College with
English medium teaching. So their
idea is to provide education to their
children in English medium. This is
an example to say that only upper
classes of the society got English
medium education. Nizam College
continued to be affiliated to Madras
University till 1948. The names of
the towns and districts of
Hyderabad State were also
changed during the reign of the
sixth Nizam Raju. Elagandal as
Karimnagar.. Induru as Nizamabad,
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Palamuru as Mahbubnagar..
Metuku as Medak. Manukota as
Mahbubabad. The name of
Eddulapuram was changed to
Adilabad and Poncher to
Hujurnagar. Now in view of the
changed situation it is necessary to
put back the original names in place
of the names changed by the
colonialists. Palamuru as
Mahabubnagar.. Metuku as Medak..
Manukota name as Mahabubabad..
Bhuvanagiri name as Bhongir; The
name of Eddulapuram was changed
to Adilabad and Poncher to
Hujurnagar. Now in view of the
changed situation it is necessary to
put back the original names in place
of the names changed by the
colonialists. Palamuru as
Mahabubnagar.. Metuku as Medak..
Manukota name as Mahabubabad..
Bhuvanagiri name as Bhongir; The
name of Eddulapuram was changed
to Adilabad and Poncher to
Hujurnagar. Now in view of the
changed situation it is necessary to
put back the original names in place
of the names changed by the
colonialists.
Seventh Nizam's colonialism and
communal policies
Let us see some more examples of
the intolerant and bigoted religious
tendencies of the seventh Nizam,
Mir Osman Ali Khan. The banning
of the Vande Mataram song in 1939
was a testament to the Nizam's
intolerance and repressive
policies. Hindu students banned
RajeshNayak IIA Sir. +91 9441899339
from singing Vande Mataram song
in Osmania University hostels. If
they sang Vande Mataram against
that decision, they were expelled
from the university. The expelled
students had to go to Nagpur to
continue their studies. PV
Narasimha Rao was one of those
expelled on this day. Besides, the
education department has ordered
to pray in Urdu in praise of the
seventh Nizam King every morning
before the start of classes. Nizam
VII introduced the communal
population policy with the aim of
increasing the Muslim population
and reducing the Hindu
population. This can be understood
by looking at the census of 1931. In
1931, the Hindu population was 84
percent, while the Muslim
population was 10 percent. But in
1941, the Muslim population
increased significantly to 12.8
percent, while the Hindu population
decreased to 81.4
percent. Similarly, Dalits were
registered separately in 1941 with a
plan to reduce the Hindu
population. As a result Hindu
population was shown as 63.5
percent. Moreover, the Muslims
from North India took deliberate and
well-planned steps to come to
Hyderabad kingdom. Muslims
coming from the north were
encouraged to join jobs by providing
special wages, facilities and
concessions. As a result, they got
priority in trade, educational
institutions, defense and police
Page 3
forces. Thus 60 thousand northern
Muslims came to Hyderabad
state. Among them there are those
who came from the states of Uttar
Pradesh, Punjab and
Rajasthan. The 7th Nizam thought
to make the Muslims the upper
class in the kingdom by this
policy. But by such actions, it
seems that he himself violated the
Mulki Regulations Act of
1919. During the partition of the
country in 1947, a large number of
Muslims migrated to the state from
North India. The government has
provided all kinds of subsidies for
them to resettle here. This was
another step taken to increase the
Muslim population in Hyderabad
State. Due to such religious
policies, Hindus could not get
opportunities in government jobs,
educational institutions and
trade. According to the census of
1931, if we look at the statistics of
Hindus and Muslims in the defense,
police and other services... If there
are 1,07,737 Muslims, there are
only 23,368 Hindus. The number of
Muslims in the above services
increased further between 1931 and
1947. Due to this, it is clear that
Muslims have received a lot of
support in government
services. Similar discrimination
continued in other areas as
well. There were clear differences
and inequalities between Hindus
and Muslims in terms of literacy. In
1921, if every thousand Hindus had
23 literates, every thousand
RajeshNayak IIA Sir. +91 9441899339
Muslims had 59 literates. It was
33.3 per thousand Hindus in 1931
and 103.5 per thousand Muslims.
Ban on Congress Party
Nizam's bias towards political
parties was also evident. In 1927,
the government allowed the Muslim
organization 'Ittehadul Muslimeen'
founded by Bahadur Yarjung. It was
formed with the aim of protecting
the political rights of
Muslims. However, the government
has provided all kinds of
support. The Congress Party which
was formed in 1937 was banned by
the Nizam's government on the
grounds that it was a religious
organisation. The Congress Party
was the main political party in
British India. He fought for freedom
from the British rule. Such a party
was branded as a communal party
by the then Nizam government. At
the same time, it accepted the
religious party 'Ittehadul
Muslimeen'. This is another
example of how the government's
religious policies have encouraged
Muslims in all spheres.
Detention of politicians
After August 25, 1947, the Nizam's
government detained many political
leaders, poets and celebrities like
Dasharathi, Kaloji Narayana Rao
and others in jails to control the
independence agitations of
Hyderabad state. Even after India's
independence in August 1947, they
spent 13 months in jail. They were
Page 4
released only after police action in
September 1948. This incident is a
direct evidence of the violation of
civil rights and oppression in
Hyderabad during the reign of the
seventh Nizam.
Misgovernance in Hyderabad
The 'Rajakars', an armed wing of
Ittehadul Muslimeen, committed
serious atrocities against
Hindus. As a result, thousands of
people migrated to neighboring
states. The Indian government
released a white paper on
Hyderabad in July 1948 after
coming to their notice of this
mismanagement in Hyderabad. In
this order, some comments were
made regarding
maladministration. They are.. 'The
central government does not want
to be helpless spectators to the
misrule and atrocities in
Hyderabad. The government of
India must intervene to solve the
problem if the already deteriorating
peace and security situation
deteriorates further and disrupts
peace and tolerance. On the other
hand, G. Ramachari, who was a
minister in the Hyderabad
government at that time, resigned in
February 1948 in protest against
the misrule and misdeeds of the
Rajakars. In his resignation, he
described the peace and security
situation in the state as
follows. "Destructive forces and
hooliganism are rampant in the
state. Arsons, robberies and
RajeshNayak IIA Sir. +91 9441899339
murders became routine. Armed
men roam the country and create
rampant killings. One village after
another is burning. Due to this
damana kanda, many villages have
faced flood conditions. In the end,
the goon kingdom is running even
in the jails. If we take into account
all these developments mentioned
in relation to maladministration, it is
clear that these led to the police
action in September 1948 and put
an end to the Nizam's
misadministration. Due to this
damana kanda, many villages have
faced flood conditions. In the end,
the goon kingdom is running even
in the jails. If we take into account
all these developments mentioned
in relation to maladministration, it is
clear that these led to the police
action in September 1948 and put
an end to the Nizam's
misadministration. Due to this
damana kanda, many villages have
faced flood conditions. In the end,
the goon kingdom is running even
in the jails. If we take into account
all these developments mentioned
in relation to maladministration, it is
clear that these led to the police
action in September 1948 and put
an end to the Nizam's
misadministration.
Police action in 1948
India got independence on 15
August 1947. At the time the British
left India, two parts survived in the
country namely 1) British India, 2)
Indian colonies. While there are 565
Page 5
states in India, Hyderabad is the
largest state. However, even after
15 August 1947, Hyderabad was
not incorporated into the Union of
India. The seventh Nizam also
made it clear that Hyderabad would
remain independent during his
reign. With that, the Indian
government prepared for police
action in September 1948 to merge
Hyderabad into India. After five
days of police action, the armed
forces of Hyderabad surrendered to
the Indian Army on 17 September
1948. As a result Hyderabad State
became a part of India from 18
September 1948.
Nan Mulki go back
On September 18, 1948, Major
General J.N. Chaudhary was
appointed as the Military Governor
of Hyderabad State. On the other
hand, the then central government
took a decision to continue Nizam
Mir Usman Ali Khan as the head of
Hyderabad state. In the background
of these developments, many
Andhra officials of the Madras
government were brought to
Hyderabad to cooperate in
government activities during and
after the police action against
Hyderabad. These officers
continued in the service of
Hyderabad Government till
1952. On the other hand, after 1948
many other people from Andhra
region with English language skills
came to Hyderabad seeking
government jobs. Thousands of
RajeshNayak IIA Sir. +91 9441899339
non-mulki Andhra people got jobs
on the basis of fake mulki
certificates. As a result, the people
of Telangana region are not getting
opportunities in their own state. This
unusual situation gave fuel to the
Non-Mulki movement which started
in earnest in 1952. The slogans
'Nan-Mulkis Go Back' and 'Idli-
Sambar Go Back' can be said to be
widely used slogans in this
movement. Originally, this non-
Mulki movement started with school
students in Warangal in July 1952
and later spread rapidly to many
places including Hyderabad. It was
during this movement that seven
people were killed in police firing on
September 3 and 4, 1952. This can
be said to be the first Telangana
movement undertaken by
Telangana students against the
people of Andhra region. It was
during this movement that seven
people were killed in police firing on
September 3 and 4, 1952. This can
be said to be the first Telangana
movement undertaken by
Telangana students against the
people of Andhra region. It was
during this movement that seven
people were killed in police firing on
September 3 and 4, 1952. This can
be said to be the first Telangana
movement undertaken by
Telangana students against the
people of Andhra region.
Internal colonial rule
Military rule ended in December
1949 in Hyderabad state. Indian
Page 6
Civil Services officer M.K. Vellodi
was appointed as the Chief Minister
by the seventh Nizam. Similarly, the
seventh Nizam continued to be the
head of the state. As Chief Minister
M.K. Vellodi's rule lasted until the
general elections of 1952. Even if it
is a military rule.. M.K. is the Chief
Minister. Even though Vellodi's
rule.. it can be said that central
government rule continued over
Hyderabad state. In other words,
the power of the central government
over the state of Hyderabad
continued for another four years
and the Congress government at
the center completely ignored the
aspirations of the people of
Hyderabad.
Bourgeois government
With the results of the general
elections of 1952, a public
government was formed with
Burgula Ramakrishna Rao as the
Chief Minister. His cabinet was also
appointed by the 7th Nizam, who
was acting as the Raj Pramukh at
that time. The then former Chief
Minister M.K. Vellodi.. has been
appointed by the central
government as the adviser of
Burgula Ramakrishna Rao. Burgula
Ramakrishna Rao played a key role
in the government as Vellodi's
advisor. From all this, what is
broadly evident is that the internal
colonial rule of the Central
Government in Delhi lasted for eight
years (from September 1948 to
October 1956). This is a very
RajeshNayak IIA Sir. +91 9441899339
unfortunate development for the
people of Hyderabad. Thus there is
a need to mention the seventh
Nizam in the order of the rule of the
colonial state. The seventh Nizam
continued to be the head of the
state of Hyderabad till the day the
Constitution of India came into force
on 26 January 1950. In the context
of the coming into force of the
Constitution, Hyderabad was
classified as a 'B-State' and Raj
Paramukh was named as the head
of the state. In these changed
circumstances, the central
government once again appointed
the seventh Nizam as Raj
Pramakh. The seventh Nizam in the
capacity of Raj Pramukh performed
duties similar to that of Governor in
the 'A-State' category. In addition,
he acted as the Raj Paramukh until
31 October 1956, when the
Hyderabad state was divided into
three regions and the Telangana
region was merged into the Andhra
state and a new state was formed
on November 1, 1956 under the
name of Andhra Pradesh. Even
after that, the central government
proposed to continue the seventh
Nizam as the governor of Andhra
Pradesh, but he politely refused. It
is still incomprehensible that a man
of autocratic background (the
seventh Nizam) was kept as the
head of Hyderabad state by the
Congress-led central government
for eight years. It can be termed as
another form of internal colonial
rule.
Page 7

Andhra State - 1953
It is known that the people of
Andhra were in the state of Madras
during almost two hundred years of
British rule. After independence in
1947, Madras state was ruled by
Tamils. The people of Andhra were
deeply dissatisfied with this. The
reason for this is that there are
more Tamils and they are dominant
in all fields. Tamils constituted 64
percent of the total population of the
then Madras state. Andhra
population is only 36 percent. For
this reason the people of Andhra
demanded a separate state of
Andhra for the division of Madras
state. Accepting their demand, the
central government established the
state of Andhra in 1953 with
Kurnool as its capital. A. Kaleswara
Rao, a prominent politician and the
first Speaker of the Andhra Pradesh
Legislature, clearly stated in his
autobiography the strong reasons
why the Andhra people of Madras
state wanted a separate
state. 'Madras Legislature,
Government, Tamils are highly
favored in the High Courts. The
self-respect and personalities of the
Andhra people were completely
eroded under the rule of the Tamil-
led Madras government. It is only a
government of Tamils. Not for
Andhras. Tamils enjoyed all sorts of
benefits under the Madras
government. At the same time, the
Andhras were backward in all areas
of employment, education,
RajeshNayak IIA Sir. +91 9441899339
economic growth, industry,
electricity supply... these are the
words of A. Kaleswara Rao in his
autobiography. But the Andhras did
not learn any lesson from the
failures and experiences they faced
from the Tamils. After the formation
of Andhra Pradesh in 1956, they
treated the people of Telangana
even worse. Tamils enjoyed all
sorts of benefits under the Madras
government. At the same time, the
Andhras were backward in all areas
of employment, education,
economic growth, industry,
electricity supply... these are the
words of A. Kaleswara Rao in his
autobiography. But the Andhras did
not learn any lesson from the
failures and experiences they faced
from the Tamils. After the formation
of Andhra Pradesh in 1956, they
treated the people of Telangana
even worse. Tamils enjoyed all
sorts of benefits under the Madras
government. At the same time, the
Andhras were backward in all areas
of employment, education,
economic growth, industry,
electricity supply... these are the
words of A. Kaleswara Rao in his
autobiography. But the Andhras did
not learn any lesson from the
failures and experiences they faced
from the Tamils. After the formation
of Andhra Pradesh in 1956, they
treated the people of Telangana
even worse.
Andhra Pradesh is under Delhi
elders
Page 8
Despite the formation of Andhra
State in 1953, Kurnool was made
the capital and was deeply
disappointed. Kurnool was
considered unsuitable as a capital
city for reasons such as setting up
offices in huge tents without
permanent buildings. On the other
hand, the financial condition of the
state at that time was also with a
deficit budget. The amount of
collections in the then annual
budget was Rs. 17 crores while
Rs. 5 crore deficit. It has been
found that there is no scope for the
construction of new capital and
management of development
activities through it. As a result,
Andhra residents who noticed their
real situation brought up a new
slogan called 'Vishalandhra',
demanding Hyderabad as their
capital. Although the movement
was started since 1955 for this, the
leaders of Telangana region
expressed strong opposition and
protest. But with the help of
Congress leaders in Delhi they
were able to make their movement
successful. Hyderabad state was
divided into three regions and
Telangana was merged into Andhra
state. Andhra Pradesh would not
have been possible without the
support of Congress leaders in
Delhi.
Telangana is the result of
sacrifices
In the context of the emergence of
Andhra Pradesh, important points to
RajeshNayak IIA Sir. +91 9441899339
be mentioned about Telangana...
Telangana, which was a majority
region in the Hyderabad state,
overnight became a minority region
in the Andhra Pradesh state. Details
of the population ratio in the two
regions as on 1st November 1956..
Andhra Pradesh 66 per
cent; Telangana 34 percent. The
Andhra people dominated the
Telangana region in Andhra
Pradesh as did the Tamils in the
Madras state with their majority. It
was continued in later years as
well. With their supremacy, they
have taken steps to do severe
injustice to the people of
Telangana. These measures were
more than what they had
experienced in Madras State before
1953. The final phase of internal
colonial rule in Telangana was the
emergence of the state of Andhra
Pradesh on 1 November 1956. The
state of Andhra, which has a
majority in terms of population, was
merged with Telangana, which had
a smaller majority than
them. Differences like this, Not to
mention the consequences arising
out of the merger of two states with
different historical
backgrounds. The injustice done by
the people of Andhra region to the
people of Telangana region in the
last sixty years.. is much more than
the injustice faced by the Andhras
from the Tamils in Madras.
Page 9