EIC

 A private company granted permission by Queen Elizabeth 1.

 Attempted in Indonesia but failed.
 Landed at Surat within the S.C.
 Jahangir refused for trade.
 Shah Jehan gave permission for trade.

Pitt India Act

 Passed in 1784.
 Got administration from EIC.
 Governor General was appointed to control presidencies.
 C-in-C was appointed.

Lord Dalhousie
 Became G.G in 1848.
 Annexed Punjab and NWFP.
 In 1852 he presented Doctrine of Lapse.
 he introduced electric telegraph.
 Introduced Remarriage Act.

Mohsin ud din
 Known as Dadu Mian.
 Son of HSU.
 Carried FM after the death of his father.
 Divided Bengal in circles, appointed Caliphs, announced Jihad.
 Arrested during war of independence.

Battle of Gwalior
 Last battle during War Of Independence.
 Rani of Jhansi refused to surrender.
 Assisted by Commander Tatya Topi.
 Lakshmi Bai was killed dressed as man.
 Tatya topi escaped , later arrested and executed.

An essay on causes of Indian Revolt

 Pamphlet by Sir syed.
 Written in English and Urdu.
 To improve relations b/w British & Muslims.
 Highlighted wrong policies of British.
Why did M.E decline following the reign of A.A?
Causes:
Administrative Problems:
 M.E was extended on large area.
 An emperor did not know that what is happening in empire.
 This large area created administrative problems.
 That’s why M.E declined.

Succession Problems:
 There was no law of succession.
 Mughal’s brothers fought with one another for throne.
 This infighting reduced their strength increased war expenses.
 That’s why M.E collapsed.

Arrival of British
 British came for trade.
 They exported raw materials (spices and cotton) and imported industrial goods.
 They also set up a private army to protect their trade.
 By looking the weak position of Mughals, they captured this area one by one.

Why did Indian soil attract the European during 17th century?

Trade:
 EIC came to the SC for trade.
 They exported raw materials (cotton, spices) and imported industrial goods.
 This trade gave them a huge profit so they called India as golden sparrow

To establish colony within India.

 British wanted to establish trading bases and colonies in India.
 Their aim was to expel other European in order to get a complete domination on trade.
 They wanted to dictate their own trade laws within the SC.

Access to Warm Water:

 EIC wanted to set up a strategic warm water sea port within the SC.
 So they could carry their trade throughout the year.
 They also wanted to expand their trade in multiple directions.
Why did SWU wish to revive Islam within the SC?

Ignorance about teachings of Islam

 Muslims were ignorant about the teachings of Quran.
 Quran is in Arabic language.
 Mostly Muslims were Urdu and Persian speaking
 So they did not know the actual meaning of Quran.

Un-Islamic practices:
 Muslims were involved in un-Islamic practice.
 Islam was under the threat of Hinduism.
 Muslims adopted Hindus culture.
 Muslim’s culture and identity was endangered.
 SWU wanted to preserve the identity of Muslims.

Sectarian Issue:
 Muslims were divided Shia and Sunni.
 Due to their internal conflict they were fighting against each other.
 This was a threat for the unity of Muslims.
 In order to bring unity amongst Muslims, SWU wished to revive Islam.

Why was Urdu chosen as national language of Pakistan?

Urdu was chosen as national language of Pakistan due to several reasons.

Symbol of Unity
 Urdu was considered a symbol of unity.
 It was taken a link language in Pakistan.
 People used this language for communication across Pakistan.

Rich Cultural Heritage

 It has a rich literary background.
 Maulvi Abdul Haq is known as Babe- i-Urdu.
 Amir Khusrau was the first poet of Urdu.
 It was given the status as second official language by British.
 Important poets were Mirza Ghalib, Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali, and Dr Allama Iqbal.

Role in Pakistan Movement

 its association with Pakistan Movement was also a reason.
 All India Muslim League was founded to protect and promote Urdu language.
 Urdu Language promoted nationalism amongst the Indian Muslims.
 So Muslim got independence in 1947 from British.
Why did govt of Pakistan promote regional languages?
To strengthen Unity
 Promoted to strengthen unity in Pakistan.
 After independence, Urdu was declared as national language of Pakistan.
 This increased tension b/w central govt and Provinces.
 To improve relations and to strengthen unity, regional languages were promoted.

Revival of Culture
 To revive regional cultures in Pakistan.
 There was diversity of cultures in Pakistan such as Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi and Pashtune cultures.
 So in order preserve diversity in cultures of Pakistan.

Role in Pakistan Movement

 Promotion of nationalism was also a reason.
 These regional languages promoted nationalism.
 And encouraged people to put their efforts to get independence.
How successful was British attempts to take control of land within S.C during
1750-1850?

Success
Battle of Plessey (1757)
 British against Siraj ud Daula at Plassey.
 British defeated Siraj ud Daula by the treachery of Mir Jafar.
 British captured the area of Bengal.

Battle of Buxar (1764)

 British fought against Indians Alliance at Buxar.
 British were successful against Indians by well-equipped army.
 British also captured Bihar and Orissa.

Battle of Mysore (1977)

 British defeated their tough rival “ Tipu Sultan”.
 This was done by the treachery of Mir Sadiq.
 Tipu was killed in 4rth battle of Mysore.
 British captured the area of Mysore.

Anglo Maratha War(1818)

 British fought against Maratha in series of wars.
 They defeated Marathans in 3rd attempt .
 British occupied major area of central India.

Annexation of Sindh (1843)
 After having a defeat in Afghanistan.
 They provoked the Amirs of Sindh.
 These Amirs attacked on British camps.
 A war started in which British easily defeated Amirs.
 And then annexed Sindh area.

Annexation of Punjab and NWFP (1849)

 After the death of Rangit Singh there was succession dispute in family.
 British set up army camps at bank of river Sutlej.
 These camps were attacked by Sikhs.
 A war started b/w Sikh and British.
 British defeated Sikh community and annexed Punjab and NWFP.

Failures of British:
 Early attempt of Siraj ud Daula in 1756 to capture Calcatta.
 Early attempt of Tipu sultan to defend Mysore.
 Rangit Singh was successful to defend Punjab.
 Defeat in Afghanistan.
Q: SWU played an important role in the revival of Islam within the S.C before 1850. Do you
agree? Explain your answer. [14]

SWU (1703-62)

 He translated Quran in Persian language.

 He wrote 51 books, most famous were Hujjat-ul-Baligha and Izalat- ul-Akhfa.
 Removed mistrust b/w Shia and Sunni.
 Wrote a letter to Ahmed Shah Abdali to rescue Mughals against Maratha.
 He tried to convince Muslims to fallow Islamic Economic System.

SASB (1786-1831)

 He started Jihad against oppressive policies of Rangit Singh.

 He gathered a Mujahideen force and set up his H/Q at Nowshera.
 In 1826 he was successful in Battle of Akora and Hazro but failed to capture Fort of
Attock.
 He moved towards Balakot to liberate Hazara and Kashmir.
 1n 1831, he was killed in the Battle of Balakot.

HSU (1781-1840)

 Muslims were also not performing their Islamic obligations in Bengal.

 HSU started Farazi Movement.
 He stressed on Muslims to perform their Islamic duties.
 This movement also aimed to get social rights for Indian Muslims within Bengal.
 After his death, his son Mohsin-ud-Din carried Faraizi Movement.

Q: Sindhi is promoted more than any other regional language by the Govt of
Pakistan. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your answer. [14]
Sindhi
 Sindhi is spoken in Sindh province.
 It was promoted by folk stories such as Umar Marvi.
 Also by sufi poets as Sachal Sarmast and Shah Abdul Latif Bhithai.
 After independence Sindhi Lierary Board was set up to publish books in Sindhi language.
 Sindhi was declared as compulsory subject in Schools.
 Sindhiology dept was set up at Sindh University Jamshroo, awarding master and PhD
degrees in Sindhi language and literature.
 Sarmast academy was set up in memory of Sachal Sarmast .
 Electronic and Print media also promoted this language such dramas, songs and novels
etc.
Pashtu
 Pashtu is spoken in K.P and northern Balochistan.
 It was promoted by folk stories such Yousaf khan and Sher Bano.
 Also promoted by sufi poet Rehman baba.
 Khushal Khan Khattak is also a prominent name in Pashtu Poetry.
 After independence, Pashtu Literary Board was set up to publish books in Pashtu
language.
 It was also introduced as subject in schools and colleges.
 Govt set Pashto dept at university of Peshawar awarding master and Phd degrees .
 Pashto dictionary was also compiles.
 Electronic media played a key role in promotion of this language such movies, dramas and
songs etc.

Punjabi
 Punjabi is spoken in Punjab.
 It was promoted by folk stories such as Sussi-Punno and Heer-Ranjha.
 Sufi poets such as Bhulley Shah, Waris Shah also promoted this language.
 After Independece, Punjabi literary board was set uo to publish books.
 Punjabi was introduced as subject in schools.
 Punjabi dept was set at university of Punjab awarding master and PhD degree.
 Electronic media such Movies, dramas and songs promoted this language.

Balochi
 Balochi is spoken in Balochistan.
 This language was brought by nomadic people from Iran.
 After independence, Radio station Karachi started broad casting in Balochi language.
 Balochi literary association was set up to publish books.
 Quetta Television also started programs in Balochi language.