Data Handling

Given below are the heights (in cm) OJI

146, 143.148.132. I boys of a class:
128.139, 140.152, 154, 142.149.
Arrange the above data In ascending
height of the order andf[nd
(i) the tallest boy,
(it) the height of the shortest boy,
OJ
(lit) the range the given data.
Arrangingthe given data in ascending order, wc get the heights (in cm) as
128, 132, 139, 140, 142,
143, 146, 148, 149, 152, 154.
From the above data, we get the followingresults.
(i) The height of the tallest boy = 154 cm.
(ii) The height of the shortest boy = 128 cm.
(iii) Range of the given data = (154 —128) cm = 26 cm.

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
in a given
ofanobservationThe number of times a particular observation occurs
freq data is called its frequency.
number of
suppose we make a survey of20families of a locality and find out the
'PLE3 children in each family. Let the observations be

State the frequency of each observation.

Arrangingthe data in ascending order, we get the observations as
solution
1, 1, 111, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3.
Wefind that
1 occurs 6 times;
2 occurs 10 times;
and 3 occurs 4 times.
Wesay that the frequency of families having 1 child is 6,
the frequency of families having 2 children is 10,
and the frequency of families having 3 children is 4.
Wemayrepresent the above data in a tabular form, showing the frequency of each observation.
tabularform of representation is calledfrequency distribution.
This
counting,we use tally marks I I I I, and the fifth tally mark is entered as by crossing
the four tally marks already entered.
diagonally
thefrequency distribution table of the above data may be presented as given below.
Thus,
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

Numberof children Tallymarks Number of families

(frequency)
1 6
2 10
3 Ill I 4
Total 20
 Class 8
232 Mathematics for

EXERCISE 21A
below:
1. The number of members in 20 families are given
5.5, 7.
4, 6, 5, 5, 4, 6.3, 3, 5, 5, 3, 5, 4, 4, 6, 7, 3,
were noted:
2. A dice was thrown 30 times and the followingoutcomes

Prepare a frequency table.

families:
3. The followingdata gives the number of children in 40

Represent it in the form of a frequency distribution.

GROUPING OF DATA
So far, we have considered ungxouped data. When the number of observations is large, we may
condense the data into several groups. We record the frequency of observations falling in
each gyoup.
Presentation of data in groups along with the frequency of each group is known as the
frequency distribution of the grouped data.
EXAMPLE1. The marks obtained by 40 students of class VIII in an examination are
given below:
16, 17, 18, 3, 7, 23, 18, 13, 10, 21, 7, 1, 13, 21, 13, 15, 19, 24, 16, 2, 23, 5, 12,
18, 8, 12, 6, 8, 16, 5, 3, 5, o, 7, 9, 12, 20, 10, 2, 23.
Divide the data intofive groups, namely, 0—5,5—10,10—15,15—20and 20—25,
where 0—5means marks greater than or equal to Obut less than 5, and similarly
5—10means marks greater than or equal to 5 but less than 10, and so on. Prepare
afrequency tablefor the grouped data.
Solution Arranging the given observations in ascending order, we get them as
o, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13,
15, 16, 16,
16, 17, 18, 18, 18, 19, 20, 21, 21, 23, 23, 23, 24.
Thus, the frequency distribution may be given as under:
Marks Tallymarks Frequency

5-10
Nil 6
10
10-15 ml Ill 8
15-20
9
20-25
7
Total 40
REMARKS: Here, each of the groups 0—5,5—10,10—15,
15—20and 20—25is called a class
In class interval 10—15,the number 10 is called
upper limit of the class interval. the lower limit and 15 is
called the
The difference between the upper limit and the
lower limit of any class
interval is
 l'ntn Handling
Thus, the class size in
The midvalue of a the above frequency
class is called distribution Is 5. upper
and lower class limits its class mark and is obtained by adding its
and dividingthe
sum by 2.
Thus, the class mark of
0—5is 0 +5 = 2.5,
2
the class mark of
5-10 is 5+10 = 7.5, etc.
2
The weights (in kg) of 35
43, 51, 47, 62, 48, persons are given below:
40.50, 62, 53, 56, 40, 48, 56, 53, 50, 42, 55, 52, 48.46, 45, 54,
52, 50, 47, 44, 54, 55, 60, 63,
prepare afrequency distribution 58, 55, 60, 58, 53.
One such class Is
40—45(where 45 is not included).table taking equal class size.
We may represent the data as given
solution below:
Weight (in kg) Tally marks Frequency
40—45
5
45-50
NIII 7
50-55 11
55-60 NIII 7
60-65 5
Total 35

EXERCISE 21B
1. The marks obtained by 40 students of a class in an examination are given below:
8, 47, 22, 31, 17, 13, 38, 26, 3, 34, 29, 11, 22. 7, 15, 24.38, 31, 21, 35, 42, 24, 45, 23,
21, 27, 29, 49, 25, 48, 21, 15, 18, 27, 19, 45, 14, 34, 37, 34.
Prepare a frequency distribution table with equal class intervals, starting from 0—10(where
10is not included).
2. The electricity bills (in rupees) of 25 houses of a certain locality for a month are 4ven below:
324, 700, 617, 400, 356, 365, 435, 506, 548, 736, 780, 378, 570, 685, 312, 630, 584,
674, 754, 776, 596, 745, 565, 763, 472.
Arrangethe above data in increasing order and form a frequency table using equal class
intervals, starting from 300—400,where 400 is not included.
3• The weekly wages (in rupees) of 28 workers of a factory are given below:
668, 610, 642, 658, 668, 620, 719, 720, 700, 690, 710, 642, 672, 654, 692, 706, 718,
702, 704, 678, 615, 640, 680, 716, 705, 615, 636, 656.
Constructa frequency table with equal class intervals, taking the first of the class intervals
as 610—630,where 630 is not included.
Theweeklypocket expenses (in rupees) of 30 students of a class are given below:
62, 80, 110, 75, 84, 73, 60, 62, 100, 87, 78, 94, 117, 86, 65, 68, 90, 80, 118, 72, 95,
72, 103, 96, 64, 94, 87, 85, 105, 115.
COnstructa frequency table with class intervals 60—70(where 70 is not included), 70—80,
80-90, etc.
 Class 8
234 Mathematics for
was recorded as Under:
a market 723, 545, 532
5. The daily earnings (in rupees) of 24 stores in742, 680, 736, 524, 500, 585,
715, 650, 685, 550.573, 530, 610, 525,
sizes. one such class is 500-550, where is
Prepare a frequency table taking equal class
not included. as under:
6. The heights (in cm) of 22 students were recorded 130, 126, 132, 135, 142, 143, 128, 126
135,
125, 132, 138.144, 142, 136, 134, 125,
table, taking equal class intervals and starting from
Prepare a frequency distribution
125—130, where 130 is not included.

Things to Remember

1. Information in theform of numericalfigures is called an observation.

2. Observationsgathered initially are called raw data.
3. The d!fferencebetween the highest and lowest values of the observations in a given data is called
its range.
4. The number of times a particular observation occurs is called itsfrequency.
5. Afrequency table is the table showing thefrequencies of various observations of a data.
6. Whenthe numberof observationsis large, the data is usually organised into groups, called
class intervals.
7. A table showing thefrequencies of various class intervals is called afrequency distribution table.
8. Data in the aboveform is called a grouped data.
9. The lower value ofa class interval ts called its lower limit and the upper value Qfthe class intervalis
called its upper limit.
10. The difference between the upper limit and lower limit of a class
interval is called the class size.
11. The mtdvalue of a class interval is called its class mark.
22 Constructing
and
Interpreting
Bar Graphs

BARGRAPH (Or COLUMN

GRAPH)
in theform of rectangles (or bars)A bar graph is a pictorial representationof numerical data
of equal width and varying heights.
These rectangles are drawn either
vertically or horizontally, keeping equal space between them.
Theheight (or length) of
a rectangle depends upon the
numerical value it represents.
HOWTO DRAW A BAR GRAPH?
suppose some numerical data is given to us, and we have to
represent it by a bar graph on a
graphpaper.
Wecan draw the graph by following the steps givenbelow.
Step1. On a graph paper, draw a horizontal line OX and a vertical lineOY. These lines are called
the x-axis and the y-axis respectively.
Step2. Mark points at equal intervals along the x-axis. Belowthese points write the names of
the data items whose values are to be plotted.
the givennu-
Step3. Choose a suitable scale. On that scale determine the heights of the bars for
merical values.
points taken in Step 2.
Step4. Mark off these heights parallel to the y-axis from the bars
On the x-axis, draw bars of equal width for the heightsmarked in Step 4. Thethe given
Step5. on the x-axis.These bars represent
should be centred on the points marked
numerical data.
look at some examples showing how bar graphs are drawn.
Nowlet us
by Kunai in his annual examinationare shownbelow:
EAMPLEI. The marks obtained Socialstudies
Hindi English Mathematics Science
Subject 72 90 58
63 75
Marks obtained
graph to represent the above data.
Draw a bar steps:
using the following
can draw the bar graph by line OX and a vertical line OY,representing the
Solution We draw a horizontal
graph paper,
step1. on a
and the y-axis respectively.subjects at points taken at uniformgaps.
x-axis names of the
write the 1 mark.
Step2. Along OX, scale: 1 small division
step3. Choose the various bars are:
the heights of the
English = 75 small divisions,
divisions,
Then, science= 72 small
Step4.
= 63 small divisions,
divisions,
Hindi 90 small
mathematics — —58 small divisions.
studies 235
and social
 Class S
Mathematics for
obtained in step 4 at the
equal and of heights
seps- on the x-axis. draw bars of
points marked in Step 2. below.
shown
The completed bar gaph is
-1
SCALE •1 sr,aa

by

so

70

40

30

10

o Social studies x
Er•sh Maternabcs

Graph shoving marks obtained by Kunal in five subjects

The number of cycles produced in afactory during five consecutive weeks is

given below:
Week First Second Third Fourth Fifth
Number of cycles produced 800 1300 1060 920 1440
Draw a bar graph representing the above information.
Solution Wecan draw the bar graph by using the followingsteps:
SEP1. On a graph paper, draw a horizontal line OX and a vertical line OY,representing the
x-axis and the y-axis respectively.
Step2. Along OX,mark the weeks at points taken at equal gaps.
Step3. Choose the scale: 1 small division = 20 cycles.
Step4. The hei41ts of the bars are:
Production in the 1st week — 1
— —x 800 = 40 small divisions.
20
1
Production in the 2nd week = —x1300 = 65 small divisions.
20
Production in the 3rd week — 1
- —x1060 = 53 small divisions.
20
Production in the 4th week — 1
- —x920 = 46 small divisions.
20
 and
Interpreting Bar Graphs
Production in the
5th week
= —x 1440 = 72 small divisions.
Step5. Draw bars of equal 20
width and of
heights calculated in Step 4 at the points marked in
The bar graph is shown
below.
1600

1400 Graph showingthe

numberof cycles
produced in a factory
1200 in 5 consecutive weeks SCALE : 1 small div. 20 cycles

1000

800

600

400

200

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

Bar graph showing the production of cycles in a factory during five consecutive weeks

EXAMPLE 3. Thefollowing table shows the export earnings of India (in thousand crore rupees)
duringfive consecutive years:
Year 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Export (tn thousand 130 142 160 204 156
crore rupees)
Draw a bar graph representing the above data.
Solution We can draw the bar graph by using the followingsteps:
line OY,representing the
Step1. On a graph paper, draw a horizontal line OX and a vertical
x-axis and the y-axis respectively.
gaps.
Step2. Along OX, mark the years at points taken at equal
thousand crore rupees.
Step3. Choose the scale: 1 small division = 2
Step4. Then, the heights of the bars are:
Export in 2001-2002 - —x130 = 65 small divisions.

- —x142
—
Export in 2002—2003
= 71 small divisions.

Export in 2003-2004 -
- -x160= 80 small divisions.
—x 204 = 102 small divisions.
Export in 2004-2005 =
= —156 = 78 small divisiohs.
Export in 2005-2006
 Class 8
Mathematics for
238 width and of heights calculate d
of equal
in step 2. draw bars
step5. At the points marked
Step 4.
rupee:
div.?"2000crore
Scale : 1 small

180

160

140

120

100

2004-05 2005-06 x
2001-02 2002-03

five consecutive years

Bar graph showing export earnings of India during

Reading of bar graphs

From a bar graph, we can draw certain conclusions.This is known as reading or interpretation
of the bar graph.
EXAMPLE4. Given below is a graph showing the number of electric bulbs sold in a shop during
a week.

SCALE : 1 small div. 5 bulbs

225

175

125
100
75

Tues. wed. Thu. Fri.

Days
 Interpreting Bar GraphS

Read the bar graph carefully and below:

answer the questions Oiven
(i) On which day of the week was the sale minimum?
(ii) On which day of the week was the sale maximum?
(iii) What was the total sale during the week?
(it') What is the ratio between the minimumsale and the maximum sale?
to the sale
solution(i) It is clear from the bar graph that the bar ofminimum height corresponds
on Friday.
the sale was minimum on Friday.
to the sale
(ii) From the bar graph, we find that the bar Ofmaximum height corresponds
on Monday.
the sale was maximum on Monday.
bulbs = 850 bulbs.
(iii) The total sale during the week= (225 + 100 +150 + 200 + 75 + 100)
(iv) The minimum sale during the week = 75 bulbs.
The maximum sale during the week = 225 bulbs.
minimum sale : maximum sale = 75 : 225 = 1 : 3.
5.
EXAMPLE A bar graph is given below.
100

c 70
60

40

30

20

10

2006 2007 2008 2009

2005
Years

in an Indian state during five consecutive years

Production of foodgrains
carefully and answer the questions given below:
Read the bar graph
given by the bar graph?
(i) What information is
the production maximum?
(it) In which year was
there a suddenfall in the production?
(iii) Uter whichyear was
240

production the given

(io Of
SoluUon (i) The given bar graph shownthe annual production
2006 10
in an Indian state during the period ji•ono
(O(lie 2007,
(it) It is clear that the bar of height
So. the production was inaximum in year,
0 foll In (lie
(Hi) from the bar graph. we find ChatChereWAH
year 2007.
million
(iv) The maximum production during 5 years
million Connen,
The minimum production during 6 years 40 : 2,
100 : 40
maximum production : minimum procluc(lon

EXERCISE 22
1. The marks of a student in different subjects are given below:
Subject Hindi English Mathematics Science Social science
Marks 43 56 80 65 50

Draw a bar graph from the above information.

2. The followingtable shows the favourite sports of 250 students of a school.
Sports Cricket Football ftnnis Badminton Swimming
No. of students 75 35 50 25 65
Represent the above data by a bar graph.
3. Given below is a table which shows the yearwise strength of a school.
Year 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
No. of students 800 975 1100 1400 1625
Represent the above data by a bar graph.
4. The followingtable shows the number of scooters produced by a company during six
consecutive years.
Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
No. of scooters 11000 14000 12500 17500 15000 24000
Draw a bar graph to represent the above data.
5. The birth rate per thousand in five countries over a period of time
is shown below:
Country China India Germany UK Sweden
Birth rate per thousand 42 35 14 28 21
Represent the above data by a bar graph.