MATHEMATICS 11

STATISTICS

TOPIC :
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

PREPARED BY:

Sir Emerson T. Santos

 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
LESSON 1: FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

CONCEPT
A frequency distribution is a tabular arrangement of data that shows the
frequencyof occurrence of the different values of the variable. It has two
types : ungrouped and grouped frequency distribution.

INTRODUCTION
After gathering all the data ,you , as a researcher, will notice that
it is quite difficult to state a description or make an analysis of them.
One system used in doing this is the frequency distribution.
A frequency distribution is a tabular arrangement of the number of
observations grouped into categories from highest to lowest or vice-versa. A
statistical table is useful because it summarizes and often readily identifies some
of the striking features of the data.

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

Parts of a frequency distribution:

a. Class interval or class limits - a group or category defined by a lower
limit and upper limit.
b. Class boundaries - more precise expressions of the class limits by at
least 0.5 of their values. They are called the true class limits. The class
boundary is situated between the upper limit of one interval and the
lower limit of the next.
Example: 118 - 126 126.5 is the class boundary
127 - 135 between these two consecutive class intervals.
c. Class frequency (absolute frequency) - refers to a number of
observation belonging to a class interval.
 d. Class mark (x) - midpoint of a class I nterval
Upper limit + lower class limit
x=
2
e. Class size or class interval - difference between the upper class
boundary and the lower class boundary of an interval.
A. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF GROUPED DATA

Consider the scores of 45 students in the class of Ms. Castro in Math 9.

15 16 16 16 17
27 28 29 29 25
25 26 30 26 19
18 20 18 20 20
17 17 17 30 17
2 4 8 8 7
12 21 12 21 22
12 23 13 18 18
11 19 26 20 17
1. Find the range of the data. The range is obtained by getting the
difference between the highest and the lowest values in the set of data.
R = Hv – Lv
= 30 – 2
= 28
2. Determine the number of class intervals. Generally, the ideal number of
class intervals is between 10 to 15.
Using the data above, we decided that the number of class interval is 10
so that we have a uniform answer.
3. Determine the class size. This is obtained by dividing the range by the
number of class intervals desired. Usually, an odd number is chosen so
that the midpoint of the interval is easily attained. Note that both the
highest value and the lowest value in the data must be contained in the

28
Class size = 10 = 2. 8 ͌ 3
 highest-class interval and the lowest class interval respectively. To
determine the class size of the data. Divide the range, which is 28 by
10.
Below is the frequency distribution table of the given data.

Class Interval Tally Frequency

2–4 II 2
5–7 I 1
8 –10 II 2
11 –13 IIIII 5
14 - 16 IIII 4
17 – 19 IIIII-IIIII-II 12
20 – 22 IIIII-II 7
23 – 25 III 3
26 – 28 IIIII 5
29 - 31 IIII 4__
n = 45
Midpoint
To get the midpoint, add the lower limit and upper limit and
divide it by 2.
Example:
In the data, the lower limit of the class interval 2-4 is 2 and the upper
limit is 4, so add the two limits and divide it by 2.

2+4 6 =3
=
2 2

So, 3 is the midpoint of the class interval 2 – 4. The table below shows the
midpoint of each class interval.

Class Interval Frequency Midpoint

2–4 2 3
 5–7 1 6
8 – 10 2 9
11 – 13 5 12
14 – 16 4 15
17 – 19 12 18
20 – 22 7 21
23 – 25 3 24
26 – 28 5 27
29 – 31 4 30
N = 45

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

 Cumulative Frequency less than (<)

To get the cf<, add the frequencies from the lowest class interval
( L C I ) to the highest class interval ( H C I ).
Example:
The cf< of the class interval 2 – 4 is 2, the cf< of 5 – 7 is 2 + 1 = 3, the
cf< of 8 – 10 is 2 + 1 + 2 = 5, the cf< of 11 – 13 is 2 + 1 + 2 + 5 = 10 and so
on. The cf< of the highest class interval 29 – 31 is 45.

 Cumulative Frequency greater than (>)

To get cf>, add the frequencies from highest class interval ( H C I )
to the lowest class interval ( L C I ).
Example:
In the data, the highest-class interval is 29 – 31, the cf> of this is 4. The
cf> of 26 – 28 is 4 + 5 = 9, the cf> of 23 – 25 is 4 + 5 + 3 = 12 and so on. The
cf> of lowest class interval 3 – 5 is 45.

Class Interval Frequency Cumulative Frequency

< >
2–4 2 2 45
 5–7 1 3 43
8 – 10 2 5 42
11 – 13 5 10 40
14 – 16 4 14 35
17 – 19 12 26 31
20 – 22 7 33 19
23 – 25 3 36 12
26 – 28 5 41 9
29 - 31 4 45 4
N = 45

Relative Frequency
To get the relative frequency, divide the frequency of each class interval
by the total number of frequencies, and multiply the quotient by 100 .
Example:
The frequency of 2 – 4 is 2. 2 divided by 45, the result is .04 times 100%
= 4.44%. So, the RF of 2 – 4 is 4.44%.
Below is the table that shows the relative frequency of each interval.

Class Interval Frequency Relative Frequency (%)

2–4 2 4.44
5–7 1 2.22
8 – 10 2 4.44
11 – 13 5 11.11
14 – 16 4 8.89
17 – 19 12 26.67
20 – 22 7 15.56
23 – 25 3 6.67
26 – 28 5 11.11
29 – 31 4 8.89___
N = 45 100. 00
Class Boundaries

This one refers to the boundary between each class interval.

To get the lower boundary , subtract 0.5 to the lower limit of each class
interval. In contrast , to obtain the upper boundary , add 0.5 to the upper limit.
Example:

2 – 0 .5 = 1 . 5 Lower Boundary

4 + 0 .5 = 4 . 5 Upper Boundary

Class Interval Class Boundaries

Lower Upper
2–4 1.5 4.5
5–7 4.5 7.5
8 – 10 7.5 10.5
11 – 13 10.5 13.5
14 – 16 13.5 16.5
17 – 19 16.5 19.5
20 – 22 20.5 22.5
23 – 25 22.5 25.5
26 – 28 25.5 28.5
29 – 31 28.5 31.5

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF UNGROUPED DATA

Steps in preparing the frequency distribution table.
1. Arrange the data from the lowest to the highest and vice-versa.
2. Tally the scores.
3. Compute the relative frequency.
Example:
The following data were obtained when a dice was tossed 30 times.
1 1 6 2 4 4 5 3 1 2
3 2 3 4 5 4 1 1 3 2
3 2 3 3 6 5 6 3 4 3

No. in the dice Tally Frequency Relative Frequency

(%)
1 IIIII
2 IIIII
3 IIIII-IIII
4 IIIII
5 III
6 III
5 16.67
5 16.67
9 30.00
5 16.67
3 10.00
3 10.00

LESSON 2: GRAPH
OBJECTIVES
After reading and studying this lesson, you will be able to do these:
1. Construct a histogram.
2. Draw a frequency polygon and / or ogive of a given data.

INTRODUCTION
As previously discussed, data presented in tabular form can reveal some
features which you will be able to discern by looking at the raw data. It is even
more helpful to present this information in a graphical form so that it can make
stronger visual impact
LEARNING STYLE
In this lesson, you will encounter the graphical presentation of data.
Specifically, at the end, you know how to make histogram, frequency polygon,
and ogive < and >.
Graphs of Frequency Distribution

Consider the table below.

C.B.
C. I . F M CF< CF> LB UB
2–4 2 3 2 45 1.5 4.5
5–7 1 6 3 43 4.5 7.5
8 – 10 2 9 5 42 7.5 10.5
11 – 13 5 12 10 40 10.5 13.5
14 – 16 4 15 14 35 13.5 16.5
17 – 19 12 18 26 31 16.5 19.5
20 – 22 7 21 33 19 19.5 22.5
23 – 25 3 24 36 12 22.5 25.5
26 – 28 5 27 41 9 25.5 28.5
29 – 31 4 30 45 4 28.5 31.5
N =45

A. Histogram or Bar Graph

A histogram is a sequence of vertical rectangles whose bases are equal to

the midpoint or class marks and whose heights are to the corresponding

frequencies. It is the most useful graphic presentation.

B. Frequency Polygon or Line Graph

Another way of presenting frequency distribution is by the use of a

frequency polygon. A frequency polygon is a line graph obtained by plotting the
class marks or midpoints against the corresponding frequencies. The end of the
polygon is brought down to the class marks or midpoints of two additional
classes at the end of the distribution.

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

midpoint

C. Cumulative Frequency < and > or Ogive

Cumulative frequency distributions are represented graphically by means

of a line graph known as ogive. Greater than or lesser than type, this graph is
constructed by plotting the appropriate cumulative frequencies against the upper
class boundaries. If properly constructed, this graphical device could aid in
estimating the number of cases falling below any given value within the range of
the distribution. The cumulative frequencies are marked directly above the lower
class boundaries. Hence the "greater than" ogive could be useful in finding how
many observations lie above a specified value within the distribution ogive <.
Ogive <

Ogive >