URBAN DESIGN: THE CITY

08.02.2023 The Architecture of the Neighbourhood AAR4510/4605 | Prof. Kerstin Höger

BACKGROUND REFERENCES

EDUCATION TU BERLIN
1992-99 Diploma in Architecture, TU Berlin The city in the city (1977) Oswald Mathias Ungers
1996-98 Master in Architecture Design, Harvard
GSD / MIT
HARVARD GSD
Generic City (1993), S,M,L,XL (1995) Rem Koolhaas
TEACHING & RESEARCH Atmosphären (2006) Peter Zumthor
1999-2002 Assistant and Lecturer, ETH Zürich
Chair of Architecture and CAAD MIT
2003-2009 Senior Lecturer and Assistant, ETH Zürich The Image of the City (1960) Kevin Lynch
Chair of Architecture and Urban Design A City is not a tree (1965) Christopher Alexander
since 2009 Professor of Architecture and Urban Design, NTNU The Global City (1991) Saskia Sassen
Department of Architecture and Planning The Craftsman (2008) Richard Sennett

PRACTICE ETH ZÜRICH

since 1999 Own Architecture and Urban Design Office, L’architettura della città (1966) Aldo Rossi
Kerstin Höger Architekten Net City (2003) Franz Oswald
Situation (2006) Kees Christiaanse
Switzerland - An Urban Portrait (2006) Studio Basel

NTNU
Intentions in Architecture (1963), Genius Loci (1980) Christian Norberg-Schulz

Kerstin Höger, Prof. MA Dipl.-Ing. Arch. SIA MNAL

URBAN DESIGN
Norsk: BYFORMING, BY-BYGGEKUNST
German: STÄDTEBAU, STADTBAUKUNST

Designing, shaping and organizing the form, features and experiences of urban spaces, and the elements that make up cities –
buildings, blue and green spaces, streets, mobility systems and other infrastructures.

Role of the architect: Envisioning concepts, drawing plans and making spatial models for the future arrangement.

TOWN, CITY, URBAN AND SPATIAL PLANNING

Norsk: BY- OG AREALPLANLEGGING
German: STADT- UND RAUMPLANUNG

Planning and regulating the development, land use, economic function, social impact, and protection of the environment, including
air, water, and the infrastructure of urban areas such as transportation, communication and distribution networks.

Role of the planner: Strategic, functional and legal plans, studies and site approval documents. Recommendation for approval or
denial of proposals.

URBANISM

The character of urban life and how inhabitants interact with the built environment.
The study of cities and the needs of urban societes, their geographic, economic, political, social and cultural environment.
The development, planning and designing of cities and towns.
Paradigms: e.g. New Urbanism, Ecological Urbanism, Landscape Urbanism.
The city and (urban) landscape are the subject, medium and product of our work.

Based on the genius loci and context of a place, we develop concepts, strategies, spatial structures, programmes, and “Gestaltung”
rules.

The leitmotif is to design the urban space as liveable, beautiful, open and green.

In dialogue with urban actors and experts, we create urban design and architecture projects.

We improve the urban hardware (e.g. the built environment, open spaces, eco and transport systems) and relate it with its interlinked
social setting as the software of a place (e.g. public realm, users, social networks, lifestyles, biotopes, mobility).

Societal tendencies we reflect in development scenarios and integrate them into robust urban design and architectural proposals.
Thereby, we reconcile the dynamic forces of urban transformation with architecture and planning in the form of an open, adaptable
urban design.

In this manner, high-quality spaces can be created that are specific yet responsive to their context, thus contributing to a sustainable
balance of our urban environment.

Leitmotifs Architecture and Urban Design, Kerstin Höger

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Sustainable urban design criteria and guidelines, Kerstin Höger
Milet, Hippodamos, around 476 BC - model for Greek colonial cities
Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, De Architectura libri decem (Ten Books of Architecture), written around 15 BC, first printed edition by Giovanni Sulpizio in Latin, 1486-87,
Italian language edition translated and illustrated by Cesare Cesariano 1521
DE ARCHITECTURA – TEN BOOKS ON ARCHITECTURE

Book 1 City planning, architecture and civil engineering basics, and architectural education – qualifications required of an architect
or engineer

Book 2
Genesis of architecture, building materials

Book 3 + 4 Temples and proportions

Book 5 Public buildings

Book 6 Private buildings

Book 7 Use of materials, chromatics

Book 8 Water systems

Book 9 Sciences influencing architecture – geometry, measurement, astronomy, sundial, clock-construction

Book 10 Machine building and mechanics – water mills, drainage systems, hoisting, pneumatics

The only surviving work on architecture of the ancient world. It had a major influence on architectural theory since the renaissance

era up to the 19th century, and even until today.

 Venustas
Grace/ Skjønnhet/ Anmut

Concept
&
Quality

Utilitas Firmitas
Utility/ Nytten/ Nützlichkeit Firmness/ Fasthet/ Festigkeit

Trinity of Architecture and Urban Design, Vitruvius, De Architectura libri decem

Vitruvian Man, Leonardo da Vinci, 1485-90
 A house is a city and a city is a house

“… as the philosophers maintain, the city is like some large house and the house is in turn like some small city,
cannot the varied parts of the house … be considered miniature buildings?”

Alberti Book 1, chapter 9

De re aedificatoria (On the Art of Building), Ten Books, Leon Battista Alberti, 1443-1452
Nolli Plan, map Rom, 1748, Gianbiattista Nolli
Kvadraturen Oslo, Christian IV, map 1648 Isaac van Geelkerck
Cicignon plan Trondheim, Johan Caspar von Cicignon, 1681 (after fire)
 THE CLASSICAL EUROPEAN CITY

Paris Haussmann Rennovation Plan, 1853-1870, Georges-Eugène Haussmann

Vienna Ringstraße, 1859, Ludwig Förster et al.

Barcelona Cerdà Plan “Eixample”, 1859, Ildefons Cerdà /

Barcelona Superblock Competition, 2021

Berlin Hobrecht Plan, 1862, James Hobrecht /

Planwerk Innernstadt Berlin, 1999, Hans Stimann et. al

Trondheim Pederson Plan, 1912, Sverre Pederson (cf. Garden City)

Helsinki Saarinen Plan, 1918, Eliel Saarinen

Amsterdam Berlage Plan Zuid (South Plan), 1915-17, Hendrik Petrus Berlage

Oslo Generalplan, 1929, Harald Hals

Barcelona’s Cerdà Plan Eixample (Expansion District), 1859, Ildefons Cerdà
Original Barcelona Cerdà Block
Transformation of Barcelona Block
isió eixos verds

Els eixos verds creen una nova infraestructura ambiental,

Eixample for the 21st century: green spaces and connectors
https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/superilles/sites/default/files/model_eixos_verds_web.pdf
Barcelona Superblock competition winner: Caminar des del centre, UTE b67 Palomeras Arquitectes, SLP + Cierto Estudio, SCCLP
Hobrecht Plan Berlin, James Hobrecht, 1862, land-use plan in collaboration with Karl Friedrich Schinkel and Peter Joseph Lenne
Hobrecht Plan Berlin: new streets and square as polycentric network (red realized, black not realized)
Berlin: Critical reconstruction after WWII and reunification
Planwerk Innernstadt Berlin, 1999, Hans Stimann et. al
Planwerk Innernstadt Berlin, 1999, 3D model
1 1 Planwerk Innenstadt, Stand Oktober 2006
Berlin City Model scale 1:500
 HARALD HALS PLAN FRA 1929

Oslo Generalplan, 1929, Harald Hals, in: Fra Christiania til Stor-Oslo
Urban growth from 1649 (black) til 1921 (orange)
Zoning plan: green and built space
Transport plan: railway (orange), lightrail/ tram (red), yellow (car)
New building regulations
Oslo Generalplan model, 1930, © Harald Hals, photo: Nasjonalmuseet
Torshovbyen, Harald Hals, 1920s © photo: Nasjonalmuseet
Torshov Kvartal VII
 THE GARDEN CITY

Kartoffelrækkerne, Copenhagen, Friedrich Christian Bøttger, 1873-1889

Letchworth Plan, Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin, 1904

Hampstead Garden Suburb, Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin, 1905

Trondheim Hageforsteder Plan, Sverre Pedersen, 1912

Ullevål Hageby, Oslo, Oscar Hoff, 1915-22

Lille Tøyen Hageby, Oslo, Magnus Poulsson, 1917-22

Welwyn Garden City, Louis de Soissons, 1920

Hufeisensiedlung (Horseshoe Estate), Berlin, Bruno Taut and Martin Wagner, 1925-33

EBNEZER HOWARD
Garden Cities of To-morrow 1898/1902

BRUNO TAUT
Die Auflösung der Städte (The dissolution of the cities), 1920
Kartoffelrækkerne (potato rows), Friedrich Christian Bøttger, Copenhagen, 1873-1889 (480 houses)
Ebnezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, 1898/ Garden Cities of To-morrow, 1902, 2nd edition
 Figur 11: Forslag til hageforsteder rundt Trondheim. Planforslag utarbeidet
Trondheim city plan (hageforsteder/ garden cities), Sverre Pedersen, 1912
 Figur 12: Forslag til utforming av boligområdet Rosenborg terrasse fra 1919.
Rosenborg proposal, Trondheim, 1919
Området ble foreslått som en blanding av karrébebyggelse og småhus. Gårds-
Sverre Pedersen, Professor of Urban design at NTNU, 1920-50
Figur 3: Det praktiske arbeidet i Brente steders regulering foregikk delvis på
Ullevål Hageby, Oslo, Oscar Hoff, 1915-22
 The Architecture of the Neighbourhood

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

1 2 3
John Colletts allé 27, 0852
Gäbleins vei 7, 0852 Oslo Oslo Damplassen 9, 0852 Oslo

4 5 6
Vålveien 6, 0852 Oslo Vålveien 8, 0852 Oslo Askeladdveien 14, 0851 Oslo

7 8 9
Damplassen 15, 0852 Oslo Damplassen 8, 0852 Oslo Damplassen 6, 0852 Oslo

Sognsveien 46, 0851 Oslo Photo: Tommy Hynne 26 27 A collection of elevations Photo: Jan Erik Svendsen
 THE FUNCTIONALIST CITY

Ville Contemporaine, Le Corbusier, 1922

Plan Voisin, Le Corbusier, 1925
Ville Radieuse, Le Corbusier, 1935

Broadacre City, Frank Lloyd Wright, 1934-35

Siedlung Dammerstock, Karlsruhe, Walter Gropius, 1929

Hansaviertel, Interbau IBA Berlin, 1957
Neue Stadt Köln, Oswald Mathias Ungers, 1961

Gropiusstadt, Berlin, Walter Gropius, 1962-75 / urban renewal ongoing

Bijlmermeer, Siegfried Nassuth, 1965 / urban renewal ongoing

DRABANTBY OSLO
Amerud, Romsås, Tveita, ...
La Ville Radieuse, The Radiant City, Le Corbusier, unrealized plan 1924
Hansaviertel, Interbau IBA Berlin, 1957, Architects Alvar Alto, Egon Eiermann, Walter Gropius, Arne Jacobsen, Oscar Niemeyer, et al.
 793 The Journal
of Architecture
Volume 26
Number 6

also in Cologne-Müngersdorf but on Kämpschensweg (Fig. 4), and just two

Figure 2.
blocks away from his 1958–1959 house at Belvederestraße, stands as the Oswald Mathias Ungers, Köln Neue
bookend to his aesthetic investigations. Stadt, Cologne-Chorweiler/
In his contribution to the programme of lectures and presentations on the Seeberg, 1961–1967; (left) #
occasion of the 1999 exhibition ‘O. M. Ungers: Zeiträume — Architektur — UAA; (right) photographed by
Gerardo Brown-Manrique, 2017
Kontext’ at the Josef-Haubrich-Kunsthalle of the Kölner Kunstverein,
Kenneth Frampton wrote:
Neue Stadt
The Köln, Oswald
architect as Mathias Ungers,
builder, the 1961-67
professor
as architect, the professor as builder; of
these subtly different roles what can one say? Certainly, Ungers had a vigorous
A city made of rooms, Neue Stadt Köln, Oswald Mathias Ungers, 1961
Romsås Drabantby, 1962, Alex Christiansen, Trygve Kleiven, Randi Klippgen, Olav Holm, Alf Halvorsen, Nils Rosland og Alf Bastiansen
AAR4990 Nodes The Satellite Town of Romsås

1
2

3 5
4

L OP P I S

ROMSÅS LOPPIS
250 m

L O P P I S

1 5

m 4
2

74 75

NODES - Revitalization of Romsås, Marte Nyberget, Sara Sebastian Myklebust, 2022 NTNU master thesis project
 Allmenningen
Square

Honey farm

e-shuttle stop

L O P P I S

Metro station Bikes and scooters

New housing

Car sharing and parking

Urban node
 Neighbourhood center and collective housing

Neighbourhood square
Common house

Common garden shed

Neighbourhood node Activity fields

 THE POSTMODERN CITY - CRITICISM OF FUNCTIONALISM

Kevin Lynch, The Image of the City, 1960

Jane Jacobs, Death and Life of Great American Cities, 1961

Gordon Cullen, The Concise Townscape, 1961

Norberg-Schulz, Christian, Intentions in architecture, 1963 / Genius loci, 1980

Alexander Christopher, A city is not a tree, 1965

Aldo Rossi, The Architecture of the City, 1966

Jan Gehl, Life Between Buildings, 1971

Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown & Steven Izenour, Learning from Las Vegas 1972

Colin Rowe, Fred Koetter, Collage City, 1973

The Boston peninsula from the north Mental map of Boston as seen in the field

Lynch, Kevin, The image of a city, Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1960.
Jersey City from the south Los Angeles from the west

The visual form of Jersey City as seen in the field

The visual form of Los Angeles as seen in the field
URBAN/ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
- can be used as building blocks for the designer

Paths
- are channels the observer moves along,
streets, walkways, railroads etc.

Nodes
- strategic spots, points, which an observer can enter,
a foci to and from which he is traveling. Junctions,
crossings, shifts in structure

Edges
- boundaries between two phases, linear breaks in
continuety: edges of developement, walls, shores etc.

Landmarks
- extrernal point-reference, the observer does not enter
within them; building, sign, store, mountain etc.
Distant landmarks or local landmarks.

Districts
- medium to large sections of the city, areas which has
an identifying character. The observers enters “inside”.
Jacobs, Jane, The death and life of great American cities, New York: Random House, 1961
Alexander Christopher, A city is not a tree, in: Architectural Forum, Vol 122, No 1, April 1965, pp 58-62 (Part I), Vol 122, No 2, May 1965, pp 58-62 (Part II)
Rossi, Aldo, The architecture of the city, Cambridge MA: MIT Press: 1984. Original published in Italian, L’architettura della città, 1966.
Rossi, Aldo, Analogous City, 1976, represented as a collage of significant memories and places
 Palazzo della Ragione, Padua, Italy

A City Hall from the 1200’s, converted into a marketplace.

Form is permanent and complex, form can be adapted to new uses.

Not “form follows function”, form follows memory.

The city and its architecture are inseparable.

Permanence of form and type.

Rowe, Colin, Fred Koetter, Collage City, Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1978.
City of composite presence © David Griffin and Hans Kolhoff
 THE CONTEMPORARY CITY

THE ARCHIPELAGO CITY

The City in the City, Oswald Mathias Ungers, 1977
The City of the Captive Globe, Rem Koolhaas, 1972/78

NEW URBANISM
The New Urbanism, ed. Peter Katz,1994

ZWISCHENSTADT/ THE INBETWEEN CITY

Zwischenstadt / Cities Without Cities, Thomas Sieverts, 1997
Netzstadt/ Net City, Franz Oswald, Peter Baccini, 1998/ 2003
After Sprawl, De Gyeter, et al. 2002

LANDSCAPE URBANISM
Terra Fluxus, in: Landscape Urbanism Reader (ed. Charles Waldheim), James Corner, 2006
Landscape Architecture, Ian H. Thompson, 2014

GREEN AND ECOLOGICAL URBANISM

Mohsen Mostafavi / Harvard GSD (eds.), Ecological Urbanism, 2010
Green Urbanism, in: Kees Christiaanse Textbook, Kees Christiaanse, 2018
Eco-heritage Urbanism, Kerstin Höger, 2018