Main Point

How do fluids exert pressure?

Fluids exert pressure evenly in all directions.
pressure: the amount of force exerted per unit area of a surface
Pressure can be calculated by dividing force by the area over
which the force is exerted:

Force F
Pressure  , or P 
Area A
The SI unit for pressure is the pascal.
pascal: the SI unit of pressure; equal to the force of 1 N exerted
over an area of 1 m2 (symbol, Pa).
What happens when pressure in a fluid change?
Pascal’s principle states that a change in pressure at any point
in an enclosed fluid will be transmitted equally to all parts of
the fluid. In other words, if the pressure in a container is
increased at any point, the pressure increases at all points by
the same amount.
Mathematically, Pascal’s principle is stated as
P1 = P2.
Because P = F/A, Pascal’s principle can also be expressed as
F1/A1 = F2/A2.
What affects the speed of a fluid in motion?
Fluids move faster through small areas than through larger
areas, if the overall flow rate remains constant. Fluids also vary
in the rate at which they flow.

What force makes a rubber duck float in a bathtub?

All fluids exert an upward buoyant force on matter.
buoyant force: the upward force that keeps an object
immersed in or floating on a fluid.
Archimedes’ principle is used to find buoyant force.
The buoyant force on an object in a fluid is an upward force
equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces.
-Weight Vs Buoyant force:
1-Sinking: Weight is “Greater than” the Buoyant force.
2-Floating: buoyant force “Equal” to the weight.

How is work calculated?

Work is calculated by multiplying the force by the distance over
which the force is applied.
work = force x distance, or W = Fd
The force must be applied in the direction of the object’s
motion.
work: the transfer of energy to an object by the application of a
force that causes the object to move in the direction of the
force
Work is zero when an object is not moving.
Work is measured in joules (J):
1 N • m = 1 J = 1 kg • m2/s2
What is the relationship between work and power?
Power is the rate at which work is done, or how much work is
done in a given amount of time.
power: a quantity that measures the rate at which work is done
or energy is transformed
Power is measured in watts (W):

work W
power  , or P 
time t
How do machines make work easier?
Machines help do work by changing the size of an input force,
the direction of the force, or both.
mechanical advantage: a quantity that expresses how much a
machine multiplies force or distance.

What are the six types of simple machines?

The six types of simple machines are the simple lever, the
pulley, the wheel and axle, the simple inclined plane, the
wedge, and the screw.
Simple machines are divided into two families: the lever family
and the inclined plane family.
Lever family: Inclined plane family:
simple lever simple inclined plane
pulley wedge
wheel and axle screw

What are the two principal parts of all levers?

All levers have a rigid arm that turns around a point called the
fulcrum.
Lever: is a simple machine consisting of a bar that pivots at a
fixed point, called a Fulcrum.
Second class lever: Mechanical advantage greater than 1.
Examples:
First class lever:
-See saw, Claw hammer, Crow bar
Second class lever:
-Wheelbarrows, Bottle opener.
Third class lever:
-Tweezers, Human arms, A hammer acts as a third-class lever
when it is used to drive in a nail.
Pulleys are modified levers.
The point in the middle of a pulley is like the fulcrum of a lever.
The rest of the pulley behaves like the rigid arm of a first-class
lever.
Pulleys: is a simple machine consisting of a grooved wheel that
holds a rope or a cable.
There are two kinds of pulley, fixed ad moveable pulley.
Example of pulley: Elevator

A wheel and axle are a simple machine consisting of two

circular objects of different sizes. a lever or pulley connected to
a shaft.
Screwdrivers and cranks are common wheel-and-axel
machines.
The Inclined Plane Family:
How does using an inclined plane change the force required to
do work?
Pushing an object up an inclined plane requires less input force
than lifting the same object does.
Inclined plane:” Ramp” is a simple machine that is straight,
slanted surface.

A wedge is a modified inclined plane. Is a double inclined plane

that moves: Example: knife
A screw is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder. Is an
inclined plane that is wrapped in a spiral. Example: screw.
What simple machines make up a pair of scissors?
A pair of scissors uses two first-class levers joined at a common
fulcrum; each lever arm has a wedge that cuts into the paper.
compound machine: a machine made of more than one simple
machine.

Energy and Work:

What is the relationship between energy and work?
Whenever work is done, energy is transformed or is transferred
from one system to another system.
energy: the capacity to do work
Energy is measured in joules (J).
Why is potential energy called energy of position?
Potential energy (PE) is sometimes called energy of position
because it results from the relative positions of objects in a
system.
potential energy: the energy that an object has because of the
position, shape, or condition of the object
Any system of two or more objects separated by a vertical
distance has gravitational potential energy.
Gravitational potential energy depends on both mass and
height.
grav. PE = mass  free-fall acceleration  height, or PE = mgh
The height can be relative.
What factors does kinetic energy depend on?
Kinetic energy depends on both the mass and the speed of an
object.
kinetic energy: the energy of an object due to the object’s
motion.
KE = ½  mass  speed squared, or KE= ½mv2
What is mechanical energy?
It is the total energy of motion and position of an object.

mechanical energy: the amount of work an object can do

because of the object’s kinetic and potential energies.
What is non mechanical energy?
Energy that lies at the level of the atom is sometimes called non
mechanical energy.
In most cases, non mechanical forms of energy are just special
forms of either kinetic or potential energy.
The amount of chemical energy like the energy stored in food
and it is the energy in the compound that changes and
rearranged to form a new compound.
Chemical energy is in a form of potential energy.
Living things get energy from the sun and is produced by the
vibrations of electrically charged particles.
It can be transmitted ( transfer ) through the vacuum.
Plants use photosynthesis to turn the energy in sunlight into
chemical energy.
The sun gets energy from nuclear reactions.
The sun is fueled by nuclear fusion reactions in its core.
Thermal Energy:
Is the total Energy of the particles that make up an object?
All particles are in a state of motion.
The speed of particles depends on its temperature.
Sound Energy:
It Is caused by an object vibration.
It is a form of kinetic and potential energy.
It transmitted only through a material.
Light can carry energy across empty space.
Light energy travels from the sun to Earth across empty space
in the form of electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic waves are made of electric and magnetic
fields, so light energy is another example of energy stored in a
field.