1. Given an IP address 10.12.16.20/24.

Being a network administrator, you are required to subnet

the network address for the given IP using Variable-Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) into 5
subnets, i.e., Subnet 1 with 124 hosts, Subnet 2 with 60 hosts, Subnet 3 with 28 hosts, Subnet 4
with 12 hosts, Subnet 5 with 6 hosts.
[10]
a. Find the network address of the given IP. (2)
b. What is the subnet mask of each subnet? (4)
c. List down the subnet ids and host address range of all the subnets.

Address: 10.12.16.16 00001010.00001100.00010000 .00010000

Netmask: 255.255.255.0 = 24 11111111.11111111.11111111 .00000000
Wildcard: 0.0.0.255 00000000.00000000.00000000 .11111111
=>
Network: 10.12.16.0/24 00001010.00001100.00010000 .00000000 (Class A)
Broadcast: 10.12.16.255 00001010.00001100.00010000 .11111111
HostMin: 10.12.16.1 00001010.00001100.00010000 .00000001
HostMax: 10.12.16.254 00001010.00001100.00010000 .11111110
Hosts/Net: 254 (Private Internet)
Subnetting

First Division
Divide the two networks equally with 128 IPv4 addresses (126 usable IPv4 addresses) in each network
using 255.255.255.128 subnet mask 
1) 10.12.16.0/25, Host Range 10.12.16.1 to 10.12.16.125 (124 hosts)
2) 10.12.16.128/25, Host Range 10.12.16.129 to 10.12.16.253 (124 hosts)
Second Division
Divide second subnet (10.12.16.128/25) we got from the first division again into two Networks, each with
64 IP Addresses (62 usable IPv4 addresses) using 255.255.255.192 subnet mask /26.
1) 10.12.16.128/26, Host Range 10.12.16.129 to 10.12.16.189 (60 hosts)
2) 10.12.16.192/26 Host Range 10.12.16.193 to 10.12.16.253 (60 hosts)
Third Division
Divide second subnet (10.12.16.192/26) we got from the second division again into two Networks, each
with 32 IP Addresses (30 usable IPv4 addresses) using 255.255.255.224 subnet mask. /27
1) 10.12.16.192/27, Host Range 10.12.16.193 to 10.12.16.221 (28 hosts)
2) 10.12.16.224/27 Host Range 10.12.16.224 to 10.12.16.252 (28 hosts)
Fourth Division
Divide second subnet (10.12.16.224/27) we got from the second division again into two Networks, each
with 16 IP Addresses (14 usable IPv4 addresses) using 255.255.255.240 subnet mask. /28
1) 10.12.16.224/28, Host Range 10.12.16.225 to 10.12.16.237 (12 hosts)
2) 10.12.16.240/28 Host Range 10.12.16.241 to 10.12.16.253 (12 hosts)
Fifth Division
Divide second subnet (10.12.16.240/28) we got from the second division again into two Networks, each
with 8 IP Addresses (6 usable IPv4 addresses) using 255.255.255.248 subnet mask. /29
1) 10.12.16.240/29, Host Range 10.12.16.241 to 10.12.16.246 (6 hosts)
2) 10.12.16.248/29 Host Range 10.12.16.249 to 10.12.16.255 (6 hosts)