HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF LANDLORD-TENANT’S CONTRACT

AND PROPERTY IN LABO, CAMARINES NORTE (1986-PRESENT)

A Title Proposal

Presented to

The Faculty of College of Arts and Sciences

Camarines Norte State College

Daet, Camarines Norte

In Partial Fulfillment

of the requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Arts in History

by

Mabeza, Kaycel E.

Ocol, Janice T.

Sac, Catherine Joy P.

April, 2023

Introduction
 The Philippines is a country with a long history of agricultural production. For many

years, landlords have held vast tracts of land while tenant farmers have struggled to make ends

meet. This situation led to social unrest and rebellion, particularly during the Martial Law period

under the Marcos regime. In 1986, the People Power Revolution brought about a new

government that pledged to address the issue of land reform. The new administration passed the

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) in 1988, which aimed to distribute agricultural

land to farmers and promote rural development. The law mandated the Department of Agrarian

Reform (DAR) to implement the program including tenancy law. The implementation of CARL

was not without challenges it has been a complex and difficult process that has taken several

decades to unfold.

The Philippines has a long history of high inequality in land distribution, leading to

peasant unrest and rural insurgencies. Despite numerous attempts at the land reform,

implementation has been hindered by factors such as corruption, resistance from powerful

landowners, and inadequate redistribution of land. Policy makers can draw on historical and

recent experience to address these challenges, including addressing corruption, strengthening

institutions, and insuring adequate funding. Success in agrarian reform will require addressing

political, social and economic inequalities (F. Nuwa, 2000).

According to Franco v. et. Al (2020). The history of agricultural tenancy laws in the

Philippines is rooted in the country's past. Before Spanish colonization, lands were held in

common by barangays. However, communal ownership was replaced by private ownership of

property when the Spaniards arrived. The encomienda system was introduced, which prohibited
natives from owning land and required them to pay tribute to their encomenderos. This system

was similar to share tenancy arrangements that were eventually regulated by Act No. 4054 in

1933. The Agricultural Tenancy Act of the Philippines was later enacted in 1954 to pursue social

justice and recognize more tenant-farmers' rights. It abolished share tenancy, which was replaced

by leasehold tenancy. The Agricultural Land Reform Code was then passed in 1963 to end the

oppressive system of share tenancy and convert all existing share tenancy relations to

agricultural leasehold relations. Today, agricultural leasehold relations remain the only form of

agricultural tenancy arrangement under the law.

The town of Labo is geographically located relatively at the center of the province of

Camarines Norte. It is approximately 335 kilometers south of Manila and 15 kilometers away

from Daet, the capital town of the province. Its aggregate land area of 648.84 km² occupies more

than 25% of the total land area of the province. Its 52 component barangays represent 18.44% of

the total barangays of the province

Labo being located at the center of the province and the most populous town serves as the

agricultural center as well as potential investment destination and promotion center for business,

trades, and secondary industrial growth center. It is abundant with natural resources such as gold,

nickel, iron, magnetite sand, copper, lead and manganese. Agriculture is the leading livelihood of

the residents of Labo. Due to abundant forest products such as rattan and bamboo, local folks

tend to manufacture and market handicrafts. An area of 390.39 km² (65.17% of municipal’s land

area) is devoted to agricultural crop production, 343.46 km² of which are coconut plantations. On

the other hand, 18.47 km² is used for rice production. Banana production is also popular in the

province, followed by Pineapple and Pili.

 Land ownership has been a source of social and economic inequality in the Philippines

for centuries. To identify landlords and tenancy arrangements is essential to understand landlord

tenant contract and property rights. During the Spanish colonial era, landlord and hacienderos

with absolute ownership in the form of certificates of land transfer or certificate of land

ownership, juridical, and lets or grants to another the use of cultivation of his land. Land owners

controlled the majority of the land and tenant is a person who, himself and with the aid available

from within his immediate farm households, cultivate the land belonging to, or possessed by,

another, with the latters consent purposes of production, sharing the produce with the land holder

under the share tenancy system.

This research aims to contribute to the existing literature on agrarian reform and provide

insights into the specific historical context of Labo. To explore the experiences of landlords and

tenants in the implementation of the CARP program. Researchers can understand how the

program impacted different stakeholders and how they navigated the changing landscape of land

ownership and tenancy. This research will also gain a better understanding of the ongoing

challenges for farmers as well as the limitations of government-led reform initiatives. Ultimately,

this research seeks to shed light on the social, economic, and political factors that have shaped

agrarian reform in the Philippines and to provide recommendations for more effective tenancy

policies in the future.

Importance of the Study

 The researchers believe that this study will have significance in local history. Narrating

the truth about the landlord and tenant contract and property agrarian reform in the year 1986 to

1992 would give a contribution to the locality. The researchers also believe that the result of this

study will be significant to the following:

Tenants. This attempt to raise awareness among the Tenants they would know their rights and

importance to the land since their relationship is the key to repeat the contract. Tenants could tell

their insights, ranting about how their landlord treat them, if they are given the privileges to do

their rights and if they are being compensated correctly.

Landlords. This study focuses on Landlords, this study with regards to landlord is that they will

know how to maintain a harmonious relationship with their workers. Having a land property and

tenants is very risky and uncertain. With this study, it is essential for landlord to have the broad

and extent knowledge of the law covering their land contract. It is also one of the bases in part of

the landlord on how to improve, develop and innovate their handling of tenants.

LGU of Labo. The study gives more knowledge to the community in the advantages and

disadvantages of the implementation of agrarian reform on Labo, Camarines Norte.

Students. This study will benefit to the student of Camarines Norte State College who are taking

Bachelor of Art in History. This help them to catch their attention about studying landlord and

tenant contract and property as well as give them useful information that they can use as a guide

of studying landlord and tenant contract and property.

Educators of History. This will be significant through contributing additional knowledge about

the landlord-tenant’s contract and property.

Future Researchers. This paper can benefit any individuals or the next researchers who have

been inspired to pursue the Landlord-tenants contact and property as he/she seeks another

strategy to help to narrate the Landlord and tenants in municipality. It helps a lot to give more

accurate knowledge to be aware in the systems of tenancy law that people use to in their property

and contract agreement. Plus, the capacity of every students and researchers for additional

thoughts and expression and it gives more cognition.

Objectives

The researchers aim to uncover the landlord-tenant property and contract in Labo,

Camarines Norte. This research also sought to ascertain the significance of Agrarian Reform

implementation in local history, as well as the relationship between the said Landlord and tenants

contact and property

Specific Objectives

Specifically, it determined and answer the following objectives:

1. To distinguish the difference between landlord-tenant’s relationship and transaction during

Agrarian Reform in Labo, Camarines Norte;

2.To identify the challenges in the implementation of Agrarian Reform in the context of Labo,

Camarines Norte; and

3. To understand the significance of implementation of agrarian reform to the landlord and

tenants

Scope and limitation

This study focuses on the landlord-tenant’s contract and property ownership during the
period of agrarian reform in Labo, Camarines Norte from 1986 to 1992, using primary sources
such as government documents, newspaper articles, and stakeholder interviews. Secondary
sources provide context on the broader historical context of agrarian reform in the Philippines.

This study is conducted at Labo, Camarines Norte in the year of 2023-2024. The selected
landlord and tenant who legally done a lease contract during the year 1986-1992 are the target
participant of this study.

Time and Place of the Study

This study entitled HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF LANDLORD-TENANT’S

CONTRACT AND PROPERTY OF AGRARIAN REFORM IN LABO, CAMARINES
NORTE (1986-1992) was focused on the Labo Camarines Norte. The study started during the
second semester of the academic year 2022-2023 and ended in the first semester of AY 2023-
2024.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the related literature and studies which have significant bearing to

the present study. Relatively, the review of literature aided the researcher to clearly understand

the present study with the insights acquired from previous researches.
 According to Denisse Shawntel Tan (2020). The Rent Control Act of 2009 in the

Philippines aims to protect tenants in the lower income category from unreasonable rent

increases. The law limits the amount of rent increase based on the current rent price. Tenants also

have the right to pay only one-month advance rent and a two-month deposit. Violations of the

law can result in fines, imprisonment, or both. Tenants can file complaints with various trial

courts if they encounter problems covered by the Rent Control Act. This is related to the present

study since the study also state the protection of tenant and payment process of renting.

Andrea Collatz (2019) The Difference Between a Lease and a Rental Agreement. A

lease agreement is a contract between a tenant and landlord that gives the tenant the right to live

in a property for a fixed period of time, usually 6 or 12 months. The lease contract defines the

expectations between the landlord and tenant, including rent, rules regarding pets, and duration

of agreement. It is a legally binding document that protects the interests of both parties.a rental

agreement is very similar to a lease agreement, but provides tenancy for a shorter period of time,

typically 30 days. The biggest difference between the two is the length of the contract. It relates

o the present study since this study belongs to lease and rental agreement.

Benjamin Pulta (2021). The Supreme Court of the Philippines has sent a case involving

agrarian land reform back to a lower court for further proceedings. The case concerned a

disputed plot of land in Laguna, and the court found that there was no evidence of a tenancy

relationship between the landowner and tenant. The court emphasized that there must be clear

proof of a tenancy relationship before the Department of Agrarian Reform Adjudication Board

can assume jurisdiction. The court also highlighted the importance of the essential requisites of a

tenancy relationship, including consent between the parties, agricultural production, personal
cultivation by the tenant, and sharing of the harvests between the parties. The court ruled that

while agrarian laws protect landless farmers, these rights cannot be enforced against strangers or

those who have not consented to the relationship. This is related to the present study since both

of the study state the proof and tenancy relationship with the landlord.

Vincent Q. Salarde (2022). The article examines how various historical and political

events in the Philippines have contributed to the prevalence of precarious employment, and how

the labor sector and the state have responded. These events include US imperialism, failure of

land reform, fragmentation of the labor movement, rise of global value chains, aborted national

industrialization, and dominance of Anglo-American political and economic thought. The article

argues that precarious employment is a result of the Philippine state's de facto development

program to broker labor required by global capitalism and neoliberalism. The government's

response of plugging policy loopholes is not sufficient to bring meaningful change, and an

honest accounting and antidote to the underlying systems of exploitation are needed to address

the crisis of precarious employment in the Philippines.

Franco v.et al. (2020). The agricultural tenancy laws in the Philippines have evolved

throughout history, from a system of communal ownership to private ownership of property. The

Spanish colonization introduced the encomienda system, where natives could not own the land

they worked on or their harvest and had to pay tribute to their encomenderos. In 1933, Act No.

4054, or the Philippine Rice Share Tenancy Act, was enacted, which regulated relations between

landlords and tenant-farmers and made share tenancy the prevailing arrangement.Share tenancy

contracts had to be expressed in writing and registered to be valid.

 Michael Byrne, Rachel McArdle (2022) The article discusses the failure of recent

legislation aimed at regulating the private rental sector in Ireland due to high levels of non-

compliance by landlords. Through in-depth qualitative research with tenants, the article

examines how insecurity is constructed across the domains of legislation, markets, and culture,

which disempowers tenants and enables a culture of non-compliance among landlords. The

concept of "secure occupancy" is used to capture the multi-dimensional ways in which security is

undermined for tenants, and the article argues that insecurity and power asymmetry between

landlords and tenants are deeply intertwined.

Katharine Everett Nunns (2022). The Rock Review 2022 made over 70

recommendations for improving the resilience and sustainability of agricultural tenancies in

England. The first headline recommendation called for immediate action to ensure that

Environmental Land Management (ELM) and Productivity schemes are accessible to tenant

farmers. The review also emphasized tenant farmer autonomy, suggesting that tenants should be

able to enter their land into schemes without landlord consent, and vice versa. The review

recommended that the Law Commission review the law on agricultural tenancies and land use to

enable tenants to diversify their businesses without unreasonable refusal from landlords. The

review also called for a consultation on tenancy reform in 2023 to address the inflexibility of

Farm Business Tenancies (FBTs) legislated for in the Agricultural Tenancies Act 1995.

Adrian Călin Cuculis (2022). Among the contracts regulated by the Civil Code, the

agricultural lease contract suffers from a profound lack of popularity, on the one hand, and very

few positive associations in the Romanian mentality, on the other. Beyond the empirical reality,

there is no doubt that this image is based on the very legislative construction of the agricultural
tenancy contract. Precisely in this regard, the present paper aims at outlining the specifics of the

agricultural lease contract from the perspective of the tenant, in terms of rights, together with the

risks and legal liability related to the contract. The problematization ends with some remarks

related to certain elements of tenant protection within the French system.

Mark Woodman (2021). A Farm Business Tenancy is a type of tenancy agreement that

is commonly used in the agricultural industry. It can be created through a written agreement, but

it's possible to create one unintentionally through informal arrangements or grazing licences. A

grazing license is usually a short-term agreement for grazing animals, but it can turn into a Farm

Business Tenancy if it extends past 12 months and the occupier has exclusive possession of the

land. It's important to note that a Farm Business Tenancy can also exist without a written

agreement. To determine if a tenancy is a Farm Business Tenancy, it must meet the Business

Conditions and Agriculture Conditions as set out in the Agricultural Tenancies Act 1995. The

tenancy is considered to have begun on the day the tenant is entitled to possession of the land

according to the terms of the tenancy agreement.

Kundu, et al. (2020) The basic objective of this paper is to identify the possible factors

which influence the marginal farmer households of West Bengal to go for tenancy contracts. In

our study area, the target group is marginal farmer households where the only fixed-rent contract

is observed, and all the contracts are verbal. Comparatively big landowners among the marginal

farmer households where lack of motivation is observed among the younger generations to

pursue agricultural activities for their livelihood and have higher earnings from different non-

farm activities influence them to lease out the land. On the contrary, landless or the marginal

farmer households owned very small size of land are more eager to take land in a lease for
cultivation. The availability of family labor force among these types of households and earnings

from alternative sources play an important role during the time of taking such a decision. After

applying Heckman’s two-step treatment effect models, it is observed that marginal farmer

households who lease out land are economically better off than the marginal farmer households

who are not interested in any such tenancy contract. Besides that, it is also observed that farm

households even after taking land in the lease are economically worse-off than the farm

households who are not interested in any tenancy contract. But most of the marginal farmer

households’ whichever type are living below the poverty line.

Camille A. Villapando et al. (2019) The study examines the relationship between land

tenure and food access among farming households in selected villages in North Cotabato,

Philippines.The study found a significant association between zero harvest payment agreement

and confidence in tenancy with days without enough food and experience of hunger with no

money. The results also revealed that while the farmers were able to eat three times a day, their

access to food could only be sustained if they continuously worked to generate enough income to

buy food for household consumption. The study suggests that land tenure has an impact on food

access and highlights the need for policies that promote secure land tenure arrangements for

farmers.

Leonardo A Lanzona JR (2019). Agrarian reform in the Philippines has been a

contentious issue throughout its history, often marked by violence and instability. Despite formal

institutionalization of agrarian reforms, including regulations on land size and contracts, the

benefits of the Agrarian Reform Program have remained elusive. Land redistribution has favored

former landowner elites, perpetuating inequality in land ownership. The study suggests that high
transaction costs and inadequate credible commitments have hindered the Agrarian Reform

Programs and resulted in elite capture of institutions. The solution proposed is a more demand-

driven, community-led Agrarian Reform Program that allows for negotiation and bargaining of

land allocation through relational contracts and democratic institutions.

A. Amongo, et al. (2021) Land Consolidation or Contiguous Farming in the Philippine

setting is considered a prerequisite to large scale mechanization for improved efficiencies,

optimize land utilization, and increase crop productivity. It is expected to increase farmers’

income and contribute to sustainable agricultural productivity. The implementation of Republic

Act 10601 or Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization (AFMech) Law 2013, contiguous farming

became one of the major flagship programs of the government. A project was conducted to study

its implementation in the Philippine agricultural production system. Local and international

benchmarking were conducted to document best practices and requirements of contiguous

farming/land consolidation. Stakeholders from selected rice and corn producing areas in the

country generally agreed on the implementation of contiguous farming. The enabling

environment were also discussed for the successful implementation of contiguous farming in the

country. The study showed that land consolidation or contiguous farming is implementable in the

Philippines subject to the necessary requirements crucial to its implementation.

According to Rhea Q. (2022). One of the major interventions to effect rural

development in the Philippines is the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program instituted in

1988, and its implementation is extended until 2014. This study used the quantitative and

qualitative research methods to explore how the Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries improved the

lands granted to them through the CARP. It also investigated the status of the lands granted to
the Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries and its impact on them and their families. There were 20

farmers who were interviewed. Other informants were some employees of the Department of

Agrarian Reform and other citizens of the locality. Most of the Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries

are high school graduates. Though they are into farming, they still seek another source of income

since their income from farming cannot support the needs of their family. Lands granted to the

Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries have been the source of income by most of the farmer

informants. They could send their children to school through the income they got from farming.

More farmers continue to improve and use their lands for a living than farmers who have sold the

land granted to them. Some of the sold lands given through CARP have become residential

houses and business establishments. The Department of Agrarian Reform should monitor/ check

the land granted to the Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries. More livelihood programs are to be given

to the Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries.

Ronaldo F. (2018). This study was conceptualized to explore the lives of the land owners

under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) in the province of Iloilo. This

study employed the descriptive multiple case study method. The respondents were five (5) land

owners, one land owner per congressional district. The data gathering tools used were in-depth

interviews and semiâ structured interviews. Document analysis was also established. Data were

transcribed, analyzed and coded into themes. The researchers developed the category and theme

based on the data gathered. Theoretically, landowner feelings are still attached to the parcel of

their lands covered by the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program. In addition, landowners

struggle about the loss of their lands and as they shift from agriculture to another field of

endeavor such as working abroad, real estate, and others. The loss of the land motivated them to

try other field of ventures. They also expressed problems about lack of notice and time especially
those who had been residing and working abroad. Thus, there is a need to revisit the importance

of the rights, privileges and programs for the landowners and discuss the benefits for the land

owners, and further improve the land information system of CARP.

Naushad Khan et al. (2020) The study found that agrarian reforms were primarily aimed

at developing agriculture but were often politically motivated, aimed at abolishing big landlords

and feudalism. Land reforms were a key factor in these reforms, and poor people benefited from

receiving a larger share of output, better fertilizers at lower prices, and more power over their

land. However, wealthy landlords often resisted these reforms, leading to litigation and violence.

The study recommends selecting good, honest, and patriotic leaders who work on a humanitarian

basis to implement effective reforms and reduce poverty.6

Ballesteros, et al. (2018) This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Comprehensive

Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) over the last 30 years. While the program has achieved

significant accomplishments in terms of land reformed area and number of beneficiaries, it has

been poorly targeted in terms of areas covered and beneficiaries. Delayed implementation of the

program is also expected to increase the cost of land acquisition due to urbanization in rural

areas. The study recommends scaling up support programs to modernize agriculture for small

farmers, such as agrarian reform communities and agribusiness ventures, while addressing issues

of land consolidation, ownership concentration, and land conversions through convergence

efforts and digitization in land management and administration. The study suggests that there is

no need to redo the CARP.

Cruz, J.L et. al (2022). This paper examines the perceptions of agricultural researchers

in Spain regarding farmers' knowledge and information sources. The study finds that there are
two distinct profiles of researchers based on their perceptions of the relevance of farmers'

knowledge and information sources. However, both profiles agreed that "own experience" is a

highly relevant source for farmers' knowledge. The paper provides practical advice on how to

promote knowledge sharing according to different researchers' perceptions and enriches the

discussion on agricultural interactive knowledge models. This paper's contribution is paying

attention to researchers' perceptions of farmers' knowledge and information sources, particularly

in the context of multi-actor approaches and the integration of farmers' and researchers'

knowledge.

Miranda Martiza Mouris, Bakti Setiawan (2019). The Assam Tenancy Act of 1971

provides occupancy rights to non-occupancy tenants who have worked with the same landowner

for three years. To prepare tenant records of rights, a "Crash Programme" was conducted during

the mid-1970s in Barak Valley and the state as a whole to update records. The study explores the

incidence of recorded and unrecorded tenancy in Barak Valley based on data collected from field

surveys conducted by six ADO circles. In another study, the types of agricultural land tenancy

systems in Demak District, Demak Regency, were identified as basic tenancy, partial tenancy,

farm business tenancy, and managerial tenancy. It suggests modifying one of the existing

agricultural land tenancy systems into a contract-based system with the government to protect

farmland and limit the number of on-farm profiles while allowing other productive labor force to

be shifted to another field for regional economic development.

Shahzad Khan, et al. (2020) The study found that skillful and experienced tenants were

preferred by landlords, but due to the non-availability of extension department and its trainings,

illiterate and untrained tenants were involved in agricultural practices. Tenants were unable to
provide proper investments efforts to their plots, which resulted in longer term durations for the

tenants, making it difficult for them to fulfill the landlord's interest in offering land on fixed

tenancy contracts. The study recommends proper training and policy implication to fill the gap in

sustainable agricultural practices, and policymakers in agricultural institutions should provide

proper attention to the agricultural challenges in the region.

Rozlinda Abdullah, et al. (2023) It is crucial to safeguard the interests of tenants and

landlords in their tenancy agreements to achieve the concept of justice and equality. Malaysia

has not yet had a specific law to govern the relationship between tenants and landlords whereby

the rights and obligations of both parties are stipulated inside their tenancy agreement. Suppose

there is a breach in the contracts. In that case, the jurisdiction to settle such disputes will be

referred to the relevant laws in Malaysia, such as the National Land Code (Revised 2020)(Act

828), Contracts Act 1950, Specific Relief Act 1950, and Distress Act 1951. Even so, such

legislation remains vague in resolving specific issues about the entrance of parties into a tenancy

agreement which will be further discussed in this study. Further discussed are the rights and

obligations of both parties based on their contractual agreement and, subsequently, the proposed

solutions. A comparative study is made with Australia and New Zealand on the legal issues

relating to the relationship between the landlord and tenant. The findings from this study portray

a need to adopt a single statute to govern the relationship between tenants and landlords in

Malaysia, namely the Residential Tenancies Act.

Urbain Mazo Nyate (2019). According to the lease agreement, many people in the

Democratic Republic of Congo generate income that will enable them to meet their basic needs.

In fact, in the landlord-tenant relationship, a significant amount of imbalance has always

emerged from which the tenant is victim because, as the non-owner of the building to be rented,
nevertheless, the said contract, the autonomy of will, i.e. each party has a freedom in the

conclusion of the contract. This situation is almost identical throughout the Republic and even in

the city of Gbado-Lite where landlords reign as absolute masters, imposing the rent rate, causing

a lot of abuse during the execution of the contract. To remedy this situation and ensure the

protection of the consumer as a vulnerable person, legislative intervention was needed that could

strike a balance between the landlord and the tenant. Thus, a series of texts have been adopted in

this direction, namely the decree of 30 July 1888 on contracts and contractual obligations and

law n°15/025 of 31 December 2015 relating to non-professional leases. The first text, having

failed to provide effective and efficient consumer protection, could be corrected by the second in

order to strengthen this protection by providing for even criminal sanctions in its provisions

against any offender (especially the landlord). In the context of this study, in the sense of

consumer law, the tenant must be considered as a consumer in matters of leases, which must be

protected against abuse by the professional landlord. Although Law No. 15/025 of 31 December

2005 is promulgated and published in the Official Gazette, it continues to suffer from its

application. It is bitterly noted that this law remains a dead letter in the sense that the State,

which is called upon to play a leading role in its implementation, is failing. There is therefore an

urgent need to ensure the effective and efficient protection of tenants in the Democratic Republic

of Congo in general and those in the Gbado-Lite city in particular.

Theoretical Framework

Braudel emphasizes that capitalism is something different from the market

economy, a distinction that should be kept in mind in understanding Civilization and Capitalism.
In lectures in 1976, he said, “…despite what is usually said, capitalism does not overlay the

entire economy and all of working society: it never encompasses both of them within one perfect

system all its own. The triptych I have described–material life, the market economy, and the

capitalist economy–is still an amazingly valid explanation, even though capitalism today has

expanded in scope.” (-Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism, p. 112) Whether or

not one agrees with Braudel, this is his explanation of the order of the three volumes moving

from the lower level of the daily material life of everyman to the market economy to the highest

level of capitalism. It is a structure of thinking that is rather alien to trends in economic research

that seek to explain the behavior of households, markets and business firms using similar

economic models, a point discussed further below. What is capitalism? For Wallerstein

capitalism is a system built upon the international division of labor in which the core of the

resulting world system prospers, if not at the expense of the others, at least relative to others. A

familiar enough theme from the recent Seattle World Trade Organization protests. While

Wallerstein took inspiration from Braudel, this is not what Braudel means by capitalism. Braudel

viewed the capitalist economy as in the above paragraph, namely as something above everyday

material life and the operation of markets. Capitalism takes advantage of high profit

opportunities generated by linking markets into a world economy. Braudel distinguishes between

the world economy and a world economy, a distinction that is not felicitous, but as one searches

for alternatives, such as “regional economy” for a “world economy,” it seems better to stay with

his language. For Braudel a world economy features a core capitalist city whose commercial and

financial spread may be well beyond national political boundaries. However, for Braudel there

may be several world economies operating at the same time, and for each there will be a

dominant core city. Capitalism may utilize an international or larger spatial division of labor but
the hegemony of any particular core city for a world economy will wax and wane over time.

Further, Braudel believes there have been capitalist worlds from the Italian city states or earlier,

whereas Wallerstein’s analysis relies more on a Marxian progression from feudalism to

capitalism. Further, Wallerstein treats the political empires like Rome, the Ottomans or the

Mughals as non-capitalist systems while Braudel would be inclined to see in them some

capitalistic features. He says, “…I am personally inclined to think that even under the constraints

of an oppressive empire with little concern for the particular interests of its different possessions,

a world-economy could, even if rudely handled and closely watched, still survive and organize

itself, extending significantly beyond the imperial frontiers; the Romans traded in the Red Sea

and the Indian Ocean, the Armenian merchants of Julfa, the suburb of Isfahan, spread over

almost the entire world; the Indian Banyans went as far as Moscow; Chinese merchants

frequented all the ports of the East Indies; Muscovy established its ascendancy over the mighty

periphery of Siberia in record time” (Perspective of the World, p. 55). Braudel’s position would

clearly find support in Mancur Olson’s work.

One further point on capitalism concerns its origins. Wallerstein seeks the origins of the

capitalist world system in the feudal breakdown of the agrarian society of Northern Europe in the

sixteenth century. Braudel is less concerned with questions of origins, but would certainly place

a European world economy much earlier, perhaps in fourteenth-century Italy. Braudel is equally

uncomfortable with Max Weber and any attempt to tie capitalism to the Protestant reformation

(see Stanley Engerman’s essay in this project). Again, his first line of attack would be to point to

all of the developments in the Italian city states that long pre-dated Luther and Calvin. One point

deserves further mention, namely the emphasis that Braudel gives to the ebb and flow of world

economies over time and space. There is an element of Joseph Schumpeter’s creative destruction
in Braudel’s view of the process but with a spatial spin. Schumpeter saw new innovations

involving new entrepreneurs replacing older businesses along with their technologies and labor

force. For Braudel the slowly shifting boundaries of world economies have two important

implications. First, some areas never become involved with a world economy and their economic

level remains very low. And second, some areas that were in a world economy, and were perhaps

a core city, lose their place as boundaries of world economies change over time.

Braudel argued that capitalists have typically been monopolists and not, as is usually

assumed, entrepreneurs operating in competitive markets. He argued that capitalists did not

specialize and did not use free markets, thus diverging from both liberal (Adam Smith) and

Marxian interpretations. In Braudel's view, the state in capitalist countries has served as a

guarantor of monopolists rather than a protector of competition, as it is usually portrayed. He

asserted that capitalists have had power and cunning on their side as they have arrayed

themselves against the majority of the population. An agrarian structure is long-term structure in

the Braudelian understanding of the concept. On a larger scale the agrarian structure is more

dependent on the regional, social, cultural and historical factors than on the state's undertaken

activities.

Longue Duree
Short Duree Medium Duree Long Duree
Fernand Braudel’s Theory
  Relationship Between  Sustainable
 Landlord Agricultural Practices
Landlords and Tenants
 Tenant  Empowerment of
 Sharing of Crops
Farmers

Historical Narrative of Landlord-Tenant’s of

Agrarian Reform in Labo Camarines Norte in
1986-Present

Figure 1: Theoretical Paradigm

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework shown in figure 2 was used to emphasize the focus of this

research. This chart used to explain the flow of this study.

 INPUT OUTPUT
PROCESS
1. To distinguish the The researcher will
The process refer to
handout pamphlet that
difference between landlord- inquiry through personal
interview, using contains information can
help both land lord and
tenant’s relationship and questionnaire,
presentation, analysis, tenants to be aware in
their basic rights based on
transaction during Agrarian interpretation of the data
collection. the law that being tenant
for years.
Reform in Labo, Camarines

Norte;

2. To identify the challenges

 in the implementation of

Feedback

Figure 2: Conceptual Paradigm

Methodology

This chapter presents a comprehensive discussion of the research method of the study. It
also reviews the designs or method, context and population, instrumentation, and data gathering
procedures of data of the current research.
Research Design

The researchers used qualitative research. Qualitative research is an objective type of

research which used a process of naturalistic inquiry. According to (Creswell 1994) qualitative
research as “...an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem based on building
a complex, holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants, and
conducted in a natural setting” by using qualitative research methodology, researchers wanted to
seek in-depth understanding and rich information and get more detailed information of past
events.

The researchers also used historical research as their research approach. Historical
method studied and related to the present or in the future a research design where past time
(Castillo 2002). It also gives verbal portrayal or picture of a person, thing, event, situation etc. it
usually answers “determine”. Since this study aims to describe "to distinguish landlord-tenants'
relationship and transaction during agrarian reform" historical research is appropriate to use.

Respondent of the Study

The area of this study focused only on the Municipality of Labo. The participants were
identified and qualified land owner and tenant of the municipality with the minimum land area of
one hectare the participants involved in this study are the selected tenant and landlord both male
and female who have the enough knowledge and interest to sustain the data that the researchers
needed for this research and they are credible to narrate all the events that happen during that
time.

The researchers also considered the principles of manageability in determining the

selected participants based on the cost in reproducing the research instruments, availability of
resources, and the time duration in order to complete the study.

Data Collection

The researchers used two data-gathering instruments to get reliable information to

support the study. These two were the library research and the interview. The data gathering of
the researcher started from collecting data from the library, this also includes the data gathering
from internet. The researchers undertook an interview with the qualified participants and
residents living in Labo. The data gathered were used to support the study. At the start of the
session, the researchers explained to the participants the purpose and nature of the research. To
ensure the reliability in the responses, the researchers supervised the act of data collection.
Likewise, participants were assured of the confidentiality of their responses and that the
information gathered would be solely used for research purposes.
Tools for Data Analysis

The researchers used interviews and snowball to gather a wide range of data. The
researchers used questionnaires as research instruments in the study to collect data and
information to meet the needs of the research and to acquire data on landlord-tenant relations and
transactions to supplement substantial information for this study. Two of the researchers acted as
photographers, using a smartphone as a tool to capture and document every stage of data
collection so that the interview could be recalled when needed. This is also a method of
preserving the information gathered by the researchers during the interview. The researchers also
use pen and paper to jot down important information provided by study participants.
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