NAME: DATE PERFORMED:

11/23/2021
GLESA JIREH B. MECUA

DIAMONS
SCORE
SECTION AND SCHEDULE:
INSTRUCTOR: DR. VICTOR HAFALLA JR.
EBB2 – WEDNESDAY (11:00AM-2:00PM)

EXPERIMENT NO. 7
Chi-square Test
INTRODUCTION
The chi-square goodness-of-fit test evaluates whether the distribution of frequencies within k categories of a
single variable is the same as in the theoretical distribution. The term ‘goodness-of-fit’ refers to how well the observed
(sample) frequencies ‘fit’ the expected (theoretical) frequencies.
A goodness-of-fit test between the observed and expected frequencies is based on the quantity:

where oi and ei are the observed and expected frequencies of the ith cell; respectively. The χ 2 is a value of a random
variable whose sampling distribution is approximated by the Chi-squared distribution with v=k-1 degrees of freedom,
k is the number of paired cells.
The null hypothesis is Ho: o=e (the observed frequencies are equal to the expected frequencies) while the
alternative is Ha: o≠e (the observed frequencies are not equal to the expected frequencies). The critical region will lie
on the right tail of the chi-squared distribution. Thus, we reject Ho if

The chi-square may also be used to test the independence of two categorical variables using the same
equations. However, the ei is computed from the marginal frequencies as follows:
ei =(column total) x (row total) / grand total
We reject the Ho that the two categorical variables are independent (no relationship) at α level of significance if χ 2>
χ2α, v where v=(r-1)x(c-1) degrees of freedom.
For 2x2 tables (2 rows and 2 columns), where we only have 1 degree of freedom, Yate’s correction
factor is applied:

For expected frequencies less than 5, the Fisher-Irwin exact test should be used instead of the Yate’s correction
factor.
In this laboratory experiment, you will be able to analyze experiments involving frequency data using SPSS.
I. LEARNING OUTCOMES

Engineering Data Analysis 1

 At the end of this laboratory exercise, the student should be able to correctly analyze frequency data using
the Chi-square test and SPSS/statistics software/statistics website. Specifically, the student must have:
● encoded data accurately from contingency tables;
● analyzed data using Chi-square goodness of fit test or test for independence; and
● concisely interpreted the results.
II. EQUIPMENT/MATERIALS
The following materials are needed for this laboratory exercise: (3 pts.)
● User manual of the statistics software
● Device with statistics software
● Device with internet connection
SCORE: ________
III. PROCEDURE
1. The data pertain to a die tossed 120 times and the recorded outcomes. Test whether the die is balanced or
not using Chi-square goodness of fit test and SPSS. Properly type the following data in SPSS/statistics
software/statistics website. Print all relevant outputs of the analysis.
Table 1. Outcomes of die tossed 120 times
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
oi 19 18 22 25 16 20
ei 20 20 20 20 20 20

Relevant Results: (10 pts.)

SCORE: ________

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 Were there expected cell counts below 5? (2pts.) NONE
Pearson Chi-square: (2 pts.) 2.5
p-value: (2 pts.) 0.776495
SCORE: ________
Intepretation: (5 pts) In these results, the chi-square statistic is 2.5 and the p-value = 0.019.
Therefore, at a significance level of 0.05, we can conclude that there is not enough evidence to
conclude that the variables are associated.
SCORE: ________
a. The following data pertain to a time-bound study to determine whether the incidence of traffic jams in a
busy intersection highway is dependent on the type of vehicles traversing the said intersection.
Set-up a Chi-square test of independence of the aforementioned variables using SPSS/other statistics
apps. Print/paste all relevant outputs and interpret the results.
Table 2. Incidence of Traffic vs. Frequency of Vehicles
Incidence of Frequency of Vehicles Traversing the Intersection
Traffic
Jeepney SUV Truck Private Cars
(min)
0-10 210 169 112 210
11-20 311 259 147 224
21-30 289 245 198 196
More than 30 322 265 221 249

Relevant Results: (10 pts.)

SCORE: ________

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 Were there expected cell counts below 5? (2 pts.) NONE
Pearson Chi-square: (2 pts.) 30.977
p-value: (2 pts.) 0.00029873
SCORE: ________
Interpretation: (5 pts.) Based on the results, there is reason to believe that there is a statistically
association between the minutes of occurrence of traffic in the highway intersection and the
modal type of vehicles traversing the said intersection (χ2(9) = 30.977, p<0.01).
SCORE: ________
2. Troubleshooting/Reflection
a. What menu and submenus did you click to do a Chi-square goodness-of-fit test? (2 pts.)
● Since we utilized statistics software online, we just composed in the web search tool
quantpsy.org and clicked chi-square trial of decency of fit. Then, at that point, we
finished up the necessary information table.
SCORE: ________
Also, what menu and submenus did you click to do a Chi-square test of independence of categorical
variables? (2 pts)
● Since we utilized statistics software online, we just composed in the web search tool
quantpsy.org and clicked chi-square trial of decency of fit. Then, at that point, we
finished up the necessary information table.
SCORE: ________

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 b. Can you use Chi-square test for non-frequency data? (5 pts.)
● No, the data in the cells ought to be frequencies, or counts of cases rather than
percentages or another change of the data.
SCORE: ________
3. QUESTIONS
1. What do we usually do when cell frequencies fall below 5? ( 5 pts)
● For expected frequencies under 5, the Fisher-Irwin precise test ought to be utilized
rather than the Yate's revision factor.
SCORE: ________
2. React on the statement, “Chi-square test is a non-parametric test”. (10 pts.)
● We firmly believe in the statement, "Chi-square test is a non-parametric test" on the
grounds that the expression "non-parametric" alludes to the way that the chi‑square
tests don't need suspicions about populace boundaries nor do they test speculations
about populace boundaries. The Chi-square measurement is a non-parametric
(conveyance free) instrument intended to examine bunch contrasts when the reliant
variable is estimated at an ostensible level. Like all non-parametric insights, the Chi-
square is strong as for the dissemination of the data.

RATING SHEET

5 3 1 RATING

Accumulated Points /69

Group Interaction Initiates the Sometimes observe the Allows the group
performance of the group members to members to
laboratory activity. perform the laboratory complete the
activity. laboratory activity.
/5
Discusses with group
members Sometimes discuss with Does not interact
group members with group
members
Data collection Follows and interprets Follows the procedure Does not follow the
the procedure to and asks questions to procedure and asks
/5
collect data collect data questions to collect
data
Data Presentation All data can be easily Some data are hardly The data cannot be
understood and understood and understood and /5
interpreted interpreted interpreted
TOTAL SCORE /84

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