CAMERA

(PRODUCT TYPE:CONSUMER)

SUBJECT NAME & CODE: DESIGN THINKING FOR INNOVATION

(20A99401)

SUBMITTED BY:
NAME : S.BHARATH
HT NO : 21F41A0587
BRANCH : CSE
YEAR/SEM : II /II
SECTION : B
SUBMISSION DATE :
 CAMERA
Introduction:
A camera is an optical instrument that records images that can be stored directly, transmitted to another
location, or both. These images may be still photographs or moving images such as videos or movies.

The term camera comes from the word “Camera Obscura” (Latin for "dark chamber). The modern camera
evolved from the camera Obscura & functioning of the camera is very similar to the functioning of the human
eye.

Digital cameras typically consist of a body with a lens for capturing light, an image sensor for converting light
into electrical signals, an image processor for processing the signals into digital images, a memory card or
internal memory for storing the images, and a display for previewing and reviewing images. They may also
have various controls, buttons, and menus for adjusting settings such as exposure, focus, ISO, and white
balance.
Working of camera:

A digital camera is a type of camera that captures and stores photographs in digital format rather than on
photographic film. It uses a combination of optics, electronics, and digital image sensors to capture, process,
and store images. Here's a step-by-step overview of how a digital camera works:

 Light enters the camera through the lens: The lens focuses the incoming light onto an image sensor
located inside the camera. The lens aperture controls the amount of light that enters the camera, which affects the
exposure of the image.

 Image sensor captures light: The image sensor is an electronic device that converts light into an electrical
signal. There are two main types of image sensors used in digital cameras: CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) and
CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor).

 Image processing: The electrical signals from the image sensor are processed by the camera's image
processor. The image processor performs various tasks, such as noise reduction, color correction, and image
compression, to optimize the image quality.

 Image storage: Once the image has been processed, it is stored in the camera's memory card or
internal memory as a digital file. Digital cameras typically use formats such as JPEG or RAW to store
images.

 Viewfinder or LCD display: Digital cameras usually have a viewfinder or an LCD display that allows the
photographer to preview the image before capturing it. The viewfinder can be optical or electronic, while the
LCD display shows a live view of the image from the image sensor.

 Shutter button and controls: The photographer can control various settings of the camera, such as exposure,
focus, and ISO, using buttons, dials, and menus on the camera. When the photographer presses the shutter
button, the camera captures the image by briefly opening the camera's shutter, allowing light to reach the image
sensor.

 Image review and sharing: After capturing the image, the photographer can review it on the camera's
LCD display. The image can also be transferred to a computer or other devices for further editing,
sharing, or printing.

 Power source: Digital cameras are powered by batteries, which provide the necessary electrical energy to
operate the camera's components, such as the image sensor, image processor, and LCD display
That's a high-level overview of how a digital camera works. Of course, different digital cameras may have
additional features and functionality, but the basic principles remain the same.

A FEW TYPES OF CAMERA:

TLR- Twin-Lens Reflex camera:

A twin-lens reflex camera (TLR) is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. One of
the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens" (the lens that takes the picture), while the other is used
for the viewfinder system, which is usually viewed from above at waist level.

SLR - single-lens reflex camera:

A single-lens reflex camera (SLR) is a camera that typically uses a mirror and prism system (hence "reflex"
from the mirror's reflection). SLR permits the photographer to view through the lens and see exactly what
will be captured. When the shutter button is pressed on a mechanical SLR, the mirror flips out of the light
path, allowing light to pass through to the light receptor and the image to be captured.

Instant Camera:
The instant camera is a type of camera that generates a developed film image. The most popular types to
use self-developing film were formerly made by Polaroid Corporation.

Studio Camera:
The studio camera is usually very large and too heavy to be used as a remote camera in the field. Because
of its size, studio cameras may be placed on a three-legged stand, called a tripod, for support. To allow
smooth camera movement, the feet of the tripod are placed into a three- wheeled cart called a dolly; a
studio pedestal is another common type of camera support. The camera is attached to a large, single column
on wheels that is pneumatically or hydraulically controlled.

Camcorders:
A camcorder is a portable camera/ recorder combination. Professional camcorders are lightweight, portable
cameras but are not quite as small as consumer camcorders. Professional models have many more internal
components. The professional camcorder is a television camera and recorder in one unit and is relatively
simple to take into the field. While in use, it is placed on the operator’s right shoulder or on a field tripod.

Convertible camera:
A Convertible camera is a camera with a variety of accessory packages available to make it operational in
a studio, as a portable field camera, or both.

FEATURES OF DIGITAL CAMERA:

 In-camera Raw processing

 Illuminated buttons and ports
 Silent shutter
 UHS-II support
 100% viewfinder coverage
 AF joystick
 High-capacity battery
 Dual card slots
 AF Fine Tune / AF Micro adjustment
 4K video
THE PARTS OF THE CAMERA:
The camera is comprised of four major parts:

● Camera Head
● Viewfinder
● Camera Lens

Camera head:

The Camera Head is the portion of the video camera that contains all the electronics needed to convert the
reflection of light from the subject into an electronic signal.

Viewfinder:
The viewfinder is a small video monitor attached to the camera that allows the camera operator to view
the images in the shot.

Camera Lens:
The lens is an assembly of several glass discs placed in a tube on the front of a camera. Its primary purpose
is to concentrate, or focus, the incoming light rays on the surface of the imaging device, or the target. A
picture is considered to be “in focus” when the adjoining lines of contrastare as sharp as possible.
ADVANTAGES OF CAMERA:

Instantaneous Satisfaction: The sheer immediacy of digital photography is impossible to beat with
film. In most cases, you simply point your camera, click, and you have your image. No waiting until all
the films used up, no time-consuming processing

Film Is Expensive to Buy and Process: Film photography can be an expensive business, as
you constantly have to buy new film rolls and pay to process your images. Digital photography doesn't
incur any of these costs, so it is much cheaper over time.

Massive Storage Space for Photos: Rather than being limited by film rolls, digital devices offer
massive storage options. Memory cards can hold thousands of images and can be swapped out quickly
should you require even more space. In addition, images can be regularly transferred to a computer hard
drive or another storage device to free up space.

Multiple Functions: Multiple functions, such as motion detection, face detection, and night vision,
aid the photo taker in capturing better images. Challenging conditions no longer mean bad photos, as the
camera has both manual and automatic ways to compensate. Night photos, for instance, can be taken
with close to the same quality as day time ones.

Video Camera: Unlike traditional film cameras, which can only capture still images, digital cameras
can also take moving pictures. Operating as a video camera increases the versatility of these devices
considerably, not only for capturing media, but also for live streaming video across the internet .
DISADVANTAGES OF CAMERA:

Photo File Management Difficulties: Massive amounts of storage space make it practical to
take hundreds, if not thousands, of photos. This can lead to issues with organizing and labeling
them.Users can end up with unlabeled photos stored in multiple places, for example: downloaded
onto different computers, tablets or portable hard drives, kept on multiple phones, memory cards,
sticks, or stored online. This makes them difficult to find and easy to lose. The problem is even
worse because many users keep backup copies as well as the originals. The entire process can be
overwhelming for many.

Computer Skills Required: Capturing images with a digital camera may generally be much
easier, but doing anything with the photographs afterward almost always requires some form of
computer or technological skills. Whether you are uploading, downloading or transferring photos,
organizing, naming, or filing them, editing or printing them out, you will need to be comfortable
with the use of computers and Smartphone apps.

Too Many Functions: The huge amount of functions now available on many digital camera
models nowadays is overwhelming for some people. Many ordinary users don't even understand
what most of the functions on their cameras do or use them.Scrolling through the endless pages of
menus can also be confusing. If you click a wrong selection at any point or move a dial or button
by accident, you can end up making changes that you didn't intend and struggle to rectify them.

Too Many Photos Taken: Film cameras have always been limited in the number of shots that
photographers can take, generally 36 photos per roll. This imposes an element of discipline and a
degree of thoughtfulness. Digital photography offers few limitations on the number of images
captured, meaning that people take far more photos, often with little thought or planning. It's also
now common to take multiple shots of the same person or scene in an effort to capture the
"perfect" image creating multiple images that are almost duplicates.

Digital Cameras Use More Battery Power: Digital cameras can be very power-hungry,
resulting in drained batteries. The use of the flash function can be particularly bad for this. This
can be annoying, as the camera will die just when you want to use it if you are not careful. To get
around this problem, you have to carry spare batteries or spend time making sure that all of them
are fully recharged.