BMP5001 1

BMP5001: BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND CAREER
DEVELOPMENT
ASSIGNMENT 2
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Word Count: 4000
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Acknowledgement
I would like to thank my generous Dissertation and Program of Study Committee members
for their guidance throughout this process.
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Section 1: Introduction
Background of the study
The non-governmental sector is growing globally and there has been a tremendous rise in the
past few years. The past years has seen a tremendous and impressive figure in the rise and
work from NGOs. One such popular organisation under study in this dissertation report is Khalsa
Aid organisation.
Khalsa aid is a multinational charitable trust which has earned a reputation and fane as the
chartable trust which help the needy people from around the glove with food and shelter. They
also take charge to inform the government about the disaster-stricken people and provide
physical as well as psychological support to them. The reason to choose this Asian organisation
is that operates around the globe sand has gained tremendous popularity and fame.
Rationale of the study
The NGOs worldwide has been facing various issues. Khalsa Aid is a multinational
organisation which has also been under complexes and diverse range of issues. The topic of
the research in this report focuses upon the impact of issues related to the interorganisational
communication on the management of operations in the Khalsa Aid organisation.
A clear comprehensive communication is essential to manage relationships among the people

involved in the Khalsa Aid organisation to cater to the relief needs of the people. Some of the
issues dominant at the charity organisation are:
Lack of communication between the headquarters at Khalsa Aid and the Field Workers.
Khalsa Aid has a decentralised structure whereby the local field offices often maintain
autonomy and are minimally supervised by the headquarters of Khalsa Aid. Though this is
helpful as local offices can better understand the local conditions, it creates a problem for the
NGO to implement a standard protocol across the entire organisation.
Technological issues
Even if the Khalsa Aid organisation headquarters can understand the field office in spite of
decentralised structure, logistical and technological challenges can be an issue. Staff which is
especially in developing or under-developed countries do not have access to same level of
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technology as the NGO headquarters and often communication fails in times of immediate
needs.
Section 2: Question, aim and objectives

2.1 Aim and Objectives
The aim of the study to identify and explore the various intra-organisational communication
issues that arises in Khalsa aid Organsations which is charity non-governmental organisation
and it hinders their smooth operations.
The objectives of the research are:
The operation issues NGO organisation due to lack of inter organisational communications.
The second objective of the study is to explore ways to overcome the miscommunication
issues hampering operations at Khalsa Aid Organisation.
2.2 Research Questions

The research questions which are under study in this report are:
What operational issues arise due to lack of inter-Organisational communication?
Are they any solutions to inter-organisational miscommunication problem?
Section 3: Secondary Research (1500)
3.1 Introduction
There are varied explanations for the emergence, maintenance, pattern and
outcomes of the different interorganisational communications. Though early
theoretical work has come from other disciplines, theories have been developed
which has given the primacy to the communications.
Resource’s dependence
The early literature on interorganisational relationships suggest that Organsations
forms the interorganisational relationships for compensation for resources and
uncertainty. Interdependence is a common approach to forming interorganisational
communication relationships. Resource dependency theory is developed by Pfeffer
and Salancik, is based upon the important goal of the organisation which is survival.
It requires different resources and Organsations depend on environment for the
resources.
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The exchange of resources which includes monetary, political and informative makes
up the major rationale for the Organsations who engage in interorganisational
relationships. The Organsations as per this theory involve themselves in
collaborative relationships to gain resources or advantages which are offered by
other Organsations resources.
Organsations who voluntarily involve themselves in a collaborative relationship helps

to get access to resources and the advantages which are offered by other
Organsations.
For successfully managing the dependence on other Organsations, resource

dependence theories state that Organsations should comply to certain
characteristics. These are firstly to acquire control on the critical resources and
reduce dependence on other Organsations. secondly to acquire control over
resources which other Organsations require and to increase the dependence of
other Organsations. Organsations usually build relations to other Organsations for
gaining access to critical resource.
Domain Approaches
Another essential approach to interorganisational communication relationship is that in the
non-profit sectors like NGO, or charity Organsations depend upon the Domain theory. The
Domain theory emphasis on dynamics of interorganisational domains which are clearly
defined in terms of common problems that Organsations need to tackle. It is a problem-
centred approach which draws explicitly from Emery and Trist who introduced the concept of
environment where challenges or problems are characterised by uncertainties, complexities
abnd unclear boundaries. It cannot be addressed alone by a single organisation.
As per the domain approach, interorganisational relations take place due to different inter-
Organsations domains which are not static in nature. Members of the different Organsations
share a vision of the issues or problems and mutually agrees upon protocol, directions and
boundaries which are often perceived as the permanent structure.
Stakeholder Theory
The stakeholder theory is another interorganisational alliance where the Organsations stand at
the centre of network of stakeholders. An Organsations stakeholders refers to the individuals
who can be affected by the organisation or their actions affect the organisation, these usually
includes the employees or members of the organisation, the customers, the suppliers and the
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local communities. The stakeholder’s perspective is based on a broad idea that Organsations
are co-operative by nature. As a result of this, Organsations tend to form ties with the
stakeholders for achieving common objectives. These relationships are known as networks,
alliances and constellations. These serve as a powerful mechanism for alignment of interests
of various stakeholders who can help the Organsations to reduce the uncertainty of the
environment.
Homophily
Homophily is another popular factor which influences the pattern of relationships in an
interorganisational commination network. The rationale of this theory of homophily is based
upon similarity. The relationships that exist between similar Organsations are more preferred.
Atouba and Shumate have clearly categorised the distinguish the three types of
interorganizational homophily: attribute based homophily abd geography based homophily.
Attribute based homophily refers to the similarity based on general attributes. These
Organsations build communication ties wit each other as the similarity is perceived fir
facilitation if the communication flows.
Geography based homophily refers to similarities based on proximity and geographic areas. It
is helpful to be in close proximity for incentive and more communicate relationships.
Institutional Theory
As per the institutional theory, the organisation life chances are improved by demonstrating
conformity to norms and social expectations of the institution environment. In this theory,
institutional environments impose pressure on the Organsations which appear to be legitimate
and conforms to the prevailing social norms.
The theorists state that institutional forces motivate the Organsations to engage themselves in
activities which increases the legitimacy and appearance as they are in conformity to standard
rules, and norms of the business environments.
The development of interorganisational communication ties will give way to better survival
and better interorganisational communications. In the sectors like the charity Organsations or
non-government Organsations (NGO), often form ties with the ither Organsations to meet the
necessary legal requirements. The mandates received from higher authorities like the
government agencies, legislation and professional regulatory bodies often provide the
impetus for collaborate relationships that may not otherwise occur voluntarily.
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3.2 Literature Gap
The theories which have been described have been applied to various different types of
interorganisational communication. Many of these theories have been applied to
interorganisational communications without much study. Shumate and Contractor have
introduced typology for describing the different relations that constitutes the Organsations
networks. These are affinity, flow, representation, and semantic. Moreover, the theories also
suggest that certain theories are more applicable in particular organisation types and not to
all. Hence, there is an extensive need to apply the organisational theories to a broader
spectrum.
New areas of research have been developing in the study of interorganisational

communications. These areas have mixed results but represents new frontiers in the
interorganisational communication studies. These areas show mixed results but they represent
new frontiers fir future research. It gives way to expand the study of inter-organisation
communications and provide a new pathway to research.
One of the most promising areas four interorganisational communication research is the
outcomes of these relationships, which has been previously studies at the group, individual,
and Organsations levels. However, recent research has been signalled that important sources
of interorganisational communication may occur at collaboration and the entire networks
levels.
3.3 Summary
In summary we can say that the project has discussed the issues in operations of Organsations
due to intra-communication issues between Organsations. The literature review focuses on
various theories intra-organisational communications and it also ponders on some gaps which
exists in the literature review.
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Section 4: Primary Research (1000)
Section 5: Evaluation (500)
Section 6: Conclusion and Recommendations (200)
Section 7: Reflective Statement (300)
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Reference List
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BMP5001: BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND CAREER

Word Count: 4000

Background of the study

Rationale of the study

A clear comprehensive communication is essential to manage relationships among the people

Section 2: Question, aim and objectives

The objectives of the research are:

2.2 Research Questions

What operational issues arise due to lack of inter-Organisational communication?

Are they any solutions to inter-organisational miscommunication problem?

Section 3: Secondary Research (1500)

Organsations who voluntarily involve themselves in a collaborative relationship helps

For successfully managing the dependence on other Organsations, resource

New areas of research have been developing in the study of interorganisational

Section 5: Evaluation (500)

Section 6: Conclusion and Recommendations (200)

Section 7: Reflective Statement (300)

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