VOLUME II

ROF. PETER POPESKO, D.M.V., Dr.Sc.

TLAS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ANATOMY

F THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Adapted from the English translation by

PROF. Dr. R. GE'I"I'Y, D.V.M., Ph.D.

HEAD. DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY ANATOMY, IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

with the assistance of CYNTHIA ROSENBAUM, B. S.

 ATLAS
OF TOPOGRAPHICAL
ANATOMY
OF THE DOMESTIC
ANIMALS
PROF. PETER POPESKO, D.M.V., Dr.Sc.
HEAD, DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY ANATOMY, SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, KOS ICE

VOLUME II
SIXTH EDITION

W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY PHILADELPHIA, LONDON, TORONTO

 /
<D Prirod a 13 rattslava J 9YO
Table of contents BOVINE 42 S!.-drtol /oj1ogmphr /'/'/'('(,/i11g abd0111i1w/ 1111d Jwh-ir
r11:i:a11.L Dorsal ;·i(•;,•_ S11pnjiciol dis.1'1'f!io11.
I2 8orlr rl'gio11s. -- Fz�- I ng :J6
l3 S!.-de/011. - Fig. 2 4;1 Skclctol /0J101,:m/1h)• rnwt!i11g ahrlrm1i11al and J1d1•ic
14 Sujmficiol 11111.<ril's ({jfN rn11oml o/ th,· rntr111t"II.I rng,ms. /)ors11/ ,,;,,;,·•. Dffp dissection - Fig ,'Ji
Ill lfSc/1'S. -· Fig :J 44 Ahdo111i11ol ,ngo11s. Rig/rt 1•ie1,•. - hg: 38
I5 Vin,· of i11/cmo/ ,,,gom _ji-m11 the right. --· Fi_�: ./ ·Fi Abdomi11ol 01go11s. Lr:(! ,•fe,('. Dl'<'P lorn 11(/n r!'-
I6 /11/emol ,,,ga11\. lrj/ ,·inc. S11j,r'1/iriol dissi' Clio11. 111m·al of t/11· l)'fJll'/1 and r11w /)(fr/ o/ rrlirnl11111. -
F,:�� 5 Fip : 39
I7 !11tn11al rn:i;am. lr'.ft ,,;,,,,,. /)('(' fl rlir.1Pclio11. 4(, Cmss sr-rlio11 thm11glr obd"111i11al m,·il)' at lr'i'<'I o/
Fi.�- 6 r·i,�ltt/1 //um,cir ,,,,,klmw. Vic11" ,f m11drtf w1fau·
18 771nmrir s!.-clctr111, le(/ 1·ic1t·. -- f-k i (/r(('(//(1//. - ng 40
I9 IJissr,ctio11 •(/ ln11r!.-, le// ;•in.-·. Dr·cp rlinr·tlirm ofter -t 7 Cmss .1,·ctio11 //11·011,�h o/Jdo111i11rtl m,•il)' of /,,,,/'! ri f
r('/1/(li'(([o/lfrr, le/i ///(Jr({(/( aJilH'llrlo.�1-. - h_i;: 8 fr-11th t/,,,mrir ;•crfrlm,. Vin,· o/ m11dal rnr/trC/'
20 Dissfflion o/ 1/wmr ,,-•ith ;,l1•um rr·1nm•NI r,·1•r•(Jl{I),� o/sr·rtio11. -- !-Jg. 41
t·1' sf'err1, nj:f1t t·fru 1 • - Fi,t{ .CJ -tB Cmn sc1'/io11 t/11·,111gli obdon1inol rm•il)' of ln•el 11(
21 Dissf'(1inn ol thomr 1,•ilh JJ!rnm 101101•1,t! ,-,,,,eoli11g Cifllrfr1I ,•111/ (Ir r·f,,,·,•11//, //,(1/"lf(I( ,·r·rtebm. Vil'I('
,·iscr·m, l1ji ;•ic,c. - Fip: /() 11/rr111dul s1n/im 11/sr•cfi(/11. - Fig. 42
22 ll1omrir port oj 1•nlt·b111I rn/1111111. lr:Ji 1·i1•;,•_ - 4') Cmss s1•c/io11 thm11gh obrf,1111i11al cm•i(l' of ln·d ,if
I-ii.:- I I thirlcm// , thomrir ,•ntelm,. Vin," (//m11do/ w
. rfim·
22 Skl'il'I"" of //w l,n11bar 1·nld1mr·. /)r,rsnlotnal (//wclio11. -- Fig. 4:J
t·ir'i('. - F,)r, I 2 :iO Ci·,,s., sr·rtio11 //,m11,�I, 11bdo111i11al cm•ilr al /,,,,,,/
2:1 Sixth /11111/Jar frtbr)i'(,J rmdfint l11111bm (bdo,,-J ,·rr- ,,f .Jin! l11111b11r ,•ntf'lmr. l'ic,,• of rn11do/ Hllji,rr· (//
11,brrw Co11r/11/,1il'ml ,·i1·1,•. - Fi,i;. !:J ,\('f'ti()JI. -· /-i/.,:. 44
2:l Si.rt!, lr1111bar (abn,•1,J a11d(inl !11111lmr (bt/111,·) ;•1·r­ :i I Cu,s., S{'(!io11 thmu,t;h obdrJ111i110I rn;•il)' of le;•r•I
lebme. Cm11ial 1·c11tml ;•ie;,", - Fig /.1 11/third /u111bar i'i'r/r•hm, l'if'1i' ol ('(//Ida/ wrji,ce 1il
24 DN'P 11111.m1/at11rr· o/ !ht .,j>inol m/1111111, 11'.fl ;•ir•;,', Sf'( /JOI{. - F�t.{ 45
-- Fi_i;. 15 :i'.2 Cm.H sfflir111 thro11.�lr u/,do111i110I cm•i/)' al ln•cl o/
24 Vii'ii'Off/,mroftl/(/m\. - Fig Iii 1i,ti1 l1u11hor 1·,-1-tebm. . rji,rr'
Vim• of w11dol w
25 Cm.1.1 ,·,·ctio11 t!mJ11gh //}(mJr rt/ if'i•r•I oj Sffrmd tlw­ of scclio11. -- f-k -Iii
r
rorit i'l'rtc{ira. l if-it'' t�/rauda/ .onfor·,, ,�f w,·tiun. -­ 5:1 Di;·isi1111.1 o/ f(/r('J/()/11(/c// flllri 5f,111wch, left 1•ir·1,·.
Fi.�. 17 Pnitrnu·,,/ u11ad1111r•11/s i11dirnted br diffr,rr·11r,, i11
26 Cm.tr .1fftin1t lhrrJ11_�!, tlul/m a! ir'i'f·i o/ third thom­ color. - Fi_�: 47
ric ;·1•1 /r•bm. l'i,-;,·• 11/ m11rlol rnrfi,rr· of s1•cfio11. -· 5'.l /)i;•isiom (//fores/01111ul1 and s/0111oclr, r!t;hl ,,if,;,·•.
!)�: /8 Pl'rilrmm/ o//11d111w11ts i11dimter/ b)' di(/err'J1Ce i11
27 CroH St'(/io11 thro1tJ.:h tlwrar rt/ /(';•el ,�f'./(11,r//, t/in­ m/,n: -- Fig 48
mcir ;·1•rltlm1. l'il'i,' o/rnudol sur/itC<' "/section. - 'i4 Abdm11i11ul ,·isffm. l1mtml ,,if,,,., i(•ith abdrJ111i11ol
/-,g. /!/ ;cal/ rrjffftr•d - 1-'(t;. 4!!
28 Cmss sf'Clio11 lhm111,J1 tlum1r al lt1•1·/ o/.Jifih thom­ '" {)is,wti,111 ,,/ mo/ u/r1bd(/111i110I m,•iti•.
cic ;-r-r/!'hl fl. l'if'i, '' of ri111da/ .rnrjrrrr' "( .1Pclin11. -­ Fi.!.! :"iO
Fig:!(} 'iG 7i1Juigmphic m10/0111iml rdo!io11.1 of r11gam adiri­
29 Cmu sr·clio11 t/11m1gl, tlwrm ,,1 il'i·i-i 'if ,i,th !h11ro­ rm! /1, tlu· dioj1hrr,�m. - F!�: ,j I
rit i.'<'rlf'lno. 1 iNc' r�/ caudal Hnfao· ,�/ sr-cliun - :i 7
,,
1:11,;.-, (II m11dol sfftio11 ,if obdo111inol rn,·i(l' u•ith
n� 21 ,n:�1111.'i. n, situ. - Fi_r.;·. 52
;rn Cron Sf'C!io/1 tlimugh thorar of if'i•('/ (fl .\i'i'l'//i/1 tho- 5g J.i;•n. Ni�/,/ ,•ie;,• 11lJ){{rir•/((/ s11rjr1(('. - l·k ,5,'J
ratir i'r•rtr,hra. Vfr,u• r�lra11da/ s111fatr' 1�/ Sf'rlio1 1
• •--- 59 l.11'i'r. Vif'I,' 'il 1·im·ml wr/orr·. - Fig. 54
Fig 22 fi() R,:�hl ,idc o/kid11c)'S /JI situ. -- Fig. 55
31 /,1111g1, rzd1t i'//'/('. Drm,·11 fm111 fl drr Sj)(·ri111('1/, 61 f:id1w1·s a11d .rnj.>mr/'/1"/ ,t;lm1111'. Ven/ml ;•in('.
l·k- 23 I-k ,Ii
:31 /.11/1_�\ lrji ,'il'1('. Orm('fl .Jim11 fl d,y spffi1111•11. - G2 /nltslinal Imel. ri�lrl ;•ir'ii'. Partiolli• srh,·1110/ir. -
f-i;t;. 24 !\tr 57
g
32 f r/i /,111.�. l'i!'i(' of' ,11r·di11sli110/ s111/ore. - /-��- .'!.; fi3 /n//'/1/(/I r,1gam, rzt;lrl side. E(i;lrtl, )//(/1//h u/ Jnr ­
g g
33 Ri ht l1111g: J/i,,,,, of 111cdiosli11ol .rn1fac1'. -- !-,�-- 26 /1(/1/()', :lbdo111i11al i('o/1 mid port of the dioph m 111
34 /,1/lli,:J- f lir,;(• ul rliaj1/rmg11111tir .1111:(or,,. - f-(�- :> 7 ,r-1110,·NI. - !·k .-is
:15 !-lmrl, lrft ,·ie,,'. - Fig: 28 G-1 /'"sitio11 uf 11/l'ms i11 <'ig/rlh 11111111/r o/ Jm·g11m1ry.
r
35 /-/('(Jr/, n:�-/,/ ,·in,··. - hg: 29 /11tcsti1ws and 1111'.11•11/i' )' rt'/1/(li'f'd. 011tli11t o/ 1'111-
36 Cm/ '(/ 1·t11/rimlar �)'S/c111 o/ tlrr hmrl. hfi 1•ie1c. hn•o dm1,·11 i11 11/nm. fn1111 ff fixed .,peci111t11.

- Fi,�- :J(J fl:t:- 59

37 Cm! o/ ;•r•11/rirn/or S)'.1/r•111 of tire hmrl. R,:�ht ;•i1·1.-·. fi"i /ntemal rn;�om, /r:fl ,•ieii', in e(�ittlr 111011th (//
- Fk :11 Jmg11m1n. .-lbd11111i110I ,Nt!I 011d port o/ tlw dia­
;rn S/,p/r•trm of lrn11!.-. Dorsal 1•11'1(•. - l·Z�: ,12 . ,u rr-111nv(-•r/. Outlinr; u( n11lny11 r/,·(1�·11.
jJ/110�
39 Skdetrm o/tn111k. Vl'lltml ,,if,,,,_ - I-(�- :1:1 Fi,,: fi/1
r
40 Ahdo111i11al ,(•o/1, lefi ,·in.-·. Suj mficiol di.,·sfftio11. liG Cul/, /;(•o rl,rs old. 1lbd"111i11al /Jlguns, /r'./i ;•irw.
- Fig: :J4 h,t;- (if
41 A IHl0111i111t! 1,·a//. DffjJ dissfflio11. J'ir,,,, "( !Irr• i1111n 67 Crrlf; /1<·•0 rlr�rs old. Abdo111i11ul organs, right ,•if'i('.
rnr/arc ;cith /!cri/itll('/1111 IPl//(/i'('d - Fz�: :1.5 - Fi�: 62

5
SHEEP 94 .-lhdo111i11af r11ga11s, front 1•it·1,•. Diaj>hmg111 re-
11101wl. - Fig 90
68 Skeleton. - Fi_�; 6:J 95 Abdo111i11af organs, front ;•it'ii'. Dia/Jhmg111 a_ nd
69 S11perficial 11111scles afin rr'111o;•al of tftr, rnlt11u'o11s a {argt· part o/!ht {i,•er re11101•td. - Fi15 ; 91
11111scles. - Fig o4 96 Ahdo111i11af organs, right 1•i1·11·. Grmln 011u•11t11111,
70 Cross sfftion thm1115ft t!torrn at ftw,f o{.fi,urt!t t!to­ 1111•st11terr and dia/Jhrag111 JF/1/0i't'd. - Fig; 92
mcic 1·crtebra. - Fig 65 97 Di;j)()sition o( co/011, in situ. Ri_�ht ;•irn•. S111aff i11-

71 Cross Sfflion t!trou.�ft tlwrax at fn·d ofsn·enth tho­ 11,stint and ffC/1111 rl'/11//i'!'d. - Fig 9,'j
racic ;•nkbm. - Fig 66
72 Left /1111g; Vil'ii' 11( llll'di(/stinaf stn/rtC!'. - Fi,�; 67
72 Ri,�ltt /1111.�. flil'ii' o( 1//('di(lstill(lf s11rfr1u·. SWINE
!-\:{ 68
7 :l fl,,ri::011/(I{ sfflion thro11.�ft ///lmtr al fn,,,f o/ bme o/ 98 Skeltto11. - Fig. 94
/w(lr/ (armrding lo S1.· 1m1101•). - Fi,�; 69 99 Suj>l'r/iriaf 1nusnrlut11rl'. - Fig 95
74 Abdominal 1nga11s, ri_�ltt .\"11/H't/i"rial l'il'ii'. 100 g
lnll'maf r11;�w1s, left i'il'ii'. Diu/>h m 111 rc111m·Nf.
Fi,�; 70 Fig .96
75 Abdo111i11al 01ga11s, right dt•r·jJ 1•il'ii'. - Fig 7I 101 /11/cmaf 01ga11s, right ;•il'ii•. Diajih mg111 rt'/11//iWf.
76 Cross sfflio11 through abdo111i11af rm·iti· al le1•1·! o/ - I-k 97
ei_�ltth thomcic 1•1•1kbm. Vin,• o( rnuda{ surfrrce o/ 102 Diss!'Clio11 of trunk, /1'.fi 1•it1i'. Dffj> farer a/in rl'-
section. - Fi/.( 72 111oml o( !ht• left th,m,rir 0/>JH'/ldrw·- - 1-(1;; .98
77 Cross sl'Cti1111 throu,:;h abdo111i1wf ((n•it)' al fn•r•f o/ 10:l Th11raric J>orlio11 o/sj>int, /1'.fi i'il'ii'. - Fig .99
h,·1·/fth thoracic ;•atehm. l'il'ii' o( mudrrf s111-jr1ff o/ 103 /.11111b11r porlio11 o/.1J>i11t, left i'i1•11•. - Fig JOO
sfflion. - F(�- 7:J 104 Dissl'Ction o( thom.r, ri_i;ltt ;•it•ii'. Mtdiaslin11111, j>Ni-
78 Cross Sl'Ctio11 through abdo111iu1rf cm•iti· al ft,,,,,{ o/ mrrfi11111 and {u11g1, ii'ith 1'.\Ct/ilio11 o/ thr- acc1·ss111y
second f11111har 1•n/!'bm. l'it•i,' o/ rnudaf rn
. rfi1u· o/ lohe, /1'11101wf. - Fig IOI
Sfflio11. - Fig; 74 105 Di.1snlio11 o/ tlum1x, /1'.fi 1·i1'ii'. l.e/i 11111.�; lll('diasti-
79 Cross sffli,111 through afx/0111i11af rn,•itr (It ln·el 11f 1111111 and Jinimrdi11111 r1·11101·1·d. - Fi_�; 102
ji/t!t /1111/bar i'Niebm. l'itii' of mudaf .rnrfi1ce "l 10(, Cmss Sl'Clion tlm111.�h thom.\· al /e;•r·f '!l s1•m11d tho­
sedion. - F(!.!,·. 75 mcic ;•1Tltfm1. l'in,' o/rnudaf wrfr1rt o/seclio11. -
g
80 li1jJ11gmJ>hic {{/1(1/r)JIJic relations 11/ the diaj>h m 111 I-k!Oci
11•ith adi{IC/'/J/ (/bdo111i110{ r11gm1s. Vin,· "( ,·1•11/ro­ 107 Cross s!'Clion throu.�h tlwm.\ at f!'i·tf rf ji,urth tho­
m11rf(l{ S11rfiue. - li1'- 76 mcic 1•1,,-/tbm. Vin,· ofrnudol sur/c1re o( sfflio11. -
81 I,idn".\'-', li,·1·1; sj>fe1·11 and J>(lll(JNJS mu/ their tflj>o- F(�; JO./
gmj>hic 1111ut,,,11ic relr1tirl//s. - I-i�- 77 108 Cross sr-clio11 through //,om\'
. al !tw·f of sr'i'/'11/h th11-
82 R.1·1irnlar .111/rns, mudof i't'r'ii' (/1jiJ. Hetirnfm wf­ mcic ;•r·rtl'bm. Vine o/rnudaf s11r/i1CI' o(.ll'rlion.
n,s, i'in(' ji·u111 abot•e fr(!.!,hO. - Fi:!.!,. 78 I-k 105
8:l /./i'IT. l'il'ii' of ;•i.,ct·mf wrfr1ce. - l·i:;. 79 109 H1·111t. left 1·ie1,·•. - Fig I()(i
84 .·lhdo111i11u{ 111;�m1S i11 /mt ii'r•ek "/ /m·g11{1/IC)', ri_:;ftt 109 llmrl, r(1)1t i'it'ii'. - 1-i�; 107
,·i""'· - I-k so 1 IO l.1111.�s. !'inc o/ di11j>hr11gW(l/ic .111r/il((•.
g
BS .1/xfr1111i11(1{ 01;:;m1s i11 /mt ii'l'l'k o( Jne 111111cr. f1ji Fi.�- I 08
;•ier.l'. - F(!.!,� 8I 111 I.1111.�s. /1:fi i'/l'ii'. Dmii'/1 jim11 (I dr)' Sj>l'Cill/('/1.
86 Sherj>, Jneg11a11/. Cross sfflirl// through 11bdo111i11ul Fi,i;. JOY
mi•il)' i11 /(Is/ ii't·t·k u/Jm·.�m111c)'. St'Ctio11 at {e;•d of 111 l.1u1_!.�S.. r(!.!,hl t•itil'', f)rail'll jl·un1 a d1y ,,jJf'tillU'Jl.
lent!t t!tomcic 1•n/!'lm1. !'in,• of mudrrf surfr1ce o( Fi.�- JI()
section. - 1'�!.!,'. 82 1 12 Cross sff/irm thro11g/1 obdr1111i11af rni•il)' al /1·1•ef of
g
87 S/l('eji, />re nant. Cross sl'Clion thrr111gh abdo111i11ul tii•tl/th t/u,r11ric ;•n-tchm. l' il'ii' o( rnudrrf wrjr1r1· o/
cm·itr i11 !mt ii'ed ofJneg11ancr. Scctio11 (I/ /,,,,el "I Sffli1111. - 1-i�; III
thirte1·11th thomric i'n/!'hm. Vil'i,., o( rnudaf s11rfr1cr· 1 1 ;; Cmn .1r-clio11 thmu.i;h 11hdo111i11(1{ cm•itr al f!'i,tf of
1�/'sectio11. - F(1;: 83 fi,urlr-!'11/h thomric i'Nir-hm. l'il'ic of m11d(I/ s111-
BS Sheej>, /m'.�na11/. Cross section th1w1,:.:h ubdo111i11al fi1cr· o(.,,.ctirl//. - Fi.�: 112
cm·it)' in lost i,'('(-k o/Jireg11{11/C)'. Sr-rtion (If le,•d of 1 14 Cross Sl'Clion through (/hdo111i11ul cm•iti· al f,,,,,,f of
third lu111/m1· i'IT/!'lmt. l'il'ii' (/l mud,rf surfr,ce of jirsl lumbar 1·r-rtl'im1. 171'1,' o/ caudal .rnrfitff o/
section. - F,:f.!,. 8-l Sl'Clion. - l·k ! IJ
89 g
Slwr-/i, J>re n(lnf. Cross sl'Ction thro11_�!t abdo111i11(1{ 115 Cross sfflio11 through abdo111i111rf rn;•i/J' al /1'1•1·/ o(
cm•itr in lost 1c/'l'k olJm-g11a11n·. Sl'Ctio11 (I/ //1(' 1!'1·el .fi,urth /11111/J(lr 1•t1kbm. l'ieii' '!l mud(lf wrfr1c,, o/
btli,'1'e11 th,. jijih and sixth lu111bar 1·Nitbrtt1·. Vil'i,' Sfflion. - Fi,�; -J f 4
'!( mudol sur/i1C1· o/sr-ctio11. - Fi.�: 85 116 Ahdo111i11af rngam, 1•e11tmf i'il'ii'. - Fig: 115
11 7 Dis,,,rtio11 11/ ro"/ of ohdo111iu11f cm•il)'.
I-i�- 116
GOAT 11 g Str1111ad1. l'iscnaf s111jctCI', left .figurl'; ({/i'ii)', r(�ht
jii;11rr·. - Fig 117
90 Ske/,.to11. Fi,�: 86 1 18 Sto/1/arh, Jmncreas, sjJ/een and greater 0111e11t11111.
91 SuJ>er/icial muscles, rntantom 11111scfts rr•11101•ed. Vitii' o{ 1•isrera{ swfaa. - Fig; 118
Fig. 87 119 Kidmys and suprarenal glands, i'/{'1/' .fimn ah01•e.
92 Dissfftio11 ol right thorax, .fi-r111t i'it'1i'. - Fi,�; 88 - Fig /19
93 Dissffti,111 of mo/o( (/bdo///i11af cm•il)'. - Fig 89 119 Li1·n; i'ir-11• of ;•iscera{ .111r(ace. - Fig. 120

6
HORSE se1•n1tee11th thoracic 1•ertebra. View of caudal sur­
face of section - Fig. 155
I 20 Body regiollS. - Fig. 121 151 Cross sectitm through abdominal cauity at lez•el of
I 21 Skeleton. - Fig. 122 caudal end of seventeenth thoracic vertebra. Vieu•
122 Skeleton of thorr;x, left 1•iew. - Fig. I 2J of caudal surface of section - Fig. 156
123 S1tj1erficial musrnlature after remo1•al of the rnta- 152 Cross section through abdominal cavity at lez•e/ rif
neous 111uscles. - Fig. 124 eighteenth thoracic 1•ertebra. View of raudal rnrfacr
124 Internal orga11S, right 1•iew. - Fig. 125 of section. - Fig. 151
125 Internal organs, left 1·iew. - Fig. 126 153 Cross section through abdominal cm·ity al lez,e/ of
126 Cutaneous muscles and nen•es of tmnk. - 1-k 121 second lumbar 1•ertebra. Vieu• ri caudal s111face of
127 Dee/! dissection of thorax and abdominal wall. section - Fig. 158
Fig. 128 154 Cross section through abdominal cauity al lel'C{ of
128 Dissection rei-eriling thoracic organs, right z,iew. third l11111bar 1•ntebra. Vieu• of caudal surface of
Mediastin11111, pnicardiu111 and a large Jiarf lif secti//11. - Fig. 159
lungs remm•ed - F(t;. 129 155 Cross section through abdominal ca1•ity at leuel of
129 Dissection rei•ealing thoracic organs, left 1•iew. Left fourth lumbar 1•ertebra. View of caudal wrface of
lung, 111ediasti11um and /iericardiu,n re,1101•ed. section. - F(![. J 60
Fig. 130 156 Stomach. Virz,, of 1•isceral mrface, i1pper figure;
130 Thoracic portion of spi11e, left 1•ieu•. - Fig: l,"J l stomach opened, lower figure. - Fig. 161
130 Lumbar portion of spine, 1'iew of dorsolateral sur­ 157 KidneJ'S, 1•entral uiew. - Fig. 162
face. - Fig. 1J2 157 Spleen Vieu• 1if 1•isceral surface. - Fig: l 63
131 The second (upper) and sixth (/me•Pr) lumbar uer­ 158 Liz•er. Vieu• of dia/Jhrag111atic surface. - Fig. 164
tebrae. Caudal 1•iew. - Fig. 133 159 Li1•rr. Vieu• of ,·isreral surface. - Fig. 165
131 The second (upper) and sixth (/rm•er) lumbar uer­ 160 lnltslina/ tract, right view, schematic. - Fig. 166
tebrae. Cranial 1•iew. - F(t;. /34 161 Mare. Vieil• of rnudal sectio11s of abdominal coz,i(v
132 Cross section through thorax at leuel of first rib. with orgam in situ. - Fig. 161
View of caudal rnrface of section (After Schmaltz.)
- Fig. 135
133 Cross section through thorax at lei•el of secrmd tho­ DOG
racic z,ertebra. Vieu• of ca11dal surface of section. -
Fig. 136 162 Skeleton. - Fig. /68
134 Cross section //,ri,11,1;/, thorax at lt·,•el o/ si,t!, thn- 163 Supe,ficia/ musrnlature. - Fig: 169
ruric i'trlf'bro. 1 7if>ll, ,�( raudol .on/an' r�f Sf'Cfio11. 164 Internal organs, left 1•iew. - Fig. 170
- F(1;. IJ7 l 65 Internal orga11S, -right 1•iew. - Fig. 111
135 L11ngs, lift 1•ieie·. Drawn from a d,y preparali//11. l 66 Thoracic portion of sfii11e, left view. - Fig. 112
- Fig. 138 166 Lumbar j1orlio11 of sj>ine, leji 1•iew. - F(![. 113
135 Lungs, right 1•ieu•. Drawn from a dry /ireparatio11. I fi 7 Dffjl di.Hff(i/111 (Ir trn11k after rem/J/'(/I of left //,u
- Fig /39 rncic ajJ/ie11doge, It/I 1•ieu•. - Fig. l 74
I '.Hi l'in,· o/ nwdiostinal rn1j<lft' o/ lt/t l1111g I fi8 Dissection of thorax, re1•ealing organs, left 1•ir·1,·.
F!1; /40 Muscles re11101•ed. - Fig. 115
137 View of nwdiaslinal surface of r!1;ht lung. - 169 Dissection of thorax, rr,z•ealing organs, right 1•iezi'.
F(t;. 141 Muscles mnm•ed. - F!r 176
138 Lungs. Vie11• of diaphrag111atic rnrfacr. - F(1;: 142 1 70 Cross serlio11 //,mug!, thomx at ln'f'i o/ t/11m1ric 1•11-
139 Hmrt. lrft ;•iew. - Fig. 143 tmnC1· (cmnial t/11,mcic i11/r•/). Vieu· of rnurlal sur­
139 Hearl, r(1;ht 1•ieu•. - Fig: 144 fac,, 0(11,cti,111. - F(�: 111
140 Diaphragm. Vieu• of cranial wrface. -� Fig. 145 l 71 Cross section through thorax al lez•el of fourth tho­
141 Diaphragm. Vie11• of abdominal (caudal) surface. racic 1•ertebra. Vin,• of cu11da/ swface of serlio11. -
-- Fig. 146 Fig: 178
142 Topographic mwlomic relations 1i orga11S adjacent 172 L1111gs, right 1·im•. Drawn fm111 a d ry Jneparalion.
lo the dia/1h mg111. Venlrocauda/ l'iew. - Fig. 141 - Fig. 179
143 Internal o�gw,s, 1•e11tral 1•iew. Abdominal wall re- 1 72 Lw1gs, left 1•it•u•. Drall'11 from a d ry Jirej){Jratirm.
flected. - Fig 148 - Fig lf/0
144 Skeleton of lnlllk, dorsal uiew. - Fig. J 49 1 7:3 L1111gs. Viru• of diafihragmalic .111rface. Medias/i­
145 Skeleton of trnnk, 1•e11tral 1•ieu,. - Fig. 150 n 11111 re111m·ed. - Fi,�: 18 I
146 Skeletal toJ1ogra/Jhy re1•eali11g abdominal and J1eh·ii I 74 Internal orga11S, 1•e11tral 1•ieu•. Abdominal wall r!'·
1)/gam. Dorsal 1•ieu·. SujJe1/icial dissectio.'I. - fleeted. Stomach em/Jly. - Fi,�: If/2
Fig. 151 I 75 Internal orga11S, 1•e11/m/ l'ini•. Abdominal wall rP­
147 Skeletal toj)(Jgmjihy n'1•eali11g abdo111i11al and peh•ir flerft,d. Stomach full, greater ome11t11m reu1mwl. -
organs. Dorsal 1•ieu•. Dee/! dissection. - Fig. 152 Fii 183
148 Cross serlion through abdo111i11al m1•it1· al ln·el of 176 Diaphragm. Vieu•of thoraric surfare. -- fig. lf/4
fourteenth thoraric 1•ertebra. Virz,, of raudr,/ s111/11- 177 Cross SPClirm through abdominal m1•ity al le1•e/ of
ce of section - Fig. JSJ 11,,,,ljth thoracic 1•ertebra. Vilw of caudal rnrfacc of
149 Cross section through abdominal cm•i{)• at ltw•I of section. - Fig. 185
sixteenth thoracic 1•ertebra. View of mudal surface 1 78 Cross serlio11 through abdomi11al cm•ily at le1•el of
of section - Fig. l 54 seumd /11111bm· 1•ertebra. Vieu• of caudal surface of
150 Cross section through abdm11i11al rnz,ify al ln•el of sl'Clio11. - Fig: 186

7
1 79 Cross section through abdominal cm•i()' al lez•el o/ 18 7 Internal organs, right ;•ieu•. Pericardi11111, dia­
fifth lumbar ,·ertcbra. Vieu• ol caudal swface o/ phragm, 0111enll11n and 111esen/e1y reJnm•ed. -
section. - Fig: 187 Fig: 196
180 Tojmgraj1hic analon1ic relations of drmal abdomi­ 188 Dissection of autonomics of thoracic inlet. Le/I side.
nal organs. - Fig: 188 - Fig: 197
181 Sy1njJalhetic abdomen. - Fig: 189 189 Dissection ril a/llono111ics ol thoracic inlet. Right
182 Lil•n; hardened in situ, diaj1hrag111atic swF1ce. sidr'. - Fig: 198
Fig. 190
I 82 l.h·C/; hardened in situ, 1•im,ral swfaa'. - I:ig 19 I
183 Intestinal tract, right ,•icu•. Schematic. - Fig: 192 RABBIT

190 Skeleton. - Fig: 199

CAT I 91 Suj){'/firial 111/ISCl/lature. C/ltr/11/'o/ls muscles /'!'-
1)/()/'('d. - Fig: 200
184 Skeleton. - Fig. 193 192 Internal organs, lrft 1•ir'1t'. -Dia/1hragm, 1nesenll'I)'
185 Suj){'/jicial 111/lsrnlall!/'!'. Cutanmus 111u.w1es /'!'- and 0111enlu111 /'!'11101'/'d. - Fig. 20!
111111'('(/. - F(�: 1.94 193 Internal organs, right ,•in,•. Diaj1hmgl//, nwsm/C/)'
186 fnlemal organs, Ir/! ,•in,•. Pericardium, diaj1hmg111, and ol//enlu111 re1n01•ed. - Fig: 202
,m1enlu111 and 111esenle1y re11w1•NI. - Fig. !.95 194 fnleslines, right ,•iew. Srwi-sche111alic. - Fig: 20:J

8
Introduction

The second uolume of the "Atlas of Topographical AnafoJ71y of the DoJ71estic Animals" is a logical
stq11el to the first volume; it deals with topographic a11atomy of the thorax and thoracic organs, and
of the abdomen a11d abdoJ71inal orgam, i11 the same sjJecies as in Vol11J71e l.
Tech11ical preparation of the material, especially that from the large domestic animals, was rather
difficult. Here the author used his knowledge of J7lethods and tech11iques acquired while working at
the Anatomic Institute of the Veterinmy Faculty in Brno. In order to jJresen•e anatomic contours and
relationships found in life, specimens were prepared by fixi11g the a11imal in toto before the actual
freezing: This method proved to be especially advantageous when using the freezing technique to
jHepare serial sections. In this way meteorism i11 the digestive tract was jJre1•e11ted, and the digestil.•e
organs retai11ed their relative positiom in the sections even after thawing.
111 VoluJ7/e II of the Atlas, serial sections are employed to illustrate J71ore Jnecisely the jJeritoneal
and pleural relatio11sh1jJs. Therefore, certain secondary features in successive illustrations are dejJicted
only scheJ71atically, for example the thick11ess of the abdomi11al wall, thickness <J the intestinal wall,
j

and so forth. At the ansa of the jejunum, the mesojejw1w11 was not drawn in J71ost cases. Likewise, fur
technical reasons, boundaries between the aponeuroses and abdominal musculature and the dia­
jJhragm were not illustrated in the sections. The reader ca11 co111pe11sate for this occasional lack of
detail by comparison with other illustrations.
In the topograjJ/ry of the abdominal orga11s, the author tried to present, at least j)(lrtly, the
t<1jJogmjJhic changes induced by p!rysiologic cycles (changes in topography during pregnancy in rumi­
nants, and at different degrees of filling of the stomach in the dog and pig). The reader should take
this into consideration so that he will not confuse these special conditions with 11ur111al a11ato111y.
As in Volume I, most of the illustratiow were prepared by the author himself, in the caj)(lcity of
both artist and anatomist. However, he wishes to acknowledge the contributions of his co-workers:
D1: Bibiana Hcijovska, CSc., expert assista11t at the lmtitute, supplied drawings of serial sections
slum·ing the thorax a11d abdomen of sheep (normal a11d pregnant), which were jJart of her disserta­
tion work. She also added graphic details i11 accordance with the style used througlzo11t the Atlas
(Figures 72 through 75, 82 through 85). Dr. Viera Rajtoua, CSc., also an assistant at the Institute,
drew some of the illustrations fro171 specimew, i11 particular the orgam. Both assistants helj1ed the
author in the prej1aratio11 of speciJJ1ens and with proofreading: Other illustrations were drawn by
Mr. Horst Schmidt from Halle (Saale, GDR), who worked for a tiJJ1e at the Institute; in collabora­
tion with the author he prepared a number of figures showing the skeleton, the muscular system, and
some topographic anatomic relationslllps.
New material for this edition is included both in the text, where the new 11ome11clature (N A. V.)
is used, and in the figures, where illustratiom have been revised and new topographic anatomic
relatiom!11ps have been added

Kofice, June 1975 Pm/ Petn Pope,l'ko, D.M. V, Dr.Sc

9
-
VOLUME II - TRUNK

BOVINE, SHEEP, GOAT, SWINE,

HORSE, DOG, CAT, RABBIT
Bovine. Body regions.
Figure 1
1. rnjml - head
2. - 6., 20., 21. ffgi()/ws co/Ii (co//11111) - cervical re­
gion (neck)
2. regio co/Ii dona/is fregio 1111cholis) - dorsal cervi­
cal region (nuchal region)
3. regio co/Ii lr1/r•ralis - lateral cervical region
4., 6., 20. regio ml/i 1•r•11/ra/is (H'gio j11g11/oris) ven-
tral cervical region (jugular region)
5. regio J1amtid('(/ - parotid region
6. rr·gio /({}y11gm - laryngeal region
7. -12. thorax - thorax
7., 8., 15. rr'_t;io,ws dorsi - dorsal region
7 ., 8. regio ;•r•r/l'bralis th,,racis (rcgio dor.wcosto/is)
thoracic vertebral region (dorsocostal region)
7. regio inlerscajm/oris - interscapular region
9. -12. regi,mes Jwcloris - pectoral region
9. regio scajmloris - scapular region
10. regio cuslalis - costal region
I l. regio J1res/en1alis - presternal region
12. regio str:ma/is - sternal region
I 3., 14., 15., 16., l 7., 18., l 9. obdo111e11 - abdomen
13., 14., 16., 16'., 16"., 17., 18., 19. regi1111cs abdo111i11is
- abdominal region
I :3., 14. rr•gio abdo111i11is cra11io/is (cjJigastri11111) - cra­
nial abdominal region (epigastrium)
I 3. regio hyjJ11chr111driam - hypochondriac region
12
14. ffgio xi/1l/llidm - xiphoid region
l 5. rr•gio f11111hafis - lumbar region (of abdomen)
16., 16'., 16"., 17. n'.gi11 abd11111i11is 111cdio (11wsogmlri-
11111) - middle abdominal region (mesogas­
trium)
16., 16'., 16". rr'gio abd11111i11is folaalis - lateral ab­
dominal region
16'. .Ji,srn J1orali1111balis - paralurnbar fossa
I 6". regio plicae lateris (regio plicae genus) - region
of knee fold
1 7. regio 11111/Ji/irnlis - umbilical region
18., 19. regio obd11111i11is rn11dalis (hyjJogmlri11111) - cau-
dal abdominal region /hypogastrium/
18. rl'gio i11g11i11a/is - inguinal region
19. ffgio /J//bim - pubic region
20. j){//('(Jr (j1/ica 1·r•11/ra/is mfli; ;•ide 4. regio ;•enlralis
cl!(/i) - ventral fold of neck (see 4. ventral
cervical region)
21. regio J1rescajmlaris - prescapular region
22. -28. rrgi111u•s 11w111bri t//llracici - region of tho­
racic appendage
22. regio arlirn/oti1111is h11111eri - region of humeral
articulation
23. regio bmc/1ii - brachia! region
2:l'. regiu /ricij1ilolis - tricipital region
24. regio rnbilis - cubital region
16
..
.--········• \
JS :
25. regio 011/ebrachii - antebrachial region
26. ffgio rn1j1i - carpal region
27. rr•gio mclac({}jli - metacarpal region
28. rf'giou,•s digil11n1111 111,111//.\ - region of digits
29. -33. rr•gi1111r•s jJr•h·is - pelvic region
29. rr'.gio tubais coxor· - region of tuber coxae
30. rr·gio mcralis - sacral region
31. rr·gio g/11/m - gluteal region
31'. rr•gio cf1111is - clunal region
:12. 1"('gio /11beris ischiadiri - region of ischiatic tu­
ber
33. regio m11dalis (regio Cf/C(X�Pa) - caudal region
(coccygeal region)
34. -40. regionr·s 111r·111bri jwh·i11i - region of pelvic
appendage
:14. r,,gio arlirn/oti,mis mxo1· (rt'gio /md1a11/nim) -
region of coxal articulation (trochanteric
region
35. regio gn1m /alnalis - lateral region of knee
36. regio cruris - crural region
36'. regio j}l)p(ilea - popliteal region
37. regio tarsi - tarsal region
38. regio melalrmi - metatarsal region
39. regi1111rs digit,m1111 Jmfis - region of digits
40. regio fr11111ris - femoral region
Bovine. Skeleton.

Figure 2

21. os 111etaca1jJa/e Ill et IV - third and fourth me­

I. 111axi//a - maxilla 10. os sacn1111 - sacrum tacarpal bone
2. 111andib11/a - mandible 11. 1•ertebrae COCC)'gNIC - coccygeal vertebra 22. ossa digitoru111 ma11us - bones of digits (of tho-
3. atlas - atlas 12. cos/a I - first rib racic appendage)
4. axis - axis 13. cos/a XIII - thirteenth rib 23. os coxae - os coxae
5. 1•ertebra cen•ica/is VI - sixth cervical vertebra 14. carti!agines cos/ales - costal cartilages 24. osfmwris - femoral bone
6. 1•ertebra thorr1cim 1 - first thoracic vertebra 15. stemu111 - sternum 25. tibia - tibia
7. 1•ertebra thoracica VII - seventh thoracic verte­ 16. scapula - scapula '.Zfi. o.na tmsi - tarsal bones
bra I7. humerus - humerus 27. os 111etatarsa/e III ,,1 IV - third and foµrth meta­
8. 1•ertebm thomcirn Xlll - thirteenth thoracic 18. uhw - ulna tarsal bone
vertebra 19. radius - radius 28. ossa digiton1111 pa/is - bones of digits (of pelvic
9. 1•ertebra /1111/bulis V - fifth lumbar vertebra 20. ossa cwpi -. carpal bones appendage)

13
Bovine. Superficial muscles after removal of the cutaneous muscles.
Figure 3
I. 111. fr,,,,1111r 11rw,/abiali.< - levator nasolabialis
muscle
2. 111. 111alr1ri.1 - malar muscle
:3. 111. 111as.1!'/n - masseter muscle
4. 111. pw·11tir/11011rirnlari.1 - parotidoauricular
muscle
5. funs ffn•imlis 111i. tmp,,::ii - cervical part of tra­
pezius musde
5' Jun;,- th11mcim 111i. lmj>r'::ii - thoracic pan of tra­
pezius muscle
6., 7. 111. lm1cl1i,,cr'j>halirn.1 - brachiocephalic
muscle
6. 111. rkid1111ccijJi/a/i.1 - cleido-occipital muscle
7. 111. d1,id11111ast11idt'11s - cleidomastoid muscle
B. 111. 1m111/m11s1't'r.<ari11.1 - omotran;verse muscle
!J. 111. s/n1111111m1rli/)IJ/r1ris - sternomandibular
muscle
I 0. j>an acm111ialis 111i. r/1,ft11idr'i acromial part of
deltoid muscle
11. pars smjmlaris 111i. dr-lt11irl,,, scapular part of
deltoid muscle
12. 1//. fatissi///11s d11rsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
I3. rn/ml lrmgum 111i. lricij>ili.1 bmc/1ii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
14
14. rnj>11I /a/r'mfr, /Iii. lricij1ilis fm,chii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
I�'- 111. /11111 l,iu/i., - brachia I muscle
l (i. 111. ,,_1/l'//.111r rn1jJi mdialis - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
17. 111. ,,_,/!'11.rnr digil1m1111 (l)!l/11111111.< - common ex­
tensor muscle of digits
18. m. extensor digitorum lateralis (m. extensor digiti IV
proprius) - lateral extensor muscle of digits
19. 111. ,,_,-tr,11.rnr rn1J1i 11hwris - extensor carpi ulna­
ris muscle
20. 111. .flr'rnr rtnjJi 11l11aris - flexor carpi ulnaris
muscle
2 I. 111. snmt11s d,,mdi.< mudafis - caudal d0rsal ser­
ratus muscle
21'. jr,scia t/11mi(l)f1111,/){l/is (r,i11s J1an h1111b11d11nr,/i.1) -
thoracolumbar fascia Ournbodorsal part)·
22. !II. 11bliq1111.< inll'm11s abd11111i11is - internal abdo­
minal oblique muscle
23. 1n. i111·,,,-11.<tafi.< r'.rlu1111.< - external intercostal
muscle
24. 111. 11bfiq1111s l'Yf{'lm1s abrl(l{11inis - external abdo­
minal oblique muscle
25. 111. serml11s 1•e11tmlis thomcis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
26. 111. /H'c/11mfis Jm1/i111d11.1 (/11. /H'Ciomlis a.1cr,11d!'11s)
deep pectoral muscle (asce,,ding pectoral
muscle)
-n.. '27'.. 27". 111. glult'obicr'f!.1 - gluteobiceps
muscle
27. 111. g/11if'1ts rnjJf'ljiciali.1 - superficial gluteal
muscle
27'. j>ortio cmniali.1 111i. bicij1itis/i-11111ris - cranial part
of biceps femoris muscle
27". j>11rfi11 m11dalis 111i. bicij>itis(t,1111,ris - caudal part
of biceps femoris muscle
28. 111. 1,,11s11r _/{1sriar' fala1' - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
29. _/{1sria /ala r'I 111. 1•as/11s fal!'ralis - fascia lata and
lateral vastus muscle
:lO. 111. g/11/t'I/S 11wdi11s - middle gluteal muscle
:11. 111. st'///ilr'l1di110s11s - semitendinosus musc'Ie
:l2. fascia rruris - crural fascia
:13. 111. r'.rlem11r digit11nun /1mg11s - long digita!
extensor muscle
34. 111. /H'Hlilt'tts l1111g11s - long peroneal muscle
:15. lemlo /Iii. .fle.roris digit1m1111 w/Jnj,cialis ......: tendon
of superficial flexor muscle of digits
:16. 111. f!t'.rnr digitrm1111 J>m/i111d11s - deep flexor
muscle of digits
I
I
Bovine. View of internal organs from the right.

Figure 4

I. j)({rs cm11iali.1 lohi cm11iolis Jml111011i.1 - cranial IO. Jnm JJ)'/orim al)/)11111.1i - pvloric part of abo­ I (i. grms ,•1·11/mli.1 mr.1111· Jnmi1110/i.1 - ventral gyrus of
part of cranial lobe of lung masum proximal ansa
2. pun mudolis luhi cm11iuli.1 j}l/h11011i.1 - caudal part I I. pan rm11i11/i.1 rl11orll'lli - cranial part of duodenum 17. gyms 111/'rli11.1 011.101· pro.1i1110/i.1 - middle gyrus of
of cranial lobe of lung I :Z. J111r.1 r/1•.((·1·11rlr11.1 r/11orll'lri - descending part of proximal ansa
3. lolnrs 111/'rli11.1 Jml111011i.1 - middle lobe of lung duodenum I fl. g)'ms dor.wlis mJS01• Jmni1110/i.1 - dorsal gyrus of
4. /11/m.1 rn11rlo/i.1 j}({/11w11i.1 - caudal lobe of lung I :l. //(/rs 11.1u·11rlm.1 r/111,rlrni - ascending pan of duo- proximal ansa
'J. lrr1d1m, l'.WjJ//{(g11.1 - trachea, esophagus denum I<). 1111.111 rli.1/11/i.1 mli - distal ansa of colon
G. lrtj)((r - liver 14. j,j111111111 -- jejunum :ZO. descending colon
01/011 d1·.1rl'11rlr11.1 -
7. ,·esimji·llr·a - gallbladder 1 :;, u,cu111 - cecun1
C
21. r/' /11111 - rectum
fl. 01110.111111 - omasum I(, .. Ii.. 18.. I 'J. m/011 11.,n·11rlr11.1 - ascending colon 22. ,·1•.1irn 11ri11ori11 - urinary bladder
9. oho1J/{(.\/1111 - abomasum I (i .. 17 .. 18. 11ns11 /Jmxi1111rli.1 mli - proximal i111sa of 23. r/'/1 rlnta - right kidney
colon :Z-1. mr - heart

15
Bovine. Internal organs, left view. Superficial dissection.

Figure 5

1. esoj1/wg11s - esophagus 7. s11lrns l011git11di11alis sinister n1111i11is - left longi­ 14. sacc11s cec11s cr111d111•e11tmlis - caudoventral
2. lmchea - trachea tudinal sulcus of rumen blind sac
3. pars cmnialis /obi cmnialis jJ/1l1111111is dexlri - 8. cor - heart 15. abm11as11111 - abomasum
cranial part of cranial lobe of right lung 9. Jxm costa/is diajlhrag111atis - costal part of dia- 16. rec/11111 - rectum
4. lob11s w11da/is Jmf111011is sinijlri - caudal lobe of phragm I 7. mgina - vagina
It-ft lung 10. lien - spit.en 18. ,•esica 11ri11aria - urinary bladder
5. //(/rs ((111(/a/is /obi cmnia/is J111h11011is sinislri - cau­ 11. sacc11s ru111i11is dorsalis - dorsal ruminal sac 19. jej111111111 - jejunum
dal part of cranial lobe of left lung 12. sacc11s n1111i11is 1•r•1;/l'({/is - ventral ruminal sac 20. cernm - cecum
6. //(/rs cranialis lubi cmnialis j111l111011is sinislri 13. saccw cec11s w11dodorsalis - caudodorsal blind
cranial part of cranial lobe of left lung sac

16
Bovine. Internal organs) left view. Deep dissection.

Figure 6

I. esophagus - esophagus l2. aurirnla si11istra cordis - left auricle of heart 22. saccus cerns ca11rlorlorsa/is - caudodorsal blind
2. tmchm - trachea I :l. 1•e11trirn/11s dexfr,r cordis - right ventricle of sac
3. aorta - aorta heart :Z3. sacr11s cerns ca11d01•e11tralis - caudoventral biind
4. ,'. aZ)'!;:IIS si11islm - left azygos vein I L i'f'11/rirn/m si11istn corr/is - left ventricle of sac
5. tr1111rns brachioce/Jha/iws - brachiocephalic heart ·24_ plica ru111i11oretirnlaris - ruminoreticular fold
trunk I 5. rliaphrag111a - diaphragm 25. jJi/a cra11ia/is n1111i11is - cranial pillar of rumen
6. tnmrns JJ11/11w11alis - pulmonary trunk 16. lien - spleen 26. /Ji/a cauda/is ru111i11is - caudal pillar of rumen
7. ,·. ca1•a cra11ia/is - cranial vena cava I7. rr/irn/11111 - reticulum 27. abm1ww111 - abomasum
8. ,'. ca,•a caudalis - caudal vena cava 18. s11/rns retirnli - sulcus of reticulum 28. rrc/11111 - rectum
9. bronchi pri11cij){[/es - main bronchi 19. sacrns dorsa/is ntJJ/i11is - dorsal ruminal sac 29. i'flgi11a - vagina
l 0. i'i'. Jml1111111ales - pulmonary veins 20. saccus ,·rntra/is n1111i11is - ventral ruminal sac 30. ;•esica 11ri11aria - urinary bladder
11. a11rirnla dextra cordis - right auricle of heart 2 I. alri11111 ru111i11is (sacrns cm11ialis n1111i11is) - atrium 3 l. jej111111111 - jejunum
of rumen (cranial ruminal sac) 32. c1'rn111 - cecum

17
Bovine. Thoracic skeleton, left view.

Figure 7

,.
1

i
.,,._

,2
\
I \

j
V

I. pmcessus spinosi - spinous processes 7. tuberrn/11111 costae - tubercle of rib J 2_ processus ma111i{/ares - mamillary processes
2. cos/a II - second rib 8. cajilll costae - head of rib 13. 111(11111bri11111 sterni - manubrium of sternum
3. cartilago costalis Ill - third costal cartilage 9. cos/a IX - ninth rib 14. C()Jjills slerni - body of sternum
4. Jirocessus trmm•ersi - transverse processes 10. fora111ina 1•ertebralia fateralia - lateral vertebral 15. cartilago xiplwidea - xiphoid cartilage
5. C()Jjiora 1•ertebrar11111 - vertebral bodies foramina 16. arcus costalis - costal arch
6. tubemsitas pmcessus spinosi - tuberosity of spi­ 11. foramina inten•ertebralia - intervertebral fora­ 1 7. spatio i11/ersjii11osa - interspinal spaces
nous process mina 18. spatio intercostafia - intercostal spaces

18
Bovine. Dissection of trun� left view. Deep dissection after removal of the left thoracic appendage.
Figure 8
I. 111•.w111iJjii11alis rnj1ilis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
2. 111. !1J11gissi11111s cen·icis, 11. thomcirns fl - longissi­
mus cervicis muscle, second thoracic nerve
3. .fmcia lhomm/11111balis (1,i11s j){/rJ sj1i111J/l'lli1Si'l'r.\'(/lis)
thoracolumbar fascia (spinotransverse
pan)
4. 111. ser/'11/11111 d1Jrsalis Cl'llnialis - cranial dorsal
sel'l'atus muscle
5. 111. serralus dona/is m11da/is - caudal dorsal ser­
ratus muscle
6. 111. iliocostalis thomcis - thoracic iliocostal
muscle
7. /){/IS dorsalis mi. scaleni 11wdii - dorsal part of
scalenus medius muscle
8. 111. srnle1111s dorS11!is - dorsal s°\1enus muscle
9. pars ,•e11tralis 111i. scall'lli 11wdii - ventral part of
scalenus medius muscle
I 0. lmchea - trachea
I I., 12., 14., 35. jJft,x11s brachia/is cl 11n1•i J1/cx11s - bra­
chia! plexus and nerves of plexus
I I. 11. /H'C/omlis caudalis - caudal pectoral nerve
12. ,11. 11l11aris 1,111. 111edia1111s - ulnar nerve and me­
dian nerve
13. a. el 1•. axillaris - axillary artery and vein
14. 11. 1Jxil/11ris, i'. j11g11/aris inlema - axillary nerve,
internal jugular vein
15. ,'. j11g11/aris c.ril'ma, 111. slcmuccjJ!w/irns -. external
jugular vein, sternocephalic muscle
16. 111. Sffmlus i'l'lllra/is tlwl'llcis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
17. 111. rec/11s thomcis - straight thoracic muscle
18. 111111. i11/ercoslales c.\'l/'/'11i - external intercostal
muscles
19. 111. l011gissii1111s l11111h1Jm111 - longissimus lumbo-
1·um muscle
20. 111. g/11/eobiceps - gluteobiceps muscle
21. 111. obliq 1111s n'/ernus abdo111i11is - external
oblique abdominal muscle
22. 111. rl'Clw abdo111i11is - straight abdominal
muscle
23. 111. obliq 1111s i11/crn11s abd1J111i11is - internal
oblique abdominal muscle
24. aj1011e11msis 111i. obliq 11i i11/cmi abdo111i11is - apo­
neurosis of internal oblique abdominal
muscle
25. 111. g/11te11s 111edi11s - middle gluteal muscle
26. 111. g/11/e11s 11ccessori11s - accessory gluteal
muscle
27. 111. q 11adricej1s .fe111oris - quadriceps femoris
muscle
28., 29. /'(imi dorm/es 1111. tlwmcic1Jm111 - dorsal
branches of thoracic nerves
·• 28. rami rnlanei 111ediales - medial cutaneous
branches
29. ra111i rnta11ei /atel'llles - lateral cutaneous
branches
:lO. -32. ra111i ,•en/mies 1111. thomcicomm I-XII (1111.
i11tercostales) et XI!/ (11. costoabd1J111i111Jlis) - ven­
tral branches of first through twelfth (inter­
costaD and of thirteenth (costoabdominaD
thoracic nerves
30. ra111i rnta11ei la/era/es 1111. i11/ercostali11111 - lateral
cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves
31. rmnus rntaneus lalel'lllis 11. ilioi11g11i11alis (s. 11. /11111ba­
lis JI), r1111111s a. I'/ 1'. cirrn111/le.rne ili11111 jm1/1111da1'
- lateral cutaneous branch of ilioinguinal
nerve (same as second lumbar nerve), branch
of deep circumflex iliac artery and vein
:12. 1w1111s rnll1111'11.1· /a/em/is 11. mstoabdo111i11alis - lat­
eral cutaneous branch of costoabdominal
nerve
33. 111111. i11tercosla/es i11temi - internal intercostal
muscles
'.\4. cos/a XIII - thirteenth rib
:\5. 11. thomcodorsalis - thoracodorsal nerve
:\G. 1w1111s rntm1e11s la/em/is 11i. iliohyj)(Jgaslrici - late­
ral cutaneous branch of iliohypogastric nerve
:17. 11. rntmu·us .femoris /a/em/is - lateral femoral
cutaneous nerve
38. esojJhagus - esophagus
39. tm11c11s cos/r1cfl'i'iC11lis, ,'. costoa'n•icalis - costocer­
vical trunk and costocervical vein
40. a. et,'. scajmlaris dorsalis - dorsal scapular arte­
ry and vein
19
Bovine. Dissection of thorax with pleura removed revealing viscera, right view.

Figure 9

25. tru11rns 1'!1gosy111J1athirns, a. rnmtis mm1111111is

1. rms 111rdiall' dextn1111 diaphmg111"tis - right me­
dial crus of diaphragm
2. rfl1lr11111 /fluli111•ll111 di"Jihmg111alis - central ten­
don of diaphragm
/1an mstalis di"f,lrm.�111"/i.i - costal part of dia­
phragm
4-. 1•1•_ pl11n1irn1' cr1111i(l/es - cranial phrenic veins
5. /1111. 11wdiasti11"/r's r111td(l/r•s, /rttnrns mgalis dorsalis
- caudal mediastinal lvmph nodes, dorsal
vagal trunk
6. 1w1111s lm111ch"/is, tn111rns ,·11g(l/is ,•entmlis - bron­
chal branch, ventral vagal trunk
7. rm11i "· /J11!1111111(1/is, 1·1•. /ml1111111ales - branches of
pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins
8. 11. phrr11irns d1•x/1•1; lm111ch11s traclwalis - right
phrenic nerve, tracheal bronchus
9. 1•. cai'I/ crani"/is - cranial vena cava
10. 1•. Cl/I'(/ rn11da/iJ - caudal vena cava
11. /11b11S (/ffl'JS11ri11s /mln11111is - accessory lobe of
lung
1 2. 1•.wphag11s - esophagus
13. aorta, d11ct11s thoracirns, jJ11n t/111rarim tm11ci �J•111j,11-
thiri - aorta, thoracic duct, thoracic part of
sympathetic trunk
14. m. lo11g11s co/Ii - longus colli muscle
15. a. l'I 1'. i11/nmstalis wjne111" - supreme intercos­
tal artery and vein
16. a. 1•/ 1·. 1'Nirhralis - vertebral artery and vein
17. a. l'I 1•. Cl'n•imlis Jm1/imda - deep cervical artery
and vein
18. ,:;w1_1,:li1111 stellal/1111 (s. rn1·ic11t/111mrirn111), tm11c11s ms­
locen•irnlis, 1•. rns/oren•imlis - stellate ganglion
(cervicothoracic), costocervical trunk, costo­
cervical vein
19. ga11glio11 cen•icale J11l'di11m - middle cervical
ganglion
20. radicr•s ni. j,hrl'llici - roots of phrenic nerve
21. 11. lr11y11gr11s tff11rr1•m, 1•. j11g11l"ris i11ten111 - recur-
rent laryngeal nerve, internal jugular vein
22. ,'. j11g11laris exten111 - external jugular vein
23. trachea - trachea
:.!4. mtS(I s11bd111•ir1 - ansa subclavia
vagosympathetic trunk, common carotid ar­
tery
'.!6. a. el 1•. thoracira i11f1'm" - internal thoracic ar­
tery and vein
27. 111. s/emoce/Jhalirns - sternocephalic muscle
28. tn111rns brachi11r1'j1ha/irns - brachiocephalic
trunk
29. a. 1•/ 1•. s11bdm·ia dn·tra - right subclavian arte­
ry and vein
30. a. rt 1·. crn•irnlis s11JJ1'1ficialis - superficial cervi­
cal artery and vein
31. a. et 1·. thoracirn r•xtema - external thoracic
artery and vein
32. 1·e11trirnlus dexter mrdis - right ventricle of
heart
33. jJeriwrdi11111 - pericardium
34. stem11111 - sternum
35. rnsfa VI - sixth rib
36. rnrtilagYJ mstalis VI - sixth costal cartilage
37. srnjJ11la 1•/ 111m. srn/mlarrs - scapula and sca­
pular muscles
38. 11. ffri'imlis VII - seventh cervical nerve
:l9. jJ11ril's thomcis sinister - left thoracic wall

20
Bovine. Dissection of thorax with pleura removed revealing viscera) left view.

Figure 10

1. 111. lmj1ezi11s (pars Cf'n•irn/is el j)([rs thomcirn) - tra­
pezius muscle (cervical and thoracic parts)
2. 111. r/111111boide11s thomcis et 111. r/111111boirk11s ffn•icis
- thoracic rhomboid and cervical rhomboid
muscles
3. 111. fo11gissi11111s thomcis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
4. 111. sr•rra/11.1 ,•mtmfis UT,•icis - cervical ventral
serratus muscle
5. a. t'I ,'. srnjmlaris dona/is - dorsal scapular ar­
tery and vein
6. 111. srnfe1111s dorsafis, 11. accessorius - dorsal scale­
nus muscle, accessory nerve
7. a. el,'. intercostafis Slljm'llla, tn111C11s S)'lllj){JfhiClls -
supreme intercostal artery and vein, sympa­
thetic trunk
8. 11. cen•irnlis VIII, a. et ,'. cen•irnlis Jm1J1111da -
eighth cervical nerve, deep cervical artery
and vein
9. 11. cen•irnfis VII, a. et,'. i'tTiebmlis - seventh cer­
vical nerve, vertebral artery and vein
10. cos/a I - first rib
11. ganglion ste/{a/11111. (s. cen•imtlwmciC11111) - stellate
ganglion (same as cervicothoracic)
12. tru11c11s cosloffn•irnlis, ,'. (l)S/ocen•irnfis, ganglion cer­
;•irnfe 111edi11111 - costocervical trunk, costocer­
vical vein, middle cervical ganglion
13. lm11c11s ;•agosy111Jx1thic11.1; a. rnmtis Clllllll/llllis; i'. ju­
gufaris intema - vagosympathetic trunk, com­
mon carotid artery, internal jugular vein
42
14. a11sa .1·11bdm•ia, due/us thomcirns - ansa subcla­
via, thoracic duct
15. ,'. cm•a cmnialis, tn111C11s bmchioceJ1halic11s, 11. rnr­
diaC11s thoraciC11.1· - cranial vena cava, brachio­
cephalic trunk, thoracic cardiac nerve
16. aorta thomcim - thoracic aorta
1 7. 111. longus co/Ii - longus colli muscle
18. e.wjJ/wgus - esophagus
19. 11. lary11gP11s rernrrem si11iste1; ,'. azygos sinistm -
left recurrent laryngeal nerve, left azygos
vein
20. 11.,•agus, tmchm - vagus nerve, trachea
21. i'i'. Jmf111011rifr·s - pulmonary veins
22. tn111C11s jml111011alis, 11. j1hre11irns - pulmonan
trunk, phrenic nerve
23. aurirnla sinistm cordis - left auricle of heart
24. 1•e11triC11f11s sinister (Orr/is - left ventricle of heart
25. jJnicrmli11111 - pericardium
26. a. et i'. subcfm·ia sinistm - left subclavian artery
and vein
27. ,'. jugularis exl!'ma - external jugular vein
28. ,'. re/1/wfirn - cephalic vein
29. a. t'I ,'. thomcim extema - external thoracic
artery and vein
:lO. a. et i'. thomcim i11tema - internal thoracic ar­
tery and vein
31. J1ars cranialis /obi cmnialis p11{1111mis de.1/ri - cra­
nial part of cranial lobe of right lung
32. lo/ms accessorius jml111011is - accessory lobe of
lung
33. cos/a VII - seventh rib
34. ems 111r·diafe si11istm111 diophmg111otis - left me­
dial crus of diaphragm
35. ce11/r11111 te11di11n1111 diaphmg111atis - central ten­
don of diaphragm
36. pars cos/a/is diaphrag111olis - costal part of dia-
phragm
37. cos/a X - tenth rib
38. s/en,11111 - sternum
39. /1111. 111ediosti110/es mndales - caudal mediastinal
lymph nodes
40. a. et,'. cen•icalis SlljJl'ljicialis - superficial cervi­
cal artery and vein
41. m11111s ,'. 1•/ a. ffn•irn/is Jm,(1111do, - branch of
deep cervical artery and vein
42. 111. Jwctomfis Jm,fi111d11s - deep pectoral muscle
43. m. obliq1111s t•x/emw obd11111i11is - external
oblique abdominal muscle

21
Bovine. Thoracic part of vertebral column; left view.
Figure 11
I. ntre111itas cmnialis ,•ertebrae tlwraci[([e I - cranial
extremity of first thoracic vertebra
2. C()}/J/ls ,•ertebrae - body of vertebra
3. J>mcesws sj>i11os11s - spinous process
4. t11berositas procesws s/Jinosi - tuberosity of spi­
nous process
5. J>rocr'ss11s tram,•erws - transverse process
Bovine. Skeleton of the lumbar vertebrae. Dorsolateral view.
Figure 12
6 )
22
11. fora1m•11 ,•ertebmle latemle - lateral vertebral
6. Jm,cesws 111a111i/laris - mamillary process foramen
7. f111w1 costalis [([11drilis - caudal costal fovea 12. Jm1cess11s artirnlaris armialis i'!'riebmr' thomcirnr·
8. fo;•ert cos/a/is cmnialis - cranial costal fovea I - cranial articular process of first thoracic
9. fm•ea cos/a/is lmns;•ersalis - transverse costal vertebra
fovea 13. Jm1cesws arliClllaris m11dalis i'!'rlr·bmr' thomcirnr·
I 0. fora111i11a in/er;•ertebmlia - intervertebral fora­ XIII - caudal articular process of thirteenth
mina thoracic vertebra
I. r'xlre111ilas cra11ialis ,·ertebrae l11111balis I - cranial
extremity of first lumbar vertebra
2. c()/J)[(s ;•ertebme l11111balis III - body of third
lumbar vertebra
3. Jm1cesws sj>inosi - spinous processes
4. procesws artirnlaris cranialis C11111 Jnoces.rn 11w111illari
- cranial articular process with mamillary
process
5. Jm1cess11s costarii (s. lrann•eni) - costal processes
(same as transverse)
6. facir's artirnlaris cmnialis ;•e1kbme l11111balis I -
cranial articular surface of first lumbar ver­
tebra
7. J>mcessus artirnlaris m11dalis ;•ertebme /11111/wlis VI
- caudal articular process of sixth lumbar
vertebra
Bovine. Sixth lumbar (above) and first lumbar (below) vertebrae. Caudolateral view.

Figure 13

---
5

I. w,jms ,•ertebrae - body of vertebra

2. extre111itas rnudalis - caudal extremity
3. {l/"C/IS i'/'rlebrae - vertebral arch
4. J1mcesrns sj1i110S11s - spinous process
5. pmcessus mslarius - costal process
6. pmcesrns artirn/aris crania!is C/1111 j1rocess11 11w111illari
(jJmC<'SSIIS 11w111illoarliC11laris) - cranial articular
process with mamillary process (mamilloarti­
cular process)
7. jJroresS11s artirnlaris mudalis - caudal articular
process
8. i11cirnra ,•ertebralis caudalis - caudal vertebral
incisure

Bovine. Sixth lumbar (above) and first lumbar (below) vertebrae. Cranial ventral view.

Figure 14

---------

I. crnpus ,•ertebrae - body of vertebra

2. extre111itas crrmi{l/is ,•ertebme - cranial extremity
of vertebra
3. arcus 1•ertebrae - vertebr.al arch
4. jmicesrns spi110S11s - spinous process
5. J1mcesS11s costarius - costal process
6. pmcessus articularis cranialis C/1111 jmicessu 11w111i{/ari
(jnocess11s 111m11illoartirnlaris) - cranial articular
process with mamillary process (mamilloarti­
cular process)

23
 Bovine. Deep musculature of the spinal column, left view.

Figure 15

18.. 111. obliq1111s rnpitis cm11ialis cranial obliqut'

1. cos/a I - first rib 8. 111. g/11/mbice/1s - gluteobiceps muscle
2. 111111. i11tncostales n"ll'mi -- external intercostal 9. 111. 11111/tifid11s cen•icis multifidus cervicis
muscles muscle
3. f1111irnlw 1111dl({e - nuchal funiculus I 0. 111. 1111rltifid11s tlwmcis multifidus thoracis
4. J!ars rnmllaris lig: 1111cha1' - hood of nuchal liga­ muscle
ment 11. 111. 11111/tijidns l11111bon1111 - multifidus lumbo-
.,. la111i11a 1111d1ae - nuchal lamina rum muscle
(i. 111..1J1i11alis et S!'l11i.,pi11alis thomcis et Cl'n•icis - spina­ 12. 111. l011gissi11111s ce1Ticis - longissimus cervicis
lis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis muscle muscle
i. 111. l011gissi11111s l11111brm1111 - longissimus lumbo 13. cos/a Xlll - thirteenth rib
rum muscle 14. 111. iliocostalis //l()racis - thoracic iliocostal
muscle
14'. 111. iliocostalis h1111brm1111 -· iliocostalis lumbo­
1 rum muscle
15. 111. retractor costar, - retractor muscle of rib
16. 111. ffCl11s ca/Jitis domrlis 11wior major dorsal
straight muscle of head
17. 111. rer/11s rnpitis dorsalis 111i11or minor dorsal
straight muscle of head
muscle of head
I()_ 111. obliq1111s rn/Jilis m(l(/alis - caudal oblique
11111,cle of head
20 . m. intertransversarius ventralis (pars at/antis) -
ventral intertransverse muscle (atlantal part)
21. 111. /011gissi11111s atla11ti.1 longissimus atlanti,
muscle
22. 111. l1111gissi11111s m/1itis longissimus capitis
muscle
23. i11SN!io 111i. /011gissi111i rnj,ili.1 - insertion of lon-
gissimus capitis muscle
24. 111. /011g11.1 W/Jitis - longus capi tis muscle
25. 111. /1111g11s co/Ii - longus colli muscle
26. 111111. i11INl1w1s,•e1wrii ,•e11trales C/'l"i'icis ventral
cervical intertransverse muscles
27. 111111. i11/nlm11S,'!'rsarii dor.wfr,s cen·iris - dorsal
cervical intertransverse muscles
28. t11ber coxor, - tuber coxae
29. 111. g/11/eus 111edi11s - middle gluteal muscle

Bovine. View of floor of thorax.

Figure 16

1. 111m111bri111i1 s/emi - manubrium of sternum

2. ms/a II - second rib
3. mrtilogo ms/a/is Vil - seventh costal cartilage
4. 11u11. i11/ercostales i11temi - internal intercostal
muscles
5. 111. ln111s,•e1:ws thomcis - transverse thoracic
muscle
6. C1J1j}({S slemi - body of sternum
7. i//s('l"/io j,le11mr' 111ediasti11alis insertion of
pleural mediastinum
8. diaj,hmg11111 - diaphragm
9. a. el ,,. thomciw i11/ema internal thoracic
artery and vein
10. ra111i i11tncostales ,'1'11/mll'.I - ventral intercostal
branches
11. mrtilago xi/Jhoid('(/ - xiphoid cartilage
12. /1111. s/emafr,s - sternal lymph nodes

24
Bovine. Cross section through thorax at level of second thoracic vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.

Figure 17

I. /m!fl'SSI/S ;Jii11os11s i'erlebme lhomrirn<' !I - spinous

process of second thoracic vertebra
2. pmu,.\'Sus lrnl/Si'l'IJIIS i'nil'bm1, lhomriml' !I -
transcerse process of second thoracic vertebra
:l. m/ml msl11e JI - head of second rib
4. l'fl/jJ//s i'<'rll'hm1' lhomrirne !I - body of second
thoracic vertebra
5. sm/J/1/11 - scapula
6. /111111n11s - humerus
7. msl11 II - second rib
8. rnrlil11go mslolis I - first costal cartilage
9. sil'n111111 - sternum
I 0. /(�: 1111d1111' -· nuchal ligament
11. 111. d111111boide11s lhomcis - thoracic rhomboid
muscle
12. 111. tmjJl'::i11s - prm lhorncim - trapezius
muscle - thoracic part
13. 111. spi110/is el .,1,111i;jJi110/is lhomcis !'I rl'n•icis - spi­
nalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis
muscle
14. 111. sermt11s i'l'lllrnlis lfwmcis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
15. 111. rn/ims/Ji11olw - supraspinous muscle ·
16. 111. l011gissi11111s lhomris <'I rl'l'i'icis - longissimus
thoracis et cervicis muscle
I 7. o. l'I i'. tlwrnrim i11ln1111, /11. sln1/(//is - internal
thoracic artery and vein, sternal lymph node
I 8. 1111'diosli1111111 nw1i11/e - cranial mediastinum
19. 111. ili11cosl11lis 1/wmcis - thoracic iliocostal
muscle
20. 111111. i11ll'rc11slofr,s - intercostal muscles
21. 111. i11Jim/Ji11ol11s - infraspinous muscle
22. 111. s11bsm/mloris - subscapular muscle
23. 111. srole1111.1 d,molis - dorsal scalenus muscle
24. 111. ler/'s 111i1111r - teres minor muscle
25. 111. bmchi11/is - brachia! muscle ;;;;_ 111. /J!'Clomlis l1w1Si'l'rS11S - transverse pectoral 40. 111. 11111/li/id11s lf{()rnci., - multifidus thoracis
26. rn/J//I loll'mle 111i. lrici/Jilis bmd1ii - lateral head muscle muscle
of triceps brachii muscle :H. 111. l1111gw rolli - longus colli muscle 41. 111. ml11l11r - rotator muscle
27. 111. ddloidn1s - deltoid muscle 35. 1•.wj,h11g11s, d11cl11s lhomrirns - esophagus, tho­ 42. lm11rns bmchi11rejJh11/irns, 11. i'({g11s dexter - brachi­
28. 111. mmrobmchi11/is - coracobrachial muscle racic duct ocephalic trunk, right vagus nerve
29. //1. /Jl'Clomlis /ml1111d11s <osm1d1,11s) deep 36. j){[rs cm11i11/is /obi cm11iolis Jml111011is si11islri ·_ I:\. ,'. cm·o ow1iolis, 11. /Jh1n1irns rll'Xll'I' - cranial
(ascending) pectoral muscle cranial part of cranial lobe of left lung vena cava, right phrenic nerve
:IO. 111. bic<'/is bmc/1ii - biceps brachii muscle 'J 7. jH11J cm11i11/is /obi cm11i11/is jml11w11is dl'xlri - era· 14. lm11rns srm/)(/lhirns - sympathetic trunk
:1 I. m. bmc/1i11Cl'/Jholirns - brachiocephalic muscle nial part of cranial lobe of right lung 45. 11. 111i/l11ris, rn111i p/1,_rns bmrhi11/is - axillary ar­
32., :l3. 111. /iectomlis s11/Jn/iciolis - superficial pec- 38. lmd1N1, 11. lwy11grns 1n111n'I/S si11isll'I' - trachea. tery, branches of brachia! plexus
toral muscle left recurrent laryngeal nerve 16. i'. 11xi/l11ris, 111. 1ffl11s lhomcis axillary vein,
]2. 111. /Jl'Clomlis desrn1d1,115 - descending pectoral \IJ. 11. i'({g11s si11isle1; 11. s11bdm•i11 si11islm - left vagus straight thoracic muscle
muscle nerve, left subclavian artery

25
Bovine. Cross section through thorax at level of third thoracic vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.

Figure 18

19. 111. iliocoslalis lhomcis - thoracic iliocostal

muscle
20. 111. i11fmsjJi11atw - infraspinous muscle
2 I. 111. wbscajiularis - subscapular muscle
22. 111111. i11/ercoslales - intercostal muscles
23. 111. scale11us dorsalis - dorsal scalenus muscle
24. 111. dl'lloideus - deltoid muscle
25. 111. le/'l's 111i11or - teres minor muscle
26. 111. bmchialis - brachia! muscle
27. rnj){(/ la/e/'(/fr, 111i. lricijJilis b/'(/c/1ii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
28. 111. (()/'(/(l)b/'(/chialis - coracobrachial muscle
29. 111. rec/us t/w/'(/cis - straight thoracic muscle
30. 111. bicejJs b/'(/c/1ii - biceps brachii muscle
3 I. 111. brachiocejJhalirns - brachiocephalic muscle
32. 111. i11/l'l'coslalis i11tem11s (i11/errnrtilagi11e11s) - inter­
nal intercostal muscle Cintercartilaginous)
33. 111. jiec/o/'(/lis asce11dem (s. jJroj1111d11s) - ascending
(deep) pectoral muscle
34. 111. jJl'C/omlis descr11de11s - descending pectoral
muscle
35. 111. /Jee/om/is //'(/11s1•1'1-s11s - transverse pectoral
muscle
36. 111. //'(/1/Si'ersus 1/w/'(/cis - transverse thoracic
muscle
37. 111. l011g11s co/Ii - longus colli muscle
38. j){(rs (/'(/1/ialis /obi cm11ialis jiu/111011is si11islri -
cranial part of cranial lobe of left lung
39. !'sojJlwg11s, 11. lmy11g('(1S rec11rr<'11s si11ister - esopha­
gus, left recurrent laryngeal nerve
40. ducl11s tho/'(/ciws, 11. mg11s si11isle1; ln111rns b/'(/chioc1'­
jJ/wlirns - thoracic duct, left vagus nerve, bra­
chiocephalic trunk
41. lmchea, 11. ,•ag11s dexter - trachea, right vagus
nerve
I. ,•ertebra tlwmcirn Ill - third thoracic vertebra 12. 111. spi11alis el m11isjJi11alis thoracis <'I cen·icis - spi­ 42. ,'. cm•a cm11ialis, 11. jJhre11irns dexter - cranial
2. rnsta Ill - third rib nalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis vena cava, right phrenic nerve
3. smj111la - scapula muscle 43. thy mus, 11. jihre11ic11s si11ister - thymus, left
4. h111111'1'11s - humerus 13. /ig: i11/ersjJi11(1/e - interspinal ligament phrenic nerve
5. cos/a II - second 1·ib 14. 111. suprasjJi11alus - supraspinous muscle 44. 11wdiasli11u111 cra11iale - cranial mediastinum
6. mrlilagv rnstalis II - second costal cartilage I 5. 111. serrali1s ,•e11/ra/is tlw/'(/cis - thoracic ventral 45. jHlrs f/'(/1/ialis /obi cm11ialis j)l(/,11,mis dextri -
7. sl!'n111111 - sternum serratus muscle cranial part of cranial lobe of right lung
8., 9. fig: 1111chal' - nuchal ligament I6. 111. l011gissi11111s thoracis el cen•icis - longissimus 46. rm11i jJ/exus b/'(/chialis - branches of brachia!
l0. 111. lraj)(';:i11s - /Hin thoracica - trapezius muscle thoracis et cervicis muscle plexus
- thoracic part I7: 111. 111u/1ifidus lhoracis - multifidus thoracis --0. a. el,'. axillaris - axillary artery and ,-cin
l l. 111. r/111111boid1'11s thoracis - thoracic rhomboid muscle tB. a. 1·! ,·. /h,,mcim i11il'l'110 - intt'rnal thoracic ar
muscle 18. 111. m/alor - rotator muscle tery and vein

26
Bovine. Cross section through thorax at level offourth thoracic vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.

Figure 19

l. /imc,,sws s/Ji11oms i'l'ril'brrw thomcirne Ill - spi-

nous process of third thoracic vertebra
2. ,•ntebm thomcim /1 1 - fourth thoracic vertebra
3. mjluf C11sh11' IV - head of fourth rib
4. srn/mfa - scapula
5. cos/a IV - fourth rib
6. slen11oi1 - sternum
7. ()fffm/1()11 - olecranon
8. 111. fra/Je::im - Jiars tlwmcica - trapezius
muscle - thoracic part
9. 111. rho111b()idms t/111mcis - rhomboid muscle of
thorax
I 0. 111. Jjii11alis el sn11isjli11alis t//lJmris l'I ,.,,,.,,iris - spi­
nalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis
muscle
11. 111. i11frmjJi11at11s - infraspinous muscle
12. 111. l011gissi11111s tlwmcis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
13. 111. s,,,.,.at11s ,'!'11/mlis thomcis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
14. 111. 11111/ti/idus thomcis - multifidus thoracis
muscle
15. 111. rotator - rotator muscle
I G. 111• .rnbscajmlaris - subscapular muscle
I 7. 111. iliomstali.,· thomci.,· - thoracic iliocostal
muscle
18. 111. f<,,,alor msta,, - levator muscle of rib
19. 111. /011g11s mffi - longus colli muscle
20. 111. /('!'I'S 111aj()r - teres major muscle
21. 111. rnta11,,us 0111obmchia/is - omobrachial cuta­
neous muscle
22. 111. fatissi11111s dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
23. rn/ml l011g11111 111i. tricijlilis bmchii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
24. 111111. i11fl'rcostafl's - intercostal muscles
25. 111. rl'Cl11s thomcis - straight thoracic muscle
26. 111. }H'C/omlis jnof1111r/11s (asm1dl'11s) - deep (as­
cending) pectoral muscle
27. 111. i11tercostalis i11tern11S (111. i11fl'rrnrtilagi11ms) - in­
ternal intercostal muscle (intercartilaginous
muscle)
28. /Hm cm11ialis /obi cm11ia/is jml11/IJ11is si11istri
cranial part of cranial lobe of left lung
29. j)(m cra11ialis /obi cm11ia/is jm/1111111is d!'xlri
cranial part of cranial lobe of right lung
:rn. /1111. 11wdiasli11aks cm11iafes, d11cl11S thoracirns
cranial mediastinal lymph nodes, thoracic
duct
31. esojJhagus, 11. mg11s d,,xt,,,. - esophagus, right va­
gus nerve
32. tmchm - trachea
33. 11sti11111 i'. cm•at' cm11ialis opening of cranial 39. atri11111 dextru111 C11rdis - right atrium of heart 44. a. et 1·. thoracirn i11tema - internal thoracic ar­
vena cava 40. a. COJ'/JJl(ll'ia dextm (11s/i11111) - right coronary ar­ tery and vein
34., 34'. 11. lmy11gF11s 1I'C111Te11s sinister - left recurrent tery (opening) 45. 111. lrr111s1•erws thomcis - transverse thoracic
laryngeal nerve 41. a11ric11/a si11islra, a. com11aria si11istm - left aur­ muscle
35. arrns aorta,,, 11. mg11s si11islff - aortic arch, left icle, left coronary artery 46. /n111rns bmchiocejlhalirns, rC'Cem1s cm•i jlericardii -
vagus nerve 42. ,'. thoracirn externa, 1111. /Jee/om/es rn11dales (rm11i 11i. brachiocephalic trunk, recess of pericardia!
:16. 11. jil11n1irns si11ist,,,. - left phrenic nerve thoracm•e11tmlis) - external thoracic vein, cau­ cavity
:17. tno1rns jJ//low11a/is, ,'. azygos si11istm - pulmon­ dal pectoral nerves (branches of thoracoven­ 4 7. 11s/i11111 ri/ri01•e11trirn/are dextru111 - right atrio­
ary trunk, left azygos vein tral nerve) ventricular opening
:\B. 11. jJhre11irns dexter - right phrenic nerve 4:l. Jm'icrmli11111 - pericardium -i8. 1•e11trirn/11s rf,,xter - right ventricle

27
Bovine. Cross section through thorax at level offifth thoracic vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.
Figure 20
1., 2. fig 1111d1a1' - nuchal ligament
:\. Jnuc1'S.\I/S .,j1i11orns ,·ntebme tlwmcim1, IV - spi-
nous process of fourth thoracic vertebra
-i., 5. 1·1,rtebm tlwmci((I I' - fifth thoracic ve1·tebra
6. smjmla - scapula
7. ((lrfilag11 srnjmla1', 111. tmpe::ius - pars thomcirn -
scapular cartilage, trapezius muscle - tho­
racic part
8. (/IS/a fl - fifth rib
9. ms/a I'! - sixth rib
28
16. 111. snm/us ,'1'11/m/is tlwmcis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
17. 111. ilio(//s/alis thomcis - thoracic iliocostal
muscle
18. 111. fr,,,a/or cos/ae, lrttnrns sy111/)(J/hiClls levator
muscle of rib, sympathetic trunk
19. 111. subs((ljmlaris - subscapular muscle
20. 111. teres major - teres major muscle
21. 111. latissi11111s dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
22. 111. //'morfasriae antebmrhii - tensor fasciae an­
tebrachii muscle
23. 111. C/1/aneus 0111obmchialis - omobrachial cuta­
neous muscle
24. ca/ml /011gu111 111i. tricipitis - long head of triceps
brachii muscle
25. {)/ecm111111 - olecranon
26. 111. /{)11gus C{)l!i - longus col Ii muscle
27. aorta, ,'. azygos si11islm - aorta, left azygos vein
27'. ,'. a::ygm si11istm (orificiu111) :_ left azygos vein
(opening)
28. esojJlwgus, due/us tlwmciClls, 11. mgus dextn - eso­
phagus, thoracic duct, right vagus nerve
29. bm11chus Jnincipalis si11isle1; 11. jihre11iClls sinisln -
left main bronchus, left phrenic nerve
30. bm11c/1us jJri11c1jJalis d1,x11,,; 11. mgus sinistn - right
main bronchus, left vagus nerve
31. j)(Jrs cmnialis /obi cmuialis Jml11w11is sinislri -
cranial part of cranial lobe of left lung
32. pars rnudalis /obi cmnialis /mh11011is sinistri - cau­
dal part of cranial lobe of left lung
33. pars cm,dalis lubi rm11ialis jm/111{)11is dextri - cau­
dal p;1rt of cranial lobe of right lung
�4. lob11, 111edius Jm/111011/., - middle lobe of lung
35. valua atrioven�ricularis sinistra (s. bicuspidalis), si1111s
coronarius - left atrioventricular valve, coron­
ary sinus
J6. m11111s circ11111Jlexus a. rn1m1ariae cordis sinistme, ,'.
cordis 111ag11a - circumflex branch of left co­
ronary artery, great cardiac vein
37. perirnrdi11111, 111. lrmm·ns11s thomcis - pericar­
dium, transverse thoracic muscle
38. a. et ,'. t!wmcirn i11ter11a - internal thoracic ar-
tery and vein
I 0. rnrtila,�,, costalis V - fifth costal cartilage 39. ,','· Jmh11011ales - pulmonary veins
11. stemu111 - sternum 40. ,'. rnm rnudalis - caudal vena cava
I 2. 111. rho111hoideus thomris - thoracic rhomboid 41. atriu111 dextm111 rnrdis - right atrium of heart
muscle 42. 11. phr('llirns dexln - right phrenic nerve
13. ,11. sj>inalis et se111isj1i11alis t/11,mcis et Cl'n•icis - spina­ 43. 1•e11triClllus si11isler rnrdis - left ventricle of heart
lis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis muscle 44. 1•e11trirnl11s dexter cordis - right ventricle of
14. 111. /011gissi111us thomcis - longissimus thoracis heart
muscle 45. atriu111 si11islrt1111 cordis - left atrium of heart
15. Ill. 111//llijidl/.\ tlwmris - multifidus thoracis l6. 111. /H'Clomlis pmfu11dus (ascrndem) - deep (as­
muscle cending) pectoral muscle
Bovine. Cross section through thorax at level of sixth thoracic vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.

Figure 21

I. pars rnC11l!aris /iga111e11ti 1111d1ttt' - hood of nu­

chal ligament
2. Jm1ct'SS11s spi1111S11s ,·ertebrae thoracirne V - spinous
process of fifth thoracic vertebra
3. 111. spi11a/is et se111ispi11a/is thoracis t·t ce1Ticis spi-
nalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis
muscle
L pars thoracim 111i. lraj1ezii - thoracic part of tra-
pezius muscle
.J. 111. rhrnnboidt'IIS //l(Jracis - thoracic rhomboid
muscle
6. 111. /1111gissi11111s t/l(Jracis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
7. 111. 11111/tifidus thoracis - multifidus thoracis
muscle
8. 111. in(rmj1i11a/11s - infraspinous muscle
9. ,•ntebra ///()racim VJ - sixth thoracic vertebra
10. smj)/(!rt - scapula
11. 111. serra/11s dorsa/is cra11ia/is - cranial dorsal ser­
ratus muscle
12. 111. i/io[()sta/is ///()racis - thoracic iliocostal
muscle
13. 111. /e1•a/11r [()Stae f'I 111. rotator - levator muscle of
rib and rotator muscle
14. 111111. i11terc11sta/es - intercostal muscles
15. 111. snbsmjilllaris - subscapular muscle
16. 111. /atissi11111s dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
17. 111. serrat11s ,•entra/is //l(Jracis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
18. 111. C11la11e11s tmnci, i'. //l(Jracim extema - cuta­
neous muscle of trunk, external thoracic vein
19. 111. i11tem1sta/is i11tem11s (111. i11/crmrti/agi11e11s) - in­
ternal intercostal muscle Ontercartilaginous
muscle)
20. ms/a VJ - sixth rib
21. mrti/ago cos/a/is VJ - sixth costal cartilage 27. l11b11s 111edi11s Ji11l111011is - middle lobe of lung 33. si1111s [()r<111ari11s, 11. pl11n1irns dex/N - coronarv
22. ster1111111 - sternum 28. aorta, i'. azygos si11istra - aorta, left azygos vein sinus, right phrenic nerve
23. 111. trm1s,•ersus //l(Jracis - transverse thoracic 29. d11c/11s //l(JraciClls, tm11C11s ,·aga/is d111:w/is - tho­ 34. a. crm111aria sinistm, 1•. [()rdis 11wgna - left coron­
muscle racic duct, dorsal vagal trunk ary artery, great cardiac vein
24. a. t't i'. ///()racim i11tema - internal thoracic ar­ 30. es11J1lwg11s, tm11rns i'{/ga/is 1•e11tralis - esophagus, 35. atri11111 si11istru111 - left atrium
tery and vein ventral vagal trunk 36. J1arit•s ,•e11tric11/i si11istri rrmlis - wall of left ven-
25. 111. pectora/is J!mf1111d11s (mcmde11s) - deep (as­ 31. i'. J)/(h11r111a/is, bm11ch11s dexter - pulmonary vein, tricle of heart
cending) pectoral muscle right bronchus 37. i't'11lrirn/11s dextN - right ventricle
26. pan rn11da/is /obi cra11ia/is Jml1111111is si11istri - cau­ 32. 11. jihrenirns sinister, ,'. UZJ'.�os si11istra - left 38. J1erirnrdi11111 - pericardium
dal part of cranial lobe of left lung phrenic nerve, left azygos vein 39. 1•. [{/1'(1 m11dalis - caudal vena cava

29
Bovine. Cross section through thorax at level of seventh thoracic vertebra. View of caudal surface of section

Figure 22

12. 111. fl ({/Jr'::i11s - Jwn tlum1cim - trapezius muscle

l. aorta, due/us thoracicus, ,•. a:::ygos si11istra - aorta,
thoracic duct, left azygos vein
2. r•sojJhagus, lrunws 1'{fgalis 1·mtm/is - esophagus.
ventral vagal trunk
3. bm11c/111s, 1w1111s a. Jnda11111alis, ln111ws 1·agalis dorso­
lis - bronchus, branch of pulmonary artery,
dorsal vagal trunk
4. 11. /Jhreniws siniste,; 111erliasli1111111 rn11dale - left
phrenic nerve, caudal mediastinum
5. - 8. J)/(/,110 (5. lobus caudalis si11iste1; 6. lobus rn11dali.,
dr·xtr•1; 7. lob11s nwdius, 8. lobus accessorius) - lung
(5. left caudal lobe, 6. right caudal lobe, 7.
middle lobe, 8. accessory lobe)
9. 111. longus co/Ii, trnnws sy111j>athirns - longus colli
muscle, sympathetic trunk
I 0. /��; wj>rasj>inale - supraspinal ligament
I I. 111..1jJi11alis r'/S('llli,1J1i11alis t/11m1cis 1•/ cr•n•icis - spina­
lis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis muscle
- thoracic part
I :1. 111. l011gi.ui11111s thorati., - longissimus thoraci,
muscle
14. 111. /1111/ti/i'dus t/11m1cis multifidus thoracis
muscle
15. 111. d10111boid('ltS thoratis - thoracic rhomboid
muscle
16. 111. le1•afor costar· - levator muscle of rib
I 7. 111. sr·rratus dorsalis cranialis - cranial dorsal ser­
ratus muscle
18. /II. illf/'/'CIIS/(l/is f'\'/r'/'1/t/S external intercostal
muscle
19. 111. inlffcosta/is intr·/'1111.( - internal intercostal
muscle
20. 111. Sl'l'ra/11s 1•1•11/ralis thorll('is - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
21. 111. iliorostalis thomris - thoracic iliocostal
muscle
22. C/'lllru111 le11di11r•111n diaj>h mg/1/alis - central ten­
don of diaphragm
23. /wn sll'l'nalis dia/Jhrag111atis - sternal part of
diaphragm
'..!4. rnrtila.�o costalis VII, 111. lm11s,'Ns11s t/u,mcis - se­
venth costal cartilage, transverse thoracic
muscle
25. 111. intnrnstalis i11fe/'1111.,· (111. i11tr·rrnrtilagi1wus), mrti ­
lago costalis Vll!, a. el,'.tlwracirn inlr'/'1/a - inter­
nal intercostal muscle (intercartilaginous
muscle), eighth costal cartilage, internal tho­
racic artery and vein
26. 111. rffl11s abdo111i11is - straight abdominal
muscle
27. 111. /Ji'C/omlis Jnof1111d11s (ascendr·m) - deep
(ascending) pectoral muscle
28. srnj>11la, 111. /a/issi11111s dorsi - scapula, latissimus
dorsi muscle
29. i'ffiebra thomcirn V!J - seventh thoracic
vertebra
30. cos/a V!J - seventh rib
31. 11. j>hffnirns dexte1; plirn (s. 111esentni11//I) 1•. cm•ar•
rnudalis, 1·. cai'(I ca11dalis - right phrenic nerve,
fold of caudal vena cava, caudal vena cava
32. lobus lwpatis sinister - left lobe of liver
33. relirnlu111 - reticulum
34. sle/'1111111 - sternum
3 5. ()tl/l'lllu111 111i1111s - lesser omentum
:16. ,'. tlwrarirn r•x/ffmt, 111. 11bli q11us r•xffftll/S abdo111i11i.,
- external thoracic vein, external oblique ab­
dominal muscle

30
Bovine. Lungs) right view. Drawn from a dry specimen.

Figure 23
6
I. lmd1m - trachea
2. - 5 . .facir's costalis Jml111011is costal
surface of lung
2. lob11s ca11dalis - caudal lobe
3. l11b11s 111edi11s - middle lobe
4. /){/rs m11dalis /obi rmnialis caudal
part of cranial lobe
5. J>an rra11ialis !obi rmnialis cranial
part of cranial lobe
6. n1argo dorm/is (obtusus) - dorsal mar-
gin (obtuse)
7., I 0. 1nw-go aculus - acute margin
7. n1a1-go i'l'llimlis - ventral margin
8. inrisum crmlir,ca - cardiac notch
9 . .facies dia/Jhmg111alirn - diaphrag­
matic surface
I 0. 111m-go basalis - basal margin
I I. /HIIJ cranialis /obi crania/is J111hw111is si­
nislri - cranial part of cranial lobe
of left lung
12. )i"swra inlerlobaris crania/is et fissum in­
lerlobaris m11dalis - cranial and cau-
dal interlobar fissures

Bovine. Lungs) left view. Drawn from a dry specimen.

Figure 24
6

,
_i

I . lrachm - trachea
2. - 5. .facies cos/a/is Jml/1/()/lis costa I )
J
surface of lung
2. lob/IS ra11dalis - caudal lobe
3. J>rm rn11dalis !obi cra11ialis - caudal
)
�
4.
part of cranial lobe
J>ars cm11ialis !obi cra11ialis Jmlnun1is si­
nistri - cranial part of cranial lobe
h--
- 3 . }\'
of left lung �¥1/
'
5. />ors crania/is /obi cmnia/is j>11/nw11is de.r­ .,.
tri - cranial part of cranial lobe of
¾

,. ./
right lung I,

6. 111r11go dorsa/is (obt11s11s) - dorsal mar-

gin (obtuse)
7., I 0. nw,go arn/11s - acute margin
7. 111m-go 1'e11tra/is - ventral margin
8. i111/Jressio cardiaca - cardiac impres­
sion
9. .facies diaphrag111alica - diaphrag­

I 0.
matic surface
111mgo basalis - basal margin
1
I I. .fisrnra interlobmis - interlobar fis­
sure

31
Bovine. Left lung. View of mediastinal surface.

Figure 25

• 4

I. /Hm cmnia/is /obi cmnialis cranial part of 5. 111argo ac11/11s 1•e11tmlis - ventral acute margin 12. brrmc/1m j>ri11cij){/lis sinister - left main bron-
cranial lobe 6. (issum interlubaris - interlobar fissure chus
2. J>ars m11dalis /obi cmnialis - caudal part of 7. ·incisin-o mrdiam - cardiac notch 13. a. Jm/111011alis sinistra - left pulmonary artery
cranial lobe 8. faci1,s diaj1hragmatim - diaphragmatic surface 14. ,','. Jml1111males - pulmonary veins
3. lobus rn11da/is - caudal lobe 9. i111J1ressio aortim - aortic impression 15. inserlio j1/e11m1, 111Nliosti11alis - insertion of me­
4. 111m;i;o d,ma/is (ob/11s11s) - dorsal margin (ob­ I 0. imjnessio esoj1lwgm - esophageal impression diastinal pleura
tuse) 11. ii11J>ressio ;•. a::_)'.�·os - ·impression of azygos vein 16. i111J1ressio mrdiam - cardiac impression

32
Bovine. Right lung. View of mediastinal surface.

Figure 26

Jmrs cra11ialis !obi cra11ialis cranial part of 9. fissura i11ter!obaris cauda!is - caudal interlobar lobe, pulmonary vein of right cranial lobe,
cranial lobe fissure tracheal bronchus
2. /Jars rnudalis !obi cra11ia!is caudal part of l 0. i111pressio esojJhagea - esophageal impression 16. bronchus /Hi11cij)(J/is dexter right main bron-
cranial lobe 11. i111/Jressio 1•. ((11'(//' cra11ialis - impression for chus
3. !obus 111edius - middle lobe cranial vena cava 17. m111i a. Jml111011alis dextrae - branches of right
4. !obus rnuda!is - caudal lobe 12. i111/Jressio a. et 1•. thoracirne internrw - impression pulmonary artery
5. lobus accessorius - accessory lobe for internal thoracic artery and vein 18. 1•1•. Jml11umales - pulmonary veins
6. 111mgo dorsalis (obtusus) - dorsal margin (ob­ 13. i111/Jressio rnrdiarn - cardiac impression 19. imertio pleurae 111ediasti11alis - insertion of me­
tuse) 14. facies diajihragmatirn - diaphragmatic surface diastinal pleura
7. 111mgo arntus 1•eutra!is - ventral acute margin 15. ra111us !obi cmnialis a. jiu/111ona!is dextrae, 1•. jm/1110- 20. sulcus 1•. came rnudalis - sulcus for caudal vena
8. i11cisura wrdiaw et fissura i11ter!obaris cra11ialis - nrdis !obi cranialis dextri, bronchus trachea/is - cava
cardiac notch and cranial interlobar fissure branch .of right pulmonary artery of cranial

33
Bovine. Lungs. View of diaphragmatic surface.
Figure 27
I. trachea - trachea
2. v. cava cranialis, tnmcus brachiocepha/icus - crani­
al vena cava, brachiocephalic trunk
3. pars cranialis !obi rranialis pulmonis dextri -
cranial part of cranial lobe of right lung
4. J1ars ca11dalis /obi cra11ialis J111lmo11is dextri - cau-
dal part of cranial lobe of right lung
5. lobus medius - middle lobe
6. lob11s caudalis dexter - right caudal lobe
7. lobus accessori11s - accessory lobe
34
8. pars cra11ialis /obi cranialis p11/111011is sinistri -
cranial part of cranial lobe of left lung
9. pars caudalis /obi cranialis pul111011is sinistri - cau-
dal part of cranial lobe of left lung
I 0. lobus caudalis sinister - left caudal lobe
11. aJ1ex cordis - apex of heart
12. mediasti1111111 craniale - cranial mediastinum
13. pericardium - pericardium
14. plica (s. 111ese11teriu111) 1•. came caudalis - fold of
caudal vena cava
15. 111ediasti11u111 caudale - caudal mediastinum
16. 11. phrenicus dexter - right phrenic nerve
1 7. 11. phrenicus sinister - left phrenic nerve
18. v. cava caudalis - caudal vena cava
19. esophng11s, truncus 1•agalis 1•e11tmlis - esophagus,
ventral vagal trunk
20. lnn. mediastinales caudales, tnmcus 1'<lgalis dorsalis
- caudal mediastinal lymph nodes, dorsal
vagal trunk
21. aorta - aorta
Bovine. Heart, left view.
Figure 28
I. aorta - aorta
2. tnmcus brachiocephalicus - brachiocephalic
trunk
3. truncus pul111011alis - pulmonary trunk
4. fig. arteriosum (Botalli) - lig. arteriosum
5. l'V. pulmo11ales - pulmonary veins
6. atrium si11istru111 - left atrium
7. v. azygos sinistra - left azygos vein
8. auricula dextra - right auricle
9. auricula si11istra - left auricle
I 0. l'entriculus dexter - right ventricle
11. ve11lriculus sinister - left ventricle
12. corpus adiposum subepicardiale - subepicardial
adipose body
Bovine. Heart, right view.
Figure 29
13. sulcus i11terve11tric11laris paraco11alis - paraconal
interventricular sulcus
14. sulcus lo11gitudi11alis accessorius - accessory longi­
tudinal sulcus
15. inserfio pericardii - pericardia) insertion
Figure 29
I. aorta - aorta
2. tru11c11s brathiocephalicus - brachiocephalic
trunk
3. truncus pulmo11alis - pulmonary trunk
4. v. cava caudalis - caudal vena cava
5.vv. pulmrmales - pulmonary veins
6.atrium sinistrum - left atrium
7.l'. azygos si11isfra - left azygos vein
8.auricula dextra - right auricle
v. cava cra11ialis - cranial vena cava
9.'
I 0.ventriculus dexter - right ventricle
11. ventriculus sinister ..... left ventricle
12. corpus adiposum subepicardiale - subepicardial
adipose body
13. atrium dextrum - right atrium
14. wlcus i11ferve11tricularis subsinuosus (s. dexter) -
sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus (same
as right)
15. insertio pericardii - pericardia) insertion
35
Bovine. Cast of ventricular system of the heart. Left view.
Figure 30
1. auricu/a sinistra - left auricle
2. uentricu/us sinister - left ventricle
3. tm11rns Jmlmonalis - pulmonary trunk
4. aurirn/a dextra - right auricle
5. atrium dextru111 - right atrium
6. ventrirn/us dexter - right ventricle
7. l.'l'. Jmlmona/es - pulmonary veins
8. 1•. cal'(/ caudalis - caudal vena cava
9. 1•. azygos sinistra - left azygos vein
I 0. vah•ufae semi/unares ml1'fle aortae (i111Jnessiones)
semilunar valves of aortic valve (impressions
for)
I I. aorta - aorta
12. tnmcus brachiocepha/irns - brachiocephalic
trunk
13. sinus aortae - aortic sinus
36
14. atri11111 sil1istr11111 - left atrium
15. rnsj1ides l'(l{me atrim•entricularis sinistrae (i111jJressio-
11es) - cusps of left atrioventricular valve Cim­
pressions for)
I 6. i111J1ressio 111i. jJaj1illaris s11ba11ric11/aris (s. si11istri) -
irnpression for subauricular papillary muscle
(left)
I 7. a. coronaria sinistra - left coronary artery
18. a. coronaria dextra - right coronary artery
19. mh•ulae se1ni/1111ares mime lrunci Jmfmonalis (im­
jJressiones) - semilunar valves of valve of pul­
monary trunk (impressions for)
20. 111argo 1•entricularis dexter - right ventricular
margin
21. 111argo 1•e11triwlaris sinister - left ventricular
margin
Bovine. Cast of ventricular system of the heart. Right view.
Figure 31
1. auricula si11istra - left auricle
2. atri11111 si11istru111 - left atrium
3. cusj1ides mime atrim•entricularis sinistrae (i111Jnessio-
11es) - cusps of left atrioventricular valve Gm­
pressions for)
4. 1•e11tricul11s sinister - left ventricle
5. i111/Jressio 111i. papillaris s11batrialis (s. dextri) im-
pression for subatrial papillary muscle (right)
6. mh•ula se111i/1111aris ,'(lime aortae (i111Jnessio) - se-
milunar valve of aortic valve (impression for)
7. 1•1•. Jml111011ales - pulmonary veins
8. 1•. cam caudalis - caudal vena cava
9. 1•. mm cranialis - cranial vena cava
I 0. sinus coro11ari11s - coronary sinus
11. 1•. azygm sinistm - left azygos vein
12. aorta - aorta
13. tn111rns bmchioce/1/wlirns - brachiocephalic
trunk
14. a11ricula dextra - right auricle
15. atri11111 dextr11111 - right atrium
I 6. rnspides mime atrim•e11tricularis dextme - cusps
of right atrioventricular valve
17. 1•e11tricu/11s dexter - right ventricle
I 8. i111pressio 111i. pa/Jillaris 111ag11i (s. cmnialis) im-
pression for great papillary muscle (cranial)
19. a. Jml1111111alis dextra et sinistra - right and left
pulmonary artery
20. 111argo 1•e11tricularis dexter - right ventricular
margin
21. 111argv 1•e11tricularis sinister - left ventricular
margin
37
Bovine. Skeleton of trunk. Dorsal view.

Figure 32

I. 1•ertebra thoracica I - first thoracic vertebra

2. cos/a fl - second rib
3. jm,cesms spinosi - spinous processes
4. J1roC<'sS11s lra11s1•ersi - transverse processes
5. caput costae - head of ribs
6. !11berc11/11111 cos/ae - tubercle of ribs
7. arCl/s cos/a/is - costal arch
8. ,•erlebra /11111balis fl - second lumbar vertebra
9. ,•ertebra /11111balis VJ - sixth lumbar vertebra
10. os sacru111 - sacrum
11. os ili11111 - ilium
12. processus arliClllaris cra11ialis Cl/Ill processu 111a111illari
(Jm1c. 111a111illoartiC11laris) - cranial articular
process with mamillary process (mamilloarti­
cular process)
13. jm,cessus costarii (s. lra11n•ersi) - costal processes
(transverse)

38
Bovine. Skeleton of trunk. Ventral view.

Figure 33

I. ma1111bri11m stemi - manubrium of sternum

2. cmpus stemi - body of sternum
3. cartilago xiphoidea - xiphoid cartilage
4. i'eriebra thoracica X - tenth thoracic vertebra
5. cos/a V - fifth rib
6. 1•erlebra lumbalis I - first lumbar vertebra
7. cos/a XIII- thirteenth rib
8. arws costalis - costal arch
9. 1•erlebra !11111balis VI - sixth lumbar vertebra
I 0. os sacrum - sacrum
11. os ilium - ilium
12. incisurae /a/era/es stemi - lateral incisure of
sternum
13. pmcessus costarii (s. tmm1•ersiJ - costal processes
(same as transverse)

39
Bovine. Abdominal wall, left view. Superficial dissection.
Figure 34
I. j){[rs thoracica 111i. lrajiezii - thoracic part of tra-
pezius muscle
2. 111. latissi111us dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
3. 111. rntrmeus lm11ci - cutaneous muscle of trunk
4. 111. jiffloralis J1rofu11dus (mce11de11s) - deep
(ascending) pectoral muscle
5. 111. serratus drmalis mudalis - caudal dorsal ser­
ratus muscle
6. 111. i11tercosta/is r-xtem11s - external intercostal
muscle
7. 111. obliqu11s extemus abdo111i11is - external
oblique abdominal muscle
8. 111. gluteus 111edius - middle gluteal muscle
9. 111. gluteus Jm,f1111d11s - deep gluteal muscle
10. 111. tensor fasciue latae - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
11. fascia /ala fe111oris (et 111. 1'flsl11s lateralis) - fe­
moral fascia lata (and lateral vastus muscle)
12. 111. g/11teobiceps - gluteobiceps muscle
I 3., 14., 1 9. - 21. ra111i ,•entrales 1111. thoracicon1111 (1111.
i11terrostales) - ventral branches of thoracic
nerves (intercostal nerves)
40
13. ra111i rnlanei lateralr•s 11i. inlercostalis VJ - lateral
cutaneous branches of sixth intercostal nerve
14. ra11111s rnlrmeus lateralis 11i. i11tercostalis XI - la­
teral cutaneous branch of eleventh intercos­
tal nerve
15. 1w1111s cutr111e11s lateralis 11i. ilioh)1)()gastrici (s. ni.
l11111balis 1) - lateral cutaneous branch of ilio­
hypogastric nerve (first lumbar nerve)
16. rr1111us rnta11e11s /a/era/is 11i. ilioi11g11i11alis (s. 11i. lu111-
balis 11) - lateral cutaneous branch of ilio­
inguinal nerve (second lumbar nerve)
1 7., 18. ra111i dorsales 11er,•1,r11111 thoracicoru111 - dorsal
branches of thoracic nerves
17. m111i rnlm1ei duno/1'.1 111ediales - medial dorsal
cutaneous branches
I B. m111i m/011/'i dur.wles /11/nuln - dorsal lateral cu­
taneous branches
I <J. m111i rn/r1111·i ,·1·11/m/,-.1 /u/1·m/1·1 - lateral ventral
cutaneous branches
20. m111i rn/01ll'i ,·1·11tm!l'.I - ventral cutaneous
branches
21. m111i 11i. i11tercostobrachialis - branches of inter­
costobrachial nerve
22. /11. suhiliarns - subiliac lymph node
23. ,'. ej,igastrim cranialis s11jietficialis (,,. s11hrnta11ea ah­
do111i11is) - superficial cranial epigastric vein
(subcutaneous abdominal vein)
24. 1w1111s C11/a11rns /a/era/is 11i. inlerrnstalis XII -
lateral cutaneous branch of twelfth intercos­
tal nerve
25. ra111us cuta11e11s latemlis 11i. costoabdo111i11alis -
lateral cutaneous branch of costoabdominal
nerve
26. m111i cuta11ei ,•entrales 11er,•1m1111 l11111bali11111 (I el fl)
- ventral cutaneous branches of lumbar
nerves (first and second)
27. ·,,. thoracica extemo - external thoracic vein
28. rr111111s rnta11rns /a/era/is rmni dona/is 11i. tlwmciri
XIII - lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal
branch of thirteenth thoracic nerve
29. 1w1111s dorsalis 11i. lu111balis I - dorsal branch of
first lumbar nerve
Bovine. Abdominal wall. Deep dissection. View of the inner surface with peritoneum removed.
Figure 35
I. rn11afis ,•ertebrafis - vertebral canal
2. fom111i11a i11ter1•ertebrafia - intervertebral fora-
mina
3. figg i11tersjii11afia - interspinal ligaments
4. fig: s11Jm1sj1i11aft, - supraspinal ligament
5. ,•ertebm /11111bafis II - second lumbar vertebra
6. ,•ertebra /11111bafis VI - sixth lumbar vertebra
7. os sacr11111 - sacrum
8. ,'tTlebra coccJ-gm I - first coccygeal vertebra
9. cos/a XIII - thirteenth rib
I 0. cmjms ossis ilium - body of ilium
1 1. tuber ischiadirn111 - ischiatic tuber
12..�)'111j1hysis jieh•i11a - pelvic symphysis
I 3. 111. ;m,as 111i11or - psoas minor muscle
14. 111. ifiarns (pars 111ediafis) - iliac muscle (middle
part)
15. 111. jisoas 111ajor - psoas major muscle
16. 111. iliarns (j)(JIJ {atemfis) - iliac muscle Clateral
part)
17. 111. sartorius - sartorius muscle
18. fig sacrotuberafe fat1m1 - broad sacrotuberal 11e11s) - tendon of straight abdominal muscle
ligament (28. scrobiculus tendineus)
19. 111. coccygeus - coccygeal muscle 29. crus jmbicw11 111i. recli abdo111i11is - crus pubicum
20. /Hin i11frajieh•ilw 111i. obtura/orii externi intra- of straight abdominal muscle
pelvic part of external obturator muscle 30. ems sy111J1hysirn111 111i. recti abdo111i11is - crus sym­
2 I. 111. /ra11s1•ersus abdo111i11is - transverse abdomi­ physicum of straight abdominal muscle
nal muscle :l l. ,11. gracilis - gracilis muscle
22. aJJ011e11rosis 111i. frt111s1•ersi abdo111i11is - aponeuro­ :l2. temlo sy111/1h)•siafis 111. gracifis et 111. adductoris
sis of transverse abdominal muscle symphyseal tendon of gracilis and adductor
2:l. 111. obfiquus i11tern11s abdm11i11is - internal obli­ muscles
que abdominal muscle :\:l. lig. susj1e11sori11111 uberis - suspensory ligament
24. aj)l)11eurosis mi. obliqui interni abdo111i11is - apo­ of udder
neurosis of internal oblique abdominal :14. j)(Jmtc!1y111a uberis - parenchyma of udder
muscle 35. mm. sacrocaudales dorsales - dorsal sacrocaudal
25. a1111/11s i11gui11afis Jmif1111dus - deep inguinal ring muscles
26. wrns i11g11i11afis (f(�w11e11tw11 i11gui11afe) - inguinal 36. mm. sacrocaudales ventrales - ventral sacro­
arch (inguinal ligament) caudal muscles
27. 111. rec/us abdo111i11is - straight abdominal :17. li11ea alba - linea alba
muscle :is. /11. i11gui11afis supe1ficialis (s. 111w11111arius) - super­
28. - 30. te11do 111. recti abdo111i11is (28. scmbirn/11s /e11tfi- ficial inguinal lymph node (mammary)
41
Bovine. Skeletal topography revealing abdominal and pelvic organs. Dorsal view. Superficial dissection.

Figure 36

I. 1'. azygos si11istra, aorta, due/us thoraciws - left

azygos vein, aorta, thoracic duct
2. lobus caudalis p11l111011is - caudal lobe of lung
3. 0111asu111 (i11 projectio11e) - omasum (projected)
4. lie11 011 projectir111e) - spleen (projected)
5. Jmrs mstalis diaj1hrag11wtis - costal part of dia-
phragm
6. saccus r111ni11is dorsalis - dorsal sac of rumen
7. hepar - liver
8. glandula sujnarenalis dextra - right suprarenal
gland
9. gla11dula suprarenalis sinistm - left suprarenal
gland
I0. ren dexter - right kidney
11. ren sinister - left kidney
12. uesica fellea, pars cranialis duodeni - gallbladder,
cranial part of duodenum
13. 1•. cam caudalis, ureter sinister - caudal vena
cava, left ureter
14. pars descendens duodeni - descending part of
duodenum
15. flexura duodeni caudalis - caudal duodenal
flexure
16. pars asce11dem duodeni - ascending part of
duodenum
17. pancreas - pancreas
18. jejunum - jejunum
19. cecum - cecum
20. - 22. co/011 asce11dens - ascending colon
\
\
20. ansa proximalis coli - proximal ansa of colon
21., 22. ansa distalis coli - distal ansa of colon
23. colon descendem - descending colon
24. colon sigmoidewn - sigmoid colon
25. ampulla recti - ampulla of rectum
26. a. el 1•. iliaca externa - external iliac artery and
vein
27. a. et v. iliaca interna - internal iliac artery and
vein
28. comu uteri sinistrum - left horn of uterus
29. mgina - vagina
30. ureter dexter - right ureter

42
Bovine. Skeletal topography revealing abdominal and pelvic organs. Dorsal view. Deep dissection.

Figure 37

'""!'!"'ll'---i-18
___.....,-�--'-20

i
i!

I. eso/Jhagus - esophagus
2.
3.
1·. cam caudalis - caudal vena cava
111uas11111 (in Jmijectirme) - omasum (projected)
..,..___._II 13
4. lien (in Jm>jectione) - spleen (projected)
5. /Hm costalis dia/Jhragmatis - costal part of dia­
phragm
6., 6'. cn1ra dia/Jhragn1atis - diaphragmatic crura
7. fflirnl111n (in J!rojeclione) - reticulum (projec­
ted)
8. saccus dorsalis m111inis - dorsal sac of rumen
9. saccus cerns caudodorsalis - caudodorsal blind
sac
I 0. hejiar - liver
11. 1•esicafellea - gallbladder
12. cecun1 - cecum
13. ileum (in /Jmjectione) - ileum (projected)
14. - 16. colon ascendens - ascending colon
14., 14'. (///Sa Jm1xi111alis coli - proximal ansa of co-

I)
lon
15. r111sa distalis coli - distal ansa of colon \
\
16. 1111sa s/Jiralis coli - spiral ansa of colon
I 7. co/011 desce11de11s - descending colon
18. Jmrs descendens duodeni - descending part of
duodenum \
19. /!(IJ/C/'eas - pancreas

(
20. jejw1111u - jejunum _,
21. Jmrs ascendens duodeni - ascending part of I
/
duodenum
22. colo11 lrr111sz•ersu111 (in J1mjectio11e) - transverse
'--
/
---- ____ .,,,,,,,

colon (projected) ,_ __,,..

_

23. comu uteri dexlm111 - right horn of uterus

24. cl)/Jms uteri - body of uterus
25. 1•esica uri11aria - urinary bladder
26. ureter dexter - right ureter
27. mgina - vagina
28. urethra (in J!mjectione) - urethra (projected)

43
Bovine. Abdominaforgans.. Right view.

Figure 38

I. tuber rn.w,e - tuber coxae

2. 111. g/11te11s 111('di11s - middle gluteal muscle 12. re11 dexter - right kidney
3. 111. ms/us i11ten111,di11s - intermediate vastus 13. ,•esica fellea - gallbladder
muscle 14. hepar - liver
4. Jmtella - patella 15. Jmrs cos/a/is diaj1hrag111atis - costal part of dia­
5. 111111. i11tercostafl,s - intercostal muscles phragm
6. rnsla XIII - thirteenth rib 16. Jmn descell(/eus d11ode11i
7. cos/a VIII - eighth rib duodenum
8. ((lr/ilago cos/a/is VIII - eighth costal cartilage I 7. pars asce11de11s d11odeni
9. abo11ws11111 - abomasum duodenum
l 0. 111. ,·ast11s /a/era/is - lateral vastus muscle 18. jej111111111 - jejunum
l l. J1ars cra11ialis d11ode11i - cranial part of duode­ 19. i/rn111 - ileum
num 20. cern111 - cecum
21. plica ileocecalis - ileocecal fold
22. 1111S11 Jnoximalis coli'_ proximal ansa of colon
23. 1111S11 dislalis coli - distal ansa of colon
24. a11sa sj1iralis coli - spiral ansa of colon
25. paries m/1erficialis rn11e11li 111ajoris - superficial
descending part of layer of greater omentum
26. Jmries J1rof1111d11s 0111e11ti 111ajoris - deep layer of
ascending part of greater omentum
27. 0111e11/11111 111i1111s - lesser omentum
28. jJ///1110 dexter (lob11s ((l11dalis) - right lung (cau­
dal lobe)

44
Bovine. Abdominal organs. Left view. Deep layer after removal of the rumen and one part of reticulum.

Figure 39

I. cmra dia/Jhragmatis - diaphragmatic crura.
2. gla11d11/o su/Jrarenalis sinistra - left suprarenal
gland
3. pancffas - pancreas
4. colon tram1'ers11111 - transverse colon
5. colon desce11de11s - descending colon
6. flexura d11ode11oiej1111alis - duodenojejunal
flexure
7. jej111111111 - jejunum
8., 9. m1sa spiralis coli - spiral ansa of colon
8. gyri ce11trif11gales - centrifugal gyri
9. gyri centri/ietales - centripe-taf gyri
I0. rec11111 - cecum
11. utnm - uterus
I 2. /)(fries Jirof1111d11s 11111e11ti 111ajoris - deep layer of
greater omentum
13. /iaries s11/m)icialis 0111e11ti nwjoris - superficial 24'. Jimcess11s Jiapilloris h1'/>atis - papillary process �f
layer of greater omentum liver
14. esoplwg11s - esophagus 25. aorta abdo111i11alis, i'. ((Ii'(/ rnudalis - abdominal
15. .rnlrns l'l'ticu/i - sulcus of reticulum aorta, caudal vena cava
16. rr'tirnl11111 - reticulum 26. ren sinister - left kidney
17. Jilirn m111i11oretirnlaris - ruminoreticular fold 27. aorta thoracirn, ,·. azygos sinistra - thoracic aorta,
18. 0111as11111 - omasum left azygos vein
I 9. laminar' onwsi - lamina of omasum 28. 11111. 111ediasti11ales rn11dales - caudal mediastinal
20. osti11111 11111asoab11111asiC11111 - omasoabomasal lymph nodes
opening 29. C11sta XIII - thirteenth rib
21. abo111arn111 - abomasum 30. cartik1g11 C11stalis IX - ninth costal cartilage
22. lobm accessorius jJ11l111011is - accessory lobe· of 31. 111. Jisoas major - psoas major muscle
lung 32. 111. gluteus 111edi11s - middle gluteal muscle
23. Jiericardi11111 - pericardium 33. 111. i'(JS/11s i11ten11Nli11s - intermediate vastus
24. hejim; ce11tn1111 te11di11e11111 dir1Jihrag111atis - liver, muscle
central tendon of diaphragm 34. patella - patella

45
Bovine. Cross section through abdominal cavity at level of eighth thoracic vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.
Figure 40
I. Jm,cesms sjJi11os11s 1•ertebrae thoracicar VII - spi­
nous process of seventh thoracic vertebra
2. crnpus 1•ertebrae thoracicae VIII - body of eighth
thoracic vertebra
3. costa VIII - eighth rib
4. cartilago cost11/is VIII - eighth costal cartilage
5. carti/11go costalis IX - ninth costal cartilage
6. p11rs thoracica 111i. lrajJezii - thoracic part of tra­
pezius muscle
7. 111. sjJi1111/is et se111isjJi1111/is thoracis et cen•icis - spi­
nalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis
muscle
46
8. 111. l011g'issi11111s thoracis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
9. 111. 11111/tifidus tlwmcis - multifidus thoracis
muscle
10. 111. iliocos/11/is thomcis - iliocostal thoracic muscle
11. 111. serratus dorsalis cmnialis - cranial dorsal ser­
ratus muscle
12. 111. /em/or costae et 111. mt11tor - levator muscle of
ribs and rotator muscle
13. 111. l11tissi11111s dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
14. 111. serratus 1•e11tralis thomcis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
15. 111111. intercos/11/rs - intercostal muscles
16. 111. obliq1111s extemus 11bdo111i11is - external
oblique abdominal muscle
I 7. 111. transz•ersus 11bdo111i11is - transverse abdo­
minal muscle
18. 111. rectus 11bdo111i11is straight abdominal
muscle
19. 111. pectoralis Jnof1111d11s (11sce11de11s) - deep
(ascending) pectoral muscle
20. lobus ca11d11/is Jmb11011is sinistri - caudal lobe of
left lung
21. /obus caud11/is Jml111011is dextri - caudal lobe of
right lung
22. 11ort11, 1•. azygos sinistra, trunms 1•11galis dona/is
aorta, left azygos vein, dorsal vagal trunk
23. d11ct11s thoracims - thoracic duct
24. esophagus, trunms mgalis 1•e11tralis - esophagus,
ventral vagal trunk
25. crura 111ediali11 diajJhragmatis - medial crura of
diaphragm
26. pars costalis dia/Jhragm11tis - costal part of dia-
phragm
27. 1•. cam ca11d11/is - caudal vena cava
28. hej)(Jr - liver
29. lien - spleen
30. 11tri11111 n1111i11is (s11crns ru111i11is cra11i11/is) - atrium
of rumen (cranial ruminal sac)
31. 0111as11111 (l11111i11ae) - omasal laminae
32. ca1111/is 011111si - omasal canal
33. 11tri11111 1•1•11/rirnli - atrium of ventriculus
34. retirn/11111 - reticulum
35. wlrns 1•e11triwli (retimli et 011111si) - sulcus of
ventriculus (reticulum and omasum)
36. 11bm1111s11111 - abomasum
37. 0111e11t11111 111i1111s - lesser omentum
38. 11. et 1•. ejJig11strica cm11i11/is - cranial epigastric
artery and vein
39. /1111. 11tri11/es, 11. retirnlaris - atrial lymph nodes,
reticula1· artery
40. tntnms sy111/Jathiws - sympathetic trunk
Bovine. Cross section through abdominal cavity at level of tenth thoracic vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 41

l. pars thomcica 111i. lm/1ezii - thoracic part of tra­

pezius muscle
2. 111. s/1i11alis et se111isj1i11alis thoracis et cen•icis - spi­
nalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis
muscle
3. 111. l011gissi11111s thomcis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
4. 111. 11111/tifidus thomcis - multifidus thoracis
muscle
5. 111. /em/or mstrw - levator muscle of ribs
6. ,•ertebm thoraciw X - tenth thoracic vertebra
7. 111. latissi11111s dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
8. ms/a X - tenth rib
9. 111111. intermsta/es - intercostal muscles
l 0. costr1 IX - ninth rib
l l. 111. obliq1111s ntemus abdrnnillis, cartilago ms/a/is IX
- external oblique abdominal muscle, ninth
costal cartilage
·l 2. 111. rec/us abd1n11i11is - straight abdominal
muscle
13. 111. h'a11s.•1'rs11s abdo111i11is - transverse abdomi­ 19. ems 111ediall' si11isln1111 dia/Jhmg11wlis - left me­ 28. 0111as11111 - omasum
nal muscle dial crus of diaphragm 29. osli11111 0111asoabo111asic11111 - omasoabomasal
14. a. et 1•. e/1igastriw cranialis, 111. pee/om/is /im/1111d11s 20. ems 111ediale dextr11111 diaphrag111atis - right me- opening
(ascendem) - cranial epigastric artery and dial crus of diaphragm 30. abm11arn111 - abomasum
vein, deep (ascending) pectoral muscle 21. lien - spleen 31. rn/rns 1•e,1lriculi (reliculi el 0111asi) - sulcus of
15. lobus wuda/is Jml111011is si11islri - caudal lobe of 22. i'. wm wuda/is - caudal vena cava ventriculus (reticulum and omasum)
left lung 23. hepar - liver 32. mnen/11111 111i1111s - lesser omentum
16. lobus cauda/is j)l(/,11011is dl'xfri - caudal lobe of 24. i'. portae - portal vein 33. pars crania/is d11od1'11i - cranial part of duode­
right lung 25. /Jlica r11111i11orelirnlaris - ruminoreticular fold num
I 7. due/us lhoracicus, lmnrns sy111j)(Jlhicus - thoracic 26. alri11111 m111i11is (saccus ru111i11is cm11ialis) - atrium 34. a. el 1•. /iena/is - splenic artery and vein
duct, sympathetic trunk of rumen (cranial ruminal sac) 35. a. gaslriw si11istm, ,'. n1111i11a/is si11islra - left gas­
18. aorta, 1•. azygos sinislm - aorta, left azygos vein 27. saccus r11111i11is 1•e11tralis - ventral ruminal sac tric artery, left ruminal vein

47
Bovin�. Cross section through abdominal cavity at level of caudal end of eleventh thoracic vertebra. View of
caudal surface of section.
Figure 42
1. 111. .1jli110/is el sr-111isj1i1wlis thoracisr'I cen•icis - spina­
lis et semispinalis thoracic et cervicis muscle
J '. 111. /011gissi111us thoracis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
2. pmcesws sj1i11os11s ,•rrtebrae thoraci((le X - spinous
process of tenth thoracic vertebra
3. aorta, due/us thoracicus, ,'. azygos si11istra, ln111c11s
sy111/)(Jfhirns - aorta, thoracic duct, left azygos
":in, sympathetic trunk
4. jJ///11w dexter (lobus ((IUdalis) -· right lung (cau­
dal lobe)
5. crus si11istru111 diaj1hrag11wtis - left crus of dia­
phragm
48
14. ,'. lwj)(J/irn, fora111r-11 ejJij1/oiC11111, a. lwj)(/fica -
hepatic vein, epiploic foramen, hepatic
artery
15. ,'. ((11'({ cm,dolis - caudal vena cava
16. cos/a XI, 111. latissi11111s do1:1·i - eleventh rib,
latissimus dorsi muscle
I 7. ,·r-.,·icafellr:a, 111111. i,1/ncostales - gallbladder,
intercostfll muscles
18. cos/a X, ;,,. obliq uus <'.\/emus abdo111i11is -
tenth rib, external oblique abdominal
muscle
19. 01111'11/u111 111i11us - lesser omentum
20. 111. /ra11s1•ers11s abdo111i11is - transverse
abdominal muscle
21. ((lr/ilag,, costalis X - tenth costal cartilage
22. ((lr/ilagi, mstalis XII, 111. rec/us abdominis -
twelfth costal cartilage, straight abdo­
minal muscle
23. atrium ruminis (sacrns ruminis cranialis) - atrium
of rumen (cranial ruminal sac)
24. sarrns ru111i11is ,•entralis - ventral ruminal sac
25. J1ilo ru111i11is cranialis - cranial pillar of rumen
26. atrium ru111i11orelirnlor1, (s. atrium ,'<'11/rirnli) - ru­
minoreticular atrium (atrium of ventriculus)
27. ostiu111 alriale <'.w/1hagi - atrial esophageal
opening
28.-30. s11/rns retirnli - sulcus of reticulum
28. labium si11isln1111 (s. crania/e) sulci retirnli - left lip
(same as cranial) of sulcus of reticulum
29. fu11d11s s11/ci retirnli - fundus of sulcus of reti­
culum
30. labium dextn1111 (s. ca11dale) su/ci relirnli - right
lip (same as caudal) of sulcus of reticulum
31. relirn/u,11 - reticulum
32. ostiu111 ru111i11oretirnlare - ruminoreticular
6. /)(/rs costa/i., dio/1hrag111atis - costal part of dia­ opening
phragm 33. jJ/ica ru111i11oretirnlaris - ruminoreticular fold
7. lien - spleen 34. laminae onwsi - omasal laminae
8. 111. 11111/tifidus thoracis - multifidus thoracis 35. 0111as11111 - omasum
muscle 36. abomasu,11 - abomasum
9. ,•erfr,bra thoraci((I XI - eleventh thoracic ver­ :37. /Jan cranialis duodeni - cranial part of duode­
tebra num
I 0. cos/a Xll - twelfth rib 38. a. et <'. epigaslrirn cranialis - cranial epigastric
11. 111. iliocostalis thoracis el 111. srrratus dorsalis ((ludalis artery and vein
- thoracic iliocostal muscle and caudal dor­ 39. a. ce/iaca, colon llwm·erwm, ,'. gmlrirn sinistra -
sal serratus muscle celiac artery, transverse colon, left gastric
12. ,•. lie,wlis - splenic vein vein
13. he/1ar - liver 40. fiancrms, ,·. fiorlae - pancreas, portal vein
Bovine. Cross section through abdominal cavity at level of thirteenth thoracic vertebr�. View of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 43

I. 111•.1jJi11a/is el se111isjJi11alis thomris el a,n,iris -

spinal is et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis
muscle
2. 111. /011gissi11/l/s thomcis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
3. 111. 11111/tifidns thorncis - multifidus thoracis
muscle
4. cos/a XIII, 111. /em/or coslae - thirteenth rib,
levator muscle of rib
5. ,•ertebm tlwmcirn XIII - thirteenth thoracic
vertebra
6. aorta, d11c/11s tlwracic11s - aorta, thoracic duct
7. crura si11istm diajJhragmatis - left crura of dia­
phragm
8. crura dextra diajJhragmatis - right crura of dia­
phragm
9. lien - spleen
10. 111. iliornstalis thoracis, recess11s costodiajJhragmatirns
ca1•i jJ/e11rae - iliocostal thoracic muscle, cos­ 19. sacc11s 1•e11tra/is ru111i11is - ventral ruminal sac 28. 0111as11111 - omasum
todiaphragmatic recess of pleural cavity 20. Jmncreas - pancreas 29. 111. tra11s1•ers11s abdo111i11is - transverse abdomi­
I I. 111. srrrat11s dorsa/is ca11da/is, cos/a XII - caudal 21. hejmr - liver nal muscle
dorsal serratus muscle, twelfth rib 22. 1'. ((/1'(1 caudalis, fora111e11 ejJijJ/oirn111, a. hejmlim 30. 111. obliq1111s ex/anus abdo111i11is - external abdo­
12. /Jars rnsta/is diajJhrag111atis - costal part of dia- caudal vena cava, epiploic foramen, hepatic minal oblique muscle
phragm artery 31. 111. rnta11e11s hw1c'i, 1'. ej1igastrica cranialis supe1fici­
13. 111. /atissi11111s dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle 23. 1'. jJortae - portal vein a/is - cutaneous muscle of trunk, superficial
14. 111111. intercosta/es - intercostal muscles '.24. fln:11ra d11ode11ojej1111alis - duodenojejunal fle­ cranial epigastric vein
15. /Ji/a /011git11di11alis sinistra ru111i11is - left longitu­ xure 32. jJaries sujJerficialis 11111e11ti majoris - superficial
dinal pillar of rumen 25. colon /Jwm•ers11111 - transverse colon layer of greater omentum
16. pi/a /011git11di11alis dextra ru111i11is - right longitu­ 26. Jmrs crrmia/is d1111de11i - cranial part of duode­ 33. Jmries jirof1111d11s rm1e11ti mrljiJris - deep layer of
dinal pillar of rumen num greater omentum
I7. jJ/irn ru111i11oretirn/aris - ruminoreticular fold 27. 1•esica /el/ea, ms/a XI - gallbladder, eleventh 34. jej111111m - jejunum
18. /Ji/a crnnialis ru111i11is - cranial pillar of rumen rib 35. abo111as11111 - abomasum

49
Bovine. Cross section through abdominal cavi-ty at level offirst lumbar vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.
Figure 44
I. 111. longissi11111s !11111bo1'11111 - longissimus Jumbo­
rum muscle
2. 111. 11111/tifidus !11111bo1'11111 - multifidus Jumbo­
rum muscle
3. 111. q11adrat11s !111nbomn1 - quadratus lumborum
muscle
4. 1n. retractor mstae - retractor muscle of rib
5. 111. i!iornstalis !111nbom111 - iliocostalis Jumbo­
rum muscle
6. 111. snra/11s dona/is rnuda!is - caudal dorsal ser-
ratus muscle
7. 111. Jmias major - psoas major muscle
8. 1•ertebra !111nba!is I - first lumbar vertebra
9. 111. jJsoas miiior - psoas minor muscle
10. crus lat!'rafl, dextrum diajihragmatis - right lat­
eral crus of diaphragm
50
20. 1'. cam cauda!is - caudal vena cava
2 I. cos/a XIII - thirteenth rib
22. cos/a XII - twelfth rib
23. sarcus l'llllli11is dorsa!is - dorsal sac of rumen
24. sarrns l'llllli11is 1•p11/ralis - ventral sac of rumen
25. /Ji/a cra11ia!is r111ni11is - cranial pillar of rumen
26. jJaries sujmficialis 0111e11ti majoris - superficial
layer of greater omentum
27. jJaries j)l'(if1111d11s 0111e11ti 111ajoris - deep layer of
greater omentum
11. aorta, crus !aterale sinisl/'11111 diajJhragmatis - aor­ 28. abo111as11111 - abomasum
ta, left lateral crus of diaphragm 29. Jmrs descendens d11odn1i descending part of
12. C/'1/S medial!' dextn1111 l'I sinisl/'11111 diajJ/m1g111atis duodenum
right and left medial crus of diaphragm 30. Jmrs ascende11s duodeni ascending part of
13. 111111. intercostales - intercostal muscles duodenum
14. 111. obliquus ex/emus abdo111inis - external 31.-34. rn/011 ascmdens - ascending colon
oblique abdominal muscle 31. w1sa j)l'(J.Yi111a!is - proximal ansa
15. 111. trans1•ers11s abdo1ni11is - transverse abdomi­ 32., 33. ansa sjJira!is - spiral ansa
nal muscle 32. !JJ'l'IIS m1trif11galis (11/ti11111s) - centrifugal gyrus
16. 111. rntanrns l/'1111ci - cutaneous muscle of trunk (termination)
17. 111. rec/us abdo111i11is, 1•. ejJ(i:astrica cra11ialis rn/Jer/fri­ 33. g)'l'IIS ce11trijJe/a/is (jJri11111s) - centripetal gyrus
a!is - straight abdominal muscle, superficial (beginning)
cranial epigastric vein 34. w1sr1 dista!is - distal ansa
18. ren dexter - right kidney 35. colon de.1·cr,11dens - descending colon
19. g!r111d11/a s11Jnare11alis si11istra - left suprarenal 36. Inn. jrj1111a!es - jejuna! lymph nodes
gland 'J7. jrj111111111 - jejunum
Bovine. Cross section through abdominal cavity at level of third lumbar vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.
Figure 45
I. 111. lo11gissi11111s l11111bom111 - longissimus Jumbo­
rum muscle
2. 111. 11111/tijidus l11111bom111 - multifidus lumbo-
rum muscle
3. 111. q11admt11s l11111boru,;, - quadratus lumborum
muscle
4. 111. iliocostalis l11111bom111 - iliocostalis Jumbo-
rum muscle
5. 111. jJ.was 111aior - psoas major muscle
6. ,•ertebm l11111balis Ill - third lumbar vertebra
7. 111. psoas 111i11m; aorta - psoas minor muscle,
aorta
8. ,'. mm m11dalis, ureter ru;xter - caudal vena
cava, right ureter
9. ureter sinister - left ureter
I 0. r,,11 sinister - left kidney
11. 111. 11bliq1111s i11tem11s abdominis internal ob-
lique abdominal muscle
12. 111. obliq1111s e.1'/em11s abdominis external ob-
lique abdominal muscle
13. 111. tmm1•e1111s abd11111i11is - transverse abdomi­
nal muscle
14. 111. rntmwus lmnci - cutaneous muscle of trunk
15. 111. rect11s abdo111i11is, ,'. ejJigwtrirn cranialis S11/Jflfici­ 24., 25. /II/Sa Jm,xi111alis coli - proximal ansa of
alis - straight abdominal muscle, superficial colon
cranial epigastric vein 24. gyms 111edi11s amae J!mxi111alis - middle gyrus
16. Jmries s11/mficia/is 0111rnti 111aioris - superficial of proximal ansa
layer of greater omentum 25. gyms dorsalis a11sae jJmximalis - dorsal gyrus of
17. paries Jm1(1111d11s 0111e11ti 111ajoris - deep layer of proximal ansa
greater omentum 26. - 28. m1sa sjJiralis coli - spiral ansa of colon
18. Jxm desce11de11s duodl'lli descending part of 26. gyri centrijJetales - centripetal gyri
duodenum 27. flexura C1'11tralis - central flexure
19. Jmrs ascl'llde11s d11ode11i ascending part of 28. gyri m1trif11gales - centrifugal gyri
duodenum 29., 30. ansa distalis coli (29. gyms dorsalis, 30. gyms
20. 111esoi1j111111111 - mesojejunum ,,,,11tralis) - distal ansa of colon (29. dorsal gy­
21. /,111. Jeiunales - jejuna! lymph nodes rus, 30. ventral gyrus)
22. j1j111111111 - jejunum 31. colon descendem - descending colon
23. c,,nm1 - cecum 32. n//11e11 - rumen
24. - 30. colon ascendens - ascending colon :l3. /1111. colici - colic lymph nodes
51
Bovine. Cross section through abdominal cavity at level of sixth lumbar vertebra: View of caudal
surface of section.
Figure 46
I. 111. gluteus medius - middle gluteal muscle
2. 111. longissimus l111nbon11n - longissimus lumbo­
rum muscle
3. 111. multifidus l11111born111 - multifidus lumbo-
rum muscle
4. 1•ertebra l11111balis VI - sixth lumbar vertebra
5. tuber coxae - tuber coxae
6. 111. quadratus lumbornm - quadratus lumborum
muscle
7., 8. 111. iliopsoas - iliopsoas muscle
7. 111. iliacus lateralis - lateral iliac muscle
8. 111. psoas major - psoas major muscle
9. aorta, I'. iliaca co1111111111is sinistra - aorta, left
common iliac vein
52
. ..,.
I0. m. J1soas minor, ureter sinister - psoas minor I 7. ile11111 - ileum
muscle, left ureter 18. cecum - cecum
11. m. temor fasciae latae - tensor fasciae latae 19. gyrus centrifugalis ansae spiralis coli - centrifugal
muscle gyrus of spiral ansa of colon
12. 111. obliquus in/emus abdo111inis internal ob- 20. colon sig111oideu111 - sigmoid colon
lique abdominal muscle 21. sacws n1111i11is dorsalis - dorsal sac of rumen
13. m. obliquus extcrnus abdo111inis external ob- 22. saccus ru111i11is 1•e11tralis - ventral sac of rumen
lique abdominal muscle 23. j)(Jries mperficialis 0111e11ti 111ajoris - superficial
14. 111. cuta11e11s trunci - cutaneous muscle of trunk layer of greater omentum
15. 111. rectus abdo111i11is, I'. ej1igastrica cranialis sujJeJfici­ 24. paries J1rofu11d11s omenti 111ajoris - deep layer of
alis - straight abdominal muscle, superficial greatei· omentum
cranial epigastric vein 25. comu uteri - horn of uterus
16. jej1111u111 - jejunum 26. ureter dexter - right ureter
Bovine. Divisions of forestomach and stomach, left view. Peritoneal attachments indicated by difference
in color.

Figure 47

I. sacws /'11111i11is dorsalis - dorsal sac of rumen

2. sacws /'llllli11is 1•e11tm/is - ventral sac of rumen
3. reticu/11111 - reticulum
4. eso/Jhag11s - esophagus
5. abo111asw11 - abomasum
6. sulws /011git11di11alis sinister - left longitudinal
sulcus
7. w/rn., rn11drdi.1 m111i11i.1 caudal sulcus of ru-
men
8. w/rn.1 n1111i1!ort'lirnlori.1 - ruminoreticular sul­
cus
9. w/rn.1 cm11ioli.1 nnninis - cranial sulcus of ru­
men
I 0. mlcus coro11ari11s dorsa/is - dorsal coronary sul­
cus
11. wlws coronari11s 1•e11tralis - ventral coronary
sulcus
12. atrium /'ll///i11is (sacrns ru111i11is cm11ialis) - atrium
of rumen (cranial ruminal sac)
I :l. r1·n'.1.rn.1 1•1·11tmcm11ioli.1 mn1ini.1 - ventrocranial
recess of rumen
14. saccus cerns caudodorsalis - caudodorsal blind
sac
15. saccus cec11s ca11dm•e11tmlis - caudoventral blind
sac

Bovine. Divisions of forestomach and stomach, right view. Peritoneal attachments indicated by difference
in color.

Figure 48

1. sacrns /'11111i11is dorsalis - dorsal sac of rumen

2. saccus /'11111i11is 1•e11tmlis - ventral sac of rumen
3. retirnlum - reticulum
4. omas111n - omasum
5. abo11ws11111 - abomasum
6. esophagus - esophagus
7. wlws rumi11oreticularis - ruminoreticular sul­
cus
8. atrium rw11i11is (sacrns na11i11is cranialis) - atrium
of rumen (cranial ruminal sac)
9. s11IC11s accessorius dexter - right accessory sulcus
10. su/cus /011git11di11alis dexter - right longitudinal
sulcus 14. s11!C11s caudalis /'11/1/inis - caudal solcus of I 7. cun•atura major abm11asi - greater curvature of
11. iusula /'llllli11is - ruminal insula rumen abomasum
12. sacws cews caudodorsalis - caudodorsal blind 15. sulcus coro11ari11s dorsalis - dorsal coronary sul­ 18. curuatum minor abomasi - lesser curvature of
sac cus abomasum
13. sacws ceC11s cm1do1'e11tralis - caudoventral blind I 6. m/C//s coronarius 1•e11tmlis - ventral coronary 19. pars /Jy/orica abo111asi - pyloric part of abo­
sac sulcus masum

53
Bovine. Abdominal viscera. Ventral view with abdominal wall reflected.

Figure 49

!J
.

11. jej111111111 - jejunum

I. paries Sllj}{')ficialis 0111,,11/i 111ajoris - superficial
layer of greater omentum
2. insertio abo111asirn lm11i11ae mjJl'ljicialis - abo­
masal insertion of superficial layer
3. insertio ru111i11alis lm11imw SltjJl'ljicialis - ruminal
insertion of superficial layer
4. j)(Jries jm1f1111d11s 0111mti 111ajoris - deep layer of
greater omentum
5. 111argo caudalis /)///('/Iii 111ajoris - caudal margin
of greater omentum
6. saccus ru111i11is ,'t'uiralis - ventral sac of rumen
7. saccus n1111i11is dorsalis - dorsal sac of rumen
8. sacrns cecus caudodorsalis - caudodorsal blind
sac
9. 1•esica uril/{/ria - urinary bladder
I 0. cec11111 - cecum
12. 0111e11t11111 111i11us - lesser omentum
13. abo111as11111 - abomasum
14. j)((rs cranialis d11odl'11i - cranial part of duode­
num
15. fig: 111edia1111111 1'f'sime - middle ligament of
bladder
16. cartilago xijJhoid,,a - xiphoid cartilage
17. atri11111 ru111i11is (sacrns r11111i11is cra11ialis) - atrium
of rumen (cranial ruminal sac)

54
Bovine. Dissection of roof of abdominal cavity.

Figure 50

I. g/011d11/a s11Jnormo!is dntm - right suprarenal

gland
2. 1;lm1d11!0 s11Jmtrmo!is si11istm - left suprarenal
gland
3. lwjmr - liver
4. ,•csira(d!m - gallbladder
5. o. hejmlira - hepatic artery
6. o. ce!iora - celiac artery
7. o. 11w.re11terira cmnia!is, , .. ra,•o raudo!is - cranial
mesenteric artery, caudal vena cava
8. ems nwdia!e dexlm111 diajJhrag111otis - right medi­
al crus of diaphragm
9. ems 111edio!e si11istn1111 diajJh mg11wlis - left me­
dial crus of diaphragm
10. ems !otera!e si11islm111 diajJhrag111atis - left lateral
crus of diaphragm
11. 111. i11tnrnsta!is i11tem11s - internal intercostal
muscle
12. 111. retractor costw - retractor muscle of rib
1 3. aorta - aorta
14. "· et ,,. re11a!is dexlra - right renal artery and
vein
15. ren de.\lr'r - right kidney
16. ren sinister - left kidney 23. a. 11u'sr11/eriC(J C(JUda!i.1, ureter sinister - caudal 28. 11. isehiadiws - ischiatic nerve
17. a. et ,'. rena!is sinislm - left renal artery and mesenteric artery, left ureter 29. 111. rec/us abdo111i11is - straight abdominal
vein 24. a. u111bi!ica!is siuislra - left umbilical artery muscle
18. 111. jJsoas 111oj11r - psoas major muscle 25. a. el ,'. i!iara t'xlerna - external iliac artery and 30. emjms ubnis - body of udder
19. 111. j!SIJ([S 111i11or - psoas minor muscle vein 3 l. a. et ,'. soera!is 111edia11a - middle sacral artery
20. a. et ,'. omrira - ovarian artery and vein 26. a. el ,'. ilium intema - internal iliac artery and and vein
21. o. t'I ,.. eirrn111flt'xa i!i11111 Jmifunda - deep cir­ vein 32. �)'111/Jhysis jJeh•ina - pelvic symphysis
cumflex iliac artery and vein 27. ureter dexlfl; 11. obt11mlorius - right ureter, obtu­ 33. 111. quadmtus !u111bon1111 - quadratus lumborum
:n. /11. i!iarns media/is - medial iliac lymph node rator nerve muscle

55
Bovine. Topographic anatomical relations of organs adjacent to the diaphragm.
Figure 51
I. 111. j!soas 111aj()r - psoas major muscle
2. j)(lries abdo111i11is - abdominal wall
3., 4. crus si11istn1111 dia/Jhmg111atis (J. latemle, 4. 111Nli­
ale) - left crus of diaphragm (3. lateral, 4.
medial)
5. a. <'I ,'. ru111i11alis dextm, crus 111ediale dextm111 dia­
J1hmg111atis - right ruminal artery and· vein,
right medial crus of diaphragm
6. J!cm costalis diaJ1hmg111atis - costal part of dia­
phragm
56
7. j!ars stemalis diaj!hrag111atis - sternal part of
diaphragm
8. arrns cos/a/is - costal arch
9. ce11/ru111 te11diil!'11111 diaj!hrag111atis - central dia-
phragmatic tendon
I 0. ren dexter - right kidney
11. aorta, ,'. rn,•a rn11dalis - aorta, caudal vena cava
12. a. 111ese11terirn cm11ialis, ,'. rl'llalis dextm - cranial
mesenteric artery, right renal vein
13. a. celiaca - celiac artery
14. a. et i'. lie11alis - splenic artery and vein
15. a. et ,'. gas/rim sinistm - left gastric artery and
vein
16. ,'. j!ortae - portal vein
I 7. o. gostrod11ode11alis, ,'. 11,esl'/1/erirn - gastroduo­
denal artery, mesenteric vein
18. o. hej!alirn, d11ct11s dwled()c/111s - hepatic artery,
ductus choledochus
19. d11ct11s crstirns - cystic duct
20. 1•esica fellea - gallbladder
21. lieu - spleen
22. hej1ar - liver
23. eso/1/wgus - esophagus
24. fig: jJ/m:11icolie110/e - phrenicosplenic ligament
25. 111argo J1eri/011ei (/i11ea i11sNlio11is ru111i11is) - mar­
gin of peritoneum Oine of insertion of
rumen)
:c>6. 011u•11tu111 111i1111s (/ig: hej}({/ogastrirn111) - lesser
omentum (hepatogastric ligament)
27. lig: lria11g11/are si11islru111 - left triangular liga­
ment
28. fig: tria11g11/are dex/r11111 - right triangular liga­
ment
29. /ig: leres ll!'j!alis - round ligament of iiver
30., 31. pars cmnialis d11od1'11i - cranial part of
duodenum
:11. onsa sig111oid!'a - sigmoid ansa
Bovine. View of caudal section of abdominal cavity with organs in situ.
Figure 52
1. m. fo11gissim11s fumboru111 - longissimus lumbo­
rum muscle
2. 111. quadratus fumbon1111 - quadratus lumborum
muscle
3. 111. psoas major - psoas major muscle
4. 111. psoas minor - psoas minor muscle
5. aorta, ,'. cm•a ca11dafis - aorta, caudal vena cava
6. 11reter dexter - right ureter
7. ureter sinister - left ureter
8. a. rJi•arica - ovarian artery
9. m•ari11n1 - ovary
10. infu11dib11fu111 tubae utninae - infundibulum of 19. 111. rec/us abdo111i11is - straight abdominal
uterine tube muscle
11. a. uterina - uterine artery 20. II/. trans,•enus abdo111inis - transverse abdomi­
12. tuba uterina - uterine tube nal muscle
13. fig: fatum utni - broad ligament of uterus 21. 111. obfiquus in/emus abdo111inis internal ob-
14. fig: m•arii pmjJrium - proper ligament of ovary lique abdominal muscle
15. cornu uteri - horn of uterus 22. m. obfiquus ex/emus abdominis external ob-
16. fig intercornuafe - intercornual ligament lique abdominal muscle
17. ,•esira urinaria - urinary bladder 23. 111esorect11111 - mesorectum
18. fig: 111edian111n ,•esicae. - middle ligament of 24. rertu111 - rectum
bladder 25. uber - udder
57
Bovine. Liver. Right view of parietal surface.

Figure 53

1. lo/ms rfr,xter - right lobe 9. lig 01m11ari11111 - coronary ligament

2. lobus sinister - left lobe I 0. lig fakifonnt' - falciform ligament
3. jJmffsS/1s ca11dat11s - caudate process 11. fisS11m lig: te1"f'fis - fissure for round ligament
4. i'. rn1•a rnuda/is - caudal vena cava 12. i111/m'ssio esoj1hagm - esophageal impression
5. ms/a VI - sixth rib 13. 111argo dorsa/is - dorsal margin
6. i't'sirnfelfm - gallbladder 14. 111argo 1•e11tralis - ventral margin
7. fig: tria11g11/are dextru111 - right triangular liga­ 15. ms/a XIII - thirteenth rib
ment 16. 1•e1kbm thomcirn IX - ninth thoracic vertebra
8. lig. trim1g11lart' si11istru111 - left triangular liga­ 17. 1•er/t'/1m /11111balis II - second lumbar vertebra
ment 18. s/t'm11111 - sternum

58
Bovine. Liver. View of visceral surface.

Figure 54

12

I
6
I
__ .,__ 2
1

-8----:-

I. lobus lwj)(Jfis sinister - left hepatic lobe

2. lobus q11adrat11s - quadrate lobe 11. /ig: frir111g11lare si11istn1111 - left triangular liga­ 17. a. hrj)({/ica - hepatic artery
3., 3'. lubus hej)(Jfis rkxter - right hepatic lobe ment 18. !11n. hejmtici - hepatic lymph nodes
4., 5. lubus rnudatus - caudate lobe 12. fig: hej)({/ore11alt - Hepatorenal ligament 19. ,'. Jmrtar• - portal vein
4. jJmctss11s j)(JjJillaris - papillary process 13. umen/11111 mi1111s (fig hrjJa/ugastriC11111 et lwj)({for/110- 20. duc/11s hr·patiClls - hepatic duct
5. Jm,cessus ca11dat11s - caudate process dena/e) - lesser omentum (hepatogastric and 21. d11c/11s du,/educ/111s - ductus choledochus
6. imjm·ssiu fffiC11laris - reticular process hepatoduodenal ligament) 22. ductus cysfiC11s - cystic duct
7. i111Jm•ssiu u11wsirn - omasal impression 14. fig triangulare dextmm - right triangular liga­ 23. ,•esica _(dim - gallbladder
8. i111Jnessiu abumasirn - abomasal impression ment 24. .fiswra fig: fertfis, fig feres lwj)(Jfis - fissure for
9. nwrgo du1:wlis - dorsal margin 15. i111/Jressio renalis - renal impression round ligament, round ligament of liver
I0. 111mgo ,·entralis - ventral margin 16. ,'. rnm caudalis - caudal vena cava 25. im/1/"/'ssiu esujJhagm - esophageal impression

59
Bovine. Right side of kidneys in situ.

Figure 55

I. rn, dexter - right kidney I 0. I'. rnm rnuda/is - caudal vena cava
2. rl'II si11isler - left kidney I I. ureter dexle1; 1'. re11alis dexlra - right ureter,
3. sarrns cecus rnudodm,alis r11111i11is caudodorsal right renal vein
blind sac of rumen 12. a. el ,,_ re11alis si11islra - left renal artery and
4. sacc11s cec,1s ca11rf01,e,1/ra/is ru111i11is - caudoven­ vein
tral blind sac of rumen 13. 11reler si11isler - left ureter
5. j)(lries prof11m/11s 0111e111i 111ajoris - deep layer of 14. 11wsoco/011 - mesocolon
greater omentum 15. capsula adij)()sa re11is - adipose capsule of kid­
6. ms/a XIII - thirteenth rib ney
7. rn/11111if,sce11dew - descending colon 16. lig. la/11111 uteri (111eso111elri11111 el 111esomri11111) -
8. aorta - aorta broad ligament of uterus (mesometrium and
9. ems dexln1111 el ems si11islru111 diaj!hragmalis mesovarium)
right and left diaphragmatic crura I 7. comua uteri - horns of uterus

60
Bovine. Kidneys and suprarenal glands. Ventral view.
Figure 56
I. glandula suprarena/is dextra - right suprarenal
gland
2. glandula s11praie11alis sinistm - left suprarenal
gland
3. rt'II dexter - right kidney
4. re11 sinister - left kidney
5. ,'. rni'O caudalis - caudal vena cava
6. oorta - aorta
7. ureter dexter - right ureter
8. ureter sinister - left ureter
9. o. el ;•. reno/is dextra - right renal artery and
vein
I 0. o. I'/,·. reno/is sinistm - left renal artery and vein
I I. 1w1111s rn/1rarenolis caudolis o. reiwlis dextme
caudal suprarenal branch of right renal ar­
tery
12. 1w11us supmrenalis caudolis o. reno/is si11islrac -
caudal suprarenal branch of left renal artery
61
Bovine. Intestinal trac� right view. Partially schematic.

Figure 57

1. r1bo11ws11111 - abomasum 10. ffC11111 - cecum 18. ,1.:_1·ms dursalis Ill/SO(' dis/a/is - dorsal gyrus of
2.-6. d11odl'l111111 - duodenum I 1.-19. (IJ/011 ascemln1s - ascending colon distal ansa
2. j}(frs cm11ialis d11od1'11i - cranial part of duode­ 11.-13. awa Jmni11wlis (IJ/i - proximal ansa of 19. gyms ,•e11tmlis a11sat' distalis - ventral gyrus of
num colon distal ansa
3. fie.mm d11od1'11i cra11iali.1· fonsa sigmoid('(/) - crani­ 11. _ti)'nts ,•e11tmlis a11sae Jmni111alis - ventral gyrus 20. colo11 lrans,'f'/111111 - transverse colon
al flexure of duodenum (sigmoid ansa) of proximal ansa 21., 22. co/011 descemft,m - descending colon
4. /}({rs descl'lldem r/1111d1'11i - descending part of 12. gyrus 111edi11s r111.we J>mxi11wlis - middle gyrus of 21. m/011 dr'SC<'ndem - descending colon
duodenum proximal ansa 22. co/1111 sigmoide11111 - sigmoid colon
5. fie.mm d11od1'11i mudalis - caudal flexure of 13. g)'rus dorsalis a11sae jJmxi111alis - dorsal gyrus of 23. lff/11111 - rectum
duodenum proximal ansa 24. jJ/ica ilrncecalis - ileocecal fold
6. pars asf1'11rlf'l1S d11odn1i - ascending part of 14. - I 7. r111sa sjJimlis (IJ/i - spiral ansa of colon 25. 111esoj,'.i111111111 - mesojejunum
duodenum 14. grri C<'llinjJetales - centripetal gyri 26. l1111.jr'.i1111ales - jejuna! lymph nodes
7. fft,_mm r/11odl'lwjr'.i1111alis - duodenojejunal 15. fie.mm C('ll/m/is - central flexure 27. /1111. mlici - colic lymph nodes
flexure 16., I 7. gvri ce11trif11gales - centrifugal gyri 28. /11. ceca/is - cecal lymph node
8. jej111111111 - jejunum 17. g_w11s m1trif11galis 11/ti11111s - terminal centrifu­ 29. /1111. 111t'se11tnici c1111dales - caudal mesenteric
!). ile11111 - ileum gal gyrus lymph nodes

62
Cow. Internal organs, right side. Eighth month of pregnancy. Abdominal wall and part of diaphragm
removed

Figure 58

I. 111. g/11/1'/IJ 1111'di11s - middle gluteal muscle

2. 111111. i11tl'J"costall's - intercostal muscles 11. abo11J(JSJJ111 - abomasum 19. co/011 - colon
3. ms/a XJII - thirteenth rib 12. j)llrs cm11i11/is d11od1'11i - cranial part of duode­ 20. com11 11/l'ri - horn of uterus
4. mrtilago rnstalis IX - ninth costal cartilage num 21. c111p11s 11/l'J"i - body of uterus
5. 111. ms/11s i11temwdi11s - intermediate vastus 13. j)IIJ"S d!'SCl'Jldr'JJS d11od(')1i descending p<1rt of 22. rm d!'xln - right kidney
muscle duodenum 23. 01111'11/11111 111i11w - lesser omentum
6. j)ll/i'//11 - patella 14. /J/J/J (IS((')Jdl'IIS d1111d(')Ji ascending part of 24. j)llries s11/J/'lficialis 011u'11/i 111ajori.1· - superficial
7. crus dn"fn1111 dia/Jhmgnl(Jfis - right crus of dia­ duodenum layer of greater omentum
phragm 15. /1)111111111 - jejunum 25. j){fril'S Jmif1111d11s 01111'11/i 11111joris - deep layer of
8. Jm1Cl'SS11s m11dat11s hl'jJ11tis - caudate process of 16. i/1'11111 - ileum greater omentum
liver 1 7. Cl'CJ1111 - cecum 26. m1111S11111 - omasum
9. /11/)//s lwf!alis d!'.rfl'I" - right lobe of liver I 7'. a/H'.\" r l'ri - apex of cecum 27. lig. /a/11111 11/ni, 111•11ri11111, tuba 11/ni11a - broad
I 0. ,'r'sim fl'ill'II - gallbladder 18. plim i/('(m'C/rlis - ileocecal fold ligament of uterus, ovary, uterine tube

63
Cow. Position of uterus in eighth month of pregnancy. Intestines and mesentery removed Outline of embryo
drawn in uterus from a fixed specimen.
Figure 59
I. II/. g/11/em 111edi11s - middle gluteal muscle
2. l11ber coxae - tuber coxae
3. 111. i/iarns (j}([rs lalemlis) - iliac muscle 0ateral
part)
4. 111. ms/11s i11/em1edi11s - intermediate vastus
muscle
5. //(//el/a - patella
6. 111. J>soas major - psoas major muscle
7. 111111. i11/ercostales - intercostal muscles
8. cos/a XIII - thirteenth rib
9. rnrtilago rnsta/is IX - ninth costal cartilage
64
10. ems dexln1111 diaj>hmgmatis - right crus of dia- 18. j>mffss11s rn11dat11s he/1(//is - caudate process of
phragm liver
11. 0111aw111 - omasum 19. lob11s hej>alis dexter - right lobe of liver
12. abo111as11111 - abomasum 20. 1•esica /el/ea - gallbladder
13. ni111e11 - rumen 21. J/(/11creas - pancreas
14. j)(lrs cra11ialis d11ode11i - cranial part of duode­ 22. ,'. cam cm1da/is - caudal vena cava
num 23. re11 dexter - right kidney
15. pars desce11de11s d1wde11i - descending part of 24. fig. la/11111 11/eri - broad ligament of uterus
duodenum 25. f()/Jms 11/eri - body od uterus
16. rn/011 /m1m•e1-s11111 - transverse colon 26. com11 dextru,11 11/eri - right horn of uterus
I 7. rn/011 desce11de11s - descending colon 27. com11 si11isln1111 11/ai - left horn of uterus
Cow. Internal organs, left view, in eighth month of pregnancy. Abdominal wall and part of the diaphragm
removed Outline of embryo drawn. ..,.

Figure 60

I. 111. J>.wm 111aior -'- psoas major muscle B. ems si11istn1111 diaphmg111atis - left crus of dia­ 14. mcrns ,•1-11/mlis m111i11i.1 - ventral ruminal sac
'2. t1ilH'I' cr,rn1' - tuber coxae phragm 15. /J//rir-s rn/1er/icialis 011w11ti 111oioris - superficial
3. 111111. i11/ncr,sta/1'.\ - intercostal muscles 9. rnrlifago cr,.1/11/is X - tenth costal cartilage layer of greater omentum
4. '1!· ,�/11/('//.\ Jl/{'di11s - middle gluteal muscle I 0. lien - spleen 16. /J//rics Jm1(11mf11s 111111-,iti 11111jori.1 - deep layer of
5. 111. iliarns (pan- /a//'/'(J/is) - iliac muscle 0ateral 11. s11cc11s C/'C/JS c1111dodowilis - caudoclorsal blind greater omentum
part) sac 17. cr,1JJ//s 11/eri - body of uterus
6. 111. ms/11s i11t1-m1Nliw - intermediate vastus 12. s11rc11s o,rns m11d11,'1'11imlis - caudoventral blind 18. om111 si11istm111 11/Ni - left horn of uterus
muscle sac I 9. nm111 dextn1111 11/i>ri ·_ right horn of uterus
7. cos/a XIII - thirteenth rib 13. mcrn.1 dor.wfis n1111i11is - dorsal ruminal sac 20. fig. /11/11111 11/eri, 11,•ari11111 - broad ligament of
uterus, ovary

65
Calf, two days old Abdominal organs, left view.

Figure 61

I. wslo VIII - eighth rib 6. sarc11s dorsalis n11ninis - dorsal ruminal sac 11. Jwril's jiro/111/(/11s 011u'11li lll([joris - deep pai-t of
2. rnslo Xlll - thirteenth rib 7. rnrc11s i'<'llfmlis ,wninis - ventral ruminal sac greater omentum
3. cartilogo mstalis VJJJ - eighth costal cartilage 8. abo11ww111 - abomasum 12. jrj111111111 - jejunum
4. Jmlmo - lung 9. re11 si11islN - left kidney 13. co/011 dr·sce11d('//s - descending colon
5. lien - spleen I 0. /Htries s11jin(irialis 011w111i 1110/1ris - superficial 14. linea i11serlio11is dia/Jh mg11wlis - line of dia­
part of greater omentum phragmatic reflection

66
Calf, two days old Abdominal organs, right view.

Figure 62

-
. . ..

13

I. /'Oslo XIII - thirteenth rib 9. d11odm11111 - duodenum 15. obo1110s11111 - abomasum

2. costo VIII - eighth rib
:l. mrtilogo costolis VIII - eighth costal cartilage
4. rn/011 d1'.ff1'11r/1,11s - descending colon
5. rt'// dnit'r - right kidney
6. Cff11111 - cecum
7. /Jmcess11s rn11dot11s ht'f)(J/is - caudate prncess of
liver
8. /,,/Jm hl'j}({fis dnkr - right lobe of liver
10. jrj111111111 - jejunum 16. 0111e11/11111 111oj11s - greater omentum
11. ,•nirn 11ri11orio - urinary bladder 1 7.0111e11fl1111 111i1111s - lesser omentum
12. fig /otnole ,·esirne, 11mch11s - lateral ligament of 18. fig: .frtlcifom1e lwjwfis - falciform ligament of
bladder, urachus liver
I :l. fig . trir111g11l0/'I' dntrn111 - right triangula1· 19. ,'. 11111bilimlis - umbilical vein
ligament 20. o. umbi/im/is dl'xfra - right umbilical artery
14. Jmh110 rll'xfn (lob11s m11dolis) - right lung (cau- 21. fig. medim111111. ,,r,simt' - middle ligament of
dal lobe) bladder

67
Sheep. Skeleton.

Figure 63

I
1

28

I. 111oril/o - maxilla
2. mo11di/J11l0 - mandible 12. mslr1 VII - seventh rib 22. osso d(�"ilom111 111m1m - phalanges of thoracic
3. otlm - atlas 13. rostaXIII - thirteenth rib appendage
4. oris - axis 14. arrns costufis - costal arch 23. 11s r11ww - os coxae
5. 1•ntl'lm1 cer;•im/is 1 1 - fifth cervical vertebra 15. rn1j>11.1 stnni - body of sternum 24. os(rworis - femur
6. ;•nfr,bra thorarim I - first thoracic vertebra 16. srn/!llfo - scapula 25. J)(/tl'l/o - patella
7. i't'1kbra thorarim VII - seventh thoracic verte­ 17. h11111n11s - humerus 26. tibio - tibia
bra 18. 11/110 - ulna 27. osso tarsi - tarsal bones
8. 1•,,,-tdm, f11111bofis I - first lumbar vertebra 19. radius - radius 28. ,is 111f'lolr11:wl1• Ill l'I JI' - third and fourth meta­
9. i't'1kbra /1111,/)(//is VJ - sixth lumbar vertebra 20. osso cmj1i - carpal bones tarsal bone
I 0. 11.1 mcr11111 - sacrum 21. os 111r•/ocm/Jo/1, III el 11 1 - third and fourth me­ 29. osrn digiton1111 j}('(fis - phalanges of pelvic ap­
I I. i't'rlt'brae CIJCC)'.�NI<' - coccygeal vertebrae tacarpal bone pendage

68
Sheep. Superficial muscles after removal of the cutaneous muscles.
Figure 64
l. 111. masseler - masseter muscle
2. - 4. 111. bmchiocephalicus brachiocephalic
muscle
2. 111. cleidomasloideus - cleidomastoid muscle
3. m. cleiduoccipitalis - cleido-occipital muscle
4. 111. cleidobrachialis - cleidobrachial muscle
5. 111. stemomastoideus (111. stenwcephalicus) - sterno­
mastoid muscle (sternocephalic muscle)
6. 111. stemohyoideus et 111. stemothyruideus - sterno­
hyoid and sternothyroid muscles
7. v. jugularis - jugular vein
8. pars cen•icalis mi. trapezii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
9. pars thoracica mi. tmpezii - thoracic part of tra­
pezius muscle
I0. pars scapularis mi. deltoidei scapular part of
deltoid muscle
l I. pars acromialis mi. deltoidei acromial part of
deltoid muscle
12. 111. 011wtrrwsz•ersarius - omotransverse muscle
13. 111. latissimus dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
14. 111. serra/11s dorsalis caudalis - caudal dorsal ser­
ratus muscle
15. fascia t/wracol11111balis - thoracolumbar fascia
I 6. 111. obliq11us i11tem11s abdomi11is - internal ob­
lique abdominal muscle
17. 111. serratus ventralis tlwmcis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
I 8. m. obliquus ex/emus abdo111il1is - external ob­
lique abdominal muscle
19. aponeurusis mi. obliqui abdumi11is extemi et 111i. ob­
liqui abdominis intemi - aponeurosis of exter­
nal and internal oblique abdominal muscles
20. 111. pectoralis prof1111d11s (111. pectoralis ascmdens) -
deep pectoral muscle (ascending pectoral
muscle)
21. 111. tensor Jasciae antebrachii - tensor fasciae an­
tebrachii muscle
22. rnput lo11g11111 111i. lricipitis bmd1ii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
2'.l. ca/ml laterale 111i. trici/1itis brac/1ii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
24. 111. brachia/is - brachia! muscle
25. 111. extensor carpi mdialis - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
26. 111. extensor mrpi ulnaris - extensor carpi ulna­
ris muscle
27. tuba coxm' - tuber coxae
28. 111. tensor Jasciae latae - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
29. 111. gluteus 111edius - middle gluteal muscle
30., 30'. 111. gluteobiceps (30. 111. glu/('//s Sllj)('ljicialis, 30'.
111. hirnj1s Je111oris) - gluteobiceps muscle (30.
superficial gluteal muscle, 30'. biceps femo­
ris muscle)
�l I. 111. se111ile11di11osus - semitendinosus muscle
32. 111. pe1m1e11sJ"11gus - peroneus longus muscle
:13. uber - udder
69
Sheep. Cross section through thorax at level of fourth thoracic vertebra.

Figure 65

19. 111. ddtoidl'ns - deltoid muscle

l. pmcessus s/Jinosus ,·ertebrrw t/11Jmcime Ill - spi­
nous process of third thoracic vertebra
2. 011/ms i'erlebrrw thomcica1· IV - body of fourth
thoracic vertebra
3. rnj!ul rnslae IV - head of fourth rib
4. scajmla - scapula
5. ms/a IV - fourth rib
6. s/ern11111 - sternum
7. l111111/'ntS - humerus
8. 111. rh11111boidl'lls !l11Jmcis
deus muscle
9. 111. serra/11s i'l'l/lmlis t!11Jmcis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
I 0. 111. S/Ji11a/i.1 l'I Sl'IJ1isj!i11alis thomcis 1•/ c1•n•icis - spi-
20. ,n. /Nes 111i11or - teres minor muscle
21. 111. /1•rr•s major - teres major muscle
22. rn/ml /011gu111 111i. lriri/1ilis bmchii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
23. rn/ml /a/emle 111i. trici/1ilis bmd1ii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
24. 111. a11m11!'11S - anconeus muscle
25. mj!ul 111ediale 111i. lricij!ilis bmd1ii - medial. head
of triceps brachii muscle
26. 111. /H•clomlis /miji1111/11s (111. /1fftumlis a.,n•1l(/e11s) -
deep pectoral muscle (ascending pectoral
muscle)
27. 111. i11/ermslalis i11ll'rnll.l (111. i11/nmrlilagi11e11.1) - in­
ternal intercostal muscle (intercartilaginous
muscle)
28. 111. l011g11.1 m/li, /m11rns -�l'III/Hilhirns - longus colli
muscle, sympathetic trunk
29. lobw cra11ialis jmli11011is si11islri - cranial lobe of
left lung
30. lo/ms nw1ialis Jml111011is d!'r/ri - cranial lobe of
right lung
31. ,'. 11::ygos si11islm - left azygos vein
;12. 1•.wf!l/(/g11s, 11. 1•11gus dnlN - esophagus, right va­
gus nerve
33. 11. ,•agus si11isll'I; /11. 11wdimli11alis nwdius - left
vagus nerve, middle mediastinal lymph node
34. aorta - aorta
35. lmdwa - trachea
36. 11. jm/1111,1111/is si11islru - left pulmonary artery
:l7. a. p11l11w11alis dnlm - right pulmonary artery
38. ,,,._ jm/11101111/l's - pulmonary veins
39. alri11111 si11islr11111 cordis - left atrium of heart
40. 11. phrmiClls si11islN - left phrenic nerve
nalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis 41. 1111rirn/11 alrii sinislri (((/JriCllla sinislm) om/is - au-
muscle ricle of left atrium (left auricle) of heart
11. 111. S11/Jrw/1ina/us - supraspinous muscle 42. ,•1•11/rirn/11s si11i.ller - left ventricle
12. 111. longissi11111s tl11Jmcis longissimus thoracis 43. /1ari1•s ;•entrirn{i si11islri - left ventricular wall
muscle 44. alri11111 rll'xlm111 mrdis - right atrium of heart
13. 111. 11111/tijid11s thomcis - multifidus thoracis 45. ;•1•11/rirnlw dl'x/er - right ventricle
muscle 46. ostiw11 ,'. rn1·a1· rnudalis - opening of caudal
14. 1//. i11_/i·m/Jinalw - infraspinous muscle vena cava
15. 111. sNm/11.,· dor,wlis rmniali.,· - cranial dorsal ser­ 47. 11. jihrl'nirns dnkr, /wrirnrdi11111 - right phrenic
thoracic rhomboi- ratus muscle nerve, pericardium
16. 111111. inlNrnstali·.,· - intercostal muscles 48. 111. trm1s1•1•1:rns ///()racis, 11. l'I ,'. thomrim i11/N11a -
17. 111. iliomstalis !l11Jmcis - thoracic iliocostal transverse thoracic muscle, internal thoracic
muscle artery and vein
18. 111. wbsrnp,ilaris - subscapular muscle 49. d11r/11s !l11Jmcirn., - thoracic duct

70
Sheep. Cross section through thorax at level of seventh thoracic vertebra.

Figure 66

16
1. /(�: .wjmisjJi11ofl' r,f fig: 1111chm' - supraspinal and
nuchal ligaments
2. J1mc!'sws sj1i11orns i'Niebrrtr' thomciall' VI - spi­
nous process of sixth thoracic vertebra
3. 111. lmfie::i11s (J){frS thomci({I) - trapezius muscle
(thoracic part)
4. 111. rl111111boidrns thomcis - thoracic rhomboid
muscle
5. 111. sfii11afis et semisj1i110/i.1· thomcis et cen·icis - spi­
nalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis
muscle
6. Ill. ffJll//is,\-illl IIJ thomcis longissimus thoracis
muscle
7. Ill. m11/ti(id11s t/111mcis multifidus thoracis
muscle
8. Ill. iliocostofis t/111mcis - thoracic iliocostal
muscle
9. 111. fe,•r1/or mslr/1' - levator muscle of rib
10. i'Niebm t/111mcim VII - seventh thoracic verte-
bra
I l. 111. in/i-mjiino/11.1 - infraspinous muscle
12. srnj)l[fo - scapula
13. 111. rnbsrnjmlaris - subscapular muscle
14. 111. fatissi11111s dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
15. 111111. inlcrmstafr's - intercostal muscles
16. 111. rntm1r'11s lm11ci - cutaneous muscle of trunk
1 7. 111. scrm/11s ,·r,11/mlis thomeis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle 24. lob11s a111dafis J111/,11rmis si11istri - caudal lobe of 32. lob11s accessori11s J111h11011is - accessory lobe of
18. cos/a VII - seventh rib left lung lung
19. 111. i11/ermstafis i11/r'm11s (111. i11tcrrnrtilagi11ms), rnrli­ 25. lo/ms ({l11r/afis fi11l111!J11is rlr'x/ri - caudal lobe of 33. 11. J1hrmirns dl'xle1; /1/ica (1. 11ws!'11/cri11111) ,'. cm·ar'
fog,, rostafis VII - internal intercostal muscle right lung ca11dalis - right phrenic nerve, fold of caudal
(intercartilaginous muscle), cartilage of se­ 26. /n111rns symjialhirns, ,'. o::)'gOS sinistm - sympa­ vena cava
venth rib thetic trunk, left azygos vein 34. 11. Jihre11irns si11i.1"ir'1; diofihrag111a - left phrenic
20. a. ,,1 i', thomcirn i11IN11a - internal thoracic ar­ 27. 111. {011gw coll,; d11cl11s thomcirns longus colli nerve, diaphragm
tery and vein muscle, thoracic du_ct 35. rr'/irn/11111 - reticulum
21. 111. lmw·1•Nws t/111mcis - transverse thoracic 28. /1w1c11s i'flgafis rf,,rsafis, !'.wfihagl!s - dorsal vagal 36. hl'jiar - liver
muscle trunk, esophagus 37. j1Nimrdi11111 - pericardium
22. .1/cr1111111 - sternum 29. r111rla, /r1111rn.1 ,•agafis i'l'lllrafis - aorta, ventra I 38. ajJn mrdis - apex of heart
23. 111. /H'tlomfis Jml1111rfm (m. J1i,ctomfis mrr'mleus) - vagal trunk 39. ,'. //111mcirn exln11a - external thoracic vein
deep pectoral muscle (ascending pectoral :lO. ,·. rni'fl ({IJ1r/afis - caudal vena cava 40. 011w11/11111 111i1111s (/ig. lwjialo1_;mlrirn111) - lesser
muscle) 31, 11wdiasti1111111 ca11rfafe - caudal mediastinum omentum (hepatogastric ligament)

71
Sheep. Left lung. View of mediastinal surface.

Figure 67

I. J>on crr111ioli.1 /obi cro11iolis - cranial part of cra­

nial lobe
2. //(/1:1" rn11doli., /o/,i ow1iali.1 -· caudal part of cra­
nial lobe
3. lo/ms m11dali.1 - caudal lobe
4. 111ri1g11 dor.wli.1 (0/,/11.w.1) - dorsal margin (ob­
tuse)
5. 111or:.(o o.-11!11s ,·1-11/m/i., -- ventral acute margin
(i. /i1111m int,·doboris (rn11rloli.1) - intcrloliar fissure
(caudal)
7. 111r11go 11rn/11s hosolis --- basal acute margin
g_ i111 i.111m mrdiarn - cardiac notch
LJ. /11!1,·• rliof>h mg111111im - diaphragmatic surface
I 0. i111Jm-ssio aortim - aortic impression
11. it11J>rt'-'-''" 1'.w/1hog{'(/ - esophageal impression
12. i11.1Nlio J>!t'/1/"(I/' 1111'dimli110/is insertion of mc-
diastinal pleura
13. lmJ11d111s J>ri11rij/(/lis si11i.1/n - left main bron-
chus
14. i'i'. J111/1111!11ail-s - pulmonary veins
15. a. /111/1111!110/is .1i11islm - left pulmo;rnry artery
1 o. i111Jm-ssi11 mrdiom - cardiac impression

Sheep. Ri'ght lung. View of mediastinal surface.

Figure 68

6
1. Jwrs rm11ialis /obi crm1ialis - cranial part of
cranial lobe
2. J>on rn11dolis /obi tmnialis - caudal part of cra-
nial lobe
3. lo/ms 111!'dius - middle lobe
4. /"bus rn11dolis - caudal lobe
5. l1!b11s orr,-s.wri11s - accessory lobe
6. ///(/lg" dorsalis (l!bl11s11.,} - dorsal margin (ob­
tuse)
7. 111orgo or11/11s i't'11imlis - ventral acute margin
8. fisrnm intnloboris cmniolis cranial interlobar
fissure
9. _/is.mm i11tnl1!hori.1 m11doli.1 - caudal interlobar
fissure
IQ_ i111Jm-ssio O(Jr/im - aortic impression
11. i111Jm-ssi,, mrdiam - cardiac impression
I 2. tmc/wa - trachea
13. a. J111h11011alis d1-.rtm - right pulmonary artery
14. ,,,,_ /111/1110110/es - pulmonary veins
15. imerti" J1f1,11m1' l//('diasli110/is - insertion of me­
diastinal pleura
16. wlrns ,,_ rn,•ae rn11dolis - sulcus for caudal vena
cava
17. focies diaJ>hmg111olim - diaphragmatic surface
18. hrrmc/11is lmdwo/i., - tracheal bronchus

72
Sheep. Horizontal section through thorax at level of base of heart (according to St. Ivanov).

Figure 69

I. 111. .;f1,mutf'jlfl({/ir11s (111. sl!'rt1011111sluid!'11s) - sterno­ 16. 111. dl'ltoidnts (pors srnjml11ris ,,1 11cnm1io/is) - del­ 2B. 1111'di11sli1111111 cm11i1tf,, - cranial mediastinum
cephalic muscle (sternomastoid muscle) toid muscle (scapular and acromial part) 29. j)('l-icrm/i11111 - pericardium
2. 111. sl!'r111/hyuid1'11s <'I 111..,·tcmotl11·midt'W - sterno­ I 7. rn/}{(/ /11/!'r11/e mi. lririj,ilis hmd1ii - lateral head 30. firm rn11d11/i.,· /obi cm11ia/is Ji11ft111111is si11istri - cau-
hyoid and sternothyroid muscles of triceps brachii muscle dal part of cranial lobe of left lung
:I. ,'. op/1({/i({I, 111. wbdm·i11s - cephalic vein, sub­ 18. 111. mmcohmd1i11/is - coracobrachial muscle 31. 111Nlimli1111111 (({11do/e - caudal mediastinum
clavian muscle 19. 111. bmchi11/is - brachia! muscle 32. di11Jiftmgi1111 - diaphragm
4. /11. mi/loris J>ri111111' cos/at', ,'. 11.ril/aris - axillaris 20. CII/J/11 111edi11/,, mi. lricijiilis bmd1ii, 11. 11ll'dia11w :l3. /i/irn fr 111<'S1'1tll'ri111//) ,'. rn,·111, rn11d11/is - fold of

primae costae lymph node, axillary vein medial head of triceps brachii muscle, medi­ caudal vena cava
5. a. thomcirn nln1111 - external thoracic artery an nerve '.14. loh/1.1· 11wdi11s Jml11/1111is - middle lobe of lung
G. 11. /1/'Cll/m/is cm11ia/is - cranial pectoral nerve 21. 11. hmd1i11/is, 11. mdi11/i., - brachia! artery, radial 35. ln111rn.1 Jntl11111111tlis (!'I 1•11/;·11/111' .,n11i!t1111m,s) - pul­

7. rm/a Jiri111a - first rib nerve monary trunk (and semilunar valves)
B. 111. hmrhiocepha/irn., - brachiocephalic muscle 22. ,'. bmd1io/is, 11. 11l1111ris - brachia! vein, ulnar 36. a11ric11/a alrii dntri (111{rirn/a dntm) mrdis - au­
'). 111. /H'rlomlis J1m/i111dw (111. jlfflomlis ost1'11d!'11s) - nerve ricle of right atrium (right auricle) of heart
deep pectoral muscle (ascending pectoral 23. rn/ml l011g11111 1//i. tricipitis bmd1ii - long head of 3 7. ru1rirn/11 alrii si11istri (1111rit11l11 sinistm) om/is
muscle) triceps brachii muscle auricle of left atrium (left auricle) of heart
I 0. 111. .rn/ims/1i11a/11s - supraspinous muscle 24. ms/11 f l - fifth rib 38. osti11111 1/1/rlrw - opening of aorta
11. 111. hirt'/is bmchii - biceps brachii muscle 25. 111. 1,,mor .fr1sci111' m1/,,/,mc/1ii - tensor fasciae 39. osti11111 atrio,·e11trirn/11r1' d1,.rlm111 - right atrio­

12. rnj}{(/ h1111wri - head of humerus antebrachii muscle ventricular opening

13. 111. i1(/i-mj1i1111/11s - infraspinous muscle 26. 111. snm/11.1 ,'1'11/m/i.1 thomcis - thoracic ventral 40. i'{{ii'lf 11triu,'t'1tlrirn/11ris si11istm (,. bit11.1Jiid11/is) -

14. 111. 01111/lm11s,'1'1:ffirius - omotransverse muscle serratus muscle left atrioventricular valve (same as bicuspid)
15. 111. il'r<'.\ 111i11or - teres minor muscle 27. /ion rmnio/is /obi nw1i11/is /mf111011is dn-tri - rm- 41. ,'1'11/rirn/us ;i11isll'r - left ventricle
11i11/ Ji11rl ol cm11ial lob!' u/ n:�hl /1111g 42. ,'l'lllrirn/w dntl'r - right ventricle

73
Sheep. Abdominal organs, right superficial view.

Figure 70

1. coslo Xll - twelfth rib B. /J11n tf,,sce111ft,11s d11ode11i - descending part of 15. j1'.i111111111 - jejunum
2. - intercostal muscles
111111. i11INC11slof1,s duodenum 16. JJ11ries SII/Jn(iciolis "1111'11li 11111j"ris - superficial
3. rt'// de.rlN - right kidney 9. /)//rs cm11iolis d11utf1,11i, ,·,,sim jd/1'(/ -:- cranial part layer of greater omentum
4. /Hm cos111/is dio/Jhmg111olis - costal part of dia- of duodenum, gallbladder 17. J)//ries Jm1/i111d11s 111111'11li 1//(/j"ris - deep layer of

phragm I 0. rnrlil ogu msl11/is X - tenth costal cartilage greater omentum

5. hep11r - liver 11. 111"/'lnt/1,xln - right ureter 18. 1J1111'11l11111 111i1111s - lesser omentum
6. (IJ/011 d1'SC/'11d('//s - descending colon 12. m1.10 s/Jimli.,· o,li - spiral ansa of colon 19. ob///11os11111 - abomasum
7. /)//rs 11SCl'11tf1,11s d11od1'11i - ascending part of 13. C/'C11111 - cecum 20. JJ1111rr1'os - pancreas
duodenum 14. 011.111 Jnu.ri1110/is coli - proximal ansa of colon

74
Sheep. Abdominal organs, right deep view.

Figure 71

I. 111. ps,1os 111aj111; 11rl'/er dl'.rll'r - psoas major 7. 11. l'I ,'. /'1'111/lis sinistm - left renal arterv and 15. pan rm11i11/is duod('{{i, ,,,,sim ji-/1('{{ - cranial part
muscle, right ureter vein of duodenum, gallbladder
2. ff/I dnt1·r - right kidney 8. JH1111n·as - pancreas 16. 11bo11111w111 - abomasum
3. /'I'll sini.,IN - left kidney 9. j1j111111111 - jejunum 1 7. sacrus dona/is n1111i11is - dorsal ruminal sac
4. colon d1•s,-,,11dn1s - descending colon 10. 1111sa dis/a/is coli - distal ansa of colon 18. s11cr11s ,'1'11/m/is m111i11is - ventral ruminal sac
5. /mn 11sn,111kns d11odl'11i ascending part of 11. IIH'/1'1' si11is/,,,- - left ureter 19. Jmrit'S pm/i111d11s uJ/11'11/i 11111joris - deep !aver of
duodenum 12. rnsla XI - eleventh rib greater omentum
6. /)1/n d,,.,·c,,nd,,ns d11od,,11i - descending part of 1 :1. pan costo/is di11JJ!t mg11111lis - costal part of dia­ 20. J){/rin mjJl'r/,ria/is 01111,11/i 11/(/joris - superficial
duodenum phragm layer of greater omentum
14. hl'j){{r - liver 21. 111111. i11/,,,-rnst11ll's - intercostal muscles

75
Sheep. Cross section through abdominal cavity at level of eighth thoracic vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 72

12

I 7. 111. lrm1s;•nrns abdomi11is - transverse abdomi­

nal muscle
I 8. 111. jJl'C/omlis J!m/i111dm (111. /H'Cl1Jm!is 11sc1·11d1·11S) -
deep pectoral muscle (ascending pectoral
muscle)
19. 111. />.mos 111i11111; ln111rns s)'111JH1lhic11S, ,·. a::i:�m si11is­
tm - psoas minor muscle, sympathetic trunk,
left azygos vein
20. 11orta, d11c/11s t/11,ml'ic11S - aorta, thoracic duct
21. /11. medi11sli110/is m11dalis - caudal mediastinal
lymph node
22. j){{/11111 sinister - left lung
23. j){{/11111 dn/N - right lung
24. 1111'dimli1111111 rn11dafr, - caudal mediastinum
25. /n111rns ;•a.�a/is dona/is, 1•.wf!h11g11s - dorsal vagal
trunk, esophagus
26. crus 111/'dialr· si11isln1111 dia/1h mg1110/is - left me­
dial crus of diaphragm
27. 0•11/ru111 /1'11di111'11111 dir1/Jh mg 11111/is central ten-
don of diaphragm
28. /10,:,- ms/11/is di<1J1hmg111alis - costal part of dia­
41 phragm
'.!'). 11tri11111 ru111i111Jre/inrli - atrium of ruminoreti­
culum
I. 111. .1J1i110/is l'I s1·111i.1J1i110/is thomcis 1•/ ffri'i;•is - spi­ 8. {(JS/11 IX, 111111. i11/1•rc1Js/alr·.1 - ninth rib, intercos­ :\0. rn/rns rr•tirnli - reticular sulcus
nalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis tal muscles :l I. 011111su111 - omasum
muscle 9. rnrtilrw, srnjJ11l111· - cartilage of scapula :12. 11sli11111 l'l'lirnln-0111mirn111 reticulo-omasal
2. Jmrs thomcirn 111i. lm/w::ii - thoracic part of tra­ 10. 111. l111issi11111s dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle opening
pezius muscle 11. (//.1/0 X - tenth rib 33. osti11111 011111.wab11111mirn111 - omasoabomasal
3. 111. /1J11giHi11111s thomcis - longissimus thoracis 1.2. 111. .l'l'rra/11.1 ;•1•11/mlis t/u,mcis - thoracic ventralis opening
muscle serratus muscle 34. ,'. rn;•a rn11dalis - caudal vena cava
4. 111. 11111lii/id11s 11/1/mtis - multifidus thoracis 13. cos/11 Xi - eleventh rib 35. alH1111as11111 - abomasum
muscle 14. 111. 11bliq1111S 1•xll'lm1S 0IHl11111111is external 36. ,'. hejmlim - hepatic vein
5. ms/a Viii, 111. lr•m/1Jr Cl/Sir//' - eighth rib, levator oblique abdominal muscle 37. hejJar - liver
muscle of rib 15. 111111. i11/erc11sta/es, rnrtilago ms/a/is XI - intercos­ 38. m11111s ;•. J;or/oe, d11c/11s 111'/mlirns - branch of
6. ;•1•1'11-bm th1Jmcirn I'll! - eighth thoracic verte­ tal muscles, eleventh costal cartilage portal vein, hepatic duct
bra 16. a. el ,'. ///1/mcirn i11/n110, 111. rl'C/11s abrlr1111i11is - :19. 111111•11/11111 111i1111s - lesser omentum
7. 111. i/i1JC11sta/is th1Jmcis - thoracic iliocostal internal thoracic artery and vein, straight ab­ 40. ;•1•simj"1I('{/ - gallbladder
muscle dominal muscle 41. rnrtilago ,1jJhoid/'({ - xiphoid cartilage

76
Sheep. Cross section through abdominal cavity at lev�l of twelfth thoracic vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 73

I. 111. 11111/ti/ir/11., lhomcis - multifidus thoracis

muscle
2. 111. l011,�issi11111s t/11m1ci., - longissimus thoracis
muscle
:l. cos/a XII, 111. jml(fs major - twelfth rib, psoas
major muscle
4. ,•1·1klm1 lhomcirn XII twelfth thoracic verte-
bra
5. m. J1suos 111i1un� i'. o::._)�t.:os sinistro, aorta - psoas
minor muscle, left azygos vein, aorta
6. J)l(llllo dnln - right lung
7. 111. ilioo,slalis thomris, rns/a XI - thoracic iliocos­
tal muscle, eleventh rib
B. 111111. in/nc,,s/a/es - intercostal muscles
9. 111. serralus dona/is m11dalis - caudal dorsal ser­
ratus muscle
I 0. 111. lali.ui11111.1' dorsi, cos/a X - latissimus dorsi
muscle, tenth rib
I I. ri,s/(1 IX, 111. obliq1111J nleml/J (/bdo111i11is - ninth
rib, external oblique abdominal muscle
12.rns/(1 VIII, 111. rnlm11'11s lmnci - eighth rib, cuta­
neous muscle of trunk
13. 111. lrm1.11·,,rws (/bdolllinis - transverse abdomi­
nal muscle
14. 111. jll'Clomlis jim/i111d11s (111. Jwclomlis asu,11dn1s) - 26. misa s(�moid1,a J)(/r/is nw,ialis d11ode11i - sigmoid
deep pectoral muscle (ascending pectoral ansa of cranial part of duodenum
muscle) 27. i'l'sirn Ji/Im - gallbladder
15. cnm1 dia/Jhmg111(1/is - diaphragmatic crura 28. 01111'11/11111 l//(/j11.1· - greater omen tum
I6. pan rns/(1/is di(ljihmg111alis - costal part of dia- 29. jcj111111lll - jejunum
phragm 30. /)(/rs jJJ•/orirn abo111asi - pyloric part of abo-
I 7. fi,,11 - spleen masum
IB. heji(lr - liver 31. abo111as11111 - abomasum
19 ..,•aff11S donafo n1111i11is - dorsal ruminal sac 32. 01111'11/111/1 llli1111s - lesser omentum
20. sorrns ,·e11/m/is n1111i11is - ventral ruminal sac '.l3. 111. l'l'C/1/J alHl0111i11is straight abdominal
21. ,'. rm·a rn11dalis - caudal vena cava muscle
22. ,'. j}()r/a1' - portal vein 34. /11. 11wdiasli11alis m11dalis - caudal mediastinal
23. d11cl11s lw/)(//irns - hepatic duct lymph node
24. fom111e11 <'jJijJ/oirnlll - epiploic foramen 35. /11. /Ja11cr1,alio,d11ode11(1/is pancreaticoduo-
25. JH1110Pas - pancreas denal lymph node

77
Sheep. Cross section through abdominal cavity at levelof second lumbar vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 74

12

18. mcc11s ,·e11/m/is rn111i11is - ventral ruminal sac

19. />an am,11dt'11S dnodl'lli ascending part of
duodenum
20. /)(/rs dl'SCl'l1d,,,1s d11od1'11i - descending part of
duodenum
21. j1j111111111 - jejunum
22. Cl'C11111 - cecum
23. - 27. co/011 a.ffl'lldl'11s - ascending colon
23. ama /1m:,:i11/(/lis (gyrus 111/'diw) mli proximal
ansa (middle gyrus) of colon
24. ama /nori111alis (�yrns dorsolis) mli proximal
ansa (dorsal gyrusl of colon
25. ansa dislali.1 mli (i:_i.,-11.1 d,molis) - distal ansa of
I. 111. l011gissi11111s l11111boru111 - longissimus lumbo­ 8. 111. obliq1111s i11/ern11s abd11111i11i., - internal ol,­ colon (dorsal gyrus)
rum muscle lique abdominal muscle 26. m,sa distalis c,,/i (�vrus ,'1'11/mlis) - distal ansa of
2. 111. 11111/tifid11s l11111brm1111 - multifidus Jumbo­ 9. coslo XIII - thirteenth rib colon (ventral gyrus)
rum muscle I 0. 111. 11bliq1111s n-/cr1111s abdo111i11is - external ob- 27. 011sa .1j1imlis mli - spiral ansa of colon
3. j>ror,,ss11s lmm,'ers11s ,'e1kbm1, l11111b11/is JI, 111. q1111d­ lique abdominal muscle 28. /)(/ril's /no/i111d11.,· 01111'11/i 111ajoris - deep layer of
m/11s l11111bom111 - transverse process of second 11. 111111. i11/crmstales - intercostal muscles greater omentum
lumbar vertebra, quadratus lumborum 12. rosta XII - twelfth rib 29. j>ories .rn/>n/iriolis 0111/'11/i 111(/ioris - superficial
muscle 13. 111. rnh1111,11s /runci - cutaneous muscle of trunk layer of greater omentum
4. 111. /Jsoos nwirn - psoas major muscle 14. 111. rfflus abdo111i11is - straight abdominal 30. rn/1111 dt'SCl'lldt'm - descending colon
5. ,·e1klm1 /11111/)(l/is II - second lumbar vertebra muscle 31. lig. s11S/J1'11,wri11111 rl'llis - suspensory ligament of
6. 111. />so11s 111i11or - psoas minor muscle 15. aorta, ,'. rm'a rn11dalis - aorta, caudal vena cava kidney
7. 111. /rr111s,,,,n,1s obd11111i11is - transverse abdomin­ 16. sm·rns dona/is n1111i11is - dorsal ruminal sac ;12. re11 siuisll'r - left kidney
al muscle 1 7. j>ilo cmnialis n1111i11is - cranial pillar of rumen :13. 11refl'/" de.riff - ,·ight ureter

78
Sheep. Cross section through abdominal cavity at level of fifth lumbar vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 75

I. 111. lo11gi.ui11111S l11111bom111 - longissimus lumbo­

rum muscle
2. 111. 11111lti/id11s l11111bom111 - multifidus lumbo­
rum muscle
3. i't'1"il'bm 111111/mlis V - fifth lumbar vertebra
4. 111. q 11admt11s l11111hon1111 - quadratus lumborum
muscle
5. 111. jJsoas major - psoas major muscle
6. 111. jJSoas 111i11or - psoas minor muscle
7. 11. cl i'. iliarn i11hT1111 - internal iliac artery and
vein
8. a. l'I i'. iliarn 1·.rtcma, urctcr dc.,ll'r - external iliac
artery and vein, right ureter 17. (()//{!)'lus lafr•mlis msis jt-111oris - lateral condyle 26. jJmies J>m/i111dw 011w11ti 11wjoris - deep layer of
9. 111. iliac/IS 111cdialis - middle iliac lymph node of femur greater omentum
I0. 111. ohliq 1111s i11tcm11s abdo111i11is - internal ob­ 18. m111()'l11s media/is ossis .fiworis - medial condyle 27. 11bn - udder
lique abdominal muscle of femur 28. jej111111111 - jejunum
11. 111. tensor Jmriac latac - tensor fasciae latae 19. 111. bicr'jJs ji111oris - biceps femoris muscle 29. rern111 - cecum
muscle 20. tibia - tibia 30. m,m sjJimlis coli - spiral ansa of colon
12.- 15. 111. q11adrircjJs fn11oris - quadriceps femo- 21. 111e11isci - menisci 31. ffr/11111 - rectum
ris muscle 22. 111. rl'C/11s abdo111i11is - straight abdominal 32. sarcus Cff/lS rn11dodonalis m111i11i.1· - caudodorsal
12. 111. H·rt11sfc111oris - straight femoral muscle muscle blind sac of rumen
13. 111. 1'(JS/11s /a/cm/is - lateral vastus muscle 23. 111. obliq 1111s 1·xtem11s abd0111i11is - external obli­ 33. 111. gmcilis - gracilis muscle
14. 111. 1'(JS/11s i11h•rn1('(/i11s - intermediate vastus que abdominal muscle 34. 111. sartorius - sartorius muscle
muscle 24. 111. add11clor - adductor muscle 35. 011/)//s adij)l)S/1111 - adipose body
15. 111. ms/us media/is - medial vastus muscle 25. J>arir·s mjmfirialis 01111•11/i 111ajoris - superficial :l6. urNn si11istn - left ureter
16. osfc11wris - femur layer of greater omentum

79
Sheep. Topographic anatomic relations of the diaphragm with adjacent abdominal organs. View of
ventrocaudal surface.

Figure 76

1. lien - spleen
2. hejior - liver 10. r/11rt11s /11•/)((firns - hepatic duct 18. ems laif'mlr· siuistm111 dir1jih mg11111tis - left lateral
3. ,'. rn,•o m11do/is - caudal vena cava 11. d11r/11.1 rrstirns - cystic duct crus of diaphragm
4. o. 1111·.1n1tnirn rm11i11/is - cranial mesenteric ar­ 12. 1•1·simfi'/lca - gallbladder 19. ems latf'mle dl'.rlrt1111 dia/1hrag111ali.1· right late-
tery 1 :3.olri11111 n1111i11orttirn/11r,• fr olri11111 ,·1·11/rirn/i) - ral crus of diaphragm
5. 11. rdiom, ,·. 1111·s1·11tnim rm11i11/is - celiac artery, atrium of ruminoreticulum (same as atrium 20. rms 1uNlialr• si11istn1111 dia/1hrag1110/is - left medi­
cranial mesenteric vein of ventriculus) al crus of diaphragm
6. «. ,,1 ,·. li,·110/is - splenic artery and vein 14. fl'lio,/11111 - reticulum 21. j)({n ms/a/is diaphrr1g111otis - costal part of dia­
7. ,·. J1orfm• - portal vein 15. ()l//rts11111 - omasum phragm
8. dwt11s rho/,,dorh11s, o. h1'j)({/iC11 - ductus choledo­ 16. /i1m/11s 11bm11osi - fundus of abomasum 22. lig /1hrl'11irnlil'11alr· - phrenicosplenic ligament
chus, hepatic artery 16'. ji)'!()rtts - pylorus 23. lig lria11gular1· dntm111 lwj)({fis - right triangular
<). «. l'i ,'. WtSlrim si11islm - left gastric artery and 1 7. Jiors cm11io/is duodc11i - cranial part of duode­ ligament of liver
vein num

80
Sheep. Kidneys, liver, spleen and pancreas and their topographic anatomic relations.

Figure 77

/; 2

/;

I. 111. j>soas major el 111. Jmms 111i11,,,- - psoas major

and psoas minor muscles
2. paries abd,,111i11is - abdominal wall
3. ru,r/a, llrt'fer si11isfer - aorta, left ureter
4. 1·. cm•a rn11da!is, 11n'/!'r dnter - caudal vena
cava, right ureter
5. c11!1111 dr•scendem - descending colon
6. ff/I sinisfrr - left kidney
7. ffll dexter - right kidney
8. a. r•f i'. re11a!is sinisfra - left renal artery and
vein
9. a. el 1•. re1101is rkxtra, g!and11!a suj>rare1101is de.rim - 15. !11b11s dr•xtrr hej>afis - right lobe of liver 23. ce11/m111 fe11dine11111 dia/Jhmgmatis - central ten-
right renal artery and vein, right suprarenal 16. !obus si11isl!'r lirjialis - left lobe of liver don of diaphragm
gland I7. a. hej>afirn, d11c/11s hepatirns - hepatic artery, he­ 24., 24'. 111rirg,1 jJerit1111ei (!i11ea imerti1111is) - perito­
I0. gla11d11!a suj>rarrnalis sinistm - left suprarenal patic duct neal margin Cline of insertion)
gland 18. esojJhagus - esophagus 24. !inea adhesirmis n1111i11is - line of ruminal adhe­
I I. r111sa sigmoidea d1111de11i - sigmoid ansa of 19. ems !atemle si11istn1111 diaj>hmg111atis - left lateral sion
duodenum crus of diaphragm 24'. m11e11/11111 111i1111s (lig; hepatogastrirnm) - lesser
12. Jmncffm (1ob11s sinister) - pancreas Cleft lobe) 20. fig; jJhre11ico!ie11ale - phrenicosplenic ligament omentum (hepatogastric ligament)
12'. pan desce11de11s d11ode11i - descending part of 21. lig. tria11g11!are dextru,11 hejiafis - right triangular 25. crum 111edialia dia/Jhmgmafis - medial crura of
duodenum ligament of liver diaphragm
13. 1·. J){)r/ae - portal vein 22. j>ars rnsta!is diaj>hragmatis - costal part of dia­ 26. fig; feres hej>atis - round ligament of liver
14. lien - spleen phragm 27. 1'<'sica fe11ea - gallbladder

81
Sheep. Reticular sulcus, caudal view (left). Reticular sulcus, view from above (right).

Figure 78

,,;

. -� 1
'fJ
}
. . ll
.
•·

. ,, ' ...· .
.. <i •.\,'
:

9. 11111am111 - omasum
1. 11sti11111 atrialr (s. cardiaC11111) esoj1hagi - atrial 5. f1111d11s mlci reliC11{i - fundus of sulcus of reti- IO_ laminae 111110si - omasal laminae
opening (same as cardiac) of esophagus culum I 1. s11IC11s 1111wsi - sulcus of omasum
2. plica rw11i11oretirnlaris - ruminoreticular fold 6. labi11111 drxtru111 s11/ci - right lip of sulcus 12. 11sti11111 11111a.rnab11111asin1111 - omasoabomasal
3. rrliC11l11111 - reticulum 7. labi11111 si11isln1111 s11/ci - left Ii p of sulcus opening
4. atri11111 ru111i11is - atrium of rumen 8. 11sti11111 reliC11f,,-11111asiC11111 - retictulo-omasal 13. 1•ela abomasica - abomasal coverings
5.- 7_ s11/C11s retiC11li - sulcus of reticulum opening 14. abo111as11111 - abomasum

82
Sheep. Liver. View of visceral surface.
Figure 79
15
I. lobus sinister - left lobe
2. lobus quadmtus - quadrate lobe
3., 3'. lobus dexter - right lobe
4., 5. lobus caudatus - caudate lobe
4. procesws papillaris - papillary process
5. processm caudatus - caudate process
6. v. cava caudalis - caudal vena cava
7. 1•. j)()rtae - portal vein
\
/
r-
./
8. a. hepatica - hepatic artery 16. fig. triangulare dextrum - right triangular liga­
CJ. ductus hepatiws - hepatic duct ment
l 0. ductus choledochus - ductus choledochus 17. omentum minm (lig. hepatogastricum et hepatoduo­
11. ductus cysticus - cystic duct denale) - lesser omentum (hepatogastric and
12. vesica fellea - gallbladder hepatoi,luodenal ligament)
13. fissura fig. teretis - fissure for round ligament 18. fig. teres hepatis -:-- round ligament of liver
14. lig. coro11ariu111 - coronary ligament 19. impressio reticularis - reticular impression
15. lig. triangulare sinistrum - left triangular liga­ 20. impressio omasica - omasal impression
ment 21. impressio renalis - renal impression
83
Sheep. Abdo'minal organs in last week of pregnancy, right view.

Figure 80

L cos/a XIII - thirteenth rib 7. pubno dexter - right lung 13. cecum - cecum
2. arrns costalis - costal arch 8. pars costalis diajJhragmatis - costal part of dia­ 14. ansa jJroximalis coli - proximal 'ansa of colon
3. tuber coxae - tuber coxae phragm 15. jejunum - jejunum
4. 111. i/iocostalis thoracis - thoracic iliocostal · 9. hepar - liver 16. colon descendem - descending colon
muscle l 0. vesica fellea - gallbladder 17. uterus grrll'is (fetus in projectione) - gravid uterus
5. 111111. psoas - psoas·muscles 11. abomas11111 - abomasum (with fetal outline)
6. ren dexter - right kidney 12. duodenum - duodenum

84
Sheep. Abdominal organs in last week of pregnancy, left view.

Figure 81

I. cos/a XIII - thirteenth rib 5. 111. psoas major et 111. J;soas 111inor - psoas major 9. saccus dorsalis r11111inis - dorsal ruminal sac
2. arcus cos/a/is - costal arch and psoas minor muscles I 0. saccus ,•e11tralis r11111inis - ventral ruminal sac
3. tuber coxae - tuber coxae 6. lien (in projectione) - spleen (projected) 11. jej111111111 - jejunum
4. 111. iliocostalis thoracis et m. iliocostalis /11111brm1111 7. pu/1110 - lung 12. colon - colon
iliocostalis thoracis and iliocostalis Jumbo­ B. pars costalis diaphrag111atis - costal part of dia­ 13. uterus gravis (fetus in projectione) - gravid uterus
rum muscles phragm (with fetal outline)

85
Sheep,-pregnant. Cross section through abdominal cavity in last week ofpregnancy. Section at level of tenth
thoracic vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.
Figure 82
I. pars thoracirn mi. fra/Jezii - thoracic part of tra­
pezius muscle
2. 111. 111ultifidus thoracis - multifidus thoracis
muscle
3. 111. longissi111us thoracis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
4. 111. /Jsoas major - psoas major muscle
5. 111. psoas minor - psoas minor muscle
6. z,ertebra thoracica X - tenth thoracic vertebra
7. u. azygos sinistra, /11. 1nediasti11alis dorsalis - left
azygos vein, dorsal mediastinal lymph node
8. aorta, due/us thoracicus - aorta, thoracic duct
9. /m/1110 sinister - left lung
10. jm/1110 dexter - right lung
11. crura diaphragmatis - crura of diaphragm
12. lien - spleen
86
13. cos/a XI, 111. iliocostalis thoracis - eleventh rib,
thoracic iliocostal muscle
14. 111. latissimus dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
15. 111. wta11e11s trunci - cutaneous muscle of trunk
16. 111111. intercostales - intercostal muscles
17. /1ars costalis diajJhragmatis - costal part of dia­
phragm
18. 111. obliq1111s ex/emus abd11111i11is, cartilago costalis XI
- external oblique abdominal muscle, elev­
enth costal cartilage
19. 111. rec/us abdo111i11is - straight abdominal
muscle
20. sacrns dorsalis ru111i11is - dorsal ruminal sac
21. 11stiu111 ru111i1111retiwlare - ruminoreticular
opening
22. rnlcus reticuli - sulcus of reticulum
23. /1ila cranialis ru111i11is - cranial pillar of rumen
24. sacrns 1'e11tralis ru111i11is - ventral ruminal sac
25. m11e11/11111 111ajus, 111. tra11s;'ers11s abd11111i11is -
greater omentum, transverse abdominal
muscle
26. 0111asu111 - omasum
27. ab11111as11111 - abomasum
28. J1ars /1ylorica abmnasi - pyloric part of abo-
masum
29. 1'. caua caudalis - caudal vena cava
30. hepar - liver
31. ,'. j){)rfae - portal vein
32. omen/11111 111i1111s - lesser omentum
33. due/us cysticus - cystic duct
34. z,esica /el/ea - gallbladder
35. comu dextru111 uteri - right horn of uterus
:l6. dunis fetus - buttock'S of fetus
:l7. rn11dafetus - tail of fetus
Sheep, pregnant. Cross section through abdominal cavity in last week of pregnancy. Section at level of
thirteenth thoracic vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.
Figure 83
I. 111111. 11111/tifidi (thoracis et lu111bo1'11111) - multifi­
dus (thoracis et lumborum) muscles
2. 111. !011gissi11111s (thoracis el lu111bon1111) - longissi­
mus (thoracis et lumborum) muscle
3. 111. serra/us dorsalis caudalis - caudal dorsal ser­
ratus muscle
4. J1mcess11s coslarius (tra11s1•erws) 1•ertebrae !11111balis
I - costal (transverse) process of first lumbar
vertebra
5. z•fftebra thomcica XIII - thirteenth thoracic
vertebra
6. 111. J1soas major - psoas major muscle
7. 111. obliq1111s i11/em11s abd11111i11is - internal ob­
lique abdominal muscle
8. 111. /mm,•ersus abdm11i11is - transverse abdomi­
nal muscle
9. 111. obliq1111s ex/emus abd11111i11is - external ob-
lique abdominal muscle
I0. 111. mta11e11s /1'1111ci - cutaneous muscle of trunk
11. 111. rect11s abd11111i11is - straight abdominal muscle
12. aorta, glandula wprarenalis sinistra - aorta, left
suprarenal gland
I 3. ,'. cm•a wudafis, gfa11d11fa w/1rare11afis dexlm
caudal vena cava, right suprarenal gland
14. re11 dexter - right kidney
15. Jxm desce11dem d11ode11i - descending part of
duodenum
16. ffex11m d11ode1111jej1111alis - duodenojejunal flex-
ure
17. ileu111, /11. cofiws - ileum, colic lymph node
18. jeju1111111 - jejunum
19., 20., 23., 24. colon ascendem - ascending colon
I\)., '.Z0. 011.,·a Jimxi1111tfi.1· rnfi ([ �). g\'ms ,·1•11/m{i.1, 20. gr,.,,,,
111edius) - proximal ansa of colon (19. ventral
gyrus, 20. middle gyrus)
21. colon descendens - descending colon
22. j)(lncreas - pancreas
23. cmsa s/Jirafis coli - spiral ansa of colon
24. r111sa dis/a/is coli - distal ansa of colon
25. saccus dorsafis n1111i11is - dorsal ruminal sac
26. sacws l'entmlis r11111i11is - ventral ruminal sac
'.Z7. J1ifa cmnialis r11111i11is - cranial pillar of rumen
28. 0111e11/11111 111ajus - greater omentum
29. com11 dextn1111 uteri - right horn of uterus
30. carunwlae uteri - uterine caruncles
31. t1'1111C11s fetus - trunk of fetus
:l2. 111e111bm J1eh-i11a fetus - pelvic appendage of
fetus
87
Sheep, pregnant. Cross section through abdominal cavity in last week of pregnancy. Section at level of third
lumbar vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.

Figure 84

21

l. 111. 111ultifidw /11111born111 - multifidus lumbo­ l 0. 111. rff/11s abdo111i11is - straight abdominal 20. /Jars descmde11S d"ode11i - descending colon of
rum muscle muscle duodenum
2. 111. /011gissi111us lr1111born111 -. longissimus lumbo­ I l. 111. rnla111'((S trn11ci - cutaneous muscle of trunk 21. J<ju11w11 - jejunum
rum muscle 12. aorta, 1•. cm•a ca"da/is, "re/er sinistl'I' - aorta, cau­ 22. ama sj!ira/is coli - spiral ansa of colon
3. 111. quadrat11s lu111boru111 - quadratus lumborum dal vena cava, left ureter 23. 0111e11/1011 111ajus - greater omentum
muscle 13. saccus cecw cmu/odorsa/is rn111i11is caudodorsal 24. comu dextrn111 "teri - right horn of uterus
4. ,•p,-/ebm /11111ba/is Ill - third lumbar vertebra blind sac of rumen 25. carn11culae uteri - uterine caruncles
5. 111. J>soas major - psoas major muscle 14. saccus cecus ca"dm•entra/is no11i11is - caudoven­ 26. com" si11islno11 11/eri - left horn of uterus
6. ureter dextei; 111. fisoos minor - right ureter, tral blind sac of rumen 27. thorax fetus - thorax o( fetus
psoas minor muscle 15. cec"111 - cecum 28. 111e111bra peh•ina fetus - pelvic appendage of fe­
7. 111. ob/iq1111s extem11s abd11111i11is external ob- 16., l 7. al/Sa Jimxi111alis coli (/ 6. gyrns 111edius, 17. gyrns tus
lique abdominal muscle dorsalis) - proximal ansa of colon (16. middle 29. 111e111bra thomcica fet"s - thoracic appendage of
8. 111. obliquus i11ternw abdo111i11is internal ob- gyrus, 17. dorsal gyrus) fetus
lique abdominal muscle 18. colon descendenf - descending colon 30. 11bl'I' - udder
9. 111. tra11s1•ersus abr/0111i11is - transverse abdomi­ 19. /Jars asce11de11s duodeni· - ascending colon of 31, ile11111 - ileum
nal muscle duodenum

88
Sheep, pregnant. Cross section through abdominal cavity in last week of pregnancy. Section at the level
between the fifth and sixth lumbar vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.

Figure 85

I. 111. g/11t1·11s 111edi11s - middle gluteal muscle

2. 111. l011gissi11111s l11111boru111 - longissimus
lumborum muscle
:L 111. mlfll,ji'rlus hflnbont111, Jnortss11s .\j>i11os11s i'er­
tl'imll' l11111b11/is V - multifidus lumborum
muscle, spinous process of fifth lumbar
vertebra
4. O!ljms ,•l'rtebme /11111ba/is VI - body of sixth
lumbar vertebra
5. jimu•ss11s rnstari11s (/Jwm•nws) 1•1•rt!'br111• l11111balis VJ
- costal process (transverse) of sixth lumbar 15.-18. 111. q11adricejis fe111oris - quadriceps femo­ 27. tuba utni11a - uterine tube
vertebra ris muscle 28. caru11cul11e 11/eri - uterine caruncles
6. 111. q11admt11s l11111boru111 - quadratus lumborum 15. 111. mst11s i11t/'m1ediw - intermediate vastus 29. ca/ml fetw - head of fetus
muscle muscle 30. co/lw11fetus - neck of fetus
7. 111. Jisoas 111ajor - psoas major muscle 16. 111. 1'1/St11s /a/em/is - lateral vastus muscle 31. 111e111bm thomciw fetus - thoracic appendage of
8. 111. Jisuas 111i11or - psoas minor muscle 17. 111. rectusfe111oris - straight femoral muscle fetus
9. t11bl'r coxae - tuber coxae 18. 111. l'llstus media/is - medial vastus muscle 32. corn11 si11istrw11 uteri - left horn of uterus
10. 111. i/iarns (J)(/rs /atem/is) - iliac muscle (lateral 19. osfe111oris - femur 33. a. i/iaca i11terna, 1·. iliaw co111111u11is - internal
part) 20. tibia - tibia iliac artery, common iliac vein
I1. 111. te11sor fasciae latae - tensor fasciae latae 21. jeju1111111 - jejunum 34. rec/11111 - rectum
muscle 22. cec11111 - cecum 35. C01jms uberis - body of udder (mammary body)
12. 111. obliq1111s i11tem11s abdo111i11is internal ob- 23., 24. 1111sa jimxi111alis coli (23. gyrus 111edius, 24. gy ms 36. fig: wsjie11soriu111 11beris - suspensory ligament
lique abdominal muscle dorsa/is) - proximal ansa of colon (23. middle of udder
13. 111. obliquus externw abdo111i11is external ob- gyrus, 24. dorsal gyrus) 37. sinus /actiferus - lactiferous sinus
lique abdominal muscle 25. m1sa sj1iralis coli (gyrus ce11trifugalis) - spiral ansa 38. a. i/iaca extema, ureter dexter - external iliac
14. 111. rectw abdo111i11is - straight abdominal of colon (centrifugal gyrus) artery, right ureter
muscle 26. cornu dextrw11 uteri - right horn of uterus 39. ureter si11ister - left ureter

89
Goat. Skeleton.

Figure 86

rc,11�k�� �--
�, '

1/
I
. . 15
---�--
;

19 I
>
°0'

21

1. 111axil!a - maxilla
2. 111a11dibu/a - mandible 12. rnsta prinw - first rib 22. ossa digitomm 11w11us - bones of digits (of tho-
3. atlas - atlas 13. cos/a XIII - thirteenth rib racic appendage)
4. axis - axis 14, C())j}Us slerni - body of sternum 23. os rnxoe - os coxae
5. 1·ertebra cen•icalis V - fifth cervical vertebra 15. cartilago xij1hoideo - xiphoid cartilage 24. os femoris - femur
6. 1•ertebra thomcica VJ - sixth thoracic vertebra 16. srnjmla - scapula 25. j)(f/ella - patella
7. 1•ertebra thoracica XIII - thirteenth thoracic 17. humerus - humerus 26. tibia - tibia
vertebra 18. ulna - ulna 27. ossa tarsi - tarsal bones
8. 1•ertebra /11111ba/is VJ - sixth lumbar vertebra 19. radius - radius 28. os 111etolrmole Ill et IV - third and fourth meta­
9. os sacrum - sacrum 20. ossa cmj1i - carpal bones tarsal bone
l0. 1•ertebrae coccygeae - coccygeal vertebrae 21. os 111etarn1jJale Ill el IV - third and fourth me­ 29. osso digitorum J1edis - bones of digits (of pelvic
l l. cartilag" srnpulae - cartilage of scapula tacarpal bone appendage)

90
Goat. Superficial muscles, cutaneous muscles removed

Figure 87

25

!
.1'
I
).
I

1. 111. 111asseter - masseter muscle
2., 3., 5. 111. brachiocej1halirns - brachiocephalic
muscle
2. //1. deidomastoideus - cleidomastoid muscle
3. m. deidooccij1italis - cleido-occipital muscle
4. 111. sterno111a11dibularis - sternomandibular
muscle
5. 111. deidobrachialis - cleidobrachial muscle
6. pars cerl'icalis mi. traJ1ezii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
7. j)(frs thoracica mi. traJ1ezii - thoracic part of tra­
pezius muscle
8. a/1011e11rosis mi. deltoidei - aponeurosis of del­
toid muscle
9. 111. deltoideus - deltoid muscle
10. 111. tensor fasciae a11tebrachii - tensor fasciae an­
tebrachii muscle
11. 111. 01110/ra11s1•ersari11s - omotransverse muscle
12. caj)li/ lo11gu111 mi. tricij1itis brae/iii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
13. ca/ml laterale mi. trici/1itis brachii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
14. 111111. pectorales s11J1e1ficiales - superficial pec­
toral muscles
15. m. latissi111us dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
16. 111. serratus 1•e11tralis thoracis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
I 7. 111. J1ectoralis Jm1fu11d11s (111. J1ectoralis asce11de11s) -
deep pectoral muscle (ascending pectoral
muscle)
18. //1. extensor carj1i radialis - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
19. 111. extemor cmj1i 11/naris - extensor carpi ulna­
ris muscle
20. 111. serratus dorsalis caudalis - caudal dorsal ser­
ratus muscle
21. fascia thoracolumbalis - thoracolumbar fascia .
22. 111. obliquus in/emus abdo111i11is internal ob­
lique abdominal muscle
23. 111. obliquus externus abdo111i11is external ob-
lique abdominal muscle
24. aj)l)11eurosis 111111. obliquorum abdo111i11is frxtemi et
interniJ - aponeurosis of oblique muscles of
abdomen (external and internal)
25. tuber coxae - tuber coxae
26. 111. gluteus 111edius - middle gluteal muscle
27. 111. tensor fmciae latae - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
'.2B., 2B'. /II. g/11/('ohire/1., ('.2B. Ill. g/11!/'IIS .111/H'r/iciali.1. 2B'.
111. bice/1s fe111oris) - gluteobiceps muscle (28.
superficial gluteal muscle, 28'. biceps femo­
ris muscle)
29. 111. se111ite11di11orns - semitendinosus muscle
30. 111. J1ero11e11s l011g11s - peroneus longus muscle

91
Goat. Dissection of right thorax, front view.
Figure 88
1. jmrs ccn•icalis 111i. lraj1ezii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
2. jxirs thoracica 111i. lrajiczii - thoracic part of tra-
pezius muscle
3. 111. 01110/ra11S1•ersari11s - omotransverse muscle
4. 111. brachioccjihalicus - brachiocephalic muscle
5. jiars acro111ialis 111i. deltoidci - acromial part of
deltoid muscle
6. j)(/rs scajmlaris 111i. de/toidei - scapular part of
deltoid muscle
7. 111. lricejis brachii - triceps brachii muscle
8. 111. ·s1ermmwndib11/aris - sternomandibular
muscle
92
9. In. cen•icalis sujierficialis - superficial cervical
lymph node
I0. 111. serratus 1•e11tralis cen•icis - cervical ventral
serratus muscle
11. 111. lo11gissi11111s cen•icis - longissimus cervicis
muscle
12. 111. scale1111s 111edi11s - scalenus medius muscle
13. 111. rnbclm•ius - subclavian muscle
14. 111. s11Jnasj1i11al11s - supraspinous muscle
15. j1/exw brachia/is - brachia! plexus
16. 1•. j11g11/aris - jugular vein
17. a. et v. cen•icalis suj1erficialis - superficial cervi-_
cal artery and vein
18. radix ni. jihfenici - root of phrenic nerve
19. a. et 1·. rnbclm•ia dextm - right subclavian arte­
ry and vein
20., 21. 111111. jiectorales s11J1erficiales - superficial pec­
toral muscles
20. 111. jiectoralis descendens - descending pectoral
muscle
2 I. 111. /Jee/om/is /Jwm•ersw - transverse pectoral
muscle
22. articulatio h11111eri - articulation of humerus
23. 111. bicejis brae/Iii - biceps brachii muscle
24. 111. extensor car/1i radio/is - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
25. 11. rnta11eus antebrachii cranialis, lacer/us fibrorns -
cutaneus antebrachii cranialis nerve, lacertus
fibrosus
26. rr. 11i. cen•icalis IV - branches of fourth cervi­
cal nerve
27. a. thoracica exlerna, 1•. cej1halica - external tho-.
racic artery, cephalic vein
28. 111m1ubriw11 sterni - manubrium of sternum
29. 111111. sternohyoidei et sternothyroidei - sternohyoid
and sternothyroid muscles
Goat. Dissection of roof of abdominal cavity.

Figure 89

I. cos/a Xlll - thirteenth rib

2. crura dextra diaj1hragmatis - right crura of dia­
phragm
3. 1•. cm•a cauda/is, a. celiaca - caudal vena cava,
celiac artery
4. crns latera/e si11istr11111 diaj1hrag111atis - left lateral
crus of diaphragm
5. reu dexter - right kidney
6. re11 sinister - left kidney
7. ureter dexter, glandu/a suj1mre11alis dextm - right
ureter, right suprarenal gland
8. a. et l'. renalis dextra - right renal artery and
vein
9. a. 111ese11terica cmnialis - cranial mesenteric ar­
tery
I 0. glandu/a suprarena/is sinistra, a. et 1•. rena/is sinistra
- left suprarenal gland, left renal artery and
vein
11. paries abdo111i11is - abdominal wall
12. 111. retractor rnstae - retractor muscle of rib
13. m. J1s11as 111ajor - psoas major muscle
14. 111. quadratus /11111bor11111 - quadratus lumborum
muscle
15. 111. jJsoas 111i11or - psoas minor muscle
16. colon desce11de11s - descending colon
17. rectum - rectum 24. ureter sinister, 11. ge11itofe111omlts - left ureter, ge­ 28. a. i/iaca intema - internal iliac artery
I8. uterns - uterus nitofemoral nerve 29. a. 111ese11terica cauda/is, 1•. iliaca intema - caudal
19. 1•esica urinaria - urinary bladder 25. a. omrica - ovarian artery mesenteric artery, internal iliac vein
20. fig: /a/11111 uteri - broad ligament of uterus 26. a. et 1•. circu111flexa iliu111 JmJjunda ----: deep cir­ 30. a. 11111bi/ica/is - umbilical artery
21. tuba 11/erina, omri11111 - uterine tube, ovary cumflex iliac artery and vein 31. a. Jmdenda intema - internal pudenda! artery
22. 11. iliohyj}l)gastricus - iliohypogastric nerve 27. a. et 1•. i/iaca extema - external iliac artery and 32. lig. medianum vesicae - middle ligament of ·
23. 11. ilioi11g11i11alis - ilioinguinal nerve vein bladder

93
Goat. Abdominal organs,. front view. Diaphragm removed
Figure 90
I. ,•ntebm thomcirn XII - twelfth thoracic verte­
bra
2. cos/a XII - twelfth rib
3. cos/a X, j)(m ms/a/is diaph mg111atis - tenth rib,
costal part of diaphragm
4. cartilugo ms/a/is VII - seventh costal cartilage
5. slf'r1111111 - sternum
6. aorta, ,'. azygos si11islra - aorta, left azygos vein
7. cmm diajihrng111atis - crura of diaphragm
B. /'l'C<'SS//S l11111bodiaj1hrng111alirns (j1/r,11mlis), d11c/11s tlw­
mcicus - lumbodiaphragmatic' recess (pleural),
thoracic duct
94
9. lobw q11udralus lwjialis - quadrate lobe of
liver
I 0. fissum lig /ere/is - fissure for round ligament
11. lo/ms lw/111/iClls si11ister - left hepatic lobe
12., 12'. 0111e11/11111 111i1111s - lesser omentum
13. /ig: rnm111ll'i11111 hej)(lfis - coronary ligament of
liver
14. lien - spleen
15. m1111'11 - rumen
16. reliCll/11111 - reticulum
17. abo111as11111 - abomasum
18. lm11rns mgalis dona/is - dorsal vagal trunk
19. esojihag11s - esophagus
20. lr1111C11s mgalis ,•e11tmlis - ventral vagal trunk
21. 111mgo J1erito11ei (li11ea i11serlio11is fig : gaslmj1hre11ici el
j1hre11icolie1111/is) - margin of peritoneum Oine
of insertion of gastrophrenic and phrenico­
splenic ligament)
22. jxtries mj1e1ficialis 0111e11/i majoris - superficial
layer of greater omentum
23. ,•. rn,•11 ca11dalis - caudal vena cava
24. fig falcifon11e - falciform ligament
Goat. Abdominal organs, front view. Diaphragm and a large part of the liver removed

Figure 91

1. 1•Nll'bm thomcica XII - lii'elfth thoracic ,·atebm 13. i'. J1or/rl(' - portal vein '.Z-+. s11/n1., r1·tirnli - sulcus of rc-ticulu1n
'.Z. ms/a XII - twelfth rib 14. /Hm desc('//d('//s d11ode11i - descending part of �:l. osfillJJJ rr,fint!W)/ll{ISiCIIIJI reticulo-omasal
3. cartilago rnstalis VII - seventh cos·tal cartilage duodenum opening
4. sln1111111 - sternum· 15. /}(/rs cmnialis d11od('Jli cranial part of duode- 26. /1/ica ru111i11oretirnlaris - ruminoreticular fold
5. pars rnsta/is diajJhmgnwtis - costal part of dia- num 27. jJaril's s11/H'1ficialis 011,e11/i 111r1joris - superficial
phragm 16. pars j�)'loriw abo111asi - pyloric part of abo- layer of greater omentum
6. aorta, 1•. a::ygos sinistm - aorta, left azygos vein masum 28., 30., 31. b11rrn 01111•11/alis - omental bursa •
7. cr11m diaj1h mg111alis - crura of diaphragm 17. ./1111(/11s ab11111asi - fundus of abomasum 28. 1·r•stib11l11111 lmrsae ,111w11talis - vestibule of omen-
B. n-n-1.111.1 l11111IH11liaj1/11·11.�11/f1/i, 11s lumbocli;i- 18. /Ja11creas - pancreas tal bursa
phragrnatic recess 19. 1JIIWS11111 - omasum 29. 0111ni/1n11 111i1111s - lesser omentum
'J. /H'/fn•sws rn11dat11s luj}((/is caudate process of 20. ru111r•11 - rumen 30. forr1111r111j1ijJ/oirn111 -"- epiploic foramen
liver 21. nwrgo /Jerito11ei (lig: gastmlie11a/e) - margin of 31. adi/11s ad ffffSS1n11 ca11dale111 011ie11tale111 - en­
I 0. /"('// dexln - right kidney peritoneum (gastrosplenic ligament) trance to omental caudal recess
1 1. 1•. cm•a w11dalis - caudal vena cava 22. eso/Jhag11s - esophagus :l'.Z. osli11111 n1111il/lm·lirn/1,r1• ru mi noreticula r
12. li<•11 - spleen 23. reticu/11111 - reticulum opening

95
Goat. Abdominal organs, right view. Greater omentum� mesentery and diaphragm removed

Figure 92

I. cos/a XIII - thirteenth rib

2. m/011 desce11dens - descending colon 8. - I 0. m1sa Jm1xi11wlis coli (8. gyms 111edi11s, 9. g1·rus 13. arrns cos/a/is - costal arch
3. pancreas - pancreas dorrnlis, I 0. !{}'rus 1•mtmlis) - proximal ansa of 14. 1•esirn f<'llm - gallbladder
4. re11 dexter - right kidney colon (8. middle gyrus, 9. dorsal gyrus, I 0. 15. abm11aw111 - abomasum
5. jmrs desce11dem d11odn1i - descending part of ventral gyrus) 16. 01'{lriw11 et tuba 11teri11a - ovary and uterine
duodenum 11. hejmr - liver tube
6. a11sa dis/a/is mli - distal ansa of colon 12. Jmrs cra11ialis dttodeni - cranial part of duode­ 17. m1sa sjJira/is coli - spiral ansa of colon
7. cen,111 - ce;cum num 18. jej111111m - jejunum

96
Goat. Disposition of colon, in situ. Right view. Small intestine and cecum removed

Figure 93

1. ('()s/o Xlff - thirteenth rib 8. ('()/011 l/'//IISi'l'l'S/1111 - transverse colon 14. /)(/rs cra11ia/is d11ode11i _: cranial p.jrt of duode-
2. ('()/011 dl'-1C!'/l(/n1s - descending colon 9. m,sa distalis ('()/i - distal ansa of colon num
3. ,'. rn,·o rn11do/is - caudal vena cava I 0. 1111.1a Jmi.ri111a/is ('()/j - proximal ansa of colon 15. jej111111m - jejunum
4. 11r/'ler rll'xln; "· ti,·. r1·11alis si11ist/'// - right ureter, 11. - 13. a11sa sjJi/'1//is ('()/i - spiral ansa of colon 16. i/eul/1 - ileum
left renal artery and vein 11. gy,i ce11lriptta/es 1111sa1· .,j,i/'1//is m/i -- centripetal 17. ol/laS/1111 - omasum
5. ureter si11isler - left ureter gyi·i of spiral ansa of colon 18. abomawl/1 - abomasum
6. /'I'll dn:ll•r - right kidney 12. //n11/'// ce11t/'//lis ('()/i - central flexure of colon 19. crura diaphragmatis - crura of diaphragm
7. /'I'll si11istn (f!/lrli111 i11 Jmijl'flio111,J - left kidney 13. gyri ce11/rifi1gall's 1111sa1· .,j,i/'1//is m/i - centrifugal 20. rumen - rumen
(partially projected) gyri of spiral ansa of colon

97
Swine. Skeleton.

Figure 94

I. 111flxillo - maxilla I I. 1•1·1-ft-brrll' /'11ff\:!;ml' - vertebrae coccygeae 23. ossa digit11m111 111111111s - bones of digits (of tho-
2. 111ml(/ifmla - mandible 12. ms/11 IV - fourth rib racic appendage)
3. atlw - atlas I 3. orcus mstolis - costal arch 24. os c11.rn1· - os coxae
4. fl\is - axis 14. ({)S/11 XV - fifteenth rib 25. 11s/i-111oris - femur
5. ,'l' ril'bm Cl' r,•irnlis f l - fifth cervical vertebra 15. rn1JJ11s sll'mi - body of sternum 26. J111tf'll" - patella
6. ,'t'1kbm thomcirn I - first thoracic vertebra 16. rnrti/11g11 .\ij1h11idl'(/ - xiphoid cartilage 27. jilml" - fibula
7. ,·atl'bm tlwmrirn VII - seventh thoracic ver­ 17. srnjmlfl - scapula 28. tibia - tibia
tebra 18. h1111wrus - humerus 29. osso tarsi - tarsal bones
8. ,'1'1"/t'bm tlwmrirn XI' - fifteenth thoracic ver­ 19. 11/110 - ulna :w. ossa 1111'/alorsolia - metatarsal bones
tebra 20. radius - radius 31. 11ssr1 digitrm1111 /1Nlis - bones of digits (of pelvic
9. 1•1•1-ft-bm l11111balis VI - sixth lumbar vertebra 21. 11sm a11J1i - carpal bones appendage)
I 0. 11s sm-r11111 - sacrum 22. 11ss11 1111'/11rt11j)(J/i11 - metacarpal bones

98
Swine. Superficial musculature.
Figure 95
1. 111. 111asse/er - masseter muscle
2. Jiars cen•ica/is 111i. tmjiezii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
:l. pars thoracica 111i. tmjll'zii - thoracic part of tra-
pezius muscle
4., 5. 111. cleidoceplwlicus - cleidocephalic muscle
4. 111. deidooccipita/is - cleido-occipital muscle
5. 111. cleido111ostoiclr11s - cleidomastoid muscle
6. 111. subclauius - subclavian muscle
7. 111. s11Jnaspi11atm - supraspinous muscle
8. 111. omotram1•er.wri11s - omotransverse muscle
9. 111. stemohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle
10. 111. cleltoideus - deltoid muscle
I 1. caput /011g11111 mi. tricipitis brachii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
12. 111. tensorfasriru' a11tebmchii - tensor fasciae an­
tebrachii muscle
13. caput /atrrale 111i. trici/1itis bmrhii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
14. m. brachia/is - brachia! muscle
15. m. extensor carpi mdia/is - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
16. m. /atissim11s dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
17. 111. sermtus dorsa/is crwda/is - caudal dorsal ser­
ratus muscle
18. 111. obliq1111s ex/,,,-1111s abdo111inis - external ob­
lique abdominal muscle
19. m. serrat11s 1•e11tralis thoracis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
20. Ill. pectoralis Jim(1111d11s (ascr·11d1'11s) - deep
(ascending) pectora·l muscle
21. 111. g/11te11s 111edi11s - middle gluteal muscle
22. 111. tensor /asciae latae - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
23., 23.'. m. gluteobiceps (23. m. gluteus superficialis, 23'
m. hice/1.1 jemoris! - gluteobiceps muscle, (2:1.
superficial gluteal muscle, 23'. biceps femo­
ris muscle)
24. m. semirnemhranows - sernimembranosus
muscle
25. m. semitendi11osus - semitendinosus muscle
26. Ill. i/iocosta/is /1111,borum et 111. /011gissi11111s /11mboru111
- iliocostalis lumborum and longissimus
lumborum muscles
27. 111. /1eronws /011g11s - peroneus longus
muscle
28. gla11d11/a para/is - parotid gland
99
Swine. Internal organs, left view. Diaphragm removed
Figure 96
l. msto I - first rib
2. rnrtilogo rnstolis VJ - sixth costa I cartilage
3. cos/a XIV - fourteenth rib
4. sll'm11111 - sternum
5. /()bus thomcirn., thy111i - thoracic lobe of thymus
6. cor - heart
7. /ion cm11iolis /()bi cm11iolis Jml1111111is si11istri -
cranial part of cranial lobe of left lung
8. pars rn11dalis /11/,i nw1ialis Jm/11w11is si11istri - cau­
dal part of cranial lobe of left lu.ng
9. /11/ms rn11dolis Jm/111rJ11is si11istri - caudal lobe of
left lung
100
15 24
10. 111. iliornstolis th()racis - thoracic iliocostal 18. - 20. omo sjiiralis mli - spiral ansa of colon
muscle 18. lD'ri C/'lllrij,etalcs - centripetal gyri
11. ,'l'lllrirnlus (gastn) - ventriculus (stomach) 19. gyri ce11trif11gales - centrifugal gyri
12. /()bus si11isll'I" lotl'ralis ht'j){/fis - left lateral lobe of 20. /le.mm C/'11/ra/is coli -:- central flexure of colon
liver 21. jej111111111 - jejunum
13. lobus si11isll'I" 1//l'dialis hepatis - left medial lobe 22. 111. gluteus 111edi11s - middle gluteal muscle
of liver 23. 111. q11adricej,s .f1'11111ris - quadriceps femoris
14. 1fl1 si11ister - left kidney muscle
15. j){/11crms - pancreas 24. t11hl'I" co.me - tuber coxae
16. lie11 - spleen 25. /i11m i11sertir111is diaj,lm1g1mrlis - diaphragmatic
1 7. cec11111 (aJwr ceci i11 Jimjffli()JI!') - cecum (apex of line of insertion
cecum projected)
Swine. Dissection of trunk) left view. Deep layer after removal of the left thoracic appendage.

Figure 98

1., 2. 111. se111ispi11alis capitis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
I. m. biue11ter ceruicis - biventer cerv1cis muscle
2. 111. co111plex11s - complexus muscle
3. 111. serratus dorsalis crania/is - cranial dorsal ser­
ratus muscle
4. 111. serratus dorsalis caudalis - caudal dorsal ser­
ratus muscle
5. 111. lo11gissi111us cen•icis longissimus cervicis
muscle
6. 111. /011gissinws thoracis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
7. 111. iliucostalis thuracis - thoracic iliocostal
muscle
8. 111. serratus l'entralis tlwracis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
9. 111. scalenus dorsalis - dorsal scalenus muscle
I 0. 111. ubliquus ex/emus abdo111i11is - external ob­
lique abdominal muscle
11. 11u11. intercostales externi external intercostal
muscles
12. 111111. intercostales intemi internal intercostal
muscles
13. 111. rec/us thoracis - straight thoracic muscle
14. 111. rectus abdominis - straight abdominal muscle
15. fascia thoracol11111balis - thoracolumbar fascia
16. 111. gluteus accessorius - accessory gluteal muscle
I7. 111. gluteus medius - middle gluteal muscle
18. 111. retractor costae - retractor muscle of rib
19. 111. obliquw in/emus abdo111i11is - internal ob­
ligue abdominal muscle
20. apo11e11rosis 111i. ob/iqui intemi abdo111i11is - apo­
neurosis of internal oblique abdominal
muscle
21. 111. quadriceps fe111oris - quadriceps femoris
muscle
22., 23., 26. plexus brachial;s et 11en•i plexus - brachia!
plexus and nerves of plexus
22. plexus brachia/is - brachia! plexus
23. 11. J1ectoralis cau,lalis, a. et v. axi/laris - caudal
pectoral nerve, axillary artery and vein
24. a. carotis c,m1111u11is, u. jugularis extema - com-
mon carotid artery, external jugular vein
25. trachea, thy11111s - trachea, thymus
26. 11. thoracicus lo11gus - long thoracic nerve
27. ra111i dorsales (cuta11ei media/es) 1111. thoraciconm1
dorsal branches (medial cutaneous) of tho­
racic nerves
28., 29. ra111i uentrales 1111. thoracicor11111 (1111. inlercm­
/ales) - ventral branches of thoracic nerves
(intercostal nerves)
28. ra111i cuta11ei laterales - lateral cutaneous
branches
29. rami cu/anei ventrales - ventral cutaneous
branches
30. ramus cutaneus lateralis 11. iliohypogastrici (s. 11. /11111-
balis I) - lateral cutaneous branch of iliohy­
pogastric nerve (same as first lumbar nerve)
31. 1w1111s rnla11e11s lateralis 11i. ilioi11g11i11alis (s. 11. /1111,ba­
lis fl), a. circ11111/lexa ilium profu11da - lateral cu­
taneous branch of ilioinguinal nerve (same
as second lumbar nerve), deep circumflex ili­
ac artery
32. rw1111s 11i. ge11it1ife111oralis (s. 11. lu111balis /[/), 111.
iliacus /ateralis - branch of genitofemoral
nerve (same as third lumbar nerve), lateral
iliac muscle
33. cos/a JV - fourth rib
34. a. epigaslrica cra11ialis, 1·. eJ;igaslrica cra11ialis mper­
ficialis - cranial epigastric artery, superficial
cranial epigastric vein
35. cos/a XIV - fourteenth rib

102
Swine. Internal organs, right view. Diaphragm removed

Figure 97

I. tuber coxae - tuber coxae 10., 11. lobus hepatis dexter - right lobe of liver 15. lobus cranialis pulmonis dextri - crani1'i lobe of
2. m. gluteus medius - middle gluteal muscle 10. lobus dexter lateralis hepatis - right lateral lobe right lung
3. com� uteri dextrum - right horn of uterus of liver 16. costa prima - first rib
4. ren dexter - right kidney 11. lobus dexter media/is hepatis - right medial lobe 1 7. arcus costalis - costal arch
5. colon descendens - descending colon of liver 18. sternum - sternum
6. duodenum - duodenum 12. lobus hepatis sinister - left lobe of liver 19. cor - heart
7. jejunum - jejunum 13. lobus caudalis pulmonis dextri - caudal lobe of 20. m. iliocostalis thoracis - thoracic iliocostal
8. ventriculus (gaster) - ventriculus (stomach) right lung muscle
9. ansa spiralis coli - spiral ansa of colon 14. lobus medius pulmonis (dextri) - middle lobe of 21. linea imertionis diaphragmatis - diaphragmatic
lung (right) line of insertion

101
 Swine• rr'h
1. ' oraczc portion 0 f spineJ le-fit
J 1 vzew.

Figure 99

. .
I · nlrI'll/Jim rm 11io/·,_,..,•n!l'b. 1 11,· II11, m cirnl' I - c1an1al.. - cranial articular process with mam ,llar v I 0. j,/)/'(///1('// i'Nli'b.1"Ie Iotnafe -latera 1 verteb ral fo-
. ·
2 e xtr ernity of fi1st th oracic vert eb1a p rocess ramen
·
cmj)IIS ,•nlr•l;. i r· - bodY of vert e.b 1a . 7. jm•r·o rostaf'· .
/.I /)(1/lSi'i'l'\flf'
· is - tra, 1sv 11. Jm1ffss11.1 artic 11Io11s ., , .
. cm 11ia lil'. ,r1tebmr· , ,rne /
th11 rcc·
. erse cost·a 1 fo- .
p.mou s proc ess• .
a
3 · JiroCl'SSI/\. .,jJ/1/II.\//S-S
· vea - c1an1al. artic ula1. pro cess of f11st th or ac·IC
r jJmrFs sus l m11.\,'{T
4 . , .1. .. .\1/S - t1ansverse process 7'. _(,m•ea. ml'/ '·' cm1 1i11fil'. ,,I trr111s1•r·1:m/i1·. ('
· 0/'· .1 u11chw) vertebr a . ,
. .
. Jnou·ss
•

5 . . us tmm,•1•1:\'/11·. c.1011 /JrrHes . s 11 0 10111 I·ttrm. - Ct a111al and . t i.ansverse costal fovea (u nite
d) 12 . j)/()({'SSIIS
. o rtic 11!ons ca11dofis
. ,·r•r /r·b ioe
. tho m cicae XI'

Itr ansverse p roccss . n - .

. wnh mamillary p rocess 8. f01•er1
9. o-•,
ta
co,·
. h i fi ran,al c stal f v a - .c-audal articular
.
.. p 1 ocess of fifteenth th o -
J 'rn cos/11/is caudafis - ;audal costal fovea I.ac1c verteb1a
s cm a s
.
o o e

(·,. Jrr,cr·s sus ortic//Irms cm niof"· l.\ (UJ!f /JrrH!. ,.I,S// mo111ilfori
.

Swine. L um b ar portion oif s,h.

rzneJ left view.

Figure 100

4. processus cost. anus (s. transva � costal p rocess

- \��
· cmpus ,•ertebme -b od y of verteb1·a .1. jrmn 1.110 111 /en·rTlebm fio e , ve rt ebral f01a- ..
,; Jnoce.um. .1JJ11· 1OSI. -· sp mou :
-· . s processes rnin
. . cmniofi .111 11 /ir'.1cesw 111m11iffari
''l · pmcr·s s11s articuf"11·1 6. jJm . , 'r•1teb/(/e
. ce.,·ws artinif(ll .·IS ((ll{r/Ofil ., fu111bo/11 J//
- CJ .arnal• articular pr �cles s with rnamillar v caudal articular p , ocess of sixth lurnb di
Process verteb ra

103
Swine. Dissection of thorax, right view. Mediastinum, pericardium_ and lungs, with exception of the
accessory lobe, removed
1. m. trapezius - trapezius muscle
2. m. rhorriboideus - rhomboid muscle
3. m. serratus ventralis - ventral serratus muscle
4. 111. iliocostalis thoracis - thoracic iliocostal muscle
5. a. et v. cervicalis profunda - deep cervical artery
and vein
6. a. et v. intercostalis suprema - supreme intercos­
tal artery and vein
7. truncus costocervicalis, v. costocervicalis, ganglion cer­
vicothoracicum - costocervical trunk, costocer­
vical vein, cervicothoracic ganglion
8. a. et v. vertebra/is - vertebral artery and vein
9. m. scalenus dorsalis - dorsal scalenus muscle
10. plexus brachia/is - brachia! plexus
11. ansa subclavia - ansa subclavia
12. ganglion cervicale medium - middle cervical
ganglion
13. v. cava cranialis - cranial vena cava
14. truncus brachiocephalicus, n. larynge.us recurrens
brachiocephalic trunk, recurrent laryngeal
nerve
104
I 5. truncus vagosympathicus, v. jugularis intenw
vagosympathetic trunk, internal jugular vein
16. v. jugularis extema, a. carotis communis - external
jugular vein, common carotid.artery
I 7. a. et v. axillaris - axillary artery and vein
18. a. et v. thoracica intema -· internal thoracic ar­
tery and vein
19. lobus cervicalis thymi - ·cervical lobe of thymus
20. mm. stemocephalici et mm. stem_ohyoidei - sterno-
cephalic muscles and sternohyoid muscles
21. truncus sympathicus - sympathetic trunk
22. m. longus co/Ii - longus colli muscle
23. aorta - aorta
24. ductus thoracicus, truncus vagalis dorsalis - tho­
racic duct, dorsal vagal trunk
25. esophagus - esophagus
26. Inn. mediastinales caudales, truncus vagalis ventralis
- caudal medi.astinal lymph nodes, ventral
vagal trunk
27. ramus esophageus -. esophageal branch
28. ramus bronchalis - bronchial branch
Figure 101
29. vv. pulmonales, a. pulmonalis sinistra - pulmo­
nary veins, left pulmonary artery
30. bronchus principalis dexter - right main bron­
chus
31. a. pulmonalis dextra, bronchus trachea/is - right
pulmonary artery, tracheal bronchus
32. In. tracheobronchalis cranialis - cranial tracheo­
bronchial lymph node
33. trachea - trachea
34. crus mediqle dextrum diaphragmatis - right medi­
al crus of diaphragm
35. centrum tendineum diaphragmatis - central ten­
don of diaphragm
36. pars costalis diaphragmatis - costal part of dia­
phragm
37. v. cava caudalis - caudal vena cava
38. lobus accessorius pulmonis - accessory lobe of
lung
39. ventriculus sinister cordis - left ventricle of heart
40. ventriculus dexter cordis - right ventricle of
heart
41. auricula dextra cordis - right auricle of heart
42. costa I - first rib
43. cartilago costalis I - first costal cartilage
44. costa VI - sixth rib
45. sternum - sternum
46. n. phrenicus dexter - right phrenic nerve
47. Inn. thoracici aortici, aa. et vv. intercostales dorsales
- aortic thoracic lymph nodes, dorsal inter­
costal arteries and veins
Swine. Dissection of thorax, left view. Left lung, mediastinum an-d pericardium removed

Figure 102

I. m. trapezius - trapezius muscle

2. m. rhomboideus - rhomboid muscle
3. m. serratus ventralis - ventral serratus muscle
4. 111. iliocostalis thiJracis - thoracic iliocostal
muscle
5. a. et v. cervicalis profu11da - deep cervical artery
and vein
6. a. et v. intercostalis supremo - supreme intercos­
tal artery and vein
7. ganglion cervicothoracicum, a. et. 11. vertebra/is -
cervicothoracic ganglion, vertebral artery 22. trachea, a. carotis co111111u11is dextra - trachea, 38. /11. tracheobronchalis sinister - left tracheobron­
and vein right common carotid artery chial lymph node
8. ganglion cervicale medium - middle cervical 23. v. cava cranialis - cranial vena cava 39. bronchus principalis s[nister, v. puli11011alis - left
ganglion 24. v. jugularis extema - external fugular vein main bronchus, pulmonary vein
9. a. subclavia sinistra - left subclavian artery 25. a. et. v. axillaris - axillary artery and vein 40. bm. mediastinales caudales - caudal mediastinal
I 0. truncus brachiocephalicus - brachiocephalic 26. lobus cervicalis thymi - cervical lobe of thymus lymph nodes
trunk 27. trunci vagales dorsales - dorsal vagal trunks 41. costa I - first rib
I I. aorta - aorta 28. esophagus - esophagus 42. cartilago costalis I - first costal cartilage
12. truncus pulmonalis - pulmonary trunk 29. n. laryngeus recurrens sinister - left �ecurrent la­ 43. costa VI - sixth rib
13. m. longus calli - longus colli muscle ryngeal nerve 44. a. et v. thoracica intema - internal thoracic ar­
14. ductus thoracicus - thoracic duct 30. 11. cardiacus cervicalis (sympathicus) - cervical . tery and vein
15. v. azygos sinistra - left azygos vein cardiac nerve (sympathetic) 45. sternum - sternum.
16. aa. et vv. intercostales dorsales - dorsal intercos- 31. lobus cranialis pulmonis dextri - cranial lobe of 46. crus mediate sinistrum diaphragniatis - left me­
tal arteries and veins right lung dial crus of diaphragm
1 7. truncus sympathicus - sympathetic trunk 32. auricula dextra cordis - right auricle of heart 47. centrum te11di11eu111 diaphragmatis - central ten­
18. m. scalenus dorsalis - dorsal scalenus muscle 33. auricula sinistra cordis - le�t auricle of heart don of diaphragm
19. plexus brachia/is - brachia) plexus 34. ventricuius dexter cordis - right ventricle of 48. Pws costalis diaphragmatis - costal part of dia­
20. truncus costocervicalis, v. costocervicalis - costocer-. heart phragm
vical trunk, costocervical vein 35. ventriculus sinister cordis - left ventricle of heart 49. insertio pleurae mediastinalis - insertion of me­
21. a. cervicalis superficialis, truncus vagosympathicus si­ 36. 11. phrenicus sinister - left phrenic nerve diastinal pleura
nister - superficial cervical artery, left vago­ 37. lobus accessorius pulmonis - accessory lobe of 50. truncus vagalis ventralis - ventral vagal trunk
sympathetic trunk lung 51. n. vagus sinister - left vagus nerve

105
Swine. Cross section through thorax at level of second thoracic vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.
Figure 103
1. Jimtr'.\"Slls .1j1inr1.w., ,•crt!'bm,, thnmciaw II - spinous
process of second thoracic vertebra
2. (IJ1jm( ,'1'1klmw th11mcirn1' II - body of second
thoracic vertebra
3. rn/J11t mstrw Ill - head of third rib
4. 111. 1111,lti/idlls thnmcis, J1mff.1"Sll.\ wlintl11ri., rm11i11/is
,·,,1klnrw th11mcirm' Ill - multifidus thoracis
muscle, cranial articular process of third tho­
racic vertebra
5. 1n. rh11mb11irl/'/ls U'l",'iti., - cervical rhomboid
muscle
6. n1. s/1/mills u,n·icis l'i m. sji/('llius roJ1ili.1 - splenius
cervicis muscle and splenius capitis muscle
7., 8. 111. s1,111i.1/1i1l11lis rnpitis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
7. 111. (IJ111Jil<'.rns - complexus muscle
106
8. 111.bh 1'nil'I" tl'U'icis - biventer cervicis muscle
0
9. ill..1Jiin11/i.1 th11mris - thoracic spinal muscle
10. 111. lm/H':ills - /HnJ c1,n·imlis - trapezius muscle
- cervical part
11. 111. s11pms/1in11/lls - supraspinous muscle
12. sc11J111l11 - scapula
I J. n1.s1'1H1fus ,,1,ntmlis - ventral s·erratus muscle
14. 111. s11bsrnjml11ris - subscapular muscle
15. 1n. in/i·wj1in11!1l.1 - infraspinous muscle
1G. n1. /,mgi.Hiinlls tlwmci.1 /'/ lnllgi.1.1·i1nll.1 C<'n•icis - lon­
gissimus thoracis et longissimus cervicis
muscle
I 7. 1n. i/iu(IJs/11/is thomcis - thoracic iliocostal
muscle
18. /nu1rns s1•111j)(J//iirn.1, 11. ffn•irn/i.,· J1m/i///d11 - sym­
pathetic trunk, deep cervical artery
1(). ,'. U'U'irn/i.1 pm/iu11l11 - deep cervical vein
20. 111. l1111glls en/Ii, 11. ,•11gus dnlN - longus colli
muscle, right vagus nerve
21. 1n. ddtoid/'/ls - deltoid muscle
22. 111. /NI'S m11jur - teres major muscle
2J. m/ml lnng11111 /11/. triripitis bmd1ii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
24. n1. smluws r/11n11/i.1 - dorsal scalenus muscle
25. n. /Jfffomlis mnr/11/i.,, ,'.thomcim nt,,m11 - caudal
pectoral nerve, external thoracic vein
26. n1111.inl/'r(IJ.1/11/1'.1 - intercostal muscles
'27. cns/11 II, n1. rtC/lls tlwmcis - second rib, straight
thoracic muscle
28. m/ml /11/l'mi<, 111i. t,icipiti., lm,d1ii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
29. rnrti/11gn cn.1/11/is II - cartilage of second rib
30. .1/Nn1u11 - sternum
31. 111. i11/ncnst11/is i11/Nnlls (/11. i11/Nmrtil11,�i1wm) - in­
ternal intercostal muscle (intercartilaginous
muscle)
:12. 1n. /H'rtumlis Jnn/iu1r/11.1 (s. ma11d1'11.1) - deep pec­
toral muscle (same as ascending)
:l3. 11. l'I ,'. thrnpt"ica i11/cm11 - internal thoracic ar­
tery and vein
:l4. 11. whdm·i11 sini.(!m, t'.\()jJh11,�us - left subclavian
artery, esophagus
:ls. n. rn1un'11S si11isl<'1; dllc/11.1 thnmcirns - left recur-
rent nerve, thoracic duct
JG. n. ,•11gw sinistn - left vagal nerve
::7. n. phrt11irns sinist,,r - left phrenic nerve
:rn. llln. 111,-r/ios!illale.1 cmni11/,,.1 - cranial mecliasti-
nal lvmph nodes
::�J. n.J1hrmirns dnkr - right phrenic nerve
-tO. Jinimrdi111n - pericardium
-1-1. 1111rirn/11 d,,xtm cnrdis - right auricle of heart
42. ,'<'nlrirn/11s d/'\"tn mrdis - right ventricle of
heart
4'.l. tmrlw11 - trachea
44. lntnc11.1 hmc/1iwcphrilicns brachiocephalic
trunk
45. ,'. rn,•11 cr11ni11/i.1 - cranial vena cava
46. /111n1Nr1s - humerus
47. Jmn cmni11/is /obi cmni11/is Jm/11}()ll/.l sillislri -
cranial part of cranial lobe of left lung
48. /11/Jns cmni11/i.1 J1nlmonis d/'\"lri - cranial lobe 01·
right lung
 Swine. Cross section through thorax at level of fourth thoracic vertebra. View of cauda
l surface of section.
Figure 104

I. processus spinosus vertebrae thoracicae IV - spi-

nous process of fourth thoracic vertebra
2. medulla spi11alis -spinal medulla
3. 1•ertebra thoracica IV -fourth thoracic vertebra
4. cartilago scapulae - cartilage of scapula
5. scapula -scapula
6. 111. trapezius -/1ars thoracica -trapezius muscle

\
- thoracic part
7. 111. spinalis thoracis -thoracic spinal muscle
8. 111. rhomboideus thoracis - thoracic rhomboid
muscle
9. 111. sple11ius cervicis et 111. sple11i11s capitis - splenius
cervicis and splenius capitis muscles
I0. 111. l011gissi111us thoracis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
11. 111. 11111/tifidus tlwracis - multifidus thoracis
muscle
I
12. fig. i11terspi11ale -interspinal ligament
13. 111. iliocostalis thoracis - thoracic iliocostal \•

muscle
14. cos/a V-fifth rib
15. 111. teres major -teres major muscle
I6. 111. serratus ve11tralis thoracis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
17. 111. latissimus dorsi -latissimus dorsi muscle
18. 1m11. intercostales extemi et i11temi -external and
internal intercostal muscles
19. 111. tensor fasciae a11tebrachii, cos/a JV - tensor
fasciae antebrachii muscle, fourth rib
20. 111. cutaneus omobrachialis - cutaneous omobra­
chial muscle
21. 111. i11tercostalis in/emus (111. i11tercartilagi11eus), a. et
v. thoracica i11terna internal intercostal
muscle (intercartilaginous muscle), internal
thoracic artery and vein
22. cartilago costalis IV - fourth costal cartilage
23. sternum -sternum
24. 111. pectoralis jJToju11dus (ascendem) -deep (ascen­
ding) pectoral muscle
25. 111. transversus thoracis - transverse thoracic
muscle
26. 111. longus co/Ii, trunws sympathicus -longus colli
muscle, sympathetic trunk
27. esophagus, 11. vagus dexter -esophagus, right va­
gus nerve
28. v. azygos si11istra, due/us thoracicus - left azygos
vein, thoracic duct
29. arcus aortae -aortic arch
30. trachea -trachea
31. 11. vagus sinister -left vagus nerve
32. truncus pul111011alis -pulmonary trunk
:13. l1111. tracheobro11chales -tracheobronchial lymph
nodes
:l4. 1•. pul111011alis -pulmonary vein
:15. pars caudalis /obi cra11ialis pul111011is sinistri - cau­
dal part of cranial lobe of left lung
36. lobus 111edi11s /1u/111011is dextri - middle lobe of
right lung
37. pericardium - pericardium
38. n. phrenicus sinister -left phrenic nerve
'
I
·--J :,:
39. 11. phm1icus dexter - right phrenic nerve
40. rmricula si11istra cordis -left auricle of heart
41. a. coro11aria si11istra, u. cordis 111ag11a -left coron­
ary artery, great cardiac vein
42. osliw11 aortae -opening of aorta
43. 1•ah•ula se111i/1111aris 1·ah•ae aortae - semilunar
valve of aortic valve
44. atrium dextru111 cordis -right atrium of heart
45. 1•. ca1•a cra11ialis -cranial vena cava
46. ostiw11 atrio1•e11trirnlare dextrum - •right atrio­
ventricular opening
47. rnspis parietalis 1'(1/me atri01•e11trirnlaris dextrae (mi­
me trirnspidalis) -parietal cusp of right atrio­
ventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
48. 1•e11trirnlus dextl'T rnrdis - right ventricle of
heart

107
Swine. Cross section through- thorax at level of seventh :fhoracic vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.
Figure 105
1. process11s s/Ji11os1is ,•ffl!'brae thoracicae VII - spi­
nous process of seventh thoracic vertebra
2. 111. lmjJezius - prm thorricica - trapezius muscle
- thoracic part
3. 111. sj1i11a/is thoracis - tho°i·acic spinal muscle
4. 111. 11111/tifidus f/l()racis - multifidus thoracis
muscle
5. 111. l011gissi11111s //l()mcis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
6. 111. /atissi11111s dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
7. 111. sermtns dorsalis crania/is - cranial dorsal ser­
ratus m·uscle
B. 111. iliomsta/is //l()racis - thoracic iliocostal muscle
CJ. 111. /e1'{[/or cos/01' - levator muscle of ribs
108
1 7. 111. transz•ersus thoracis - transverse thoracic
muscle
18. a. el ,·. //l()racica intema - internal thoracic ar-
tery and vein
19. cartilago cos/a/is VJ - sixth costal cartilage
20. ster1111111 - sternum
21. 111. j11'Cloralis Jm1f1111d11s (s. osc1'11de11s) - deep pec­
toral muscle (same as ascending)
22. 111. r!'Clus abr/0111i11is - straight abdominal
muscle
23. trunws symjJathiws - sympathetic trunk
24. aorta, 1•. azygus si11istra - aorta, left azygos vein
25. esoj1/l(lg11s, duc/11s thomciws - esopbagus, thora-
cic duct
26. 11. i'{/gus sinister - left vagus nerve
27. 11. i'!lgus de.rll'r - right vagus nerve
28. rn,•11111 111!'diosti11i seros11111 (bursa in(racardiam)
scrosa of mediastinal cavity (infracardiac
bursa)
29. /1111. 111ediasti11aft,s caudah•s - caudal mediastinal
lymph nodes
30. /Hm ca11rlalis /,,bi cmnia/is Jml111011is d!'.rlri - cau­
dal part of cranial lobe of right lung
31. lobus accessoriw Jml11w11is - accessory looe of
lung
32. /ob11s 111edi11s Jml111011is - middle lobe of lung
33. lobw mudalis Jm/111011is d1,xtri - caudal lobe of
right lung
34. bronchus lobaris, r11111us a. Jm/111011a/is si11is/ml' -
lobar bronchus, branch of left pulmonary ar­
I 0.. cos/a VII - seventh rib tery
11. 1•1,,-fl'bra thoracica VII - seventh thoracic ver­ 35. i'i'. Jml111011ales - pulmonary veins
tebra 36. ,'. cai'!I ca11da/is - caudal vena cava
12, 111111. inll'rmsta!!'S e.rll'mi et inll'nii - external and 37. 111!'diasti1111111 caudal!', 11. jihr!'llicus sinister - caudal
internal intercostal muscles mediastinum, left phrenic nerve
13. 111. serratus ,'!'11/ra/is thomcis thoracic ventral 38. 11. J1hre11irns d!'.rlei; jilica (s. 111esl'11il' ri11111) ,'. cm·a1·
serratus muscle ca11dalis - right phrenic nerve, fold of caudal
14. cos/a VJ - sixth rib vena cava
I 3. 111. ubliq11us l'.\11'm11s abdo111i11is, cos/a V - external :19. pericrmli11111 - pericardium·
oblique abdominal muscle, fifth rib 40. se/1/11111 i11f1,rz'l'llfrirn/ar!' - interventricular sep­
16.. 111. inl!'m,sta/is intrmus (111. i11tercarti/agi11t'us), rnrti­ tum
lago ms/a/is V - internal intercostal muscle 41. 1•e11trirn/115 sinister cordis - left ventricle of heart
(intercartilaginous muscle), fifth costal car- 42. 1•e11/rirnlus dnta cordis - right ventricle of
tilage heart
 Swine. Heart, _left view. Swine. Heart, right view.
_
Figure 106 Figure 107

..,

1. aorta - aorta
2. a. S11brlm•ir1 sinislm - left subclavian artery
:L lr1111rns lm1r/1ioffjJhalirns - brachiocephalic
trunk
4. lrunrns Jm/1110110/is - pulmonary trunk
5. lig: arlnios11111 (/3ola!li) - lig. arteriosum
6. i'i'. J11d111011ales - pulmonary veins
7. ,·. a::):�os sinislm - left azygos vein
8. mtriC//lo de.rim - right auricle
9. a11rirnlo sinislm - left auricle
10. i't'11lrirn/11s dn'!er - right ventricle
I I. i't'11lrirn/11s sinisln - left ventricle
12. m1Jms odij)().1/1111 s11be/Jimrdia/r, - subepicardial
adipose body
13. rn/C//s i11lt'ri't'11lrirnlaris /Jm-r1ro11a/is - paraconal 6. ,','. Jmln11nwles - pulmonary veins .
interventricular sulcus 7. sinus rn1w1orius - coronary sinus
14. rnk11s mm11ari11s - coronary sulcus B. alri11111 dexlrun1 - right atrium
15. insnlio /Jrrirnrdii - pericardia! insertion 9. alri11111 si11isln1111 - left atrium
I0. i't'11lrim/11s dn"i<'r - right ventricle
11. ,'t'nlrirn/11s sinistr,r - left ventricle
12. m1Jm1 odijJ0s11111 rnbt'fJimrdiall' - subepicardial
1-'igure I 07 adipose body
I. oorlo - aorta I :l. s11/rns i11le1n'11lrirnlaris wbsi1111os11s - sulcus in-
2. a. Sllbdm·io sinislm - left subclavian artery terventricularis subsinuosus
:L tn111cus lnachior<,phalir11s - brachiocephalic 14. s11k11s rom11ari11s - coronary sulcus
trunk I 5. inst'rlio jJnimrdii - pericardia! insertion
4. ln111rns p11!111011alis - pulmonary trunk I G. ;•. cm•a rmniolis - cranial vena cava
5. /��: arlniorn111 (13010//i) - lig. arteriosu� I 7. ,•. cm•a m11dalis - caudal vena cava

109
Swine. Lungs. View of diaphragmatic surface.

Figure 108

• I. tmd1/'/I - trachea
'.Z. lo/ms crnniolis Jm/11111//is dn"lri cranial lobe of !). j!l'rimrdi11111 - pericardium
right lung 1 0. rnr - heart
:t /"bus 11wdi11s Jmh11ri/lis (dntri) middle lobe of 9 I 1. /J/irn fr 1111·sr•11/ni11111), ,·. m,·rw m11dalis - fold of
lung (right) vena cava
4. l"bw m11rlolis Jml111"11is dl'.r!ri - caudal lobe of l '.Z. ,'. rr11•0 cm1dolis, 11. /!hr{'//it11.1· dnkr - caudal vena
right lung cava, right phrenic nerve
:i. pr11s rm11iolis /"bi rm11ioli.1 Jml11ulllis si11istri - 11. ll/l'rliasti1111111 rn11dale - caudal rnediastinum
cranial part of cranial lobe of left lung 14. o. rnbc!m·io sinistm - left subclavian artery
(i. J!on mudo!is lo/Ji cm11i11/is Jnt!111u11is si11i.1/ri - cau­ I :i. lm1I('((.\ bmchiocr'f!halirns, ,•. wm cm11ialis - bra­
dal part of cranial lobe of left lung chiocephalic trunk, cranial vena cava
7. /"bus m11dolis Jml111u11i.1 si11islri - caudal lobe of I fi. 1•.wf!l/{/gw. lm11('((s ;•a.�aiis 1•e11/m/is - esophagus,
left lung \Tlltrnl vagal trunk
8. lo/ms r1ffr•s.rnrit1s Jmh11u11is - accessorv lobe of I 7. /n111rn.1· 1·u�rilis d"r.,olis - dorsal vagal trunk

lung ,, 1 B. r1"rlo - aona

110
Swine. Lungs, left view. Drawn from a dry specimen.

Figure 109

I. tmdwo - trachea
2
:2. 111111;�() d//n11/is (ob111sm) - dorsal margin
(obtuse)
:i. 11u11:t.{u i.'r'lllrolis aculus - acute ventral
margin
4. /Jar., nw1i11/i.1 In/Ji nw1i11/i.1 Jmlm1111i., si11istri
- cranial part of cranial lobe of left
lung
4., .5., 6., 11. facies costalis - costal surface of
lung
:i. pars rn11r/11/i.1 ///bi rm11i11/i.1 J!11l1111111is si11istri

- caudal part of cranial lobe of left

lung
G. ///IJ/1.l rn11r/11/i.1 Jmh111J11i., sinisfri caudal
lobe of left lung
7. l11h11.1 ow1i11/i.1 Jmh11n11i.1 dntri cranial
lobe of right lung
8. lnh11.1 111tdi11.1 J)/{h11n11i.1 ril'ltri - middle
lobe of right lung
9. iwi.111m rnrdi11rn - cardiac notch
I 0. jiswm i11t,,r///h11ri.1 m11drili.1 - caudal in­
terlol.>ar fissure
11. jwies cm/11/i.1 - costal surface
I :2. jr,ri,,., di"J!h mg 11111fim - diaphragmatic
surface

Swine. Lungs, right view. Drawn from a dry specimen.

Figure 110
2

I. tmdw11 - trachea
:2. 111111g1J d1Jrs11/i.1 (11bt11ws) - dorsal margin
(obtuse)
:t n1a1;t.to i'f'Jllrulis ac11l11s - acute ventral
margin
4. lnh11.1 cm11i11/is Jml111n11is dc.rtri - cranial
lobe of right lung
4., 5., 6., 7. fades costalis - costal surface of
lung
:i. /1Jhw 111Nli11.1 /J/l/1111J11i.1 (desfri) middle
lobe of lung (right)
G. /,,h11s m11d11/is /J/1l111m1i.1 dntri - caudal
lobe of right lung
7. jr,cfrs ms/11/i.1 - costa I surface
B. jr1ci1·.1 di11J1l1mg11/(//im - diaphragmatic
surface
9. i11ri.,11m rnn/i11rn et . Jis.wm i111,,r/,1/H/ris ar111i-
11/i.1 -· cardiac notch and cranial inter­
lobar fissure
I 0. .Ji.1.111m i11fl'rl11/}(/ri.1 rn11d11/is - caudal in­
terlobar fissure

111
Swine. Cross sectio·n through abdo.ninal cavity at level of twelfth thoracic vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 111

16. 111. rfflus abdo111inis - straight abdominal

muscle
I7. 111. obli<jllllS nkmus abdomi11is, cartilago cos/a/is XI
- external oblique abdominal muscle, cartj­
lage of eleventh rib
18. rmra dia/1hmgmatis - crura of diaphragm
19. /Hm costalis dia/Jhrag,natis - costal part of dia-
phragm
20. 1•entricu/11s (gast<'J') - ventriculus (stomach)
21. osti11111 rnrdiar11111 - cardiac opening
22. J1ar.r jJrlorica 1·e11trirnli - pyloric part of ventri­
culus
:Z3. Jim111u•11 <'jiijiloio1111 - epiploic foramen
I. 111. sj1i11alis tlwmcis - thoracic spinal muscle 8. lob11s rnudalis Jmh11011is dntri - caudal lobe of :Z4. 01111•11/11111 mi1111.1 (fig he/Ja/o,�mtric11111) lesser
2. 111. 11111ltifid11s thomcis multifidus thoracis right lung omentum (hepatogastric ligament)
muscle 9. m,rta - aorta 25. 011w11/111n 111([j11s - greater omentum
3. 111. l,mgissi11111s thomcis - longissimus thoracis I0. 111. <jlladratus l11111bom111 - quadratus lumborum 26. lobus rn11dat11s lwj)({/is - caudate lobe of liver
muscle muscle 27. lo/)IJS lwjialis dn-tn - right lobe of liver
4. 111. iliocostalis thoracis - thoracic iliocostal 11. eris/a Xll - twelfth rib 28. lobus lw/Ja/is si11islN latnalis - left lateral lobe of
muscle 12. 111111. i11tnrnstales - intercostal muscles liver
5. 1'f' riebra thorarirn Xii - twelfth thoracic ver­ 13. cos/a XI - eleventh rib 29. lo/ms lwjia!is .1i11istn mNlialis - left medial lobe
tebra 14. 111. rnla11,·11s lmnci, ms/a ,,1 rnrtilago mstalis X - of liver
6. 1'. a::_J;�os sinistra, d11ct11.1 thomcirns - left azygos cutaneous muscle of trunk, tenth' rib and cos­ 30. 1•esirn Jill('{/ (JJartim i11 J1mjfflio11,,J - gallbladder
vein, thoracic duct tal cartilage (partially projected)
7. l11b11s rn11dalis Jmh111111is si11istri - caudal lobe of 15. 111. tmm1•<•1:ws abdo111i11is - transverse abdomi­ 31. 1·. rnm rnudalis - caudal vena cava
left lung · nal muscle 32. m11111s 1•. /Jori<"' - branch of portal vein

112
Swine.. Cross.section through abdominal cavity at level of fourteenth.thoracic vert.ebra. View.of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 112

I. Ill. 11111/tifidus thoracis - multifidus thoracis

muscle
2. ,•ertebra tlwraci('(t XIV fourteenth thoracic
vertebra
3. 111. l1111gissi11111s t/wraris - longissimus thoracis
muscle
4. ms/a XIV - fourteenth rib
5. 111. Jm){/s major - psoas major muscle
6. 111111. inlercosta/es - intercostal muscles
7. msta XIII - thirteenth rib
8. 111. iliomstalis /11111b11m111 el 111. iliomstalis thoracis -
iliocostalis lumborum and thoracic iliocostal
muscles
9. 111. sffralus dorsa/is wudalis - caudal dorsal ser­
ratus muscle 16. ('(tr/ilago ms/a/is XIII - thirteenth costal carti­ 24. Jm1cess11s ('{/l/dat11s hej)({fis caudate process of
I 0. ,'. azi'_!;os sinistm, cistema rhyli - left azygos vein, lage liver
cisterna chyli I 7. 111. obliq1111s i11/em11s abd11111i11is - internal ob­ 25., 26. lob/IS hej1alis dexter (25. /a/era/is, 26. 111edialis)
11. ems latera/e si11istn1111 dia/1hmg111ritis ·_ left lateral lique abdominal muscle - right lobe of liver (25. lateral, 26. medial)
crus of diaphragm 18. 111. rnlmll'IIS tn111ci - cutaneous muscle of trunk_ 27., 28. lob11s hej)({fis sinister (27. /atffalis, 28. media/is)
12. rrnm 111edia/ia diaph mg111atis - medial crura of I 9. in obliquus ex/emus abdo111i11is - external ob­ - left lobe of liver (27. lateral, 28. medial)
diaphragm lique abdominal muscle 29. 1•e11tric11l11s (gmter) - ventriculus (stomach)
13. aorta - aorta '.20. 111. rl'Cf11sabd11111i11is - straight�abdominal muscle 30. ,'. j}()rfae - portal vein
14. /1111. gastrici et Inn celiaci - gastric lymph nodes '.21. 111. trmm,ersus abd11111i11is - transverse abdomi­ 31. J}(/ncreas -_ pancreas
and celiac lymph nodes nal muscle 32. d11ode1111111 - duodenum
15. cos/a et mrtilago cos/a/is XII - twelfth rib and 22. lien - spleen 33. jrj111111111 - jejunum
costal cartilage 23. 11111e11l11111 111aj11s - greater omentum 34. ,'. ('(ti'(/ m11dalis - caudal vena cava

113
Swine. Cross section_ through abdominal cavity at level offirst lumbar vertebra. View.of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 113
-- .....

14. 111. IJ'//11Si't'n11.1 abdm11i11is - transverse abdomi­

nal muscle
15. 111. obliq1111s n/1'1'111/S r,/ido111i11is - external ob­
lique abdominal muscle
16. 111. rec/11s abdo111i11is - straight abdominal
muscle
I 7. aorta - aorta
18, r1•11 si11istn - left kidney
19. gla11d11l11 s11/1J'//rnwlis si11istm - left suprarenal
gland
20. jH111crN1s - pancreas
21. r1·11 dexter - right kidney
22. gla11d11l11 m/1J'//r1•11alis dn/J'/1 - right suprarenal
gland
23. ,'. Clli'II ca11d11/is - caudal vena cava
24. d11ode1111111 - duodenum
25. jej111111111 - jejunum
'..!(i_ jlnum r/1111rl,·1111jrj1111alis - duodcnojcjunal
flexure
27. -33. 11m11 sjiimlis mli - spiral ansa of colon
I. 111. multifidus thoracis et m. multifidus lumborum - 7. cruJ'/1 dia/1hmgmatis - diaphragmatic crura 27. gyms centrijietalis I - first centripetal gyrus
multifidus thoracis et multifidus lumborum 8. 111. serJ'/1/us dorrnlis ca11dalis - caudal dorsal ser­ 28. gyrus a•11trijiet11/is fl - second centripetal gyrus
muscles ratus muscle 29. !;)!/'/IS ce11/ripet11/is Ill - third centripetal gyrus
2. 111. longissimus thoracis et 111. longissimus lw11borw11 9. 111. iliocostalis l11111b11r11111 - iliocostalis Jumbo- 30. Jlex11J'// c('//fmlis - central flexure
- longissimus thoracis and longissimus lum­ rum muscle 31. !;)!/'/IS ce11trif11galis I - first centrifugal gyrus
borum muscles I 0. 111111. i11terc11stales - intercostal muscles 32. gy/'1/s ce11trif11galis fl - second centrifugal gyrus
3. vertebra lumbalis I - first lumbar vertebra 11. lien - spleen 33. gyms ce11trif11galis Ill - third centrifugal gyrus
4. 111. quadratus lumborwn - quadratus lumborum 12. cos/a et cartilago costa/is XIII - thirteenth rib 34., 35. colon IJ'//J/Si'fl'Sllm - transverse colon
muscle and costal cartilage 36. dh•erlicu/11111 Jm'fi11li11/e - preputial diverticu­
5. 111. psoas major - psoas major muscle 13. 111. 11bliq1111s i11tem11s abdominis - internal ob­ lum
6. cos/a XIV - fourteenth rib lique abdominal muscle 37. J1rep11ti11111 - prepuce

114
Swine. Cross section through abdominal cavity at level offourth lumbar vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 114

I. 111. multifidus lw11boru111 - multifidus Jumbo- 7. 111. psoas major - psoas major muscle 16. m. obliquus intemus abdominis internal ob-
rum muscle 8. m. psoas minor - psoas minor muscle lique abdominal muscle
2. 111. longissimus l11111bor11111 - longissimus Jumbo- 9. crus diaphragmatis dextrum - right diaphrag- 17. 111. obliquus extemw abdominis external ob-
rum muscle matic crus lique abdominal muscle
3. processus costarius vertebrae lumbalis IV - cost�! 10. ureter sinister - left ureter 18. m. cuta11eus trunci - cutaneous muscle of trunk
pr�ess of fourth lumbar vertebra II. aorta - aorta 19. 111. rect11s abdo11i"i11is - straight abdominal muscle
4. 111. quadratus l11111boru111 - quadratus lumborum 12. ureter dexter - right ureter 20. jeju11um - jejunum
muscle 13. v. cava caudalis - caudal vena cava 21. mesojeju11um - mesojejunum
5. vertebra lu111balis IV - fourth lumbar vertebra 14. co/011 descende11s - descending colon 22. ln.jeju11alis - jejuna! lymph node
6. plexus vertebra/is in/emus, 11. spinalis - internal 15. m. transversus abdominis - transverse abdomi- 23. pe11is - penis
vertebral plexus, spinal nerve nal muscle 24. cecum - cecum

115
Swine. Abdominal organs, ventral view.

Figure 115

I. hepar - liver 6. -8. ansa spiralis coli - spiral ansa of colon

2. ,·entrirnlus (gos/er) - ventriculus (stomach) 6. gyri centripetales - centripetal gyri
3. lien - spleen 7. flexura centralis coli - central flexure of colon
4. jejunum - jejunum 8. gyri centrifugales - centrifugal gyri
5. Cff//111 - cecum 9. uesica urinaria - urinary bladder

116
Swine. Dissection of roof of abdominal cavity.

Figure 116

1. cartilago xij1hoid('(f - xiphoid cartilage

2. arrns wstalis - costal arch
:l. Jxm sll'malis diaj1hmg111atis - sternal part of
diaphragm
4. Jmrs ms/a/is diajihrag111atis - costal part of dia­
phragm
5. ff11/m111 ll'11di11n1111 diajihmg111atis - central ten­
don of diaphragm
6. ems 111('dia/i, dextm111 diaj1hrag111atis - right me­
dial crus of diaphragm
7. ems 111ediale si11istm111 diaj1hrag11wtis - left me­
dial crus of diaphragm
8. ems lall'mll' di'xln1111 diaj1hragmatis - right lat­
eral crus of diaphragm
9. ems latera/e si11istm111 diaj1h mgmatis - left lateral
crus of diaphragm
. I 0. arrns l11111bocostalis - lumbocostal arch
1 I. J1aries abdo111i11is - abdominal wall
12. cos/a XIV - fourteenth rib
13. Jnocess11s rnstarius 1•ertrbrae l11111ba/is I - costal
process of first lumbar vertebra
14. 111. Jisoas major - psoas major muscle
I5. 111. /1s00s 111i11or - psoas minor muscle
16. 111. quadmtus l11111bom111 - quadratus lumborum
muscle
I7. 1•. cam cauda/is - caudal vena cava
18. gla11d11/a mjnarenalis d{'Xlm - right suprarenal
gland
19. gla11d11/a suj1mre11alis sinistm, a. 111ese11/erica cranialis
-· left suprarenal gland, cranial mesenteric
artery
20. 1n1 dexter - right kidney
21. rt'// sinister - left kidney
22. 1,. et 1•. re11a/is de.rim - right renal artery and
vein
23. a. et 1•. rena/is si11istra - left renal artery and
vein
24. aorta, ureter si11ister - aorta, left ureter
25. a. ce/iacr, - celiac artery
26. esoj1hag11s - esophagus
27. /11. re11a/is - renal lymph node
28. 11retrr dexter - right ureter
29. a. et 1•. testicu/aris - testicular artery and vein
30. d11c/11s dcfrrem, a. d11ct11s drfere11tis - ductus defe­ 33. a. 11111bi/irn/is, 1•. i/iaca extema - umbilical artery, 37. 1•esica 11ri11aria - urinary bladder
rens, artery of ductus deferens external iliac vein 38. /1111. iliaci 111edia/es - medial iliac lymph nodes
31. 1·. i/iaca rn1111111111is, a. iliaca exll'ma - common 34. a. et 1·. cirrnmfle.rn i/i11111 Jm1/1111da - deep cir­ 39. a. 111ese11tericr, ca11dalis - caudal mesenteric ar­
iliac vein, external iliac artery cumflex iliac artery and vein tery
32. a. rt 1·. i/iarn i11tema - internal iliac artery and 35. m111/us i11g11i11a/is Jm,f1111d11s - deep inguinal ring 40. 1•1•. J1hre11irne cra11ia/es - cranial phrenic veins
vein 36. rec/11111 - rectum

117
Swine. Stomach. Visceral surface, left figure; cavity, right figure.

Figure 117

3
18

I
'
I

5
!if
I
'O

I. cun•alum 111in11r - lesser curvature
2. c1ir1•atum major - greater curvature
3. esophagus - esophagus
4., 4'. f11nd11s ,•mtrirnli - fundus of ventriculus
4'. dh•ertirn/11111 1•eilfrirnli - diverticulum of ventri­
culus
5. C()JjJ//s 1•entrirnli - body of ventriculus
6. Jmn J;y/orica - pyloric part
7. h'lorus - pylorus
8. pars cardiaca - cardiac part
9. 0111e11/11n1 minus (fig: hepatogastrirn111 et lig; heJ;a/11-
duodenale) - lesser omentum (hepatogastric
and hepatoduodenal ligaments)
I 0. 0111e11/11111 111aj11s - greater omentum
11. pars JmJi•entrirnlaris /1111ime 111umrne - proventri­
cular part of tunica mucosa
12.-14. Jmrs glandularis t1111icae 11111c11sfll' - glandu-
lar part of tunica mucosa
12. glandulae cardiacaf' - cardiac gland
13. glaud11/ae gastricae (propriae) - gastric gland
14. glandulae /J)'loricae - pyloric gland
15. 111. sj;hinrter jJ)'l11ri - sphincter muscle of pylo-
rus
16. torus fi)'lorirns - pyloric torus
I 7. sulrns 1•mtrirnli - sulcus of ventriculus
18. d11ode1111111 - duodenum

Swine. Stomach, pancreas, spleen

and greater omentum. View of
visceral surface.

Figure 118

I. esoj1lwg11s - esophagus
2. di1•ertirnlu111 1•entrirnli - diverticulum of ventri­
culus
3. f1111d11s i'f'nlrirnli - fundus of ventriculus
4. J1ars J1ylorica 1•e11trirnli - pyloric part of ventri-
culus
5. J;y/orus - pylorus
6. d11odm11111 - duodenum
7. lien - spleen
8. pancreas - pancreas
9., I0. omen/11111 ,)wj11s - greater omentum
9. paries s11Jie1ficialis - superficial layer
I0. Jiaries Jirof1111d11s - deep layer

118
Swine. Kidneys and suprarenal glands} view from above

Figure 119

1. re11 si11istn - left kidney

2. H'// dt'.rfer - right kidney
3. g/011d11/a s11Jm11nwlis sinistm - left suprarenal
gland
4. g/011d11/a supmrenolis de.rim - right suprarenal
gland
5. ureter sinister - left ureter
6. aorta - aorta
7. 1·. rnm ca11dolis - caudal vena cava
8. ureter dexter - right ureter
9. a. rn/1mrenalis media dextm - right middle su­
prarenal artery
10. tm. rnpmrena!t'S 11wdiae sinistme - left middle
suprarenal arteries
11. a. ,,1 1•. re11alis sinistm - left renal artery and
vein
12. a. !'I 1·. rena/is de.rim - right renal artery and
vein

Swine. Liver, view of visceral surface.

Figure 120

I. 1•. rnm m11dalis - caudal vena cava

2. o. lwj/(/fim - hepatic artery
3. 1·. J1orfae - portal vein
4. d11ct11s cholt'doch11s - ductus choledochus
5. d11c/11s cystirns - cystic duct
6. 1•l'sim fl'ilea - gallbladder
7. lobus sinister latem/is - left lateral lobe
8. /11b11s sinistn media/is - left medial lobe
9. /11/111s q11admt11s - quadrate lobe
I0. /11b11s dexter media/is - right medial lobe
11. lobm d!'xler lafl'ralis - right lateral lobe
12., 13. /11b11s cal((/atus - caudate lobe
13. pmcess11s ca11dat11s - caudate process
14. /1111. hepatici - hepatic lymph nodes
1 5. 11111e11fl1111 111i11us (lig; hej1atogastrirn111 et lig: hej1ato­
d11odnwle) - lesser omentum (hepatogastric
and hepatoduodenal ligaments)
16. 111tirg11 dexter t'f sinister - right and left margins
17. 111org11 dona/is - dorsal margin
18. /ig; rnro11ari11m dextn1111 - right coronary liga­
ment
19. lig. com11oriu111 si11istru111 - left coronary liga­
ment

119
Horse. Body regions.

Figure 121

I. caput - head.
2.-7. regiones co/Ii (cof/11111) - regions of neck
2. regi;1 co/Ii dorsalis fregio 1111chalis) - dorsal region
of neck (nuchal region)
3. regio co/Ii lateralis - lateral region of neck
4. regio co/Ii 1•entmlis (regio j11g11/aris) - ventral re-
gion of neck (jugular region)
5. regio J}(/m/idea - parotid region
6. regio lmy11gea - laryngeal region
7. regio jJl'escajmlaris - prescapular region
8.-13. thorax - thorax
8., 9., 14. regiones dorsi - dorsal regions
8., 9. regio 1•ertebralis tlwracis - vertebral thoracic
region
8. regio interscajmlaris -. interscapular region I 8 '. regio j!licae /a/era/is (s. gn111s) - region of lateral 28. regio brad,ii - brachia! region
10. - 13. regiones />f'Cloris - pectoral regions fold (knee fold) 29. regio rnhiti - cubital region (region of elbow)
10. regio scajmlaris - scapular region 19. regio 11111bilirnlis - umbilical region 30. regio 011/ebrachii - antebrachial region
11. regio cos/a/is - costal region 20., 21. regio abdo111i11is caudalis (h;11ogaslri11111) - cau- 31. regio crnj;i - carpal region
12. regio jJTestemalis - presternal region dal abdominal region (hypogastrium) 32. regio 111etaca1j>i - metacarpal region
13. regio stemalis - sternal region 20. regio i11g11i11alis - inguinal region 33. regio111•s digiti 111m111s - regions of digits (of tho­
14.-21. abdomen - abdomen 21. regio Jmbica - pubic region racic appendage)
14. regio l11111balis - lumbal region 22.-24. regioues j>eh•is - pelvic regions 34.-39., 25. regiones 111l'l11bri J1eh·i11i - regions of
15. -21. regiows abdo111i11is - abdominal region 22. regio sacra/is - sacral region pelvic appendage
15., 16. regio abdo111i11is cra11ialis (eJ;igastri11111) - cra- 23. regio g/11/ea - gluteal region 34. rrgio genus latemlis - lateral region of knee
nial abdominal region (epigastrium) 23'. regio c/1111is - clunal region 35. regio fe111oris - femoral region
15. regio hyjmchondriaca - hypochondriac region 24. regio tuberis rnxae - region of tuber coxae 36., 36'. regio mrris - crural region
16. regio xiJ;hoidea - xiphoid region 25. regio trodwnlffica - trochanteric region 36'. ffgio j>oj!litea - popliteal region
17. -19. regio abd,m1i11is 111edia (111esogastri11111) 26. - 32. regio11es me111bri thoracici - regions of tho­ 37. regio lm,i - tarsal region
middle abdominal region (mesogastrium) racic appendage 38. regio 111etatarsi - metatarsal region
17. fossa J>ara/11111balis - paralumbar fossa 26. regio arliculationis h11111eri - region of shoulder 39. regio11es digiti J1edis - regions of digits (of pel­
18. regio abdo111i11is fatemlis - lateral abdominal re­ joint vic appendage)
gion 27. regio lriciJ;italis - tricipital region 40. regio cauda!is - caudal region

120
Horse. Skeleton. Figure 122

1. 111axilla - maxilla
2. 111r111dib11la - mandible 13.. mrtilago xijJhoidea - xiphoid cartilage 23. /IS COXOI' - OS coxae
3. atlas - atlas 14. 11rrns rnstalis - costal arch 24. os Je111oris - femur
4. axis - axis 15. scaj)//111 - scapula 25. f)(/fc/la - patella
5. ,•ertebra cen•icalis V - fifth cervical vertebra 16. /11rtilago scaj)//1111• - cartilage of scapula 26., 26'. 11s.w sesm1wid('(/ jJmxi11wlia - proximal sesa­
6. 1•1•rtebm thoracim VII - seventh thoracic verte- 1 7. h11111erus - humerus moid bones
bra 18. 111110 - ulna 26'., 31. ossr, digiti jJrdis - bones of digit (of pelvic
7. 1·1·rtebra l11111balis I - first lumbar vertebra 19. radius - radius appendage)
8. os sacrum - sacrum 20. oss11 cmjJi - carpal bones 27. fibula - fibula
9. ;•ertebrae rnccygPae - coccygeal vertebrae 21. ossa 111r/11ca1palia - metacarpal bones 28. tibia - tibia
10. cos/a IV - fourth rib 22., 26. 11ss11 digiti 11111111/S - digital bones (of thora­ 29. 11ssa t11rsi - tarsal bones
11. rns/11 XVIII - eighteenth rib cic appendage) 30. ossr1 111e/11trmalia - metatarsal bones
. 12. strn,11111 - sternum 22. ph11l1111gi•s digiti - phalanges of digit 31. jJhal1111gPS digiti - phalanges of digit

121
Horse. Skeleton of thorax, left view.

Figure 123

11

I I I

1. ,•erlebm rl'n·ira/is VII - seventh cervical verte­ 7. /1rocess11s tra11s,•ers11s C/1111 Jm,cesm 111m11illari - 1 2. 111111111bri11111 s/emi - manubrium of sternum
bra transverse process with mamillary process 13. Clnjms slemi - body of sternum
2., 6. prore.1.111., spi11u.rn.1 (G. /11/Jn,,silm) - spinous 8. form11i11a i11ter,•erlebmlia - intervertebral fora­ 14. cartilago xi/1hoidea - xiphoid cartilage
process (6. tuberosity) mina I 5. arcus cos/a/is - costal arch
3. ms/a Ill - third rib 9. caj>ila ms/arum - heads of ribs 16. sj//llia i11ters/1i11alia - interspinal spaces
4. cartilago cos/a/is JV - fourth costal cartilage 10. t11berwla coslan1111 - costal tubercles 17. sj//llia i11tercostalia - intercostal spaces
5. Cl/ljms ,•ertebrae - body of vertebra 11. cos/a XI - eleventh rib

122
Horse. Superficial musculature after removal of the cutaneous muscles.
Figure 124
I. 111. rn11i1111s - caninus muscle
2. 111. 111ass1-ll'I' - masseter muscle
3. 111. r/1r1111boid1'11.1 C<'n•iri.1 - cervical
rhomboid muscle
4. 111. sj1ll'l1i11s caj1itis et sj>ll'l1i11.1 ren·iri.1 -
splenius capitis et splenius cervicis
muscle
5. j)(ll'J' Cl'l',·irnlis 111i. lm/H':::ii - cervical part of
trapezius muscle
5'. /)(/rs tlwmrirn 111i. lmj><':::ii - thoracic part of tra­
pezius muscle
6. 111. s<'rra/11s 1·e11tmlis rl'l',•iris - cervical ventral
serratus muscle
6'. 111. sam/11s 1•e11tmlis tlwmris - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
7. 111. latissi11111s d,mi - latissimus dorsi muscle
8. 111. stemo111a11dib11/aris - sternomandibular
muscle
9., 1 0. 111. brarhioCl'j1halirns - brachiocephalic
muscle
9. 111. c/1,ido111astoideus - cleidomastoid muscle
I 0. 111. 011111trw1s1•ersari11s - omotransverse muscle
11. 111. subclm•ius - subclavian muscle
12. 111. sujm1s/1i11at11s - supraspinatus muscle
13. 111. deltoidrus - deltoid muscle
14. caj>ut lo11gw11 111i. tricij1itis bmchii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
15. ca/mt latemle 111i. tricij1itis bmchii - lateral head 23. 111. J1ectomlis J1mf:111d11s (asce11dens) - deep
of triceps brachii muscle (ascending) pectoral muscle
16. 111. brachia/is - brachia] muscle 24. 111. gl11te11s 111edi11s - middle gluteal muscle
I7. 111. rxte11sor cwj1i mdialis - extensor carpi radi­ 25. 111. gl11te11s s11JJ/'/ficialis - superficial gluteal
alis muscle muscle
18. 111. extensor digitalis co1111111111is - common digital 26.. 111. tensor fascia<' latai, - tensor fa�ciae latae
extensor muscle muscle
19. 111. extensor cwj>i 11/11aris - extensor carpi ulna­ 27. 111. se111itendi11os11s - semitendinosus muscle
ris muscle 28. 111. biCl'jJs fe111oris - biceps femoris muscle
20. 111. sermtus dorsalis rnudalis - caudal dorsal ser­ 29. 111. cut1111e11s tm11ci rn111 j>lirn la/eris (j>lica gn111s)
ratus muscle cutaneous muscle of trunk with lateral fold
21. 111111. i11tercostales <'xlemi - external intercostal (knee fold)
muscles 30. fascia lata femoris - fascia lata femoris
22. 111. obliq1111s extem11s abdo111i11is - external ob­ 3 I. 111. extensor digitalis lo11g11s - long digital exten­
lique abdominal muscle sor muscle
22'. apo11e11msis 111i. obliq11iextemi abdo111i11is - aponeu­ 32. ca/ml latemle 111i. gmtrnrne111ii - lateral head of
rosis of external oblique abdominal muscle gastrocnemius muscle
123
Horse. Internal organs, right view.

Figure 125

1. j111!111011es - lungs
2. cor - heart 7. f!exura d11odmi ca11da!is - caudal flexure of 12. fie.mm stemolis coli - sternal flexure of colon
3. re11 dexter (iu jlm_j('(/irme) - right kidney (pro­ duodenum 13. fie.mm diophrag111atirn coli - diaphragmatic
jected) 8. basis ceci - base of cecum flexure of colon
4. hejlor (in J1rojectio11e) - liver (projected) 9. co1jms ceci - body of cecum 14. jej111111111 - jejunum
5. cujwlo diajlhrag11wtis (in J1m_j('(tio11e) - diaphrag­ 10. aJwx ceci - apex of cecum 15. Jlex11m J1eh•i11a coli - pelvic flexure of colon
matic cupula (projected) 1 1. - 13., 15. co/011 crasrn111 (s. asce11dn1s) - great co­ 16. rer/11111 - rectum
6. J>m, costalis dioj1hragmatis - costal part of dia­ lon (same as ascending) 17. ,•esica 11ri11orio - urinary bladder
phragm 11. co/011 1•ei1trale dextru111 - right ventral colon

124.
Horse. Internal organs, left view.

Figure 126

I. lmchm - trachea 7. rnJmlo dio/1hmg11/(//is (in Jimir•clir11w) - diaphrag­ 1L colon 1•e11tmle si11islm111 - left ventral colon
2. Jml1111111('S - lungs matic cupula 12. fir.mm J1rh•i110 rnli - pelvic flexure of colon
3. cor - heart 8. jr'.i111111111 - jejunum 13. colon dorsolr si11islm111 - left dorsal colon �
4. j)(Jrs costolis dioj1hmgmolis - costal part of dia­ 9. colon le1111e (s. dr·scc11dn1s) - small colon (same 14. ojwr red - apex of cecum
phragm as descending) 15. rec/11111 - rectum
5. lit•11 011 J1rojeclio11e) - spleen (projected) 1 0. - 13., 18. ((11011 cm.u11111 (s. osffnd('//s) - great co­ 16. 111. cocc_ygr·us - coccygeal muscle
6. rr·n sinisln - left kidney lon (same as ascending) 17. 111. /em/or oni - levator ani muscle
10. flr·.rnm s/r•molis coli - sternal flexure of colon 18. fie.mm dia/1hmg111otica - diaphragmatic flexure

,125
Horse. Cutaneous muscles and nerves of trunk.
Figure 127
I. /'{/11/i dorsales (rntmwi 11wdialr's ('/ /a/('J'a/r,s) 1111. lh11m­
cimm111 - dorsal branches (medial and lateral
cutaneous) of thoracic nerves
'.Z. 1w11m rnfr111es la/em/is 11i. iliohy/111.i,:mtrici (s. 11i. /11111-
holis I) - lateral cutaneous branch Qt' ilioh,­
pogastric nerve (same as first lumbar nerve)
3. rm11i dona/es (rn/011/'i 111edialn ('f /a//'/'{/les) 1111. /11111-
bali11111 - dorsal branches (medial and lateral
cutaneous) of lumbar nerves
4., 6. rmni ,•en/mies 11.11. thomcicoru111 (1111. intercoslalr's;
11. cosloabdo111i11alis) - ventral branches of tho-
126
racic nerves Cintercostal nerves; costoabdo­
minal nerve)
4. m111i rnla11ei /a/em/es 1111. i11/nrnstali11111 el 11. cos/11ab­
d11111i11alis - lateral cutaneous branches of in­
tercostal nerves and costoabdominal nerve
5. ra11111s rnla11/'11s /alemlis ni. iliui11g11i11rdis (s. ni. /11111-
balis fl) - lateral cutaneous branch of ilio­
inguinal nerve (same as second · lumbar
nerve)
6. rmni rnlmwi 1•e11//'{/les 1111. i11tercostali11111 - ventral
cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves
7. ra111i 11i. thomcici /a/('J'a/is (11. jJ/t'.rns bmd1ir;lis) -
branches of lateral thoracic nerve (brachia!
plexus nerve)
8. 11. s11/Jl'aclm·irnlaris (11. Jilt'XIIS Cl'n·irnlis) - supra­
clavicular nerve (cervical plexus nerve)
9. 111. rnlmww lmnci - cutaneous muscle of trunk
I 0. ,'. <'jJigaslrica (/'{/Ilia/is suj)('lficialis - superficial
cranial epigastric vein
11. 111. rn/a111'11s 0111obmchialis - cutaneous omobra­
chial muscle
Horse. Deep dissection of thorax and abdominal wall.
Figure 128
I. 111. serratus dorsalis cranialis - cranial dorsal ser­
ratus muscle
2. 111. serratus dorsalis caudalis - caudal dorsal ser­
ratus muscle
3. fascia thoracol11111balis - thoracolumbar fascia
4. ra111i dorsales (c11/a11ei 111ediales) 1111. thoracicorwn -
dorsal branches (medial cutaneous) of tho­
racic nerves
5. rami dorsales (cutanei media/es et laterales) 1111. !11111-
baliwn - dorsal branches (medial and lateral
cutaneous) of lumbar nerves
6. 111. lo11gissi11111s thoracis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
7. 111. iliocostalis tlwracis - iliocostal thoracis
muscle
8. 111. serratus ventralis cen•icis - cervical ventral
serratus muscle
9. 111. serrat11s l'entralis thoracis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
I 0. 111. obliquus ex/emus abdominis - external ob­
lique abdominal muscle
11., 12. apo11e11rosis mi. ob!iqui extemi abdominis -
aponeurosis of external oblique abdominal
muscle
11. ems mediate - medial crus
12. ems laterale - lateral crus
13. a1111lus i11g11i11alis wperficialis - superficial in­
guinal anulus
14. 111. obliquus i_ntemus abdominis - internal ob­
lique abdominal muscle
I 5. 111. scalenus medius - scalenus medius muscle
16. plexus brachia/is, 1•. j11g11laris, a. axillaris - brachi­
a! plexus, jugular vein, axillary artery
·17_ slt'm11111 - sternum
18. 111. rec/11s abd11111i11is - straight abdominal
muscle
19. a/Hlll('lll"IISis mi. 11bliq11i i11temi abd11111i11is - apo­
neurosis of internal oblique abdominal
muscle
20.- ra111i rnta11ei lataafr,s 11i. ili111iJ1J111;astrici fa. 11i. /11111-
balis I) l'I 11i. ili11i11g11i11a/is (s. 11i. lumbalis JI) -
lateral cutaneous branches of iliohypogastric
nerve (same as first lumbar nerve) and of
ilioinguinal nerve (same as second lumbar
nerve)
21. 111111. i11tnrnstales ,,xtn11j - -external intercostal
111uscles
22. ,'. axilfaris - axillary vein
23. 111. recl11s tlioracis - straight thoracic muscle
127
Horse. Dissection revealing thoracic organs, right view. Mediastinum, pericardium and a large part of
lungs removed.
Figure 129

34. ga11glio11 cen•icotl/(/racirn111 (s. ste/la/11111), a. el,'. ,,,,,._

tebralis - cervicothoracic ganglion (same as
I. 111. r!to111boidr,11.1 Cl'n•icis f'I 111. rlw111boid1,11s t!tomcis 16. tru11rns mgalis dona/is - dorsal vagal trunk stellate), vertebral artery and vein
- cervical rhomboid and thoracic rhomboid 17. tru11rns mgalis 1•e11tralis - ventral vagal trunk 35. a. I'/,'. i11trrrnstalis sujirt'111a - supreme intercos­
muscles 18. esoj>!tagus - esophagus tal artery and vein
2. 111..,j,i11alis t!tomcis - thoracic spinal muscle 19. crus 111ediale d1,xtrum diaj>!tmg111atis - right me­ 36. ,'. rnm cm11ialis - cranial vena cava
3. 111. l011gissi11111s t!tomcis - longissimus thoracis dial crus of diaphragm 3 7. Int/IC/IS i'llgosy111jJat!tic11s, a. (((/'(//is COll/1/1/lllis, i'. j11-
muscle 20. cn1tru111 te11di11n1111 diaj>ltmgmatis - central ten­ g11/aris - vagosympathetic trunk, common ca­
4., 5. fascia t!tomco/11111balis (eius /Hm sjii110/n111s1°en,·rtlis: don of diaphragm rotid artery, jugular vein
:[. l11111i1111 m/wr/icirdi.,. :i. /(1111i1,;,·/m1/i11uluJ - tho­ 21. J>ars cos/a/is diaj,ltragmatis - costal part of dia­ 38. a. el 1 °. t!toracirn i11/1'ma - internal thoracic ar­
racolumbar fascia (spinotransverse part: 4. phragm tery and vein
superficial layer, 5. deep layer) 22. pan stemalis diajJ!tragmatis - sternal part of 39. a. el;•. axi/laris - axillary artery and vein
6. 111. sj>ll'llius cen•icis et 111. sj,lrnius caj>ilis - splenius diaphragm 40. ,'. cej>!ta/ica, 1w1111s deltoidnts a. ffn•irn/is rnjJnjici­
cervicis and splenius capitis muscles 23. lobus accessorius - accessory lobe alis - cephalic vein, deltoid branch of super­
7. 111. iliocostalis //l(}racis - thoracic iliocostal 24. ,·. rnm rnudalis - caudal vena cava ficial cervical artery
muscle 25. ,','. jmlt11011ales - pulmonary veins 41. 111. srnle1111s 111edi11s - scalenus medius muscle
8. 111. sn11isj>i11alis caj>itis semispinalis capitis 26. a. p11!1111malis dextra, 11. p!tr<'llirns dn"ler - right 42. 1111. cen•icales - cervical nerves
muscle pulmonary artery, right phrenic nerve 43. 11. k11y11ge11s rl'C11rre11s, lnturns birnrotirns - recur­
9. 111. l011gissi111us cen.•icis longissimus cervicis 27. 1•e11trirnl11s si11islN cordis - left ventricle of heart rent laryngeal nerve, bicarotid trunk
m-uscle 28. 1°1'11/rirnlus dextN cordis - right ventricle of .44. 1w1111s ascl'lldens a. C/'1"1 °icalis S11/)/'/fici11/is - as­
10. due/us f/l(}racirns - thoracic duct heart cending branch of .superficial cervical arterv
11. tru11rns S)'111J,at!tirns - sympathetic trunk· 29. aurirnla dextm cordis - right auricle of heart 45. 111. stemo111a11dib11/aris - sternomandibular
12. m,rta - aorta 30. 111. l011gus co/Ii -· longus colli muscle muscle
13. ,·. rtzi,gos dextm - right azygos vein 31. trachea - trachea 46. cos/a IX - ninth rib
14. rm1111s t'soj1!tagt'IIS a. bro11c!uJ1'soj1!tagr'a1', ,'. t'.Wj>!tagea 32. a. el i'. scopularis dona/is - dorsal scapular ar­ 47. cos/a II - second rib
- esophageal branch of bronchoesophageal tery and vein 48. strr1111111 - sternum
artery, esophageal vein 33. ·a. et 1°. ffn•irnlis j>ro/1111da - deep cervical artery 49. ra11111s b/'(/11dwlis a. bro11c/1oeso/1!tageae - bron­
15. lo/J/1s caudalis J111l111011is - caudal lobe of lung and vein chial branch of bronchoesophageal artery

128
Horse. Dissection revealing thoracic organs, left view. Left lung, mediastinum 'and pericardium removed

Figure 130

· 1. 111. rhomboideus cen•icis et 111.

r/11n11boide11s thoracis - cervi­
cal rhomboid and thoracic
rhomboid muscles
�- 111. sj1/e11i11s ca/Ji/is et 111. sjJ/enius
cen•icis -. splenius capitis ·
and splenius cervicis muscles
:l. 111. sn11is/Ji11alis rn/Jitis - semispinalis capitis 18. 111. l011g11s co/Ii -:- longus colli muscle 34. t'sojJhagus - esophagus
muscle 19. tru11C11s brac/1iocejJ/w/irns, due/us thoracirns - bra­ 35. a. jmh111malis si11istra - left pulmonary artery
4., 5. fascia thorarnlumbalis frius pars sjli110/ra11s1•ersalis: chiqcephalic trunk, thoracic duct 36. tru11C11s mgalis dorsali.1 - dorsal vagal trunk
4. lamina sujmficialis, 5. fo111i11a Jm1/1111da) - tho­ 20. aorta - aorta 37. /ru11cw mgolis i'l'nlralis - ventral vagal trunk
racolumbar fascia (spinotransve1·se part: 4. 21. aa. l'I 1•1•. i11/ff{()S/a/es dorsolfs - dorsal intercos- 38. cartilogo cos/a/is I - first costal cartilage
superficial layer, 5. deep layer) tal arteries and veins 39. ouricu/a alrii dl'xlri rnrdis (a11riC11!a dexlm) - au­
6. 111. spinafis tlwracis - thoracic spinal muscle 22. a. subdm•ia si11istra - left subclavian artery ricle of right atrium of heart (right auricle)
7. 111. /r111gissi11111s thoracis longissimus thoracis 23. a. et ,'. axillaris - axillary artery and vein 40. 1•e11trirn/11s dexter cordis - right ventricle of
muscle 24. 1•. jugufaris - jugular vein heart
8. 111. longissimus ren•icis longissimus cervicis 25. a. camtis co1111111111is, 11. 1'(tg11s - common carotid 41. aurirnla atrii si11istri (a11riC11la sinistra) - auricle
muscle artery, vagus nerve of left atrium (left auricle)
9. 111. ifiornstafis tlwmris - thoracic iliocostal 26. tmchea - trachea 42. bronchus Jnincijmlis si11isle1; 1•1·. Jml1111males - left
muscle 27. a. cen•ica/is supe,ficiolis (ramus deftoideus), ,'. ceplw­ main bronchus, pulmonary veins
I 0. 1111. ren·imll's - cervical nerves fica - superficial cervical artery (deltoid 43. 1•e11trirn/11s sinister cordis - left ventricle of heart
I I. o. et i'. Cl'l'i'imlis jJrof1111da, go11glio11 ren•irnthoracico-­ branch), cephalic vein 44. lob11s accessori11s Jml111011is - accessory lobe of
rum (f. stella/11111) - deep cervical artery and 28. i'. m,•a cranialis, 1w1111s cardiacus - cranial vena lung
vein, cervicothoracic ganglion (same as stel­ cava, cardiac branch 45. 11. jJhre11iC11s sinister - left phrenic nerve
late) 29. a. ff ;,•.�·,lwracica inlerna - internal thoracic ar­ 46. ems mediate sinistru111 dia/Jhragmatis - left me­
12. a. rt 1•. scajmlaris dorsalis - dorsal scapular ar­ tery and vein dial crus od diaphragm
tery and vein 30. lobw cranialis j111l1111mis dextri - cranial lobe of 47. centrum tendi111•11111 dia/Jhrag11wtis - central ten­
13. a. et,'. i11tercosta/is sujJff/1/a - supreme intercos­ right lung don of diaphragm
tal a1·tery and vein 3 I. 11. la1y11ge11s reCl/rrem sinister - left recurrent la­ 48. Jmrs (OS/a/is diajJhragmatis - costal part of dia-
14. tn111c11s {()s/oren•irn/is, 1·. rnstocen•icalis - costocer- ryngeal nerve phragm
vical trunk, costocervical vein 32. lobus cauda/is Jmlmrmis dextri - caudal lobe of 49. cos/a IX - ninth rib
15. 111. srn/e1111s 111edi11s - scalenus medius muscle right lung 50. 11/111. intercostales - intercostal muscles
16. (OS/a I - first rib 33. l1111. 111ediosti11alt's caudales - caudal mediastinal 51. stern11111 - sternum
1.7. , a. et 1·. 1•ertebra/is - vertebral artery and vein lymph nodes 52. tnrncus sy111/Jathirns - sympathetic trunk

129
Horse. Thoracic portion of spine, left view.

Figure 131

' -

2 ---..;-------J..,,,--._}.___/------"-"
___,(_)

I 2 I
Th XV!
Th V

I. extre111itas cranialis 1•ertebrae thoracicae I - cranial

extremity of first thoracic vertebra
2. CO/jms 1•ertebrae - body of vertebra
3. jmJcessus s/Jinosus - spinous process
4. tuberositas spinosa - spinous tuberosity
5. J;rocessus artiC11laris cranialis ,•ertebrae thoracicae
I - cranial articular process of first thoracic
vertebra
6. Jm!Cessus articularis caudalis 1•ertebrae thoracicae I -
caudal articular process od first thoracic ver­
tebra
7. processus tram1•ers11s cum jJrocessu 111a111illari -
transverse process with mamillary process
8. f01•ea costalis tram1•ersalis - transverse costal fo­
vea
9. f01w1 Costa/is caudalis - caudal costal fovea
10. f01w1 cos/a/is cranialis - cranial costal fovea
11. jJrocessus 111a111illaris - mamillary process
12. fora111e11 i11ter1•ertebrale - interyertebral fo­
ramen
13. fora111e11 1•ertebrale laterale (m1:) - lateral ver­
tebral foramen

Horse. Lumbar portion of spine, view of dorsolateral surface.

Figure 132

../·
__,,..

/
1"'
I. extremitas caudalis 1•ertebrae lumbalis VI - caudal

' s\ extremity of sixth lumbar vertebra

2. C{)/jJl/s ,•ertebrae lwnbalis Ill - body of third
I lumbar vertebra
\ � 3. jJrocessus sj1i11osi - spinous processes

, / 4. pmcesms artiC11laris crm1ia/is cu111 J1mcess11 ma111illari

- cranial articular process with mamillary
process
5 5. Jnocessus costarius - costal process
---- ' \
\\
-·
6. jmJcessus articulares caudales - caudal articular
--...._____ ,,__ _ processes
7. facies articularis processus costarii - articular sur­
face of costal process

130
Horse. The second (upper) and sixth (lower) 1/
lumbar vertebrae. Caudal view.

Figure 133

1. C()Jj)l{S 1•ertebrae - body of vertebra

2. r'xlrrwitas caudalis - caudal extremity
3. arcus ,,,,rtebrae - vertebral arch
4. Jm1cesrns sj>inosw - spinous process
5. J>rocessus costarius - costal process
6. Jm1cess11s articularis cmnialis Cl/Ill Jnocessu 11w111illari
- cranial articular process with mamillary 4
process '
I/
7. J>mcessus arlirnlaris caudalis - caudal articular
process
/'
8. .faci,'s artirnlaris jJroa,ssus costarii - articular sur­ 6
face of costal process
1 ...__

Horse. The second (upper) and sixth (lower)

lumbar vertebrae. Cranial view.

Figure 134
�- "--

I. co1j)l{s l'l'rtebme - body of vertebra

2. extremitas cmnialis - cranial extremity
3. arcus 1•ertebrae - vertebral arch
4. J>mffssus s/>i110s11s - spinous process
5. Jm,cesms coslarius - costal process
6. J>rocessus artirnlaris cranialis C/1111 J>roCPssu 111a111illari
- cranial articular process with mamillary
process
7. facies artirnlaris Jm1cesws mstarii - articular sur­
face of costal process

131
Horse. Cross section through thorax at level offirst rib. View of caudal surface of section. (After Schmaltz.)
Figure 135
1. f1111irn/11s 1111dwc - nuchal funiculus
2. 111. rlun11boideus ce1Ticis - cervical rhomboid
muscle
3. 111. sple11ius ceri'icis et 111. sjJ/('11i11s caj>ilis - splenius
cervicis and splenius capitis muscles
4. 111. se111isjJi11a/i.1 ca/Ji/is - semispinalis capitis
muscle
5. 111. sjJi11a/is tlwmcis - thoracic spinal muscle
6. tmdo 111i. i11fmsjJi11ati - tendon of infraspinous
muscle
132
13. 111. i/iocustalis //l()mcis - thoracic iliocostal
muscle
14. jJmc,·ssm rirtirn/aris rn,11/alis 1·1·rltbmc thomciau• I -
caudal articular process of first thoracic ver­
tebra
15. m1/J//S ;•1·1-fl'lm/l' thomcirnr· !I - body of second
thoracic vertebra
16. ms/a fl - second rib
1 7. onjJ//s ;•r•1k/mf{' thomrim,· I - body of first tho-
racic vert<:>bra
18. 111. longw mlli -· longus colli muscle
19., 19'. 111. .111/>rmJ1i11al11s - supraspinatus muscle
20. 111. s11bsmjJ11i,.,is -- subscapular muscle
21. tendo 111i. u11,:(11hmc/1io/is - tendon or coraco-
brachial muscle
22. 111. lm,rhion'jJ/{((/irns - brachiocephalic muscle
23. scajmla - scapula
24. h11111r·ms - humerus
25. 111. jJfflom/i.,· pm/i11"/11.1 (asr1·11d('l1s) - deep
(ascending) pectoral muscle
26. 11. phrn1ims si11isfrr - left phrenic nerve
27. 111. biceps bmchii - biceps brachii muscle
28. 111. subc/m•ius (i11sertio) - subclavian muscle (in­
sertion)
29. stem11111 - sternum
30, 111. /H'Cfomlis tmm1•e1-s11s - transverse pectoral
muscle
31. 1•. r1•f!lwlica - cephalic vein
32. a. cen•irnlis J>m/i111da, 11. i'f'lkbm/is - deep cervi­
cal artery, vertebral nerve
33. ;•. ren•irnlis jnofimda, pk.ms bmrhio/is, 111111. i11f('ln1s­
tales - deep cervical vein, brachia! plexus, in­
tercostal muscles
34. csojJ/wg11s, l', ;•ertcbm/is, ganglion ren•irnthoracir11111
(s. ste/lat11111) - esophagus, vertebral vein, cer­
vicothoracic ganglion (same as stellate)
35., 35', r,. 1•r•rtebmli.l; /,,bus cmnialis jmhno11is dr•xtri -
vertebral artery, cranial lobe of right lung
36. Inn 11wdiastinalcs rra11ia/es, 11. 1•ag11s dnf('I; 1,w1r11.1·
rostocen•il-ulis - cranial mediastinal lymph
nodes, right vagus nerve, costocervical trunk
37. d11c/11s thoracirns, lm11rns bimmtirns - thoracic
duct, bicarotid trunk
38. jJ/e.rns brachia/is - brachia! plexus
7. la111i11a 1111chae - nuchal lamina 39. a. et 1·. axi/laris - axillary artery and vein
8. Jmn cen•ica/is 111i. tmjJczii - cervical part of tra­ 40. cos/a !, a. tlwracica extema - first rib, external
pezius muscle thoracic artery
9. 111. l011gissi11111s ccn•icis - longissimus cervicis 41. lob11s cranialis p11l111011is sinistri - cranial lobe of
muscle left lung
I 0. 111. sermtus 1•e11tralis - ventral serratus muscle 42. 1'. j11g11/aris (dextra) - jugular vein (right)
11. 111. 11111/t1fid11s thoracis - multifidus thoracis 43. 1•. rnbdm•ia (dextm) - subclavian vein (right)
muscle 44. a. rnbdm•ia dextra, 11. jJhrenicm dnkr - right
12. 111. subdm•ius (origo) - subclavian muscle (ori­ subclavian artery, right phrenic nerve
gin) 45. trachea - trachea
Horse. Cross section through thorax at level of second thoracic vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.

Figure 136

I. fig: s11Jm1sjii110/1, - supraspinal ligament

2. ,·nft,/Jm thomcico I! - second thoracic vertebra
3. scajmlo - scapula
4. mslo I! - second rib
5. h111111,rus - humerus
6. cartilogo ms/a/is II - second costal cartilage
7. slcm11111 - sternum
8. 111. rho111boide11s cn,•icis, cartilago smjmloe - cervi­
cal rhomboid muscle, scapular cartilage
9. 111. lrajJe::ius - prm an•ico/is - trapezius
muscle - cervical pan
10. 111. s1'111hjJi11alis rn/Jilis - semispinalis capitis
muscle
11. 111..1jJi110/is thoracis - thoracic spinal muscle
12. 111. multifidus lhoracis - multifidus thoracis
muscle
13. 111. l1111gissi11111s thoracis t'I 111. lfl11,�i.ui11111s cn,•icis -
longissimus thoracis and longissimus cervicis
muscles
14. 111. s11jirasjJi11alm - supraspinous muscle
15. 111. serra/us ,,1,11/m/is thoraris - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
16. 111. rnbscajmlaris - subscapular muscle
17. 111. i11/im/Ji110/11s - infraspinous muscle
18. 111. iliomsto/is thoracis - thoracic iliocostal
muscle
I 9. 111.lnt'S major - teres major muscle
20. 111111. i11/nrnsto/es - intercostal muscles
21. 111. ddtoit/1,us - deltoid muscle
22. JJJ. lolissi11111s doni - latissimus dorsi muscle
23. rn/m/ lo11g11111 111i. lricijJilis bmchii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
24. 111. mla11e11s 01110/Jrachio/is - cutaneous omobra­
chial muscle
25. ca/ml lotera!t• 111i. lricij1ilis brachii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
26. ca/ml 111Nlia/1• 111i.lricij!ilis brachi,; 11. 11l11oris el radi­
o/is - medial head of triceps brachii muscle,
ulnar and radial nerve
27. a. brachiolis, 11. 11wdim111s, 111. lt'//Sor fasciae 01111,bra­
chii - brachia! artery, median nerve, tensor
fasciae antebrachii muscle
28. 111. brachia/is - brachia) muscle
29. 111. rnbdm•ius - subclavian muscle
30. 111. birt'jJS brachii - biceps brachii muscle
31. 111. 1,xfe11sor m1JJi radio/is - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
32. 1·. ffjilw/irn, "'· /!l'Cloralis lram1•erws - cephalic
vein, transverse pectoral muscle
33. 111. longus rnlli - longus colli muscle
34. /n/llCJ/S sy111j)(J/hirns, a. el 1·. i11/ercoslalis sujmwa
sympathetic trunk, supreme intercostal artery
and vein
35. ln/llC//S rnslocen•irnlis, 1•.msloffn•irnlis - costocer­
vical trunk, costocervical vein
36. a. l'I 1•. subsmjmloris - subscapular artery and
vein
37. a. l'I ,·. lhoracodomdis - thoracodorsal artery
and vein 41. esoj1/wg11s, 11. i'llgus sinister - esophagus, left va­ 47. 11.jihrenirns dexter - right phrenic nerve
38. 1111. /H'Clorales caudo/es, ,'. //11m1cirn exlemo - cau­ gus nerve 48. 11. tlwracirns l011g11s el 11. thoracodorsolis - long
dal pectoral nerves, external thoracic vein 42. a. s11bclm•ir1 sinislra, 11.lmy11ge11s 1-ec111-re11s sinister - thoracic and thoracodorsal nerves
39. ,'. brachia/is, a. //wracica exlema, 111. rec/us thoracis left subclavian artery, left recurrent laryngeal 49. lobus cranialis Jml111011is sinistri - cranial lobe of
- brachia! vein, external thoracic artery, nerve left lung
straight thoracic muscle 4:1. tru11rns brac/1iocejJha/irns -brachiocephalictrunk 50. lobus cranio/is Jm/111011is dexlri - cranial lobe of
40. a. t'I ,'. thorrrcirn i11lemo, 111. lra11S<•e1-sus thoracis - 44. ,'. cm•a crania/is - cranial vena cava right lung
internal thoracic artery and vein, transverse 45. 11. j1hre11irns sinislrr - left phrenic nerve 51. 111ediasti1111111 craniale - cranial mediastinum
thoracic muscle 46. 11. i'llgus dexter - right vagus nerve 52. trachea - trachea

133
Horse. Cross section through thorax at level of sixth thoracic vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.
Figure 137
I. fig. supraspina/e - supraspinal ligament
2. processus S/Ji11os11s 1'ertebme thoracicae V - spinous
process of fifth thoracic vertebra
3. ,,ertebra thoracica VI - sixth thoracic vertebra
4. 111. trajJezius - /Jars thoracica - trapezius muscle
- thoracic part
5. 111. rhomboideus thoracis - thoracic rhomboid
muscle
6. 111. spinalis lhoracis - thoracic spinal muscle
134
7. lig; i11tersjJi11ale - interspinal ligament
8. 111. lo11gissi111us cen•icis - longissimus cervicis
muscle
9. m. m11ltifid11s thomcis - multifidus thoracis
muscle
10. cartilago scapulae - cartilage of scapula
11. 111. /011gissi11111s thoracis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
12. 111. c11ta11eus trunci - cutaneous muscle of trunk
13. 111. /atissi11111s dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
14. 111. serratus dorsa/is crania/is - cranial dorsal ser­
ratus muscle
15. 111. iliocostalis tlwracis - thoracic iliocostal
muscle
16. 111111. intercostales externi f'I interni - external and
internal intercostal muscles
17. 1'. thoracica extern a, m. 11bliq1111s ex/emus abdominis
- external thoracic vein, external oblique ab­
dominal muscle
18. 111. prctoralis Jm1f1111d11s (ascn1de11s), cos/a V - deep
(ascending) pectoral muscle, fifth rib
19. cartilago cos/a/is V, 111. /r(///S1'ersus lhoracis - fifth
costal cartilage, transverse thoracic muscle
20. cartilago cos/a/is VI, 111. rectus abd11111i11is - sixth
costal cartilage, straight abdominal muscle
21. stern11111 - sternum
22. costa VI, trunrns sy111j)(lfhicus - sixth rib, sym­
pathetic trunk
23. 111. /011gus co/Ii, duct11s thomcicus - longus colli
muscle, thoracic duct
24. 1'. azygos dexlra, trunrns 1'(/galis dona/is dexter
right azygos vein, right dorsal vagal trunk
25. aorta - aorta
26. esojJhagus, truncus 1'(/galis dorsa/is sinister - eso­
phagus, left dorsal vagal trunk
27. tn111rns ,,agalis 1'e11tra/is dexle1; /1111. trachrobm11-
chales - right ventral vagal trunk, tracheo­
bronchial lymph nodes
28. trunrns 1'(/ga/is ,'entralis sinister - left ventral
vagal trunk
29. b1f11rcatio tracheae - tracheal bifurcation
30. /1111. lracheobronchales, a. Jml1111111alis dextm - tra­
cheobronchial lymph nodes, right pulmonary
artery
3 I. a. jJ11/mo11alis sinistra, I'. J111l111011alis - left pul-
monary artery, pulmonary vein
32. atrium si11istm111 cordis - left atrium of heart
33. ,,entrirnlus sinister cordis - left ventricle of heart
34. sejllum intenrntrirn/are - interventricular sep­
tum
35. ,,e11tric11/11s dex/er cordis - right ventricle of
heart
36. 11. j1hre11icus sinister, jlericardium - left phrenic
nerve, pericardium
37. msa coronaria corrfo; 11. jJhrenirns dexter - coron­
ary vessels of heart, right phrenic nerve
38. 111. intercosta/is internus (111. i11tercartilagi11e11s), a. el
1'. thoracica intenw - internal intercostal
muscle Cintercartilaginous muscle), internal
thoracic artery and vein
39. l'. cam cauda/is - caudal vena cava
Horse. Lungs, left view. Drawn from a dry preparation.

Figure 138

1. trachea - trachea
2., 3. facies cos/a/is jm/111011is - costal surface
of lung
3
2. fobus craniafis jm/111,mis sinistri cranial
lobe of left lung
3. fobus caudafis Jmf111011is sinistri - caudal
lobe of left lung
4. 11wrgo obt11s11s (s. dorsafis) - obtuse mar­
gin (same as dorsal)
5. fobus craniafis Jmf111011is dntri - cranial
lobe of right lung
6. i11cis11ra cardiaca - cardiac notch
7. i111J1ressio cardiaca - cardiac impression
8. 111argo arn/11s ,•entralis - ventral acute
margin

Horse. Lungs, right view. Drawn from a dry preparation.

Figure 139

1. trachea - trachea
2., 3. facies costalis jml111011is - costal surface
of lung
2. lobus cranialis jml111011is dextri cranial
lobe of right lung
3. lobus caudalis jml111011is dextri caudal
lobe of right lung
4. 111argo obt11s11s (s. dorsafis) - obtuse mar­
gin (same as dorsal)
5. 11wrgo aculus 1•e11tralis - ·ventral acute
margin
6. i11cis11ra cardiaca - cardiac notch

135
Horse. View of medjastinal surface of left lung.

Figure 140

-8-

I. lob11s cra11ia/is - cranial lobe

2. lobus ca11da/is - caudal lobe 6. i11ciwra cardiarn - cardiac notch I I. a. fml1111111alis sinistra - left pulmonary artery
3. 11wrgo obt11s11s (s. dorsalis) - obtuse margin 7. im/>ressio trachea/is - tracheal impression 12. 1•1•. Jml1111111ales - pulmonary veins
(same as dorsal) 8. i111/>ressio aortica - aortic impression 13. insertio jJ/eur<te mediastinalis - insertion of me­
4., 5. margo ac11/11s (4. 111argo 1•e11tralis, 5. margo basa/is) 9. i111pressio eso/Jhagea - esophageal impression diastinal pleura
- acute margin (4. ventral margin, 5. basal I 0. bronchus /Jrincipalis sinister - left main bron­ 14. im/nessio rnrdiaw - cardiac impression
margin) chus 15. i111/nessio 1•asoru111 - vessel impression

136
Horse. View of mediastinal surface of right lung.
Figure 141
1. {ob11s cranialis - cranial lobe
2. fobus ca11dalis - caudal lobe
3. fob11s accessori11s - accessory lobe
4. 111argo obt11s11s (s. dorsalis) - obtuse margin
(same as dorsal)
5., 6. 111argo acut11s (5. 111argo 1•e11tmfis, 6. 11wrgo basalis)
- acute margin (5. ventral margin, 6. basal
margin)
7. i11cis11m cardiaca - cardiac notch
-8-
8. i111jnessio aortica - aortic impression
9. i111Jnessio esoj1hagea - esophageal impression
10. impressio 1•. azygos dextrae - impression of right
azygos vein
11. i111Jnessio trachea/is - tracheal impression
12. i111J1ressi11 trunci cos/ocen•icalis el 1•. costocen•icalis -
impression of costocervical trunk and costo­
cervical vein
13. i111/1ressio 1•. cm•ae cmnialis - impression· ·of
cranial vena cava
14. i111/Jressio cardiaca - cardiac impression
15. facies diajihmgmatirn - diaphragmatic surface
16. bm11ch11s jiri11cij1alis dexter - right main bron-
chus
17. a. jJl(/11101wlis dextm --right pulmonary artery
18. 1•1•. jJl(/111011afes - pulmonary veins
19. imertio j1/e11me 111Nliasli11alis - insertion of me­
diastinal pleura
20. s11/ws 1•. came caudalis - sulcus for caudal vena
cava
137
Horse. Lungs. View of diaph ragmatic surface.

Figure 142.

I. trachea - trachea
2. tn111ws brachiocejJhalicus, ,•. C01'(1 cra11ialis - bra­ 11. 11. j1hre11icus dexter - right phrenic nerve
chiocephalic trunk, cranial vena cava 12. lobus accessorius - accessory lobe
3. lobus cra11ialis Jml11umis dexlri - cranial lobe of 13. lobus caudalis Jml111011is dexlri - caudal lobe of
right lung right lung
4. lobus cranialis Jmlmonis si11istri - cranial lobe of 14. lobus caudalis j111!111011is si11istri - caudal lobe of
left lung left lung
5. mediasti1111111 craniale - cranial mediastinum 15. i11sertio pleurae mediasti11alis - insertion of me­
6. jJericardi11111 - pericardium diastinal pleura
7. cor - heart 16. tn111c11s vagalis 1•e11tralis, esojJhagus - ventral
8. jJ/ica (s. mese11teri11m) ;,_ came caudalis - fold of vagal trunk, esophagus
caudal vena cava I 7. tru11cus mgalis dorsalis - dorsal vagal trunk
9. mediasti1111m caudale - caudal mediastinum 18. aorta - aorta
I 0. 11. jJhre11icus sinister - left phrenic nerve 19. 1•. ca1'(1 caudalis - caudal vena cava

138
Horse. Heart, left view. Horse. Heart, right view.

Figure 143 Figure 144

1. aorta - aorta
2. lmnrns brachiucejJhalirns - brachiocephalic
trunk
3. tn111rns jml111011alis - pulmonary trunk
4. fig: arlerios11111 (Bota//i) - lig. arteriosum
5. 1•1•. Jml111011ales - pulmonary veins
6. auriwla atrii sinistri (aurirnla sinislra) - auricle
of left atrium (left auricle)
7. iusertio jJericardii - pericardia! insertion
8. aurirnla atrii dexlri (aurirnla dextra) - auricle of
right atrium (right auricle)
9. n111111s cirw111flex11s a. corouariae siuislrae, 1•. cordis
111ag11a - circumflex branch of left coronary
artery, great cardiac vein
1 0. ramus interventricularis paraconalis a. coronariae si­
nistrae, ramus v. cordis magnae (ramus interventricu-
laris paraconalis) - interventricularis paraco­ 4. a. Jml111011alis siuislra - left pulmonary artery
nalis branch of left coronary artery, branch 5. 1•1•. Jml1111nwles - pulmonary veins
of great cardiac vein (interventricularis para­ 6. atriu111 si11istnu11 - left atrium
conalis branch) 7. inserlio jJericardii - pericardia! insertion
1·1. 1•e11triwl11s dexter - right ventricle 8. alri11111 dextrw11 - right atrium
12. 1•e11/riwl11s sinister - left ventricle 9. 1•. cordis 111agna - great cardiac vein
13. c111jms adijJosw11 s11bepicardiale - subepicardial 10. a. coronaria dexlra, 1•. cordis 111edia - right coron-
adipose body ary artery, middle coronary vein
1 I. 1•. cam ca11dalis - caudal vena cava
12. 1•. cam cranialis - cranial vena cava
13. 1•. azygm dextra - right azygos vein
Figure 144 14. 1•ei1triwl11s sinister - left ventricle
1. aorta - aorta 15. 1'e11trirnl11s dexter - right ventricle
2. truurns brachiocephalirns - brachiocephalic 16. c111p11s adipus11111 subepicardiale - subepicardial
trunk adipose body
3. a. p11l11w11alis dexlra - right pulmonary artery

139
Horse. Diaphragm. View of cranial surface.

Figure 145

12. /m11rns ,•agalis dorsalis - dorsal vagal trunk

13. i11sntio 111ediasti11i rnudo/is, 11. J1hre11irns si11istn
insertion of caudal mediastinum, left phrenic
nerve
I. 1•ntebm thomeim Jilli - eighth thoracic ver- 7. arrns l11111boeosta/is (tmdi11e11s) - lumbocostal 14. plica (s. 111ese11/eriw11) 1•. ca1•a1' cauda/is - fold of
tebra arch (tendon) caudal vena cava
2. cr,s/a VJ - sixth rib 8. aorta - aorta 15. ,'. ((11'{1 caudalis, 11. phrc11ims _dexter - caudal vena
3. s/1•n111111 - sternum 9. ems 111ediale si11istn1111 dia/Jhmgmotis, 1•sojJhog11s - cava, right phrenic nerve
4. C/'11/m111 le11di111·11111 dia/Jhrag111atis - central ten­ left medial crus of diaphragm, esophagus 16. ,'. azygos dcxlm, ems latcm/c dex/Jw11 dia/Jhragm11tis
don of diaphragm I 0. ems 11wdiole dextn1111 diophmg111(J/is, tm11rns ,•ago/is - right azygos vein, right lateral crus of dia­
5. /Jars mstalis diajJhmg111atis - costal part of dia­ 1•e11tmlis - right medial crus of diaphragm, phragm
phragm ventral vagal trunk l 7. ems /otemle si11istn1111 dioj!hmgmotis - left lateral
6. /Jars stema/is diaphrag111alis - sternal part of 11. lru11rns sy111JJothirns, d11c/11s thomeirns - sym­ crus of diaphragm
diaphragm pathetic trunk, thoracic duct 18. 1•1•. jJ/11n1icae era11ialrs - cranial phrenic veins

140
Horse. Diaphragm. View of abdominal (caudal) surface.

Figure 146

l. aorta abdo111i11ofis !'I hiatus rwrlirns (I') - abdo­

minal aorta and aortic hiatus ( J '.)
2. ,'. rn,·o m11drt!is I'! ji1m111('11 i'. m,·ar, mudolis (2') -
caudal vena cava and foramen for caudal
vena cava (2')
3. 111. Jisoas mojor - psoas major muscle
4. 111. j>soas JJ1i11or - psoas minor muscle
5. pon !u1J1bolis lm11ei s1·111/)(J//,iei, i'. /"1'11alis si11islm
lumbar part of sympathetic trunk, left renal
vein
6. esoj>hogm (i11 hiotu) - esophagus (in hiatus)
7. /m11rns i'((gafis donofis - dorsal vagal trunk
8. t1w1rns mgalis i'l'llimlis - ventral vagal trunk 14. ems nwdiofr, dextn1111 dio/Jhmgmatis right me- 20. arms ((JS/a/is - costal arch
9. (('///r///11 lfl11fi11r'//111 diajJhmgJJ1afis - central ten­ dial crus of diaphragm 21. i'i'. jJhre11icar' aa11iafl,s - cranial phrenic veins
don of diaphragm 15. ems fatnafe dexlm111 dio/Jhmg111atis right lat- 22. rnrtifago xijJhoidm - xiphoid cartilage
I 0. pars c,,stofis dio/Jh mg111otis - costal part of dia­ eral crus of diaphragm . 23. rnsta XVIII - eighteenth rib
phragm 16. fig: gastro/Jhm1irn111 ...: gastrophrenic ligament 24. a. 111esl'11ferica em11iolis - cranial mesenteric ar­
l l. j)(JJJ sf/'rt/(/fis diaj>hmg111otis - sternal part of 17. fig tria11g11fare si11istn1111 - left triangular liga­ tery
diaphragm ment 25. a. ffliorn - celiac artery
12. ems fotemfl' si11istnu11 diaJJhrag11/(//is - left lateral 18. fig: t-,.ia11gufare di'x/ru111 - right triangular liga­ 26. o. l'f 1·. ff1wfis dr•xtm - right renal artery and
crus of diaphragm ment vein
13. ems 1//('diafl' si11istm111 dio/Jh mg11/(/fis - left me­ 19. fig: fafeifom1/' l'f fig teres hrj)(ffis - falciform liga­ 27. o. renalis si11istra - left renal artery
dial crus of diaphragm . ment and round ligament of liver

141
Horse. Topographic anatomic relations of organs adjacenV to the diaphragm. Ventrocaudal view.

Figure 147

23-
19. a. et 1'. renalis dextra - right renal artery and
vein
20. lig. reiwlienale - renosplenic ligament
21. lig gmtmlienale - gastrosplenic ligament
22. 0111e11t11111 111aj11s - greater omentum
23. /i_g: falcifomie et lig: teres - falciform ligament
I. ren sinister - left kidney 11. d11oden11111 - duodenum and round ligament
2. 1P11 dexter - right kidney 12. aorta, nreter sinister - aorta, left ureter 24. zona adhesirmis basis cl'Ci - site of adhesion of
3. lie11 - spleen 13. 1•. ca1•a rn11dalis, ureter dexter - caudal vena base of cecum
4. J,ancrms - pancreas cava, right ureter 25. /ig JJhrenicorenale sinistn1111 - left phrenicorenal
5. 1•entrirnlus (gmter) - ventriculus (stomach) 14. a. et 1•. renalis sinistra - left renal artery and ligament
6. lob11s hejJatis sinistrr lateralis - left lateral lobe of vein 26. fig JJhrenicolimale - phrenicolienal ligament
liver 15. a. lie,wlis, gla11d11/a mj,rare1wlis sinistra - splenic 27. lig. phrenirenole dextn1111 - right phrenicorenal
7. lob/IS hej){Jtis sinister 111Nliolis - left medial lobe artery, left su prarenal gland ligament
of liver 16. a. 111esenterica craniolis - cranial mesenteric ar­ 28. /i_g: tria11g11/ore dextr11111 - right triangular liga-
8. lob/IS hej,atis dexter - right lobe of liver tery ment
9. lob11s q11adrat11s heJ,atis - quadrate lobe of liver 1 7. a. celiaca - celiac artery 29. fora111e11 eJ,ijJ/oicwn - epiploic foramen
10. J,mcessus ca11dat11s hejwtis - caudate process of 18. 1'. j)(Jrtae, gland11/a suj,mrenalis dextra - portal 30. diaj,hragmo - diaphragm
liver vein, right suprarenal gland 31. arcus cos/a/is - �ostal arch

142
Horse. Internal organs, ventral view. Abdominal wall reflected

Figure 148

I. apex ceci - apex of cecum

2. w1p11s ceci - body of cecum
3.-6. colon cmsswn (s. ascl'//dem) - great colon
(same as ascending)
3. colon 1•e11tralr dextnun - right ventral colon
4. flex11ra slrnwlis coli - sternal flexure of colon
5. colon ,•entralr sinistrum - left ventral colon
6. fir.mm diaJJl1ragmatica coli - diaphragmatic
flexure of colon
7. jej11n11n1 - jejunum
8. colon tmue (s. desm1dms) - small colon (same
as descending)
9. ll'llia 1•entralis reci - ventral cecal band
I 0. trnia lateralis ceci et J1lica ffmrolica - lateral ·cecal
band and cecocolic fold
I I. lenia libera /a/era/is coli - lateral free band of
colon
12. tenia lib('/'a media/is coli - medial free band of
colon

143
Horse. Skeleton of trunk, dorsal view.

Figure 149

I. ,•erlebra thomrirn I - first thoracic vertebra

2. ms/a II - second rib
3. pmcessus sfii1111si - spinous processes
4. i't'rlebra thomcirn XVIII - eighteenth thoracic
vertebra
5. ,•ertebra l11111balis I - first lumbar vertebra
6. ,•ertebra l11111balis VI - sixth lumbar vertebra
7. JimCl'sS/1s tra11s.•1'1-si - transverse processes
8. firoC/'SS/1S arlirnlaris crauialis Cl/Ill Jimt1'SS11 111a111illari
- cranial articular process with mamillary
process
9. Jm,cessus rnslarii - costal processes
10. arrns rostalis - costal arch
11. 11s ili11111 - ilium
12. 11s sac1w11 - sacrum
13. cos/a XIII - thirteenth rib
14. msta XVIII - eighteenth rib

144
Horse. Skeleton of trunk, ventral view.

Figure 150

1. 111a1111bri11111 stemi - manubrium of sternum

2. C/)/Jms stemi - body of sternum
3. mrtilago xijJhoidea - xiphoid cartilage
4. cos/a IV - fourth rib
5. ,,,,,.febra thoracica IX - ninth thoracic vertebra
6. ,,,,,.tebra thoracirn XV.JJJ. - eighteenth thoracic
vertebra
7. ,•e11ebm l11111ba/is I - first lumbar vertebra
8. ,,,,,.fl'bm l11111ba/is VJ - sixth lumbar vertebra
9. os .wrnnn - sacrum
I 0. arrns cos/a/is - costal arch
I I. rnsta XVIII - eighteenth rib
12. jm,cesws costarii - costal processes
13. os ili11111 - ilium

145
Horse. Skeletal topography revealing abdominal and pelvic.organs.- Dorsal view. Superficial dissection.

Figure 151

\
i
\
i

.i

.. /
I I. aorta - aorta
2. ,,_ azygos dextra, ductus thoracirns - right azygos
vein, thoracic duct
3. /)(/rs rnstalis diaj1hrag111atis - costal part of dia-
phragm
4. lien (in J1rojrcti1111e) - spleen (projected)
5. Jm/11111 sinister - left lung
6. hejJar (in J1rojffti1111e) - liver (projected)
7. ,•entrirnlus (in J1rojffli1111e) - ventriculus (pro­
jected)
8. glandula sujJrareualis dextra - right suprarenal
gland
9. glandula suj1rarmalis sinislra - left suprarenal
gland
I 0. ren sinister - left kidney
IL ren dn:/er - right kidney
12. duode11u111 - duodenum
13. 1•. cam caudalis - caudal vena cava
14. jeju11u111 - jejunum
I
I 15. ureter dextn; a. el 1'. iliaca externa (dextra) - right
ureter, external iliac artery and vein (right)
\ 16. a. r'I 1•. iliaca intern([ (r/exlra) - internal iliac
\ artery and vein (right)
I 17. C1J1jms ceci - body of cecum
I I8., 2L co/1111 crasw111 (s. asce11de11s) - great colon
(same as ascending)
18. c11/r111 dorsale si11istr11111 - left dorsal colon
19. rn/1111 tenue (s. descrndens) C:. small colon (same
as descending)
20. ampulla recli - ampulla of rectum
21. fie.mm jJeh•ina rnli - pelvic flexure of colon
22. 11mriu111 dextru111 - right ovary
23. 11mriu111 si11istru111 - left ovary
24. rnrnu 11/eri si11istrn111 - left horn of uterus
25. cornu uteri dextrum - right horn of uterus
26. crnjms uteri - body of uterus
27. ,•esica 11ri11aria - urinary bladder

146
Horse. Skeletal topography revealing abdominal and pelvic organs. Dorsal view. Deep dissection.

Figure 152

I. esojJhagus - esophagus
2. 1•mlrirnl11s - ventriculus
3. j)([rS jJy/orirn 1•e11trirnli - pyloric part of ventri­
culus
4. pw, crw1ialis duodeni - cranial part of duo­
denum
5. flexura d11odl'11i rnudalis - caudal duodenal
flexure
6. jll'xura d1wdl'11ojl'j1111alis - duodenojejunal flex-
ure
7. basis ceci - base of cecum
8. cr11Jms reci - body of cecum
9. ajiex ffci - apex of cecum
l 0. - 16. co/011 rrassw11 - great colon
10. m/,m l'l'llimle dl'xln1111 - right ventral colon
11. Jfr,.11ira stemalis coli (farti,11 i11 pmjfflio11e) - ster-
nal flexure of colon (partially projected)
12. ro/011 1•e11tmle si11istn1111 ..c, left ventral colon
13. jll'xura jJl'h•i11a roli - pelvic flexure of. colon
.14. co/011 dorsal/' si11istn1111 - left dorsal colon
15. jll'.rnra diajihrag111atim - diaphragmatic flex-
ure
16. rolon d,male dl'xlrum - right dorsal colon
l 7. rolo11 trr111s1•1-rs11111 - transverse colon
18. rolr111 i<'1111e - small colon
19. ,'l'Sim 11ri11aria - urinary bladder

147
Horse. Cross section through. abdominal cavity at level of fourteenth thoracic vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 153

13. 111. rec/us abdo111i11is - straight abdominal

muscle
14. 111. obliq1111s ex/emus obdo111i11is - external ob­
lique abdominal muscle
15. lobus caudalis jml111011is - caudal lobe of lung
16. oorlo, duc/11s lhoracicus, ,'. ozygos dexlra - aorta,
thoracic duct, right azygos vein
17. 1•. cm•o rnudalis - caudal vena cava
18. ,,. jlor/ae, j)(/11creas - portal vein, pancreas
19. hepor - liver
20. lien - spleen
21.-25. 1•e11/rirn/11s (gastn) - ventriculus (sto­
mach)
21. J)(/rs Jm11•/'11/rirnlaris /1111icae 11111cmr1r' - proventri­
cular part of tunica mucosa
22. om•alura 1•e11/rirn/i 111i11or - minor curvature of
ventriculus
23. osli11111 rnrdiorn111 - cardiac opening
24. C/J//111s ,•mlrirn/i (J)(/rs g/011d11/aris /1111icae 11111cosoe)
- body of ventriculus (glandular part of tu­
I. 111. 11111/tifidus lhoracis - multifidus thoracis 8. coslo XI, 111. wta11e11s lru11ci - eleventh rib, cuta­ nica mucosa)
muscle neous muscle of trunk 25. jiyloms - pylorus
2. 111. /011gissi11.111s lhoracis - longissimus thora\:is 9. rnslo X, dia/1hrag1110 - jlars cos/a/is - tenth rib, 26., 27. 0111/'11/11111 111oj11s - greater omentum
muscle diaphragm - costal part 26. fig: gastrolil'11oll' - gastrosplenic ligament
3. cos/o XIV - fourteenth rib 10. diaj1hrag1110 - ems si11islr11111 el dex/n,111 - dia­ 28. duod/'1111111 - duodenum
4. 1•erlebra thoracica XIV - fourteenth thoracic phragm - right and left crura 29. )1)111111111 - jejunum
vertebra 11. 111. intnmstolis i11/em11s (111.. i11/ermrtilagine11s), rnrli­ 30.-32. co/011 crossu,11 - great colon
5. 111. iliornslolis thoracis, rnslo X!!l - thoracic ilio­ la,�11 costolis X - internal intercostal muscle 30. flexura slemalis coli - sternal flexure of colon
costal muscle, thirteenth rib Cintercartilaginous muscle), tenth costal car­ 31. colon dorsale si11islr11111 - left dorsal colon
6. 111111. i11/erwstoles exlemi et i11/emi - external and tilage 32. w/011 dorsale dexln1111 - right dorsal colon
internal intercostal muscles 12. 111. trr111S1•ers11s abdo111i11is, C/J/j111s odij1osu111 exlra/1eri­ 33. 111esoco/011 asce11(/em - J1lirn interrn/irn - ascend­
7. rnslo XII, 111. serralus dorsalis - twelfth rib, dor­ /011eole - transverse abdominal muscle, extra­ ing mesocolon. - intercolic fold
sal serratus muscle peritoneal adipose body :l4. tmnrns sy111jlalhirns - sympathetic trunk

148
Horse. Cross section through abdominal cavity at level of sixteenth thoracic vertebra: View of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 154

1. m. multifidus thoracis - multifidus thoracis

muscle·
2. m. longissimus thoracis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
3. vertebra thoracica XVI - sixteenfh thoracic ver­
tebra
4. costa XVI - sixteenth rib
5. 111. iliocostalis thoracis, costa XV - thoracic ilio­
costal muscle, fifteenth rib
6. 111111. i11tercostales extemi et i11temi - external and
internal intercostal muscles
7, diaphrag111a - pars costalis, costa XIV - dia­
phragm - costal part, fourteenth rib 13. pulmo si11ister - left lung 22. ventriculus (gaster) - ventriculus (stomach)
8. m. _obliquus extemus abdomi11is costa XIII - exter­ 14. aorta, ductus thoracicus, truncus sympathicus - aor­ 23. omentum majus - greater omentum
nal oblique abdominal muscle, thirteenth rib ta, thoracic duct, sympathetic trunk 24. jejunum - jejunum
9. m. transversus abdominis, corpus adiposum extraperi­ 15. diaphragma - crus si11istrum et dextrum - dia­ 25. mesojejunum - mesojejunum
toneale - transverse abdominal muscle, extra­ phragm - left and right crura 26. basis ceci - base of cecum
peritoneal adipose body 16. v. cava caudalis, forame11 epiploicum caudal 27. apex ceci - apex of cecum
10. m. cutaneus trunci - cutaneous muscle of trunk vena cava, epiploic foramen 28. - 31. colon crassum· - great colon
11. m. rectus abdominis - straight abdominal 17. hepar - liver 28. colon ventrale dexlrum - right ventral colon
muscle 18. v. portae - portal vein 29. colon ventrale si11istrum _: left ventral colon
12. cartilago costalis, m. intercostalis intemus (m. i11ter­ 19. duode11um - duodenum 30. colon dorsale sinistrum - left dorsal colon
cartilagi11eus) - costal cartilage, internal inter­ 20. pancreas - pancreas 31. colon·dorsale dextrum - right dorsal colon
costal muscle Cintercartilaginous muscle) 21. lie11 - spleen 32. colon tenue - small colon

149
Horse. Cross section through abdominal cavity at level of seventeenth thoracic vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 155

14. lrunrns sy111J1alhirns, 1•. azygos de.rim - sympa-

I. 111. 11111/tifidus tlwracis - multifidus thoracis
muscle
2. 111. /011gissi11111s thomcis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
3. 111. iliocoslalis thoracis, rnsta XVI - thoracic ilio­
costal muscle, sixteenth rib
4. cos/a XVII - seventeenth rib
5. 1•ertebra thomcica XVII - seventeenth thoracic
vertebra
6. 111111. intercostalt'S exlemi l'f i11temi - external and
internal intercostal muscles
7. diaphmg111a - j}{[rS cos/a/is, rnsta XV - dia­
phragm - costal part, fiftee�th rib
8. cos/a XII". 111. obliquns t'Xil'm11s abdo111i11is - four­
teenth rib, external oblique abdominal
muscle
9. 111. inlercostalis i111,,,.,,,,s (111. i11terrnrtilagine11s), rnrli­
lag1J costa/is - internal intercostal muscle Cin­
tercartilaginous muscle), costal cartilage
I 0. 111. rnta11e11s ln111ci - cutaneous muscle of trunk
11. 111. rl'C/11s abdo111inis, c111Jms adij1os11111 exlraj1erito­
neale - straight abdominal muscle, extrape­
ritoneal adipose' body.
I 2. 111. lrt111s1•erws abdo111inis - transverse abdominal
muscle ' ing mesocolon - intercolic fold
13. jill/1110 dexter - right lung
thetic trunk, right azygos vein
15. aorta, 1•. rnm caudalis - aorta, caudal vena cava
16. 1•enlrirn/11s (gas/er) - ventriculus (stomach)
17. diaj1hrag111a - ems si11islru111 - diaphragm -
left crus
18. · lien - spleen
19. hepar - liver
20. 1•. J1ortae - portal vein
21. d11oden111n - duodenum
22. 0111e11/111n 111aj11s - greater omentum
23. jej111111111 - jejunum
24. 111es1Jjej1111111n - mesojejunum
25. 1•. hej1atica, j}{[ncreris - hepatic vein, pancreas
26. basis ceci - base of cecum
27. apex ceci - apex of cecum
28. -31. colon crass11111 - great colon
28. rn/011 1•e11tmle dexlru111 - right ventral colon
29. colon 1•e11trale si11islru111 - left ventral colon
30. colon dorsale si11islru111 - left dorsal colon
31. colon dorsale dextru111 - right dorsal colon
32. colon /rans;•ers11111 - transverse colon
33. colon lenue - small colon
34. 111esocolon ascendens - j1lirn intercolim - ascend­
35., 36. /1/ica cernrnlica - cecocolic fold

150
Horse. Cross section !hrough apdominal cavity at level of caudal end
· of seventeenth
· thoracic
· vertebra. View
of caudal surface of section.

Figure 156

12

I. 111. 1111tltifid11s thoracis - multifidus thoracis

muscle
2. 111. /011gissi11111s thoracis - longissimus tho1'acis
muscle
3. cos/a XVII, Jm/1110 sinister - seventeenth rib, left
lung
4. 111. i11tercostalis el 111. lemlor costae - intercostal
muscle and levator muscle of rib
5. 111. jJsoas 111ajor - psoas major muscle
6. 1•ertebm thoracica XVII - seventeenth thoracic
vertebra
7. Jm/1110 dexter - right lung
8. cislema chyli, aorta - cisterna chyli, aorta 14. 111. tu111s1•ers11s abdo111i11is, C///jms adif!os11111 exlra/1eri­ 24. basis ceci - base of cecum
9. crus diaf!hrag111alis - diaphragmatic crus trmeale - transverse abdominal muscle, extra­ 25. a/1ex ceci - apex of cecum
I0. 111. serratus dorsalis caudalis, cos/a XVI - caudal peritoneal adipose body 26. -29. cr;/on crass11111 - great colon
dorsal serratus muscle, sixteenth rib 15. 111. rntaneus tru11ci - cutaneous muscle of trunk 26. colon1•e11tra/e dexlru111 - right ventral colon
11. j}{lrs cos/a/is dia/1hragmatis - costal part of dia­ 16. 111. rect11s abdo111i11is - straight abdominal muscle 27. co/0111•e11trale si11istru111 - left ventral colon
phragm 17. lieu - spleen 28. co/011 dorsale si11istru111 - left dorsal colon
12. cos/a XV, 111111. i11tercostales extemi et i11temi - 18. hejJar - liver 29. co/011 dorsale dextn1111 - right dorsal colon
fifteenth rib, external and internal intercostal 19. re11 dexter - right kidney 30. colon lram1•ers11111 - transverse colon
muscles 20. 1•. cam call(/alis - caudal vena cava 31. colon lenue - small colon
13. cartilago cos/a/is, 111. obliq1111s ex/emus abdo111i11is - 21. 1•. j)()r/ae - portal vein 32. 111esocolon ascendem - f!lica inlercolica - ascend­
costal cartilage, external oblique abdominal 22. d11oden;1111 - duodenum ing mesocolbn - intercolic fold
muscle 23. jej11n11111 - jejunum 33. /1/ica cecr;cotica - cecocolic fold

151
Horse. Cross section through -abdominal cavity at level of eighteenth thoracic vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 157

12. m, dexter - right kidney

I. 111. /011gissi111us thoracis - ·longissimus thoracis
muscle
2. 111. 111ultifid11s //l()racis - multifidus thoracis
muscle
3. cos/a XVIII, 111111. i11tercostales (extenli el i11temi) -
eighteenth rib, intercostal musdes (external
and internal)
4. 111. serratus dorsalis rnudalis - caudal dorsal ser'
ratus muscle
5. 111. iliucostalis thomcis, cos/a XVII - thoracic ilio­
costal muscle, seventeenth rib
6. cos/a XVI, 111. obliq11us· ·extem11s abdo111i11is
13. ,'. cm•a caudalis, gla11d11/a sujnmn1alis dextra -
caudal vena cava, right suprarenal gland
I 4. re11 si11ister, glrwr/11/a sujirare11alis si11istra - left
kidney, left suprarenal gland
15. lien - spleen
16. 1•. jiortae - portal vein
I 7. duode1111111 - duodenum
18. jej111111111 - jejunum
19. basis ceci - base of cecum
20. a/Jex ceci - apex of cecum
sixteenth, rib, external oblique abdominal 21. -24. co/1111 crass11111 - great colon
muscle 21. co/1111 ,•entrale dextn1111 - right ventral colon
7. 111. tm11s1•ersus abdo111i11is, c111jJ11s adijiosu111 cxtmjiNi­ 22. co/011 1•ei1tra/e si11istn1111 - left ventral colon
/011ea/e - transverse abdominal muscle, extra­ 23. co/011 dorsale si11istru111 - left dorsal colon
peritoneal adipose body 24. co/011 dorsale dextn1111 - right dorsal colon
8. 111. 1ffl11s abdo111i11is - straight abdominal 25. co/011 hw1s1•ers11111 - transverse colon
muscle 26. co/011 te1111e - small colon
9. i'l'rtebm thoracica XVIII - eighteenth thoracic 27. 111esoco/011 desce11dem - descending mesocolon
vertebra 28. 11wsojej1111u111 - mesojejunum
I 0. 111. jisoas 11111jor - psoas major muscle 29. 111esoco/011 asce11dem - jJ/ica i11tercolirn - ascend­
11. dia/Jhrag111a - crus dextru111, aorta - diaphragm ing.colon - intercolic fold
- right crus, aorta 30., 31. jJ/irn cecocolica - cecocolic fold

152 \
Horse. Cross _section through abdominal cavity at le�el of second lumbar vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 158

I. 111. l011gissi11111s l11111h;,,w11 - longissimus lumbo­

rum muscle
2. 111. 11111/tifidus l11111boru111 - multifidus Jumbo­
rum muscle
3. 111. q11adrat11s l11111boru111 - quadratus lumborum
muscle
4. 1•ertebra lu111balis I! - second lumbar vertebra
5. 111. jmms major - psoas major muscle
6. 111. jJsoas minor - psoas minor muscle
7. diaphrag111a - crus si11istru111 et dextru111, ureter si­
nister - diaphragm - right and left crura, I 4. 111. i,m1s1•ei,11s abdmninis - transverse abdomi­ 23. basis aci - base of cecum
left ureter nal muscle 24. co1p11s aci - body of cecum
8. duodenum, ureter dexter - duodenum, right 15. 111. rec/us abdomini� - straight abdominal 25. a/Jex ceci - apex of cecum
ureter muscle 26. osti11111 i/eoceca/e - ileocecal opening
9. aorta, ,'. cam cauda/is - aorta, caudal vena cava 16. 111. wta11e11s trunci, C/)/jJl/s adijJ0s11111 extrajJeritoneale 27. osti11111 cecocolic11111 - cecocolic opening
10. 111. iliocostalis l11111boru111, cos/a XVI!! - iliocostalis - cutaneous mu·scle of trunk, extraperito­ 28.-30. colon crassu111 - great colon
lumborum muscle, eighteenth rib neal adipose body 28. colon 1•e11tra/e dextr11111 - right ventral colon
11. 111111. intercostales (externi et intemiJ, cos/a XVI! - 17. re11 sinister - left kidney 29. colon 1•ei1trale si11istru111 - left ventral colon
intercostal muscles (external and internal), 18. fie.mm d11ode11ojej1111alis � duodenojejunal flex- 30. colon d1ma/e si11istru111 - left dorsal colon
seventeenth rib ure. 31. c_o/011 te11ue - small colon
12. cos/a XVI, pars rosta/is diajJ/iragmatis - s·ixteenth 19. In. jejuna/is - jejuna! lymph node 32. 111esocolo11 d;scendens - descending mesocolon
rib, costal part of diaphragm 20. 111esojej111111111 - mesojejunum 33. 111esoco/011 ascendens - jJ/ica interco/ica - ascend­
13. 111. obliquus ntemus abdo111i11is external ob- 21. jeju1111111 - jejunum ing mesocolon - intercolic fold
lique abdominal muscle 22. i/e11111 - ileum 34. jJ/ica cecocolica - cecocolic fold

153
Horse. Cross section through abdominal cavity at level of third lumbar vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 159

11

15. 111. rec/us abdmninis, co1p11s adijJos11111 exlra/Jerito-

11eale - straight abdominal muscle, extrape­
1. Ill. lo11gissi11111s l11111boru111 - longissimus lumbo­ 9. 11rl'/er si11iste1; i'. 111ese11terica caudalis - left ureter, ritoneal adipose body
rum muscle caudal mesenteric vein 16. jej111111111 - jejunum
2. 111. 111ultifid11s l11111boru111 - multifidus lumbo­ 10. d1111de1111111 - duodenum 17. ile11111 - ileum
rum muscle 10'. ffexura d1111d('lwjej1111alis - duodenojejunal flex­ 18. basis ceci - base of cecum
3. 111. gluteus 111edi11s - middle gluteal muscle ure 19. cmjms ceci - body of cecum
4. 111. q11adrat11s l11111bon1111 - quadratus lumborum !.I. 111. tram1•ers11s abdo111i11is - transverse abdomi­ 20. apex c<'Ci - apex of cecum
muscle nal muscle 21., 22. colon crass11111 - great colon
5. i'erlebra l11111bafis III - third lumbar vertebra 12. 111. 11bliq1111s in/emus abd11111i11is internal ob- 21. colon l'entrale si11istru111 - left ventral colon
6. 111. jJsoas major - psoas major muscle lique abdominal muscle 22. colon dorsale si11isln1111 - left dorsal colon
7. 111. jJsoas 111i1111r - psoas minor muscle 13. 111. obliq1111s ex/emus abd11111i11is external ob- 23. colon /1'1111e - small colon
8. aorta, i'. cm•a caudalis, ureter dexter - aorta, cau­ lique abdominal muscle 24. 111esojej111111111 - mesojejunum
dal vena cava, right ureter 14. 111. rntm1e11s trunci - cutaneous muscle of trunk 25. m•ari11111 dextr11111 - right ovary

154
Horse. Cross section through abdominal cavity at level of fourth lumbar vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 160

I. 111. gluteus 111edi11s - middle gluteal muscle

2. 111. lo11gissi11111s l11111boru111 - longissimus lumbo­ 10. 111. obliq1111s extemus abdo111i11is external ob- 16. jej111111111 - jejunum
rum muscle lique abdominal muscle 17. ile11111 - ileum
3. 111. 1111tltifid11s l11111bon1111 - multifidus lumbo­ 11. 111. obliq1111s i11tem11s abdo111inis - internal ob­ 18. basis ceci - base of cecum
rum muscle lique abdominal muscle 19. c()/Jms Cffi - body of cecum
4. 111. q11admt11s l11111bon1111 - quadratus lumborum 12. 111. lra11s,•e1,11s abdo111i11is - transverse abdomi­ 20. _ a/1ex ceci ...,.. apex of cecum
muscle nal muscle 21., 22. co/011 cmssu111 - great colon
5. 111. j>soas 111i11or - psoas minor muscle 13. 111. rnla11<'11s lru11ci, c()/Jms adi/H1s11111 exlm/1erito11eale 21. co/011 1•e11/rrde si11istru111 - left ventral colon
6. i'<'rfebm l11111balis IV - fourth lumbar vertebra - cutaneous muscle of trunk, extraperito­ 22. colon donate si11isln1111 - left dorsal colon
7. aorta, ,'. ca,•a caudalis - aorta, caudal vena cava neal adipose body 23. colon f<'1111e - small colon
8. corn11 11f<'ri dexfru111, ureter dexte1; 111. J1soas 111ajrir - 14. 111. rectus abd()/11i11is straight abdominal 24. mesocol,m desce11de11s - descending mesocolon
right horn of uterus, right ureter, psoas major muscle 25. m•ariw11 si11istru111 - left ovary
muscle 15. d11ode1111111 - duodenum 26. ,,. colica si11islm - left colic vein
9. ureter si11iste1; ,·. 111ese11ferica caudalis - left ureter, 15'. fle.rnm d11ode11ojej1111alis · - duodenojejunal flex­ 27. 111r'socolo11 ascn1dem - /1/im intncolica - ascend­
caudal mesenteric vein ure· ing mesocolon - intercolic fold

155
Horse. Stomach. View of v�ceral surface, upper figure; stomach opened, lower figure.

Figure 161

I. esophagus - esophagus
2. osti11111 cardiarn111 - cardiac opening
3. sacc11s cerns 1•e11trirn/i - blind sac of ventriculus
4. cmjms 1•e11trirn/i - body of ventriculus
5., 5'. Jwrs J>ylorica (5'. a11tn1111 J>ylorirn111) - pyloric
part (5'. pyloric antrum)
6. c111Tal11m 111i11or - minor curvature
7. rnrm/11ra major - major curvature
8. nwrgo J>licatus - �argo plicatus
9. j)([rs pro1•e11tric11/aris /1111icae 11111cosae - proventri­
1 cular part of tunica mucosa
9'. a11/ru111 pylorirn111 - pyloric antrum
I 0. J>ylorns - pylorus
11. j)([/'S cm11ia/is duodeni - cranial part of duode-
num \.______
12. 0111e11/11111 111i1111s - lesser omentum
13. 0111e11/11111 11wj11s - greater omentum
14.-16. pars gla11d11/aris l1111icae 11111cosae - glandu-
lar part of tunica mucosa
14. g/m1d11/ae gastricae (J1ropriae) - gastric gland�
15. gla11d11/ae pyloricae - pyloric glands
16. gla11d11/ae cardiacae - cardiac glands

156
Horse. Kidneys, ventral view.

Figure 162

I. ff/I rf1,.rlcr - right kidney

2. rl'II si11isln - left kidney
3. gla11d11/a rn/1mrc11alis d!'.r/ra - right suprarenal
gland
4. gla11d11/a .111J1rare11alis si11islm - left suprarenal
gland
5. ,'. rn,•a rn11dolis - caudal vena cava
6. aor/11 - aorta
7. a. C!'!iaca - celiac artery
8. a. l'I i'. re11alis d!'.rlm - right renal artery and
vein
9. a. 1111'S<'11lnirn cra11ialis - cranial mesenteric ar­
tery
I 0. a. !'I ,'. rc11alis si11istra - left renal artery and
vein
11.- 12. /1111. r<'110/cs - renal lymph nodes
13. 11retn r/1,xter - right ureter
14. 11retn si11is/N - left ureter

-J-
Horse. Spleen. View of visceral surface.

Figure 163

"
--4

I. <'xlre111itos dorsa/is - dorsal extremity

2. cxtre111itos i'l'lllmlis - ventral extremity
3. - 5. facies ,•isceralis - visceral surf ace
3. faci<'s rl'lwlis - renal surface
4. facies i11/i'sli11alis - intestinal surface
5. facies gas/rim - gastric surface
6. margo rn11dalis - caudal margin
7. 111a1go cm11ialis - cranial margin
8., 13. 011w11/11111 11111j11s - greater omentum
8. fig. J1!11n1icolil'l1ale 1•/ lic11or!'l1ale - phrenico­
splenic and splenorenal ligament
9. a. lil'llalis - splenic artery
10. ,•. !i!'llalis - splenic vein
11. /1111. lie11alr's - splenic lymph nodes
12. aa. et_,','. gastricac bre,'<'S - short gastric arteries
and veins
13. fig . gastmlie11a/r, - gastrosplenic ligament

157
Horse. Liver. View of diaphragmatic surface.
Figure 164
I. lob11s si11ister /a/em/is - left lateral lobe
2. lobus si11ister media/is - left medial lobe
3. lobus q11adrat11s - quadrate lobe
4. lobus dexter - right lobe
5. 1•. cm•a ca11dalis - caudal vena cava
6. lig. tria11g11/are dextr11111 - right triangular liga­
ment
7. i111/Jressio esojihagea - esophageal impression
8. lig: coro11ari11111 dextni111 - right coronary liga­
ment
158
9. lig: com11ari11111 i11tem"'di11111 - intermediate co­
ronary ligament
I 0. /ig: coro11ari11111 si11istr11111 - left coronary liga­
ment
11. lig. tria11g11/are si11istm111 - left triangular liga­
ment
12. /ig: Jalcifonue et lig: teres - f alciform and round
ligaments
13. 1·,•. hej}(/fiaw - hepatic veins
Horse. Liver. View of visceral surface..

Figure 165

-
16
I

18

I
4

14

J
1 13
--.._

1. lob11s si11isln lall'mlis - left lateral lobe 14. i111J1ressio C()lica - colic impression
2. /()b11s si11isll'r 111/'dialis - left medial lobe 15. lig. lria11g11/ar/' si11istrn111 - left triangular liga­
3. lob11s q11admt11s - quadrate lobe ment
4. /(lbw dl'.\'II'/' - right lobe 16. fig. coro1111ri11111 d!'xl/'/1111 - right coronary liga­
5. Jm1r!'ss11s ca11dat11s /()bi ca11dati - caudate process ment
of caudate lobe 17. fig; hej}((f()re11ale - hepatorenal ligament
6. , .. C/li'II m11dalis - caudal v.ena cava 18. fig; lria11g11larl' dl'xlm111 - right triangular liga-
7. i'. j}(Jr/ae - portal vein ment
8. a. lw/1alim - hepatic artery 19., 20. mm'n/11111 111i1111s - lesser omentum
9. d11c/us 111'/J//lirns - hepatic duct 19. lig; heJ1a/()gaslrirn111 - hepatogasti-ic ligament
I 0. i111J1r/'ssio /'S()f!hagm - esophageal impression 20. fig; hej1atod11od1'1111II' - hepatoduodenal liga­
I I. i111J1ressi() r1'11alis - renal impression ment
12. i111J1ressio d11ode1111lis - duodenal impression 21. lig; /eres l'I lig; falcif,m11e - round and falciform
13. i111J1r1'.Ui() gm/rim - gastric impression ligaments

159
Horse. Intestinal tract, right view, schematic.

Figure 166

�-�----
'/" ,:·
\: 20

I. 1•e11/rirn/11s (gmln) - ventricultc1s (stomach)
2., 3., 5. d1111de1111111 - duodenum
2. Jxm rra11ialis d11ode11i - cranial part of duode­
num
3. ffex11ra d11odf'11i rra11ialis - cranial duodenal
flexure
4. .flnura d11od<'11oj<j1111alis - duodenojejunal flex­
ure
5. fie.mm d11ode11i cauda/is - caudal duodenal
flexure
6. jej111111111 - jejunum
7. ilrn111 - ileum
8.- IO. cern111 - cecum 17. ro/011 dorsafe d,,xtn1111 - right dorsal co_lon''
8. basis rffi - base of cecum 18. rn/1111 tra11s;•en11111 - transverse coloit
9. rn1Jms Cl'Ci - body of cecum I 9. co/rm It'll/II' - small colon
I0. ajJ{'X reci - apex of cecum 20. rer/11111 - rectum
I I. - I7. co/011 rrass11111 - great colon 21. 11ws11ml1111 desce11de11s t'/ 11u's11ffct11111 - descending
I I. co/011 1•e11tmfe dexlru/11 - right ventral colon mesocolon and mesorectum
12. ffl,_rnra stemulis (()/i - sternal flexure of colon 22. 1111-s0(()/1111 asrn1dt'IIS - jJlim i11tncolirn - ascend-
13. rn/011 1•1-11/rafe si11istn1111 - left ventral colon ing mesocolon - intercolic fold
14. .flex11ra jJeh•i1w - pelvic flexure 23. /1/irn ifmcernfis - ileocecal fold
I 5. co/011 dorsofe si11islr11111 - left dorsal colon 24. jJfica cerorofim - cecocolic fold
16. ffexwa dia/1fm,g11wtirn rnfi - diaphragmatic 25. 1111-s1,j1j111111111 - mesojejunum
flexure of colon

160
 Mare. View of caudal sections of abdominal cavity with organs in situ.
Figure 167
1. 111. fo11gissi11111s li1111bon1111 - longissimus Jumbo-
rum muscle
'2. 111. /H()os 11wior - psoas major muscle
3. ,'. ca;•o m11dofis - caudal vena cava
4. oorto - aorta
5. ,'. lii'Orim dn-tro, llrt'll'r dnlt•r - right ovarian
vein, right ureter
6. ,'. o,•orim si11islra, 111"/'ln si11isln - left ovarian
vein, left ureter
7. 111t·so,•ori11111 - mesovarium
'' 8. ,,,·ori11111 drrln1111 - right ovary
9. i11_/i111dilmli1111 /11boe 11/Ni11ru• - infundibulum of
uterine tube
I 0. t11bo 11lcri110 - uterine tube
11. o. r·I i'. rim1111.flern ifi11111 Jm1(1111do - deep cir- 23. 111. r<'C/11s obdo111i11is straight abdominal
cumflex iliac artery and vein muscle
12. fig m•orii/1mjni11111 - proper ligament of ovary 24. Ii�-- 111ediw111111 ;•t•siwe middle ligament of
13. 111e.wsalj1i11x - mesosalpinx bladder
14. b11rso o;•orim - ovarian bursa 25. 111. lra11s1•errns obdo111i11is - transverse abdomi-
15. 01•ori11111 si11islru111 - left ovary nal muscle
16. 111t·so1ffl11111 - mesorectum 26. o. r·I ;•. ej1igastrirn m11dolis - caudal epigastric
17. rff/11111 - rectum artery and vein
18. mm11 11/Ni dn-tr11111 - right horn of uterus 27. r•xcamlio rfflog'/'/1ilolis - rectogenital cavity
19. com11 11/cri si11islru111 - left horn of uterus 28. exrm•olio 1•esir()g'/'/1ilofis - vesicogenital cavity
20. ;•esim 11ri11orio - urinary bladder 29. e.rcm·atio Jmbo,·r•sicafis - pubovesical cavitv
21. fig loterafe ;•esirrw - lateral ligament of bladder 30. rudiiul'll/11111 111e.wrd1ii jimxi111(ffis (filica ;•asrnfmo)
'..''2. 111. (/bfiq1111s i11tn1111s obdo111i11is - internal ob- - rudimentary proximal mesorchium (vas­
lique abdominal muscle cular fold)
161
Dog. Skeleton.

Figure 168

16
11

18

I. 111a.ril/o - maxilla 13. l111111tr11s - humerus 24 ..1JS/!'11wris - femur

2. 111011dilmla - mandible 14. mdi11s - radius 2S. tibia - tibia
3. 1JS /}(Jrif•ta/1, - parietal bone 15. 11/na - ulna 26. jilm/11 - fibula
4. otlm - atlas 16. ossa rn1/1i - carpal bones 27. ().iso loni - tarsal bones
5. axis - axis 17. msa 1111,tam1jiolio - metacarpal bones 28. ().\SO 1111'/11/11nolia - metatarsal bones
6. i't'1klm1 u·n·imlis II' - fourth cervical vertebra 18. mso digitur11111 (111m111s) - bones of digits (of 29. 1JSSa digitr11w11 (j)l'(/is) - bones of digits (of pel­
7. ,'t'1kbm tl'n·irn/i.i I'/ - sixth cervical vertebra thoracic appendage) vic appendage)
8. ,'1'1khm thomrim X - tenth thoracic vertebra 19. rosto II - second rib :lo. ()ssa s1'.1w111Jid('(/ 111i.•�astmrnm1ii (/r1/J,,l/1wJ - sesa­
9. ,'l'l"il'bm /11111/)(J/is Ill - third lumbar vertebra 20. c()s/11 I'll/ - eighth rib moid bones of gastrocnemius muscle (fabel­
I 0. "-' .wa11111 - sacrum 21. sttr1111111 - sternum lac)
11. vertebrae caudales - caudal vertebra 22. rnrtilogi11/'s msto/1,s - costal cartilages :: I. j)(J/l'ila - patella
I 2. srn/111/0 - scapula 2:l. "-' rnrn1' - os coxae

162
Dog. Superficial musculature.

Figure 169

l. 111. masseter - masseter muscle 13. Jiars scapularis 111i. deltoidei - 'scapular part of 22. 111. obliquus ex/emus abdo111i11is - external ob­
2. 111. sternooccij1italis - sterno-occipital muscle deltoid muscle lique abdominal muscle
3. 111. sternohyoideus - sternohyoid muscle 14. pars acro111ialis 111i. deltoidei - acromial pan of 23. 111. rec/us abdo111i11is - straight abdominal
4. 111. cleidocen•icalis - cleidocervical muscle deltoid muscle muscle
5. 111. cleidobrachialis - cleidobrachial muscle 15. 111. latissimus dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle 24. 111. obliquus in/emus abdo111i11is - internal ob­
6. 11w11ubriu111 sterni - manubrium of sternum 16. caput l1111g11111 111i. tricijiitis brae/iii - long head of lique abdominal muscle
7. 111. serratus ,'entralis cen•icis - cervical ventral triceps brachii muscle 25. 111. gluteus medius - middle gluteal muscle
serratus muscle l 7. caput laterale 111i. tricijiitis brae/iii - lateral head 26. 111. sartorius - Jiars cranialis - sartorius muscle
8. 111. su/1ms/1i11atus - supraspinous muscle of triceps brachii muscle - cranial part
9. 111. 01110/ram1•enarius - omotransverse muscle 18. 111. brachia/is - brachia! muscle 27. 111. tensor fasciae latae · - tensor fasciae latae
l0. J1ars cen,icalis 111i. tm/1ezii - cervical part of tra­ 19. 111. extensor cm/ii radialis - extensor carpi radi­ muscle
pezius muscle alis muscle 28. 111. biceps fe111oris - biceps femoris muscle
11. Jmrs thomcica 111i. trapezii - thoracic part of tra­ 20. 111. extensor digitor11111 w1111111111is - common digi­ 29. 111. se111ite11di11oms - semitendinosus muscle
pezius muscle tal extensor muscle 30. 111. gluteus supe,ficia/is - superficial gluteal
12. 111. infraspina/us - infraspinous muscle 21. 111. Jiectoralis Jirof1111d11s (asce11de11s) - deep (as­ muscle
cending) pectoral muscle 31. 1•. jugularis externa - external jugular vein

163
Dog. internal organs, left view.

Figure 1 70

I. scapula - scapula
2. humerus - humerus 10. lobus caudalis pul111011is sinistri - caudal lobe of 18. lien - spleen
3. vertebra lumbalis I - first lumbar vertebra left lung 19. colon descendens - descending colon
4. os sacrum - sacrum I I. cor - heart 29. comu uteri sinistrum - left horn of uterus
5. os coxae - os coxae I 2. mm. psoos - psoas muscles 21. jejunum - jejunum
6. os femoris - femur 13. pars costalis diaphragmatis - costal part of dia- 22. recfum - rectum
7. costa VII - seventh rib phragm 23. uesica urinaria (i11 projectione) - urinary bladder
8. pars cranialis /obi cranialis pulmonis sinistri - 14. ren sinister - left kidney (projected)
cranial part of cranial lobe of left lung 15. hepa,1<.:_ liver 24. cupula diaphragmatis (in projectione) - diaphrag­
9. pars caudalis /obi cranialis pul111011is sinistri - cau- 16. uentriculus (gaster) - ventric,ulus (stomach) matic cupula (projected)
dal part of cranial lobe of left lung I 7. omentum majus - greater omentum

164
Dog. Internal organs, right view._

Figure 171

10. lobus mudalis jm/111011is dextri caudal lobe of 18. co/011 asce11rfp11.1 - ascending colon
1. smjmla - scapula right lung 1.9.ureter dexter - right ureter
2. humerus - humerus 1 1. cor - heart 20. co/011 desce11dens - descending colon
3. ,•ertebm lu111balis I - first lumbar vertebra 12. 111111. jJSoas - psoas muscles 21. 11/erus - uterus
4. os sacm111 - sacrum 13. J1rm cos/a/is dia/1hrag111atis - costal part of dia- 22. rectu111 - rectum
5. r,s coxar' - os coxae phragm 23. jPju1111111 - jejunum
6. osfe111oris - femur 14. re11 dexter - right kidney 24. 111esojej111111111 - mesojejunum ·
7. cm/a VII - seventh rib 15. hepar - liver 25. 1•esica 11ri11aria (in jJrojectio11e) - urinary bladder
8. lobm crania!is jml111011is dextri - cranial lobe of 15'. co11/11ra hepatis (i11 pmjectione) - contour of liver (projected)
right lung (projected) 26. jJancreas - pancreas
1). lob11s 111Pdi11s .Jmh111mis dexfri - middle lobe of 16. d11ode1111111 - duodenum 27. rnjmla dia/Jhragmatis (i11 projecti1111e) - diaphrag­
right lung 17. ceo1111 - cecum matic cupula (projected)

165
Dog. Thoracic po.rtion of spine, left view.

Figure 172

I. ({}/jJl/s 1•ertebrae - body of vertebra

2. pmcessus sj1inos11s - spinous process
3. Jnocess11s tram,•as11s - transverse process
4. Jm1cess11s arlirnfaris cra11iafis rn111 Jm1cess11 111m11iffari
- cranial articular process with mamillary
process
5. Jimcesrns accessori11s - accessory process
6. fmw, costafis craniafis - cranial costal fovea
7. f111•ea costafis rn11dafis - caudal costal fovea
8. f111•m costafis lrm1s,•enafis - transverse costal fo­
vea
9. form11e11 i11/en•cr/ebra{e - intervertebral fo­
ramen
I 0. Jm1ffsS11s artirnfaris rra11iafis ,•erli'brae thorarirne I
- cranial articular process of first thoracic
vertebra
l I. pmci'SS/1S artic11foris rn11da{is ,•crti'brae thoracirne
XIII - caudal articular process of thirteenth
thoracic vertebra

Dog. Lumbar portion of spine, left view.

Figure 173

I. ((}/j)()ra 1•ertebraru111 - bodies of vertebrae 6. fora111ina inten•ertebra{ia - intervertebral fora­

2. Jirocesrns sjiinosi .- spinous processes mina
3. Jm1cess11s arlirnfaris rn111 Jimcessu mamiffari - arti­ 7. /imcess11s artirnfaris rn11dafis ,•erlebrae f11111bafis VII
cular process with mamillary process - caudal articular process of seventh lumbar
4. Jm,cesws accessorii - accessory processes vertebra
5. jirocessus costarius - costal process

166
Dog. Deep dissection of trunk after removal of left thoracic appendage, left view.
Figure 174
26
2
I. 111. serralw dorsalis cranialis - cranial dorsal ser­
ratus muscle
2. 111. serratus dorsalis caudalis - caudal dorsal ser­
ratus muscle
3. 111. serratw 1•e11tralis cen•icis cervical ventral
serratus muscle
4. 111. serralus 1•e11tralis thoracis thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
5. 111. scalenus 111edius - scalenus medius muscle
6., 7. 111. scale1111s dorsalis - dorsal scalenus muscle
8. m. rec/us thoracis - straight thoracic muscle
9. 111. obliquus ex/emus abdo111i11is - external ob­
lique abdominal muscle
I0. aJHmeurosis mi. obliqui extemi abdo111i11is - apo­
neurosis of external oblique abdominal
muscle
11. 111. obliquus intemus abdominis - internal ob­
lique abdominal muscle
12. aponeurosis mi. oblique intemi abdominis - apo­
neurosis of internal oblique abdominal
muscle
13. 111. rec/us abdo111i11is - straight abdominal
muscle
14. 111. pectoralis superficialis (descendens) - superfici­
al (descending) pectoral muscle
15. 111. pectoralis profundus (ascendens) - deep
(ascending) pectoral muscle
16. 111. biuenler cen•icis •:._ biventer cervicis muscle
20
I 7. 111. /011gissi11111s cen•icis - longissimus cervicis
muscle
18. 111. lo11gissi11111s thoracis el 111. lrmgissi11111s l11111bor11111
- longissimus thoracis and longissimus lum- ·
borum muscles
19. 111. iliocostalis thoracis et 111. iliocosta/is l11111boru111 -
thoracic iliocostal and iliocostalis lumborum
muscles
20. 111. spinalis et se111ispi11a/is thoracis - spinalis et
semispinalis thoracis muscle
21. 111111. intercosta/es extemi - external intercostal
muscles
22. 111111. intercostales inlemi (111111. intercartilagineiJ -
interna:t intercostal muscles Ontercartilagi­
nous muscles)
23. jJlexus brachia/is - brachia! plexus
24. cos/a I, a. et v. axil/aris - first rib, axillary artery
and vein
25. a. carotis co1111111111is, tnmws sympathicus et 11. uagus
- common carotid artery, sympathetic trunk
and vagus nerve
26. esophagus, 1•. jugularis interna - esophagus, in­
ternal jugular vein
27. 1•. jugularis extema, trachea - external jugular
vein, trachea
28. a. cen•ica/is superficialis, 1<. cephalica - superficial
cervical artery, cephalic vein
29. cos/a IX - ninth rib
30. rami dorsales (cutanei media/es) 1111, thoracicorwn -
dorsal branches (medial cutaneous) of tho­
racic nerves
31. 11. thoraciws longus (11. j1lex11s brachia/is) - long
thoracic nerve (brachia! plexus nerve)
32. 11. tlwracodorsalis (11. jJlexus brachia/is) - thoraco­
dorsal nerve (brachia! plexus nerve)
33. rami ventrales (wtanei la/era/es) 1111. thoraciconun
(ra111i culcmei /atera/es 1111. intercostalium) - ven­
tral branches (lateral cutaneous) of thoracic
nerves (lateral cutaneous branches of inter­
costal nerves)
34. ra11111s cutaneus lateralis ni. costoabdomina/is (s. ni.
thoracici XIII) - lateral cutaneous branch of
costoabdominal nerve (same as thirteenth
thoracic nerve)
35. 1m111.1s cutaneus lateralis ni. iliohyj1ogastrici cmnia/is
(s. ni. lw11balis I) - lateral cutaneous·branch of
cranial iliohypogastric nerve (same as first
lumbar nerve)
36. ra11111s rntaneus lateralis ni. iliol,yj1rigastrici caudalis
(s. ni. l11111balis II) - lateral cutaneous branch
of caudal iliohypogastric nerve (same as sec­
ond lumbar·nerve)
37. a. et v. circw11flexa ilium Jm1fu11da - deep cir­
cumflex iliac artery and vein
38. 111. sartorius - J1ars crania/is - sartorius muscle
- cranial part
167
Dog. Dissection of thorax) revealing organs) left view. Muscles removed

Figure 175

I. vertebra thoracica I - first thoracic vertebra (stellatum) - costocervical trunk, cervicotho­ 28. auricula atrii dextri (auricula dextra) - auricle of
2. vertebra cervicalis VII - seventh cervical verte­ racic ganglion (stellate) right atrium (right auricle)
bra I 7. n. cervicalis VII, a. et v. vertebra/is - seventh cer­ 29. auricula atrii sinistri (auricula sinistra) - auricle
3. vertebra thoracica XI - eleventh thoracic verte- vical nerve, vertebral artery and vein of left atrium (left auricle)
bra 18. a. et v. cervicalis profunda - deep cervical artery 30. ventriculus dexter cordis - right ventricle of
4. costa JI - second rib and vein heart
5. sternum - sternum l 9. a. scapularis dorsalis - dorsal scapular artery 31. ventriculus sinister cordis - left ventricle of heart
6. cartilago costalis V - fifth costal cartilage 20. pulmo dexter - right lung 32. n. phrenicus - phrenic nerve
7. costa VII - seventh rib 21. lobus cranialis pulmonis dextri - cranial lobe of 33. crns mediate sinistrum diaphragmatis - left me­
8. esophagus - esophagus right lung dial crus of diaphragm
9. trachea - trachea 22. truncus sympathicus, ductus thoracicus - sympa- 34. centrum te11di11eu111 diaphragmatis - central ten­
I 0. aorta - aorta thetic trunk, thoracic duct don of diaphragm
I I. a. subclavia sinistra - left subclavian artery 23. nn thoracici - thoracic nerves 35. pars costalis diaphragmatis - costal part of dia­
12. lr1111wsbrachiocephalicus -brachiocephalictrunk 24. truncus vagalis dorsa!is - dorsal vagal trunk phragm
I :1. ansa subclavia, a. carotis communis sinistra, 1•. cam 25. truncus vagalis ventralis - ventral vagal trunk 36. costa XIII - thirteenth rib
cranialis - subclavian ansa, left common ca­ 26. n laryngeu� recurrens sinister - left recurrent la­ 37. lobus accessorius pulmonis - accessory lobe of
rotid artery, cranial vena cava ryngeal nerve lung
14. a. et v. axillaris - axillary artery and vein 27. bronchus principalis sinister, truncus pulmonalis, 1•1•. 38. a. et v. thoracica intema - internal thoracic ar­
I 5. v. jugularis sinistra - left jugular vein pulmonales - left main bronchus, pulmonan tery and vein
I 6. truncus costocervicalis, ganglion cervicothoracicu111 trunk, pulmonary veins

168
Dog. Dissection of thorax) revealing .organs, right view. Muscles removed

Figure 176

I. vertebra thoracica I - first thoracic vertebra 12. v. brachiocephalica dextra, a. carotis c0111111unis dextra 27. pu/1110 si11ister - left lung
2. costa II - s�cond rib - right brachiocephalic vein, right common 28. pars cranialis /obi cra11ialis Jmlmonis si11istri -
3. cos/a VII - seventh rib carotid artery cranial part of cranial lobe of left lung
4. cos/a XIII - thirteenth rib 13. a. et. v. axillaris - axillary artery and vein 29. a. et v. thoracica inferno - internal thoracic a1·­
5. vertebra cervicalis VII - seventh cervical verte­ 14. a. wbclavia dextra - right subclavian artery tery and vein
bra 15. v. cava cra11ialis - cranial vena cava 30. lobus accessorius p11!111011is - accessory lobe of
6. 11. cervical is VII, a. et v. vertebra/is - seventh cer­ 16. v. cava caudalis - caudal vena cava lung
vical nerve, vertebral artery and vein 17. vv. pul11101wles, a. pulmonalis dextm - pulmonary 31. atri11111 dextn1111 cordis - right atrium of heart
7. a. cervicalis profunda, 11. thoracicus I - deep cervi­ veins, right pulmonary artery 32. ventriculus si11ister cordis - left ventricle of
cal artery, first thoracic nerve 18. v. azygos dextra - right azygos vein heart
8. ganglion cervicothoracic111n (stellatum), a. scapularis 19. aorta, due/us thoracicus - aorta, thoracic duct 33. ventriculus dexter cordis - right ventricle of
dorsalis - cervicothoracic ganglion (stellate), 20. tru11cus vagalis dorsalis - dorsal vagal trunk heart
dorsal scapular artery 21. tnmcus vagalis ve11tralis - ventral vagal trunk 34. 11. phrenicus - phrenic nerve
9. v. costocervicalis dextra - right costocervical 22. esoj1hagus - esophagus 35. crns mediate dextrwn diaphrag111atis - right me­
vein 23. trachea - trachea dial crus of diaphragm
I0. 11. laryngew recurre11s dexter - right recurrent 24. 1111. thoracici - thoracic nerves 36. centrwn tendi11eu111 diaphragmatis - central ten­
laryngeal nerve 25. truncw sympathicus - sympathetic trunk don of diaphragm
I I. tnmcus vagosympat/zicus - vagosympathetic 26. 11. splanchnicus 111ajor - greater splanchnic 37. pars cos/a/is diaphragmatis - costal part of dia­
trunk nerve phragm

169
Dog. Cross section through thorax at level of thoracic entrance (cranial thoracic inlet). View of caudal
surface of section.

Fjgure 177

27. 111ed11/la sj1i11alis - spinal medulla

28. J1rocessus trans,•ersus ·,,ertebrae thoracicae I, 11.
cervicalis VIII - transverse process of
first thoracic vertebra, eighth cervical
nerve
29. 111111. ·i11tercostales extemi et intemi - external
and internal intercostal muscles
30. 111. longus co/Ii - longus colli muscle
31. 111. scale1111s dorsalis - dorsal scalenus
muscle
32. a. subclm•ia sinistra, truncus sy111J1athic11s, 1•.
thoracudorsalis - left subclavian artery,
sympathetic trunk, thoracodorsal vein
33. cos/a I - first rib
34. trachea, 11. laryngeus recurrens si11ister, tnmcus
brachiocephalicus - trachea, left recurrent
laryngeal nerve, brachiocephalic trunk
35. v. cava cra11ialis - cranial vena cava
36. 11. vagus sinister, a. cam/is co111111u11is sinistra -
left vagus nerve, left common carotid ar­
tery
37. a. thoracica intema si11istra, 11. phrenicus sinis­
ter - left internal thoracic artery, left
phrenic nerve
38. v. costocervicalis dextra, tru11cus vagosympathi­
cus dexter - right costocervical vein, right
vagosympathetic trunk
39. u. thoracica intema si11istra, 11. phrenicus dexter
- left internal thoracic vein, right
phrenic nerve
40. pars cranialis /obi cranialis pul111011is sinistri -
cranial part of cranial lobe of left lung
41. lobus cra11ialis pul111011is dextri - cranial lobe of
I. m. rhm11boideus cervicis - cervical rhomboid 13. 111. subscapularis - subscapular muscle right lung
muscle 14. scapula - scapula 42. a. et u. thoracica i11tema dextra, /11. stemalis - right
2. 111. trapezius - pars cervicalis - trapezius muscle 15. 111. i11fraspi11atus - infraspinous muscle internal thoracic artery and vein, sternal
- cervical part 16. 111. deltoideus - deltoid muscle lymph node
3. 111. sj1le11ius (capitis) - splenius (capitis) muscle 17. caput lo11gu111 111i. tricipitis brachii - long head of 43. 111. rectus thoracis - straight thoracic muscle
4. 111. serratus ventralis cervicis et 111. serratus ventralis triceps brachii muscle 44. 111. intercostalis in/emus (111. i11tercartilagi11eus), carti­
thoracis - cervical ventral serratus and tho­ 18. 111. teres major - teres major muscle lago costalis I - internal intercostal muscle On­
racic ventral serratus muscle 19. caput laterale 111i. tricipitis brachii - lateral head tercartilaginous muscle, cartilage of first rib
5. lig. 1111clwe - nuchal ligament of triceps brachii muscle 45. sternum - sternum
6., 7. m. semispinalis capitis - semispinalis capitis 20. caput accessorium mi. tricipitis brachii - accessory 46. 111. J1ectoralis profundus (ascendens) - deep
muscle head of triceps brachii muscle (ascending) pectoral muscle
6. 111. biventer cervicis - biventer cervici� muscle 21. 111. brachia/is - brachia! muscle 47. m. pectoralis superficialis (desce11de11s) - superfi­
7. 111. complexus - complexus muscle 22. humerus - humerus cial (descending) pectoral muscle
8. 111. spi11alis tlwracis - thoracic spinal muscle 23. caput mediate 111i. tricij1itis brachii - medial head 48. a. et v. wbscapularis - subscapular artery and
9. 111. lrmgissimus cervicis - longissimus cervicis of triceps brachii muscle vein
muscle 24. a. et v. brachia/is - brachia! artery and vein 49. /11. axillaris, t'. thoracica externa - axillary lymph
I0. m. multifidus thoracis - multifidus thoracis 25. 111. /011gissi111us thoracis - longissimus thoracis node, external thoracic vein
muscle muscle 50. 1111. pectorales caudales (1111. thoracoventrales) - cau­
11. uertebra thoracica I - first thoracic vertebra 26. 111. iliocostalis thoracis - thoracic iliocostal dal pectoral nerves (thoracoventral nerves)
12. m. supraspi11atus - supraspinous muscle muscle 51. esoj1lwg11s - esophagus

170
Dog. Cross section through thorax at level &f fourth thoracic vertebra. View of caudal surface of section.

Figure 178

11

1. 111. trapezius - pars tlwracica - trapezius muscle

- thoracic part
2. lig. suprasj1i11ale - supraspinal ligament
3. 111. rho111boide11s thoracis - thoracic rhomboid
muscle
4. 111. infraspinatus - infraspinous muscle
5. 111. longissimus thoracis - longissimus thoracis
muscle
6. 111. 111ultifidus thoracis - multifidus thoracis
muscle
7. 111. spinalis et se111ispi11alis thoracis et cervicis - spi­
nalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis
muscle
8. processus spinoms vertebrae thoracicae IV - spi­
nous process of fourth thoracic vertebra
9. vertebra thoracica IV - fourth thoracic vertebra
I 0. scapula, 111. subscapularis - scapula, subscapular
muscle
11. 111. serratus dorsalis cranialis - cranial dorsal ser­ 24. /1111. tracheobroncha/es - tracheobronchial 36. mlva atrioventricularis dextra (s. trirnspidalis) -
ratus muscle lymph nodes right atrioventricular valve (same as tricus­
12. 111. teres 111ajor - teres major muscle 25. a. p11!111011alis dextra - right pulmonary artery pid)
13. 111. iliocostalis thoracis - thoracic iliocostal 26. atriu111 sinistrwn cordis - left atrium of heart 37. uentriculus dexter - right ventricle·
muscle 27. costa IV - fourth rib 38. cartilago costalis IV - fourth costal cartilage
14. 111111. rota/ores - rotator muscles 28. atriu111 dextru111 cordis - right atrium of heart 39. 111. transverws thoracis - transverse thoracic
15. 111. latissi111us dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle 29. pars caudalis !obi crania/is Jml111011is sinistri, 11. J1hre- muscle
I 6. 111. serralus ventralis - ventral serratus muscle 11icus sinister - caudal part of cranial lobe of 40. a. et i•. thoracica intema - internal thoracic ar­
17. 111. wlaneus lnt11ci - cutaneous muscle of trunk left lung, left phrenic nerve tery and vein
18. cos/a IV, tn111cus sy111/1athicus - fourth rib, sym­ 30. pericardiu111, 11. phrenirns dexter - pericardium, 41. 111. rec/11s abdo111i11is - straight abdominal
pathetic trunk right phrenic nerve muscle
19. 111. /ongus co/Ii - longus colli muscle 31. J1ars cra11ialis /obi cranialis ·J1ul111011is sinistri - 42. 111. intercostalis i11tem11s (111. intercartilagineus), carti­
20. esophagus, due/us thoracirns - esophagus, thora­ cranial part of cranial lobe of left lung _lago costalis V, stern11111 - internal intercostal
cic duct 32. lobus crm1ialis pul111011is dextri - cranial lobe of muscle Cintercartilaginous muscle), fifth cos­
21. aorta, 11. vagus sinister - aorta, left vagus nerve right lung tal cartilage, sternum
22. a. pul111011a/is sinistra, auricu/a sinistra cordis - left 33. bronchi, vv. pul111011ales - bronchi, pulmonary 43. 111. pectoralis Jmifw1d11s (asce11de1rs) - deep
pulmonary artery, left auricle veins (asce-nding) pectoral muscle
23. 11. vagus dexter, v. azygos dextra - right vagus 34. trachea - trachea 44. 111111. intercostales exlerni et intemi - external and
nerve, right azygos vein 35. osti11111 aortae - aortic opening internal intercostal muscles

171
Dog. Lungs, right view. Drawn from a dry preparation.

Figure 179

1. lmchea - trachea
2. 111r11go ob/urns (.1. dona/is) - obtuse mar-
gin (same as dorsal)
3., 4. 111argo ac11/11s - acute margin
3. nwrgo 1•e11tmlis - ventral margin
4. 11wrgo basalis - basal margin
8 5. - 7. .facfr,s rnstalis - costal surface
5. /0/;11s crm1ialis /mh11011is dntri cranial
lobe of right lung
6. lobus 111edi11s /mh11011is dexlri - middle
lobe of right lung
7. lob11s caudalis - caudal lobe
8. /Hm cmnialis /obi cm11ialis p11/1111111is si11istri
- cranial part of cranial lobe of left
lung
9 . .fissum interlobaris cmnialis - cranial in­
terlobar fissure
l 0. .fisrnm inlerlobaris caudalis - caudal in­
terlobar fissure
l l. facies diaphmgnwlica - diaphragmatic
surface

Dog. Lungs, left view. Drawn from a dry preparation.

Figure 180

I. trachea - trachea
2. 111argo ob/usus (s. dorsalis) - obtuse mar-
gin (same as dorsal)
3., 4. margo acutus - acute margin
3. 111argo ventralis - ventral margin
4. 111argo basalis - basal margin
5. - 7. facies cos/a/is - costal surface
5. /1ars cranialis !obi cra11ialis puh11011is sinislri
- cranial part of cranial lobe of left
lung
6. /1ars caudalis !obi cranialis pul111011is sinistri
- caudal part of cranial lobe of left
lung
7. lobus caudalis pul111011is sinistri - caudal
lobe of left lung
8. fissum interlobaris /obi cranialis p11lnu111is
si11istri - interlobar fissure of cranial
lobe of left lung
9. fissura inlerlobtiris caudalis - caudal in­
terlobar fissure
I 0. facies diaphrag111atica - diaphragmatic
surface
11. ir1cis11ra cardiaca - cardiac notch

172
 Dog. Lungs. View of diaphragmatic surface. Mediastinum removed

Figure 181

1. trachea - trachea 6. lobus accessorius - accessory lobe

2. lobus cranialis pul111011is dextri - cranial lobe of 7. lobw caudalis pul111011is dextri - caudal lobe of
right lung right lung
3. pars cra11ialis !obi cranialis pub11011is sinistri 8. lobus caudalis pul1111111is .1i11islri - caudal lobe of
cranial part of cranial lobe of left lung left lung
4. lobus medius pul111011is dextri - middle lobe of 9. cor - heart
right lung 10. v. cava caudalis - caudal vena cava
____/ 5. Jxm caudalis !obi cranialis p11!111011is si11istri - cau- 11. esophagus - esophagus
·�- dal part of cranial lobe of left lung 12. aorta - aorta

173
Dog. Internal organs, ventral view. Abdominal wall reflected Stomach empty.

Figure 182

.;,.·<._Cl•:\:;:\ , ,.
r
' ',

L hepar - liver
2, uenlricu/11s (gas/er) - ventriculus (stomach)
3. lien - spleen
4, duodenum - duodenum
5. jejunum - jejunum
6. 0111e11/11111 111ajus - greater omen tum
7, 1•esica 11ri11aria - urinary bladder
8. lig, 111edia1111111 1•esicae - middle ligament of
bladder

174
Dog. Internal organs, ventral view. Abdominal wall reflected Stomach full greater omentum removed

Figure 183

I. lwj1ar - liver
2. ,,mtrirnlus (gas/er) - ventriculus (stomach)
3. lien - spleen
4. d1111de1111111 - duodenum
5. jeju,111111 - jejunum
6. 11wsoj<'j111111111 - mesojejunum
7. ,'esica 11ri11aria - urinary bladder
8. fig: 111edia11w11 ,,esica<' - middle ligament of
bladder
9. 11me11/11111 majus (insertio) - greater omentum
(insertion)

175
Dog. Diaphragm. View of thoracic surface.
Figure 184
-20-
1. - 5. diaJ1lm,g111a - diaphragm
1. crura dextra - right crura
2. aura sinistra - left crura
3. jJfm costa/is - costal part
4. pars stemafis - sternal part
5., 5'. ce11tru111 lc11di11e11111 - central tendon
6. aorta - aorta
7. trunrns 1'(gJ alis dona/is - dorsal vagal trunk.
8. esophagus - esophagus
9. truncw i'(lgafis 1'('11/ra/is - ventral vagal trunk
176
I 0. 1•. rn1•a caudafis - caudal vena cava
I I. paries thoracis - thoracic wall
12. 11. J1hre11irns dexter - right phrenic nerve
13. 11. phrenirns sinister - left phrenic nerve
14. I'. azygos dextm, tn111rns -�)1/11/)(/thicus - right azy­
gos vein, sympathic trunk
15., 16. 111ediasti1111111 rnudafe (JS. /HITS dol'Safis, 16. /Jars
1•e11trafis) - caudal mediastinum (15. dorsal
part, 16. ventral part)
1 7. /1/ica (s. 111ese11terii1111) I'. cai'(le caudalis - fold of
caudal vena cava
18. fig: stenu,pericardiarn111 - sternopericardiac li­
gament
19. ca1•11111 111ediasti11i sems11111 (bum, infmcardiaca) -
serosa of mediastinal cavity (infracardiac
bursa)
20. 1•1•. J1hre11icae craniafes - cranial phrenic veins
21. due/us tlwmcirns - thoracic duct
Dog. Cross section through abdominal cavity at level of twelfth thoracic vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.
Figure 185
I. 111. 11111/tifidus thoracis el 111. 11111/tifidus l11111bom111 -
multifidus thoracis and multifidus lumbo­
rum muscles
2. Jm1cessus artirnlaris cra11ialis C11111 Jm,cessu 111m11illari
1•ertebrae thoracicae XIII - cranial articular pro­
cess with mamillary process of thirteenth
thoracic vertebra
3. 1•ertebra thoracica XII - twelfth thoracic verte­
bra
4. 111. l011gissi11111s thoracis et 111. longissi11111s l11111bom111
- longissimus thoracis and longissimus lum­
borum muscles
5. 111. !ardor costae - levator muscle of rib
6. cos/a XII - twelfth rib
7. 111. iliocostalis thoracis - thoracic iliocostal muscle
8. 111. serralus dorsalis caudalis, cos/a XI - caudal
dorsal serratus muscle, eleventh rib
9. 111111. Jm,as - psoas muscles
10. 111111. intercosta/es externi et intemi - external and
internal intercostal muscles
1 1. 111. latissii1111s dorsi, cos/a X - latissimus dorsi,
tenth rib
12. cos/a IX, Jxm cos/a/is diaphrag111atis - ninth rib,
costal part of diaphragm
13. 111. ubliquus ex/emus abdo111i11is - external ob­
lique abdominal muscle
14. 111. /Jw1s;•ers11s abdm11i11is, cartilago cos/a/is VIII -
transverse abdominal muscle, eighth costal
cartilage
15. 111. rec/us abdo111i11is - straight abdominal
muscle
16. aorta, due/us thuracicus, 1•. azygus dextra - aorta,
thoracic duct, right azygos vein
I 7. crum dia/Jhmg111atis - diaphragmatic crura
18. lien - spleen
19. 0111e11/11111 111aj11s - greate,r omentum
20. hejmr - liver
21. 1•e11trirn/11s (gas/er) - ventriculus (stomach)
22. pancreas - pancreas
23. 1•. cam caudalis - caudal vena cava
24. 1•. J){Jr/ae, a. celiaca - portal vein, celiac artery
25. jeju1111111 - jejunum
26. d11ode1111111 - duodenum
27. m11e11/11111 111i1111s - lesser omentum
177
Dog. Cross section through abdominal cavity at level of second lumbar vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 186

16. re11 sinister - left kidney

I. ,•ertrbra /11111balis II - second lumbar vertebra 9. lll'<'ter drxter - right ureter 17. ren dexter - right kidney
2. 111. 11111/tifidus /11111b11m111 - multifidus lumbo­ I 0. 111. serra/11s dorsalis ca11dalis - caudal dorsal ser­ 18. pancreas - pancreas
rum muscle ratus muscle 19. d11ode1111111 - duodenum
3. 111. /1111gissi11111s /11111b11m111 - longissimus lumbo­ 11. ms/a XIII, 111. retractor costar - thirteenth rib, 20. jej111111111 - jejunum
rum muscle retractor muscle of rib 21. ile11111 - ileum
4. 111. iliocostalis /11111bor11111 - iliocostalis lumbo­ 12. 111. 11bliq1111s i11tern11s abd11111i11is - internal ob­ 22. cec11111 - cecum
rum muscle lique abdominal muscle 23. /1111. jej1111ales - jejuna! lymph nodes
5. J!mffss11s costarius 1•ntebrae /11111balis III - costal 13. 111. /Jw1s1•en11s abdo111i11is - transverse abdomi­ 24. J1aries Jm1f1111d11s 0111e11/i 111ajoris - deep layer of
process of third lumbai: vertebra nal muscle greater omentum
6. cr11ra diaj1hrag11wlis - diaphragmatic crura 14. 111. obliq1111s ex/emus abdo111i11is - external ob� 25. J1aries s11J1e1ficialis 0111e11ti 111ajuris - superficial
7. cisterna chyli, 1•. [(Ii'(/ rndalis - cisterna chyli, lique abdominal muscle layer of greater omentum
caudal vena cava 15. 111. 1'/'Ct11s abdo111i11is - straight abdominal 26. ,•. 11ll'se11terica cranialis - cranial mesentei;ic
8. aorta, 1•. rr11alis si11istra - aorta, left renal vein muscle vein

178
Dog. Cross section through abdominal cavity at level offifth lumbar vertebra. View of caudal
surface of section.

Figure 187

1. 111. 1111,/tijirlw l11111/wn1111 - multifidus lumbo­

rum muscle 7. 111. /1.1·1,us 11/f/i111· - psoas major muscle l :1. 111. rr·c/11., ubdo111i11i., - straight abdominal
'.2. 111. l011gissi11111s l11111h1m1111 - longissimus lumbo­ B. uortu, 11/"f'//'/" si11is/N - aorta, left ureter muscle
rum muscle 9. 111. J1.,·or1s 111i11or, i'. 1m·rr murlrdis, 111Tfer rlextn - 14. m/011 r/e.w'/'11rl1·m - descending colon
:1. jJrocr·s.111., urtirnluri.,· rn11rlu/is 1·r·1khrrw /11111/Julis JI' psoas minor muscle, caudal vena cava, right 15., !G.jlj111111111 - jejunum
- caudal articular process of fourth lumbar ureter 17. 1111·s1'.J-,'.i111111111 - mesojejunum

vertebra I 0. 111. ohlifjllll.\ ntem11s ubr/11111i11is external ob- 18. m,j)//s udij)l).111111 - adipose body

4. ,•n/l'bm /11111/)(//is I' - fifth lumbar vertebra lique abdominal muscle 19. j){(ries .rnj1l'ljfriulis 01111·11/i 111ai11ris - superficial

5. 111. iliomstu/is l11111b111w11 - iliocostalis lumbo­ 1 l. 111. 11bliff1111s i11tn1111s ubr/11111i11is internal ob- layer of greater omentum
rum muscle lique abdominal muscle '.20. J)({ri/'.,· Jm1/i111d11s 111111·11/i 11/f/joris - deep layer of

G. 111. ff11Urimt11s l11111l/lln1111 - quadratus Iumborum 1 '.2. 111. tm11.H·r·nw ulx/11111i11is - transverse abdomi­ greater omen tum
muscle nal muscle '.21. 1•1·sim 11ri111iriu - urinary bladder

179
Dog. Topographic anatomic relations of dorsal abdominal organs.

Figure 188

I
I :l. /1111. f11111bof!'s or,r/ici aortic lumbar lymph
nodes
14. o. iliom n/t'm11, ,•. ifiorn m1111111111is - external
iliac artery, common iliac vein
15. o. ifiom i11/tr11r1 - internal iliac artery
16. o. sarmlis 111!'dit1110 - middle sacral artery
1 7. 1111·s11co/1m dr•su•11dr·11s - descending mesocolon
18. m/1111 d1·.wn1dt'm - descending colon
I.rm dnkr - right kidney 8. com11 11/eri dn-tm111 - right horn of uterus 19. rn,pus 11/tri - body of uterus
'.L r/'/1 si11isll'r - left kidney 9. mn111 11/Ni si11islm111 - left horn of uterus '.20. ;•esirn 11ri11orio - urinary bladder
:I. ,'. rn,·o rn11dolis - caudal vena cava 10. o. 1•/ ,·. 1J,•orirn dt'.Ylra, 1m•ll'f dnkr - right ovari­ 21. ventriculus (gaster) - ventriculus (stomach)
4. o. 1•/ ,'. rl'llolis dntra - right renal artery and an artery and vein, right ureter 22. Linea insertionis omenti majoris - line of inser­
vein 1 1. o. !'I ;•. cirrn111(/!'.rn ili11111 J1m/i111do, 11. i/i1Ji11g11i110/is tion of greater omentum
5. m,rto - aorta - deep circumflex iliac artery and vein, ilio­ '.23. hr'jlor - liver
(i. 11. l'I ,'. 1n1ofis .(i11islm - left renal artery and vein inguinal nerve 24. lil'II - spleen
7. o. t'I ,'. 1J,•orirn si11islra - left ovarian artery and 1 2. 111. Jm/(/s 11111jr,r {'( 111. q11odmt11s /11111b11ru111 - psoas 25. o. 111t'Sfllltrim rn11dolis - caudal mesenteric ar­
vein major and quadratus lumborum muscle tery

180
 Dog. Sympathetic abdomen.

Figure 189

I. ga11glio11 celiacu111 dextrum - right celiac gan­

glion
2. ga11glio11 celiacwn si11istru111, a. celiaca - left celiac
ganglion, celiac artery
3. ganglion mesentericum craniale, glandula suprarena­
lis dextra - cranial mesenteric ganglion, right
suprarenal gland
4. glandula suprarenalis sinistra - left suprarenal
gland
5. a. mesenterica cranialis - cranial mesenteric ar­
tery
6. ga11glio11 aorticorenale si11istru111 - left aorticore­
nal ganglion
7. ga11glio11 aorticore11ale dextru111 - right aortico­
renal ganglion
7'. ganglion pelvinum - pelvic ganglion
8. plexus renalis, a. renalis sinistra - renal plexus,
left renal artery
9. fife.ms iJ1teruwse11terirns•- intermesenteric plex·
us
I 0. gaJ1glio11 lw11bale IV - lumbal ganglion IV
I I. ga11glirm lumbale V - lumbal ganglion V
12. plexus testicularis et a. testicularis dextra - testicu­
lar plexus and right testicular artery
13. u. caua caudalis - caudal vena cava
14. v. re11alis dextra, JI. iliohypogastricus craJ1ialis
right renal vein, cranial iliohypogastric nerve
15. n. iliohypogastricus caudalis - caudal iliohypo­
gastric nerve
16. JI. ilioi11gui11alis - ilioinguinal nerve 20. esophagus, rmni celiaci trunci vagalis dorsalis - eso­ 24. ren dexter - right kidney
17. a. et v. circumflexa ilium profu11da - deep cir­ phagus, celiac branches of dorsal vagal trunk 25. ren si11ister - left kidney
cumflex iliac artery and vein 21. aorta, ganglion mesentericum caudale - aorta, 26. 111. psoas minor - psoas minor muscle
18. a. iliaca extema, v. iliaca co1111111111is, 11. ge11itofe111ora• caudal mesenteric ganglion 27. 111. psoas major - psoas major muscle
!is - external iliac artery, common iliac vein, 22. crus diaphrag111atis siJ1istru111 - left diaphragma­ 28. paries abdo111i11is - abdominal wall
genitofemoral nerve tic crus 29. 111. pectineus - pectineus muscle
19. a. sacra/is 111edia11a, JI. hypogastricus - middle sac­ 23. pars costalis diaphragmatis - costal part of dia- 30. 111. gracilis - gracilis muscle
ral artery, hypogastric nerve phragm

181
Dog. Liver, hardened in situ, diaphragmatic surface.

Figure 190

I. lobus si11ister lateralis - left lateral lobe

2. lobus si11ister media/is - left medial lobe
3. lobus quadratus - q�adrate lobe
4. lobus dexter lateralis - right lateral lobe
1 5. lobus dexter media/is - right medial lobe
6. margo ve11tralis - ventral margin
7. margo dorsalis - dorsal margin
8. impressio esophagea - esophageal impression
9. v. cava caudalis - c�udal vena cava
I 0. v. hepatica - hepatic veiri
11. vesica fellea - gallbladder
12. lig. triangulare si11istrum - left triangular liga­
ment
I 3. lig. tria11gulare dextrum - right triangular liga­
ment
14. lig. coronarium dextrum - right coronary liga­
ment
15. lig. coronarium sinistrwn - left coronary liga­
ment
16. lig. falciforme et fig. teres - falciform and round
ligaments
17. processus caudatus - caudate process

Dog. Liver, hardened in situ, visceral surface.

Figure 191

I. lobus sinister lateralis (cum impressione gastrica)

left lateral lobe (with gastric impression)
2., 3. lobus caudatus - caudate lobe
2. processus caudatus - caudate process
3. processus papillaris - papillary process
4. lobus dexter lateralis - right lateral lobe
5. lobus dexter media/is - right medial lobe
6. margo ventralis - ventral margin
7. margo dorsalis - dorsal margin
6 8. impressio esophagea - esophageal impression
9. v. portae, a. hepatica - portal vein, hepatic
artery
10. vesica fellea, ductus choledochus - gallbladder,
ductus choledochus
11. v. cava caudalis - caudal vena cava
12., 13. i11cimrae interlobares (I 3. pro vesica fellea)
interlobar incisures (13. for gallbladder)
14. omentum minus (/ig. hepatogastricum et lig. hepato­
duodenale) - lesser omentum (hepatogastric
and hepatoduodenal ligaments)
15. impressio renalis - renal impression

182
Dog. Intestinal tract right view. Schematic.

Figure 192

1. ,,,,,1frirn/11s (!iastf'I-J - ventriculus (stomach) 6. jrj111111111 - jejunum 16. o. 11wsl'11fl' rim rm11iolis - cranial mesenteric ar-
2.-4. d11odr·1111111 - duodenum 7. ilrw11 - ileum tery
2. /){//J rm11iolis d11odf'lli - cranial part of duode­ !l. r,,r11111 - cecum 1 7. o. i/{'(Jm/i(({ - ileocolic artery
num 9. m/011 o.ffr•11de11.1· - ascending colon 18. o. m/i(({ dntm - 1·ight colic artery
3. jle.mm rl11orlf'/1i rm11iolis cranial duodenal 1 0. ro/011 t1w1s,'t'n11111 - transverse colon 19. o. rolirn si11istm - left colic artery

flexure 11. m/011 rlr·sn'11dr'1H - descending colon 20. o. 11U'Sf'llfl'rirn rnudolis - caudal mesenteric ar-

4. /le.m m d11or/,,,,; m11dolis caudal duodenal 12. 1ff/11111 - rectum tery

flexure 13. J>iim r/11or/{'Jwmlim - duodenocolic fold 21. o. 1fffolis rnudolis - caudal rectal artery

:i . .fie.mm d11orlr•11oir'.i11nolis - duodenojejunal flex­ 14. /1/irn i/{'(Jcrrnlis - ileocecal fold 22. oa. jrj11110/es - jejuna! arteries

ure 15. 11u•.wi<j11111n11 - mesojejunum 23. /1111. jrj11110/es - jejuna! lymph nodes

183
Cat. Skeleton.

Figure 193

Figure 194

I. 111. sjJhi11ctn mlli jin(/i111dw - deep sphincter

muscle of neck
2. gla111l11/a j)({ro/is - parotid gland
3. 111. 1111111/n11/Si'/'1Jari11s - omotransverse muscle
4., 5., 5'. 111. brnd1i11c1'jJho/i({(s - brachiocephalic
muscle
4. 111. cl,,idobmrhialis si11istn - left cleidobrachial
muscle
5., 5'. 111. c/l'id()C/'ji/1({/irns - cleidocephalic muscle
5. 111. c/,,idoff1Timlis - cleidocervical muscle
I. 111axilla - maxilla 14. rndi11s - radius 5'. c/l'id/)1110.l'/oidl'lls - cleidomastoid muscle
2. ll/flll(fib11/o - maridible 15. 11/,I({ - ulna 6., 7. 111. stemofl'jJha/i({(s - sternocephalic muscle
3. rrt!,·orio - calvarium 16. ()J.w rm/Ji - carpal bones 6. 111. sl1'm11occi/Ji/o/is - sterno-occipita! muscle
4. o.ris - axis 17. ()JS{/ 1111'/orn1polio - metacarpal bones 7. 111. sfl,n111111mtoidl'11S - sternomastoid muscle
5. i'1'ridm1 t//fmrrim I'! - sixth thoracic vertebra 18. 11SJa digitrm1111 11101111s - bones of digits (of tho- 8. inll'l'Sl'C/i() dm•i(l(/oris - clavicular intersection
6. 1'1'rfl,brn lt1111bolis f l/ - sixth lumbar vertebra racic appendage) 9. /)({rs r1'1Tim/is 111i. lmjil'::ii - cervical part of tra­
7. us sacn1111 - sacrurn I9. 11s rn.\'f/(' - os coxae pezius muscle
8. ,'1'1kbrn rncr1;::m XI - eleventh coccygeal ver­ 20. nsjl'lnnris - femur I 0. /)(/rs. thomrim 111i. lmji1·::ii - thoracic part of tra­
tebra 21. tibio - tibia pezius muscle
9. cmta XIII - thirteenth rib 22. _f,611/a - fibula 11. 111. i11jins/Ji11at11s - infraspinous muscle
I0. orrns rnstolis - costal arch 23. 11s.111 tarsi - tarsal bones 12. /)1//J smjmloris 111i. ddtoidl'i scapular part of
I I. sf1,m11111 - sternum 24. 11srn 11wlalarrnlili - metatarsal bones deltoid muscle
12. m1Jmlo - scapula 25. g
()SS({ di it11ru111 j)l'{/is - bones of digits (of pelvic 13. /)(/rs orm111iolis 111i. deltoidl'i - acromial part of
I :l. h11111n/fs - humerus appendage) deltoid muscle

184
Cat. Superficial musculature. Cutaneous muscles removed

Figure 194

14. 111. latissi11111s dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
15. rn/1//1 l1111g11111 111i. tririf>ilis bmrhii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
I6. rn/1//I /1111,m/t, 111i. lriri/1itis bmrhii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
17. 111. obliqum i11tem11s 11bd11111i11is - internal ob­
lique abdominal muscle
I 8. fmria thomm/11111balis - thoracolumbar fascia
19. 111. snm/11.1 ,.,,11tmlis tlwmcis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
20. 111. obliq 1111s t'.\'ifflll/S abd11111i11is - external ob­
lique abdominal muscle
21. a/Hmeumsis 111i. 11bliq 11i e.rlemi abd1n11i11is - apo­
neurosis of external oblique abdominal
muscle
22. 111. /Jfflomlis /n11Ji111d11s :(o.m,11d,,m) - deep
(ascending) pectoral muscle
23. 111. />amtidoa11rirnlaris, ,·. j11g11/aris e.rlt'/'111/ - paro­
tidoauricular muscle, external jugular vein
24. 111. w/1ms/1i11a/11s - supraspinous muscle
25. 111. r/,,id11bmrhialis d,,.rll•r - right cleidobrachial
muscle
26. 111. /1ffl11mlis m/)('r/icialis (d,,sm1d,,11s) - super­
ficial (descending) pectoral muscle
27. 111. bmrhiali.1· - brachia! muscle
28. 111. brarhiomdialis - brachioradial muscle
29. 111. n'ln1sor cmjii mdia/is l011g11s (dexter) - exten­
sor carpi radialis longus muscle (right)
30. 111. flev,r digilo/'11111 .wpr,,firialis - superficial di­
gital flexor muscle
31. rn/J//1 mdiale 111i. fln11ris digilo/'11111 /ml1111di - ra­
dial head of deep digital flexor muscle
32. 111. j/e.r11r cmj1i radio/is - flexor carpi radialis
muscle
:l3. 111. e.rle11sor m1jii mdialis l1111gus fo11ister) - exten­
sor carpi radialis lo.ngus muscle Cleft)
34. 111. ,,.rtc11s11r digi/11/'11111 m1111111111is - common digi­
tal extensor muscle
35. 111. abd11r/11r d(i:iti 1 (j111l/iris) l011g11.1· - long abduc­
tor muscle of first digit (pollicis)
36. 111. n-fr'nsor m,jii 11l11aris - extensor carpi ulna­
ris muscle
:l7.. :rn. Ill. nlt'IISor d1;i:iton1111 /a/cm/is {37, ·,,,, l'.\'/('1/SO/'
d(![ili I' /mi/nius, 38. 111. ,,.rfc11s11r digi1t,m111 IV el 111
pmf>ri11.1) - lateral digital extensor muscle (37.
proper extensor muscle of fifth digit, 38. pro­
per extensor muscle of fourth and third
digits)
39. 111. g/11/cl/S 11wdi11s - middle gluteal muscle
40. 111. g/111,,us .1'11/ia/irialis - superficial gluteal
muscle
41. 111. sarloril/S - sartorius muscle
42. 111. lc11s11r fasriac lr1tar' - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
43. Ill. abd11r/11r (/'lll'iS /'rrtllialis rn,. corygm/<'lllllrrt!is)
r
-
cranial crural abductor muscle (coccygeofe­
moral muscle)
44. 111. birc/1sfc111oris - Jiorli11 rm11ia/is - cranial por­
tion of biceps femoris muscle
44'. 111. biceps f('l1111ris - p11rli11 caudalis - caudal.por­
tion of biceps femoris muscle
45. 111. se111ii11r'111bm1111s11s semimembranosus
muscle
46. 111. sn11i/r'11di1111ws - semitendinosus muscle
47. 111. gas/roow111i11s - gastrocnemius muscle
48.. 111. tibia/is cmnia/is - cranial tibial muscle
49. 111. c.rte11s11r digi1tnw11 l1111g11S - long digital ex­
tensor muscle
50. 111. fle.r11r digiti I (ha/l11ris) l011g11s - long flexor
muscle of first digit (hallucis)
:i I. 111. flc.rnr digitom111 w/1mfiria/is - superficial dig­
ital flexor muscle

185
Cat. Internal organs, left view. Pericardium, diaph ragm, omentum and mesentery removed

Figure 195

I
,,
I

13 I

1. 111. lm/H'::i11s (pars cr'n•icalis ,,1 /Hlrs //wracim) - tra­
pezius muscle (cervical and thoracic parts)
2. 111. rho111boideus cen•iris el 111. r/111111boir/1,11s 1//l!mris
- cervical rhomboid and thoracic rhomboid
muscles
3. 111. sj>lc11i11s ren•icis el sj;/c11im rnj;itis - splenius.
cervicis and splenius capitis muscle�
4. 111. sj;i11alis el s1'lllisj;i11alis thomcis - spinalis et
semispinalis thoracis muscle
5. 111. lo11gissi11111s t/wraris /'/ /1111gissi11111s /11111hon1111
longissimus thoracis and longissimus lumbo­
rum muscles
6. 111. iliowsta/is t/11,mcis el i{iomstalis /11111bon1111 -
iliocostalis thoracis and iliocostalis lumbo­
rum muscles
7. /1/e.rns brachia/is, 111. /011g11s co/Ii - brachia! plex­
us, longus colli muscle
8. ga11glio11 ffn•imlhomcin1111 (s. sfr,f{a/11111) - cervico­ 20. mr - heart
thoracic (same as stellate) ganglion 20'. m11/11m cordis i11 jm,;1,cti,1111' - contour of heart,
9. a. crm,tis n11111111111is, esophagus - common carot­ projected
id artery, esophagus 21. 111. pntomlis Jm,Ji111d11s ro.,,.,,,"f,·11.1) - deep (ascend­
10. u. jugularis sinistra, trachea - left jugular vein, ing) pectoral muscle
trachea 22. 111. /H'Clomlis s11/Jl'lfirialis (dcsm1rf,,11s) - superfi-
11. a. cl i'. rnillaris - axillary artery and vein cial (descending) pectoral muscle
1 2. c1JSl11 I - first rib 23. 1"/'11 si11isln - left kidney
13. J>ars cra11ialis /obi rra11ialis jm/1111111is si11istri 24. ,'1'11lrirn/11s (gastn) - ventriculus (stomach)
cranial pan of cranial lobe of left lung 25. co/011 desf1'11dcns - descending colon
14. J>ars cm11/alis /obi rrrmialis jm!t111111is si11islri - cau- 26. ureln si11isln - left ureter
dal part of cranial lobe of left lung 27. lic11 - spleen
15. lob11s m11dalis - caudal lobe 28. ,'/'Sim 11ri11aria - urinary bladder
16. cos/a VI - sixth rib 29. lll'j){{r - liver
17. thy11111s - thymus 30. li111'a i11snlio11is diaj;hrag111alis - diaphragmatic
18. stn1111111 - sternum line of insertion
19. a. t'I i'. thoracica i11tcrna - internal thoracic ar­ 31. 111. sarlori11s - sartorius muscle
tery and vein ]2. Jei111111111 - jejunum

186
Cat. Internal organs, right view. Pericardium, diaphragm, omentum and mesentery removed

Figure 196

I. 111. l011gissi11111s l11111bonr111 I'/ l011gissi11111s thomcis -
longissimus lumborum et longissimus thora­
cis muscle
2. 111. tm/Je::i11s (j)({rs cen•irn/is !'I }!rm thoracim) -
trapezius muscle (cervical and thoracic parts)
3. 111. r/111111boid{'//s //l(Jmcis l'I r/111111b11idem Ceri'icis -
thoracic rhomboid and cervical rhomboid
muscle
4. ."'· sjJi11alis l'I se111isjJi11"/is thomcis - spinalis et
semispinalis thoracis muscle
5. 111. sj!le11i11s cen•icis 1•/ sjJll'11i11s rnjJitis - splenius
cervicis et splenius capitis muscle
6. 111. iliomstalis l11111bonr111 l'I iliornstalis thomcis -
iliocostalis lumborum et iliocostalis thoracis
muscle
7. 111. ll'mor fascia<' 111111<' - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
8. 111. s11rlori11s - sartorius muscle
9. 111. sermt11s 1•n1tmlis cr•n•icis - cervical ventral 22. lobm 111edi11s /mh11011is rk,tri - middle lobe of
serratus muscle right lung
I0. J;le.rns brachia/is, 111. srnle1111s 111edi11s - brachia! 23. lobus rn11dalis Jml11/(/11is dntri - caudal lobe of
plexus, scalenus medius muscle right lung
11. 111. l,mg11s colli - longus colli muscle 24. ((Jr - heart
I 2. 1•s11J;/111g11s, trachea - esophagus, trachea 25. th)'l1111s, stem11111 - thymus, sternum
13. 11. 1•ag11s el tnr11rns �y111j)((fhirns - vagus nerve 2G. 111. ju·c/11ralisj}l'(1/i111d11s (1a1·1·11d!'lls) - deep (ascend­
and sympathetic trunk ing) pectoral muscle
14. ,·. j11g11l11ris dn:tm, 11. rnmtis co1111111111is - right 2 7. 111. /Jffloralis rnj;erficialis (d!'sm1de11s) superfi-
jugular vein, common carotid artery cial (descending) pectoral muscle
15. a. et,'. axillaris - axillary artery and vein 28. re11 dexl<'r - right kidney
16. cos/a VI - sixth rib 29. 11reter dexter - right ureter
17. ((JS/11 XIII - thirteenth rib 30. ((J/1111 desCl'm!ens - descending colon
18. Jnou•ss11s m11dat11s hejJatis - caudate process of '.l I. d11ode1111111 - duodenum
liver :l2. ileum - ileum
19., 20. l11b11s hej;a/is dexter (19. la/era/is, 20. 111Nli11/is) :13. jej111111111 - jejunum
- right lobe of liver (19. lateral, 20. medial) :14. 1•mtrirnl11s (gmter) - ventriculus (stomach)
21. lob11s crr111i11lis Jm/111011is dextri - cranial lobe of 35. C/'C/1111 - cecum
right lung

187
Cat. Dissection of autonomics of thoracic inlet. Left side.
Figure 197
1. msl!I I (si11islm) - first rib 0eft)
2. rnrtil!l.�O msl!llis ff (dl'.rlm) - second costal car-
tilage (right)
3. sl/'1'1111111 - sternum
4. cos/!1 JV (si11istm) - fourth rib Cleft)
5. 111. lu11g11s rulli - Jmrs thumcirn longus colli
muscle - thoracic part
6. 111. lu11g11s mlli - pars Cl' r,'icalis - longus colli
muscle - cervical part
7. 1•soj1h!lg11s - esophagus
8. /mchrn - trachea
9. !lorl!I - aorta
10. !I. s11bclm•io si11islm - left subclavian artery
1 1. /nl/lrns Jml11u1110/is - pulmonary trunk
12. lm11rns bmc/1iur1'j>hrilirns, 11. j>hrmims si11isll'r
brachiocephalic trunk, left phrenic nerve
188
13. "· rnmtis c,1111111111,is, 11. ,'!lg11s - common carotid 25..�011.�liu11 n·n·irn/1' 11wdi11111 - middle cervical
artery, vagus nerve ganglion
14. "· s11bdm·io dl'.rlm, ,,. rnm cm11iolis - right sub­ 26. grl/lglio11 ste/10/11111 (I'. c1·n•imthumcin1111) - stellate
clavian artery, cranial vena cava ganglion (same as cervicothoracic)
15. 111111. s/N11ohyoidei ,,1111111. sl/'1'11uthyroidr·i - sterno- 27..�011gliu11 thumcirn,n /11 - fourth thoracic gan­
hyoid muscles and sternothyroid muscles glion
16. 11. cen·irn/is VI - sixth cervical nerve 28. m111i co1111111111irn11//•s rn111 11. ,'".w, - communicat­
17. 11. cnTirnlis VII - seventh cervical nerve ing branches to vagus nerve
18. 11. ffn•irn/is VIII - eighth cervical nerve 29. 11. lrnyn,�e11s 1H1n-rem si11isll'r left recurrent la-
19. 11. thomrirns I - first thoracic nerve ryngeal nerve
20. o. el 11. ,'Nil'bmlis - vertebral ar.tery and nerve 30. mr - heart
21., 22. /m11rns S)'111Jmlhirns (21. /Hm cen•irnlis, 22. /Hm 31. m111i C1J1111111111irn11/es (a/bi el gri.,·,,jJ - communi­
///llmcim) - sympathetic· trunk (21. cervical cating branches
part, 22. thoracic part) 32. m111i "" J1lern11111 ([1Jrtirn111 thomcirn111 - branches
2:l. 11. ,'Niebm/is ((ff/'ssuri11s - accessory vertebral to thoracic aortic plexus
nerve :13. rr111111s rrirdior11s 11. mgi - cardiac branch of va-
24. 1111so s11bclm•io - ansa subclavia gus nerve
Cat. Dissection of autonomics of thoracic inlet. Right side.

Figure 198

I. tr1.1/o I (dntm) - first rib (right)

:Z. rnrtilr(�O ms/11/is 11 fo11is/m) - second costal car­ 1 I. a. ,•t•1kbm/i,, - vertebral artery 22. 11. lmy11ge11s rr•rnrrcm dexter - right recurrent
tilage Oeft) 12. ,'. cm•o cra11ia/is - cranial vena cava laryngeal nerve
3. s/t•n,11111 - sternum 13. 11. ffn•icolis VI - sixth cervical nerve 23. ,i;m1gli1111 rt·n•irnlc 111edi11111 - middle cervical
4. mrtilog11 mstalis IV (dr•.rlm) - fourth costal car­ 14. 11. ren·imlis V!! - seventh cervical nerve ganglion
tilage (right) 15. 11. ren·irn/is VIII - eighth cervical nerve 24. ganglion cervicothoracicum (s. stellatum) - cervi-
5. 111. l011g11s co/Ii - Jmrs thomrica longus colli 16. 11. thomrirns 1 - first thoracic nerve cothoracic ganglion (same as stellate)
muscle - thoracic part 17. 11. //l(Jratirns 11 - second thoracic nerve 25. 11. phre11irns - phrenic nerve
6. 111. l011g11.1· m//i - pr11:1· rn,•iralis longus colli 18. t1w1rns ·'.\'111j)((//,ir11s (j)((rs thomrirn) - sympathet- · 26. 011so s11bclm·io - ansa subclavia
muscle -'-- cervical part ic trunk (thoracic part) 27. ra11111s rnrdiorns 11i. ,·ogi - cardiac branch of
7. r•soj1hog11s - esophagus 19. go11glio11 thorarirn111 IV - fourth thoracic gan­ vagus nerve
8. tmclwo - trachea glion 28. 11. mrdiarns cr·1Timlis (sr111/Hilhirns) - cervical
9. a. mbr/m•ir, dn"!ra - right subclavian artery '.20. lm11rns sr111jmlhirns (j)((n ffn•irnlis) - sympathet­ cardiac nerve (sympathetic)
I0. a. mm/is mn11111111is dr·xlra - right common-ca­ ic trunk (cervical part) 29. 111//1. s/n11ohy11idei "' 111111. s/n11otl1rmidt•i - sterno­
rotid artery :Z I. 11. ,·ag11s - vagus nerve hyoid muscles and sternothyroid muscles

189
Rabbit. Skeleton.

Figure 199

I. 111axilla - maxilla 1 I. cos/a XIII - thirteenth rib 22. patl'lla - patella

2. 111a11difmfa - mandible 12. sll'm11111 - sternum 23. "ssa sesm11oid{'{/ 111i. gmtrome111ii (Jabl'lial') - sesa­
:1. os poril'tall' - parietal bone 13. srnjmla - scapula moid bones of gastrocnemius muscle (fabel­
4. axis - axis 14. h11111nw - humerus lae)
5. ,'<'ril'bm CN1•icalis VII - seventh cervical verte- 15. radius - radius 24. tibia - tibia
bra 16. 11!11a - ulna 25. fib11fa - fibula
6. ,·ntebm thomciw Xi - eleventh thoracic verte- 1 7. ,ma rn1J>i - carpal bones 26. ossa trmi - tarsal bones
bra 18. osm 111etacr11J)(Jfia - metacarpal bones 27. ossa 11wtatarsa/ia - metatarsal bones
7. ,·r- rtl'bm /11111bafis VJ - sixth lumbar vertebra 19. ossa digiton1111 111m111s - bones of digits (of tho- 28. ossa digitom111 j)('(/is - bones of digits (of pelvic
8. os .1·acm111 - sacrum racic appendage) appendage)
9. dm·irnla - clavicle 20. os coww - os coxae 29. vertebrae caudales - caudal vertebra
10. cos/a V - fifth rib 21. osfr111oris - femur

190
Rabbit. Supe1ficial musculature. Cutaneous muscles remrr c ed
Figure 200
I. 111. 111f/.uctn - masseter muscle
2. /Hm ffr,•irnlis 11Ji. lmj>l'::ii - cervical part of tra­
pezius muscle
3. j)(J/'S th,1mcirn mi. tmpr·::ii - thoracic part of tra-
pezius muscle
4. 111. cit'idommloid!'11s - cleidomastoid muscle
5. 111. 011111/mm,·r·narius - omotransverse muscle
6. 111. r!t•idobasilflris - cleidobasilar muscle
7. clm•irnlfl !'I 111m111bri11111 s/emi - clavicle and
manubrium of sternum
8. 111. d!'lloidem - j)(Jrs srnpularis - deltoid muscle
- scapular part
(J. 111. dr·id,1/m1rhifllis (pars dm•1'c11/ari.1· 111i. ddt,1id1•i) -
cleidobrachial muscle (clavicular part of del­
toid muscle)
I 0. 111. /H•r/omlis wjmjirifllis (d!'.\'Cl'lldl'lls) - superfi­
cial (descending) pectoral muscle
11. m/J//I l011g11111 mi. lricipitis bmchii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
I2. rn/J/1/ ifllf'mil' 11Ji. lricij1ilis bmchii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
13. 111. bmchialis - brachia! muscle
14. 111. bin·j1s brachii - biceps brachii muscle
15. 111. f'Xll'llsor rm/1i mdialis - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
16. 111. nl!'11sor digilon1111 m1111111111is - common ex­
tensor muscle of digits
17. 111. l'Xl!'mor digit,11w11 ifll!'mlis - lateral extensor
muscle of digits
18. 111. i11fmsj1i11fllus - infraspinous muscle
19. 111. 11'1'1'S mfljor - teres major muscle
20. 111. !fllissi11Jm do1:,·i - latissimus dorsi muscle
21. 111..wrra/11s i't'11/m{is thoracis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
22. 111. /H•c/oralis j1ro/1111d11s (s. f/SC{'l/d('//s) - deep (as­
cending) pectoral muscle
23. 111. obliq1111s e.rt,,mus abdo111i11is - external ob­
lique abdominal muscle
24. ap11111'11rosis mi. ohliq 11i ,,.rtemi abd()/11i11is - apo­
neurosis of external oblique abdominal
muscle
25. 111. g/11/em 11Jedii1s - middie gluteal muscle
26. 111. g/11/{'((S s11j>l'lfirialis - superficial gluteal
muscle
27. 111. 11bliq 1111s i11/f'1'1111s abdomi11is - internal ob­
lique abdominal muscle
28. 111. l!'nsor fmcifll' /alt11· - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
29. rnj>11/ 1•1·1kbralt· 11Ji. biri/1ilis fnnoris - vertebral
head of biceps femoris muscle
29'. rnjJ11/ peh•i1111111 111i. biri/1ilis .f,,11111ri.1· - pelvic head
of biceps femoris muscle
30. 111. q 11fldrit!'/1s jl'll1oris - quadriceps femoris
muscle
31. 111. s1'111il!'11di1111.rns - semitendinosus muscle
32. 111. ·.,·t•111i1111'111bm110.\'/ls semimembranosus
muscle
33. 1/1. gas/mow111i11s - gastrocnemius muscle
34. 111. j>f'/'11111•11s /011g11s - long peroneal muscle
35. ill. 1'.rle11.wr d(�'ilom111 l1111g11s - long extensor
muscle of digits
:16. 111. tibifllis cm11ialis - cranial tibial muscle
191
Rabbit. Internal organs, left view. Diaphragm, mesentery and omentum removed.
Figure 201
I. 111. l011gissi111w t//l!mris !'I l011gissii1111s l11111bom111 -
longissimus thoracis et longissimus lumbo­
rum muscle
2. 111. iliomsta/is thomris ,,1 iliomstalis /11111bom111 -
iliocostalis thoracis et iliocostalis lumborum
muscle
3. 111. srn/('IIIIS 111f'di11s - scalenus medius muscle
4. tmdwo, f'.111/1l/(/g11s - trachea, esophagus
5. o. co rotis ro111n11111is, i'. j11��uloris - common carot-
id artery, jugular vein
6. a. et,·. oxi//oris - axillary arterv and vein
7. arrns oor/ar' - aortic arch
8. 11. j1l11n1irns, 1·. rn,•o cmniolis sinistm - phrenic
nerve, left cranial vena cava
9. lm11C11s jJ11l1111molis - pulmonary trunk
I0. 011rirnla atrii sinistri fourirnla sinistm) auricle
of left atrium (left auricle)
192
I I. 1•e11trirnlw sinisf('/' cordis - left ventricle of heal'l
12. //(/rs cr1111io/is /obi o,111ialis /111/1111,nis .,iuistri -
cranial part of cranial lobe of left lung
13. //(/rs rnnda/is /obi cmnia/is J111l111onis sinistri - cau­
dal part of cranial lobe of left lung
14. lo/ms rn11do/is jJ11l111011is si11islri - caudal lobe of
left lung
15. ros/a I' - fifth rib
IG. ('()s/o Xlll, aorta abdo111i110/is - thirteenth rib,
abdominal aorta
I 7. gfa11d11(0 wjlmr!'111dis sinistm, a. 1n1rilis si11islm -
left suprarenal gland, left renal artery
18. ,•. rnm rn11dafis, 1m·t('/'· sinis/('I' - caudal vena
cava, left ureter
19. 111. J1s11os 11/(/jr,r - psoas major muscle
20. n·11 'si11isf('I' - left kidney
2 I. lupor - liver
22. 1•r•11trirnf11s (gas/('!') - ventriculus (stomach)
23. /i,,11 - spleen
24. jrj111111111 - jejunum
25. ('()/011 df'Sf('l1d1•11s - descending colon
26., 27. rern111 - cecum
26. gym.1 /('l'/i11s rffi - third gyrus of cecum
27. gyms pri11111s Cffi - first gyrus of cecum
28. m/011 osrendens (anso J1mxi111a/is) - ascending
colon (proximal ansa)
29. 11/f'ms sinister - left uterus
'.lO. tuba 11/eri1/(/ - uterine tube
31. omri11111 - ovary
32. 111. gf11te11s 111edi11s - middle gluteal muscle
33. 111. /r•ns,,r fascirw fotor' - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
34. 111111. j1fftorales - pectoral muscles
35. /in{'(/ ii1s('l'/irmis diojlhmg111atis - diaphragmatic
line of insertion
Rabbit. Internal organs, right view. Diaphragm, mesentery and omentum removed
Figure 202
I. 111. gl11//•11S 111<'dim - middle gluteal muscle
2. 111. /1·11.wr .fasci,u· lo/at· - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
:l. 111. ilioc11.1'/alis l11111b11ru111 l'I ili11mslalis thomcis -
iliocostalis lumborum et iliocostalis thoracis
muscle
4. 111. l1111gi.ui11111s l11111l)IJn1111 t•/ l1111gi.ui11111s ll/llmcis -
longissimus lumborum et longissimus thora­
cis muscle
5. 111. jJs11as 111ajr11; 11r1•/('J' dnlt·r - psoas major
muscle, right ureter
G. ml1J11 d1·sr1·11d1·11s - descending colon
7. 11//'l'IIJ dn'ler - right uterus
B. 1J,'ari11111, tuba 11/eri11a - ovary, uterine tube
9. n·11 dntn - right kidney
I0. pmc1·ssm m11dat11s l11'f){J/is - caudate process of
liver
I I. /1Jb11s dn!t•r ll<'j!alis - right lobe of liver
12. ,·1•11/rirnl11.,· (�min) - ventriculus (stomach)
13. Jian crn11ialis t/111,df'lli - cranial part of duode­
num
14. /Hrrs d1·.,n·1J(lt•1JS d11odf'l/i - descending part of
duodenum
15. pan /1w1s,•1·na (m1.11w rn11dol1·s) d11od1·11i - trans­
verse part (caudal ansa) of duodenum
16. /){{rs t1.\f'r•11dl'11s d111Jdf'11i - ascending part of
duodenum
I 7. j1j111111111 - jejunum
18. - 21. cr·rn111 - cecum
18. gyru., Jiri11111.,· c,,ci - first gyrus of cecum
19. grrns s1•rn11dw rt·ci - second gyrus of cecum
20. grrns lnli11S ct•ci - third gyrus of ce�um
21. a/Jj){'11t/i\· ,•t·n11i/im11is rt'ci - vermiform appen­
dix of cecum
22. al/So Jimxi11/{/lis c11/i - proximal ansa of colon
2:l. 1111sa distali.,· t•/ 011m r,,11/mlis mli distal ansa
and central ansa of colon
24. rn/,,11 /m1J.li't·rs11111 - transverse colon
25. l1Jb11.,· w11dalis jJ11/r//1111i.1 t/1·\lri - caudal lobe of
right lung
26. l"bm 11l<'di11s Jml111m1is dt·.\lri ·- middle lobe of
right lung
27. lolm.,· cm11ialis Jm/i111J11i., dc.rlri - cranial lobe of
right lung
28. mr - heart
29. slt·n111111, 111111. /H't/rmrlt•s - sternum, pectoral
muscles
:10. a. 1•/ ,'. mi/loris - axillary artery and vein
:I l. !md11·a, 1•.wjil/{(g11.,· - trachea, esophagus
:�'.2. a. rar(J/is co1111111111i.,·, i'. jup:11/aris, lnn1rus i'a�:,:n\1'111/ut•
!hims - common carotid artery, jugular vein,
vagosympathetic trunk
:1:1. ms/a I - first rib
:l4. ms/a V - fifth rib
:is. li111·a i11sl'J'!i1J11i., diajih mg111alis - diaphragmatic
line of insertion
193
Rabbit. Intestines, right view. Semi-schematic.

Figure 203

16
11 .....--....... ,1,' /
/ 1
I ,.,..

/ /4

)
l

I. jJ)'lorus - pylorus
2. pon d!'scmdl'IIS d11od1'11i - descending part of
duodenum
2'. J1on lmm,•1•r.w fr1ns111· rn11r/11/1·.1) d11od1·ni - trans­
verse part (caudal ansa) of duodenum
3. j)()rs mcl'ndcm d11()d1·ni - ascending part of
duodenum
4. /71·rnm d11od1•noi1'.i11nafo - duodenojejunal flex­
ure
5. j1'.i111111n1 - jejunum
6. ilt•1n11 - ileum
7 . .111cc11l11s ro/11nd11s - sacculus rotundus
8. - I I. c1•c11n1 - cecum
8. g_rms Jirin111s 1wi - first gyrus of cecum
9. g_)'ntS s1·rnnd11s C/'Ci - second gyrus of cecum
I 0. grms lnlim t('(i - third gyrus of cecum
11. 11f!11/'l/di.r ,·nmi/imuis Cffi - vermiform appen­
dix of cecum
12.-• 14. col()u asc,•nd1·us - ascending colon
I 2. rn1w1 pm.rinwlis coli - proximal ansa of colon
13. 1n1.10 c/'11/m/is - central ansa
14. misa dis/a/is mli - distal ansa of colon
15. cr,/()11 lr111m•1•1:w111 - transverse colon
16. ((1/ou 1ksff11dl'lls - descending colon
l 7. rt•c/11111 - rectum

194