VOLUME III

PROF. PETER POPESKO, D.M.V., Dr.Sc.

ATLAS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ANATOMY

OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS

•
Adapted from the English translation by

PROF. Dr. R.·GE'l.l'Y, D.V.M., Ph.D.

HEAD. DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY ANATOMY, IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

with the assistance of CYNTHIA ROSENBAUM, B. S.

 ATLAS
OF TOPOGRAPHICAL
ANATOMY
OF THE DOMESTIC
ANIMALS
PROF. PETER POPESKO, D.M.V., Dr.Sc.
HEAD, DEPARTMENT OF VETERlNARY ANATOMY, SCHOOL OF VETERlNARY MEDIClN E, KOS ICE

VOLUME III
SIXTH EDITION

W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY PHILADELPHIA, LONDON, TORONTO

© Priroda Bratislava 1990
Table of contents BOVINE 36 SJ,-ef,,/r,JI of os mrnr• aud /11'/i•ir li111b. MNliol ,•it•,(•
- Fig 30
12 Sk,·lcion o/thoracic li111b. M,,dial ,'ir'"' - 1-k I 37 M11sd1•s o//Jl'h-is and /H·h•ic li111b. Ml'dial 1·in(•
13 M11sd1•s o/thomcic li111h. Ml'dial ,•ir·u• - Fig 2 Fig. JI
14 Skdf'/1J11 o/ Jm,xi111al portion o/ t/11m1Cic li111b. M,,_ 38 Dissl'Cli11n o/ laitral wrfacr' o/ mmp a11d thi,�h.
dial i'ittc - F(l!.� :J S11/1njicial la1•er - Fi,f.i: J2
15 Skd1•/011 11/Jnoxinwl portion o/ t/11m1rir li111b. l.ot­ 39 Cm.u S/'Clio11 thm11.�h thigh. s,,rtiom (A, HJ Ill'/'

f'ral t 1it'U' - F(t.t 4
16 Di.Hffli1111 1i/ shoulder and rm11 fm111 111/'dial s11r­
jc1c1'. First !o)'{'J' - Fig 5
17 Di.m·clion o/ should1·r ond an11 jimn 111{'dial s1ll'­
jr1CI'. S1ni/ld /01'1'1' - Fi,�: 6
18 Dissffliou o/ la/em/ sl/ljr1c/' o/ shoulder ond uj1pa
rn'/11 o/ier r,•11111,•ol o/ rn/0111'0/IS 111usd1·.1· and
111u.1'111's 1J/shr111/d1•rgird/,, - Fig. 7
I9 Cmss sfflio11 thm11.�I, {A) sho11/d1•r and (8) 11/1/H'/'
rm11. l.r·,·1•/ o/sfflio11 shlli('/1 i11 Fig11n· 7 - Fi,�: 8
20 Di.Hffli1111 11/ lol!'ml s11rfr1r,, of s/11m/d{'J' a11d rm11.
DffjJ Ir()'/'/' - Fk 9
21 Skelciol t11pogra/Jhl' ,('i/h 111kri1•s of sho11/dn and
ar111. Ml'diol ,·in('. R1•ronslmclion jiwn a radio­
gm/Jh - Fig: JO
22 Skeleton of distal j)()r/ion of sho11/d{'J' arlirnlati11n.
D111:rnlatcml ,·in(• - Fi,f.i: II
22 Elb011•joi11t. Medial ,•in(' - Fi,�: 12
23 Elb01('joinl. l.a/{'J'o/ ,,fr,,(' - Fig. /J
23 Ske/1'/on of distal j)()r/ir111 of ll/llmrir li111b. M1·di11-
/Ja/111ar ,•ie11• - Fig. 14
24 Dissfflion of 111ediol s111fare 11f forN1rt1t and distal
·/J11rlion of th11mcic li111b. S11pnfirial la)'n -
Fig: 15
25 Diss/'Clio/1 of 11/l'diol wr/rtCI' of .ftmw'/11 (//Id disto/
jJorlion of thoracic li111b. Drejl layn - Fig:" 16
26 Dissl'Cli11n 1ifjr1rerm11 and distal j)()r/io11 of thoracic
limb. Lo/cm/ ,•il'11'. First lay{'/' of!N re111m•al of fas­
cia of 1•x/rc1ni()' - Fig: 17
27 Cross s/'Clio11 thm11gh .ft,rcarm. L,,,,ef o{ cross s1·clion
is sh011•11 i11 Figurl' 17 - Fig. 18
28 Dissl'Clion 11f . ftm·rm11 am/ 11w11us. Vieu• 1if /a/cm/
s111fare. Sero11d lay,,,. - Fig. /9
29 Skektal loj}()gra/1hy 11•ilh arteries 11f ji1rerm11 and
distal jlorlio11 o/ tl/llmcic li111b. (Fro111 a mdio­
gmj1h) - Fig: 20
30 Dissfflio11 11f distal J111rli1111 of thoracic limb. Medi11-
/Ja/mar ;•i<·u• - Fig: 21
31 Bursae and sy1/111•irt! slwaths of digits o/ thoracic
/i111b. D11rsal 1•ir•1(' - Fig: 22
31 Bursae and synm•ial sheaths of digits of thoracic
/i111b. Pa/111ar 1•il'1(' - Fig 2:J
32 Cmj}([/joint. Dorso/all' al ,•irn• - Fig. 24
r sacral l'l'riebra. Caudal 1•iew - Fig: 52
32 Distal j)(frt 11f lrft th11mcic li111b. lnil' digital liga-
r 58
1nmts 11f third digit after re11u,1'(f/ of fourth digit -
Fig: 25
33 Digits 11f right pr/;,ir limb. Plantar ;•iru•. Hr//1cap­
sulr of f1111rlh digit re111m•NI - Fig: 26
33 Digits 11f right thoracic li111b. D11rso111ediol ,•irw.
H11of cajJSJt!e r/'/1/0i'l'd - Fig: 27
f
34 Extl'ri11r regions ,i jJehois and j11•h•ic li111b
Fig: 28
35 Muscles of /Je/;ois a11d jleh-ic li111b - Fig: 29
lokr·n .fim11 Jnoxiinal par/ of thigh. '!llf'ir f,,,,ef is
s!1tJ1('J1 i11 Fig1trl's 32 and 34 - F(f.i: 33
40 Dissfflion of lateral w1face of rmujJ and thi,f.ih.
Sem11d layer - l-i;f.i: 34
41 Cross sfflion thm11gh thi,1;h. L,,,,,,/ rf .1 1'/'lions (C, DJ
is sho11•11 in Fi,i;tm•s 32 1111d J4 - Fig. 3,'i
42 Dissl'C/irm o{ /11/nal wr/aC/' o/ cro11/1 and thi,�h.
Third lo)'n - Fig: J6
43 P,,fric li,1;m111•11/s - Fi,i;: 3 7
44 Sfr/1,1011 ;,/jJ,,l;,is and thi,i;h. M,,rtiol ,'il'1,". /.e/1 ha//
of Jwh-is rl'mm•ed - Fig: J8
45 Skell'lal lo//ll,1.[ra/1hy 1eith or/Nin o{ /11'/;•is fri,i;ht
half) a11d thigh. Medial 1•ir'I(' - Fig: 39
46 Di.ul'Clion of /il'i?'is 1111d thi,1;h jimn medial su,faff.
First lr()'l'r - Fig: 40
47 Dissl'Ction of peh·is and thigh fr11111 ml'diol s111f11ce.
Ser1111d layer - Fig: 41
48 Dissr•clio11 of genitalia 1111d inguinal n·gio11 of bull
11/in ,.,,,n01·11I of le/i J11•h•ic limb - Fi,1;: 42
49 Peh•ic organs 11ml gl'nit11/i11 ,l /111// in situ. Lrft ha//
1,f' abdominal 1mll, jJl'Ms and lrft jJeh•ic li111b rl'•
111m•NI - Fig. 43
50 M11111111my glr111d rif m11• in situ. Vieu· from lef! side
after rn11111•al of lrft jil'h•ic limb - Fig: 44
51 Pt,/;,ic organs of c1111• in situ. Vil'11' of left sid,,. Le/i
jJrh•ic limb and lrft half of peh•is ,.,,,11111•1•d -
Fig: 45
52 Peh•ic 111;1;m1s 1111rn•b11m male. Lrft side. Leji j1el-
1'ic limb, gizzards and i11/1•sti/ll'S re111111•NI -
Fig: 46
53 Peh•ic organs 11Jll'ic'bom lll'ifl'r fro111 left. Left f!el-
1•ic limb, gizzards 1111d inles/i,l{'s ren1mwl -
Fig: 47
54 Left testicle and e/Jididymis of male. La/Na/ ,•im·
- Fig: 48
54 Accessr11y sex organs and 11rinmy bladd!'r of male.
Dorsal 1•i<w - Fig: 49
55 Female genitalia. Dorsal 1'ie11•. Vagina and 1•u/i'(I
rnl 1111d remo;•ed fro111 dorsal s111f11CI' - Fig: 50
56 Cross section through peh•is al le.•el of peh•ir outlet.
Caudal ,•iew - Fig: 51
57 Cross section thmugh jJeh•is of c111c· 11/ lr·1•el of fourth
Skeleton 11f tibia and distal J111rlion of /1eh-ic limb.
Medial 1•iezc• - Fig. 53
59 Skeleton o/tibia and distal jJorlion 11f peh•ic limb.
Lateral 1•iew - Fig. 54
60 Dissection of tibia 1111d distal portion of jJeh•ic li111b.
Medial 1·iew. Firs/ layer - Fig. 55
61 Dissection of tibia and distal portion of jJeh•ic li111b.
Medial su,face. Second layer - Fig. 56
62 Dissection of tibia and distal jlorlion of jJell'ic li111b.
La/emf 1•iew. First layer - Fig. 57

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63 Cm.H Sffli"" through tibio. f.1,,•,,f o/s,•rlion is .1/w,,·11 91 Di.uffliou ,if distal J)()r/io11 o/ lcfi thoracic li111 h.
i11 F(:/llfe :)7 - Fip:. ;)8 Pa/111ar ,,if,,,. - Fig: 88
64 /)issffli"" o( tibio oll(/ dislol /}()r/i"" o/p,·h·i,· li111 /J. 92 p,,fi,ic organs i11 situ. Vil'ii' fro111 abdo111i11a/ cm•il)'
l.afrral ,•i,,,,·•. S('(m1d lorn - h.�- .19 - Fig: 89
65 Sk,•lf'ial lo/}()gra/Jhy ,('i/h or/nil's ,if tibio ond <'X­ 93 Peh•ic organs of 111ali- goat in situ, .fro111 lift. Lefi
/re111it1• u/ right /i111b. Ml'dial ,•it'll'. (!-i-on1 a radio­ jJeh·ic /i111b and /efi ha// ul /Jeh•is re11u11·NI -
graJJhJ - Fig: 60 Fig. 90
66 Stifl<'joinl. lall'ral ,•i,•i(• - 1-'i,�: 61 94 Skelf'/011 4 right /Jeh•ic /i111b. Mf'diojJ/011 /ar ,•ir-11• -
66 St1/li·joinl. Mf'dia/ ,•il'ii' - Fig. 62 Fig. 91
67 H"ckj"i111. Lal<'ml ,•il'i<' - Fi_�: 6:J 95 SkelelrJ/1 of lift jJeh•ic li111b. Dorsolatr-ra/ ,•if'ii' -
67 Hockjoi11!. M<'dial ,,i(,,(, - Fi_�: li4 Fig: 92
96 Dissfflio11 of distal j)(Jr/io11 <(l right Jwh·ic li111b. Ml'­
dio/Jlantar ,•iN,• - Fig: 9:J
SHEEP 97 Dissfflio11 of distal j)(Jr/ion of le/I /H·fric li111b. Dor­
so/a/em/ ,·in1' - f1�: 94
68 Sk,,/1,1011 o/ thoracic li111b. M,,dial ,·iNi' - Fig. 65
69 Muse/f's o/ //l()racir /i111b. Mr-dial ,•iti(' - Fi_�: (i(j SWINE
70 Mustl!'s 4 thoracic /i111b. l,all'ml ,·in(' - Fi.�: 67
71 Dissfflio11 of" /atnal s111j(lf1' o/ shouldn and .frm·- 98 Skelet,,n of thoracic limb. La/em/ ,•ie1(' - Fig: 95
1m11 - Fig: 68 99 Skeleton '!f thoracic li111b. M<'dial ,·ir•,(' - F(�: 96
72 Dim-clio11 of 111t'dial wrjc,r,- of slunddn a11d jinf'­ 100 Muscles of lateral su1faC!' of thoracir li111b
rm11. First farer - hg: 69 Fig. 97
73 Dissfflio11 o( 111rdiri/ rnr/acr- of sho11ldn a11d jim-- 101 ·Muscles of medial S111jaC!' of thoracic li111b. -
1m11 . St'mnd fr()'l'r - Fig. 70 . Fig. 98
74 Diss1-ctio11 of distal par/ ,if thomcic li111b. Medial 102 Dissl'Clion of shoulder and ar111 fro111 medial Sllr­
i. 1itu 1 - Fig: 71 face. First layer - Fig. 99
75 Dissection 1if distal Jxtrl of thoracic li111b. Lalf'ral 103 Dissfflion '!f shoulder and ar111 fm111 111f'dial sur­
z•ieu• - Fi�: 72 facr·. Sec,md layer - Fig: JOO
76 Diss1'ftio11 of distal /)(fr/ of right tlwracic li111b. Dor­ 104 Dissection of lateral m1face o/ shoulder and rm11
sal ,•ieu• - Fig: 7:J - Fig: IOI
77 Dissection ,if distal /)(fr/ 1if right thoracic li111b. Pal- 105 Skeletal topograjJhy with arteries of distal /)()r/io11
111ar ,•ir1,• - Fig: 74 f!l right thoracic li111b. Pa/111ar ,•ifil' (Ta.nmon1y of
78 Skeleton of jJrh•ic limb. M!'dial ,•if'1,' - Fig: 75 artnies according lo De Vos) - Fig. 102
79 Muscles of jJrh•is and J1eh•ic li111b. Medial ,•ie«• 106 Dissfflion of forearm and distal exlre111 ity of tho­
Fig: 76 racic limb. Medial 1'ie11• - Fig: 103
80 Muscles of jJeh-is and peh•ic li111b. Lateral 1iin,• 107 Dissection of forearm and distal extre111ity of tho­
Fig: 77 racic limb. Lateral 1•ie1,• - Fig: 104
81 Dissection of jJeh•is and thigh. Medial ,•im· 108 Dissection of distal jJortion of right thoracic limb.
Fig: 78 Dorsal ,•ieu• - Fig. 105
82 Dissection of lateral s111faC!' of croujJ and thigh 109 Dissection of distal extremity of right thoracic li111b.
Fig. 79 Pa/mar 1•iew - Fig. 106
83 Peh•ic organs in situ fro111 left side. Left /Jeh•ic limb 110 Skeleton of peh•ic limb. Medial 1•icw - Fig: 107
and left half of jJeh•is re111mwl - Fig: 80 111 Skeleton of jJeh•ic li111b. Lateral ,•ieu· - Fig: 108
84 Pel1'iC organs of ra111 in si/11 fro111 left side. Left 112 Muscles of peh•is and peh•ic limb. Medial ,•iew -
jJeh•ic limb and left half of peh•is re11101•ecl - Fig: 109
Fig. 81 113 Muscles of J1eluis and jJel,,ic limb. Lateral 1•iew
85 Cross section through peh•is of mm, al le1•el of sac­ Fig: 110
nun Cranial i'iew - Fig. 82 114 Dissection !if lateral surface of peh-is and thigh.
86 Dissection of distal part of peh•ic li111b. Lateral 1•iew Deep layer - Fig. 11I
- Fig. 83 115 Cross section through thigh. Le1-el of sectiom A and
87 Dissection of distal Jmrt of jJeh•ic /i111b. Medial uiew Bis shown in Figure II1 - Fig: 112
· - Fig: 84 116 Sex orgam. Dorsal 1•iew. Left, adult boar; right,
castrate - Fig: 113
GOAT 117 Peluic organs of boar in situ from left. Left peh•ic
limb and left half of pelvis remoued - Fig. I14
88 Skeleton of distal portion of left thoracic li111b. Dor­ 118 Rej1roducth•e tract of female. Dorsal uiew
sal view - Fig: 85 Fig. 115
89 Skeleton of distal j}()rtion of left thoracic li111b. Pal­ 119 Peluic organs of sow i11 situ from left. Left peh•ic
mar view - Fig. 86 limb and left half of jJeluis removed - Fig. 116
90 Dissection of distal portion of left thoracic limb. 120 Dissection of pelvis and thigh. Medial uiew
Dorsal view - Fig. 87 Fig: 117

6
121 Skl'Mal toJ)l)gm/Jh)' u•ith arteries of jJl'h•ic /i111b. 151 Skl'll'ir!II of pl'h-is and JJroxi111a/ j)l)r/ion o/ /Jefric
Ml'dia/ ,'it'll'' - l-k 118 li111b. Ml'dial ,•ieu• - Fig: 148
122 Di.m•ctio11 of tibia mid distal t•.1trl'111il)• of /!ch•ic I 52 Skek/1111 11/ /Jeh·is. Donal ,•iM• - Fig. / 49
li111b. l.atna/ ,•irn• - F(�: 119 l 53 Stallion. Peh•ic 111gw1s. Donal ,•in,• - Fig. 150
123 Dissfflion of tibia and distal c.1·trc111i()' of pch•ic 154 Peh•ic organs of sta/li1111 in si/11 .fiw11 k/i. Left pel-
/i111b. Medial ,·im• - Fig. 120 ;•ic limb and 11'.fi ha//o//Jefris r!'111mn/ - hi;: 151
155 Peh•ic {)};�WIS of///{//'/' in situ /mm le/I. l.e/i /Jefrir
HORSE li111b and le/I half 11/JJeh-is rt'/1/0i'/'!/ - Fig. 152
156 Disswtir!II of lateral s11i:fac1, o( 1To11JJ and thigh.
124 Skl'll'ton Ii/thoracic li111b. Ml'dia/ ,•in<" - F(�: 12 I SujJ/'lficial layer - Fi.�: 15a
125 Vl'ins o/tlwmcic /i111b. Ml'dial ,·ic,,•. {,-lccordi11g lo 157 Cross S/'ftions throu.�h 11:fi th(�h. l.1·1•e/ of .,·1•cti,m.1
I' Starosti11) - Fig 122 A and B i.1 shrm•11 iu F(�11r1•.1· 153 aud 155 -
126 Musdt•s of tl/lJracic /i111b. Medial ,•it·1(' - Fig: I 23 Fii 154
127 Muscle., of t/11m1cic li111b. Lateral 1·it•1(' - Fig. 124 158 Di.ul'Ctio11 u/ latnal s111:fact' of croujJ am/ thigh.
128 Skell'ton u/Jm,xinllll J)l)rtion of t/11,racic li111h. /,at­ Dl'l'p lr(rer - Fig: 155
tTal ;1it'il' - Fi,_!.,:: J2.5 159 Cross Sl'Clious throu,�h /"./i thigh. l.n•e/ o/scctions C
129 S!.Pleton o/Jmirinllll jJortio11 of thoracic /i111b. Mt·­ 011d D is .1l11ne11 i11 f\�llrt'S 153 and 155 -
dial 1•ie1,· - Fig. 126 Fig. 156
130 Di.u/'ftion ,if s/11m/der and am1 .fiw11 111edia/ wr­ 160 Dissl'Clio11 u/JJd,•is and th(�h /iw11 11wdial wr/ace
jr,a•. First la)'t'r - F(�: I 21 - n.r 151
131 Dissection ,if shoulder and ar111 jiwn llll'dia/ rnr­ 161 Skeleton 11/ distal extremi()' of right peh·ir li111b. Me­
ji1ct'. Sl'('/!/lll layn - Fig. 128 dial ,•i1•1(' - Fig. 158
132 Dissection of /atl'ml .wr/ac1• of shrmldn and 1m11 162 Dissl'C/io11 of lateral swji1c1• of tibia and distal ex­
- F(�: 12.9 tmnity olfJeh•ic limb. Superficiallarn ,;- !-\�: 159
133 Cross sl'Clions through slwuldn and ar111 o/lc/i tho­ 163 Cross Sl'Clio11.1 thmuc�h /e/i tibia. Ltwd o( Sl'Ctions is
mcic /i111b. Lf'i•!'f,· rif sections shoff'II in Figurl' 129 shm,·n i11 F(�ure 15.9 - Fig: 160
- Fig 130 164 Dissection of lateral S11rface o( tibia am/ distal 1'x­
134 Skell'lal topograjJhy ,l'ith ,•ess!'!s o/Jm,rinw/ J)()rtion trl'l11i(r of p1•h·ir limb. Deep layn - Fig. l 61
o/thoracic limb. Ml'dia/ ,•inl'• - Fi.�: I 31 165 Dissection rf tibia and distal t'Xlremity of j!eli•ic
135 Skeletal to/Jography il''ilh artnfrs of distal portion limb. M('(lia/ ,•ieu• - Fig: 162
uf tlwmcic limb. M1•dial ,•iei,•. (From a mdiograjJh) 166 Skt'li•ta/ lojJograjJh)' u•ith arteries o/tibia a11d distal
f
- Fi'.�: 132 extremi(r 1i jJ1'h•ic limb. Medial i'iM•. Acrordi11g lo
136 Sk1•/l'/011 o/ distal portion o/ thoracic li111b'. Laina/ a radiograjJh - Fig: 163
,·il'U' - Fig. 133 167 Hoof Lift, intact l11H1/ rnjmile, jJlrmtar or ground
137 Skcll'/011 11/ distal 1•xtrl'111il)' of thomcic li111b. Ml'dia/ s111/ace. Right, lateral 1•irn• o/ hoof without rnpwle
,·in,• - Fig: 134 - Fig: 164
l 38 Di.m·ction o/ latnal sur/acc o/ .fim•1m11 and distal 167 Sagitta/ Sfffion through distal j!ortion of thoracic
J)()rtion of thomcic li111b - Fig. 135 limb. (Acrordi11g to Zietsch111t11111) - Fig: 165
139 Cross sections through forearm r!f' lift thomcic li111b.
Ln•els of sections shm,•11 i11 Figur!' 135 - Fig: I 36 DOG
140 Dissfflio11 of medial S111face o/foreann and distal
portion of thoracic limb. S11jJl'lficial layn - 168 Ske/e/011 o/th11racic /i111b. Medial 1•ieu• - Fig: 166
Fig. 131 169 Ske/e/011 of distal extremity of thoracic limb. Dorsal
141 Dissfflion of medial S111face o/forean11 and distal 1•iew - Fig: 161
J)l)rfion 1if th11mcic limb. Dee/J layer - Fig: I 38 170 Muscles of thoracic li111b. Medial 1•ie1,· - Fig. 168
142 Ligw11e11/s of distal j)()rfion of thoracic li111b. Medial 171 Muscles of thoracic limb. Lateral 1•ie1,• - Fig. 169
1·irn•. (According to A. Kiili/er) - Fig. 139 1 72 Dissectio11 ,if shoulder and lljJ/Jer arm. Medial z•ieu
143 Ligaments of distal /)(Jr/ion of tlwracic limb. Medial - Fig: 110
1•irn• - Fig: I 40 173 Cross section through arm {A) and forearm (B, ·CJ.
144 Dissection of distal !'Xlre111ity 11/ thoracic li111b. Pal- Level of sectiom shown in Figures I 10 011d 112 -
111ar l'iew - Fig: I4 I Fig. 111
145 Skeleton of jJeh•ic limb. Medial ,•ieu• - Fig. 142 I 74 Dissection of foreann. Medial ziiew - Fig. 112
146 Muscles of lateral S11r/ace of jJeh•is and /Jeh•ic limb 175 Dissection of jrJrearm. Lateral z•iew - Fig: 113
- Fig: 143 I 76 Dissection of distal portion of left thoracic limb.
147 Muscles of J1eh·is and J1eh•ic li111b. Medial 1•iew Dorsal 1•iew - Fig. 114
Fig. 144 I 77 Dissection of distal J)()rfion of right thoracic limb.
148 Skeleton Ca11dolateral 1•iew - Fig: 145 Pal111ar view - Fig. 115
149 Muscles of peh·is and peh•ic limb. Caudolateral 1 78 Skele1m1 of pelvic limb. Medial uiew - Fig. 116
1•iew - Fig. 146 179 Muscles of pelvic limb. Medial view - Fig: 111
150 Skeleton of peh-is and Jnoxi111a/ portion of peh•ic 180 Muscles of pelvis and J1eluic limb. Lateral view
limb. Lateral ,•ieu• - Fig. 141 Fig. 118

7
181 Dissection of lateral surface of croujJ and thigh - 194 Peh•ic organs of male in situ from left. L<ft jJefrir
Fig. 179 limb and left half of /Jeh•is remmwl - Fig 192
182 Dissection of 111edial surface of peluis and thigh 195 Peh•ic organs of female cat in situ from left side.
Fig. 180 Left jJeluic limb and left half of Jwh•is remm•ed -
183 Cross sections through thigl1 {A) and tibia (B}. Ln•­ Fig 193
els of sections sho1vn in Fig-ures 180 and 185 196 Dissection of dorsal J){)rtion ,if jJeh•ic rn1•i(J' after
Fig. 181 rl'moz•al of jJeh•ic organs. Peh•ic sym/Jhysis incised.
184 Male dog. Sex organs in situ from left side. Left Ventral 1•ie11• - Fig: 194
/Jelvic li111b re11101•ed - Fig. 182 197 Muscles ,if distal j)l)rtirm of peh•ic limb. Lateral
I 85 Sex organs of female dog in situ from left side. Left 1•in1• - Fig: 195
jJelvic limb and left half rif jJeh•is remm•ed
Fig. 183
J 86 Dissection of lateral surface of tibia - Fig: 184 RABBIT
I 87 Dissection of 111edial surface of tibia - Fig: 185
J 88 Dissection of distal jHJrtion of left jJelz,ic limb. Dor­ 198 Skeleton of thoracic li111b. Medial 1•iew - Fig: 196
sal view - Fig. 186 199 Muscles of thoracic limb. Medial 1•iew - Fig: 19 7
J 89 Dissection of distal j){)rtion of right jJel1•ic limb. 200 Dissection of medial su,face of shoulder and 11/Jjler
Plantar view - Fig. 187 arm - Fig. /98
201 Skeleton of pelz,ic limb. Medial 1•iew - Fig: /99
202 Muscles rif /Jeh•ic limb. Medial 1•iew - Fig. 200
CAT 203 Dissection of medial swface of peh•is and thigh
Fig: 201
I 90 Skeleton of thoracic limb. Medial 1•iew - Fig. I 88 204 External sex organs and inguinal region from left
I9I Mus.des of thoracic limb.' Medial 1'iew - Fig. 189 side. Left peh•ic limb removed - Fig. 202
192 · Dissection of lateral surface of shoulder and ujJjJer 205 Peluic organs of female rabbit in situ from left side.
arm - Fig, /90 Left half of jJeluis and left pelvic limb remol'ed -
193 Skeleton rif jJel1•ic limb. Medial 1•iew - Fig. 191 Fig: 203

8
I part of the whole work; it incMdes the li/1/bs and jJehoic
, the jJreceding 1•olul//es.
wl anato/1/ic 11/ethods using either freslz or fired sjJeci/1/CIIS,
The distal parts of limbs were freslz sjm:i111em, .and the
1 prejJarations were drawn from stereoradiograjJhs made
rast 111ediu111 based 011 mi11iu111 (lead tetroxide), Jollmced by
•zgs.
'1e Atlas adheres to the latest nomenclature of the NA. V.
·, 1973), with one exception: For.finger 1•essels and ner1•es in
1teralis'; instead of "axialis" and "abaxialis'; are used to

a11es, most of the figures are the work of tlze author lzimselj,
�lz the finished drawings. The material for some sjJecinzens,
,e preparations of cattle, was J;repared by mrious contribu-
by the following collaborators: Dr. Tl'. Rajtm•a, CSc., who
M Vrzgulm•a, CSc., who prepared Figures l 4, 53 and 54;
8, 18 and 33; I11g. M ScaS11j, who sujJJJ/ied Figures 22, 23,
JxirtJ, 147, 148, 149, 166 and 176; and Mrs. L. S11ttm•a,
a11d 134.
' of the structures fou11d in a jJarticular region would lzm•e
1t to be illustrated. The author kept this i11 111i11d and 01µitted
v. Some generalized anatomic drawings of skeletons and
projJer orientation. The reader can de1fre a more detailed
er figw·es.

Prof Pete r Popes/co, D.M V., Dr.Sc.

9
VOLUME III - PELVIS AND LIMBS

BOVINE, SHEEP, GOAT, SWINE,

HORSE, DOG, CAT, RABBIT
 Bovine. Skeleton of thoracic limb. Medial view.
Figure 1
I. rnrtilago srnjmlrw - cartilage of scapula
2. j<1cil's ms/a/is srnjmlal' (ji,sm s11b.ffajmlaris)
costal surface of scapula (subscapular
fossa)
18 3. co/l,1111 S(({j)l(lal' - neck of scapula
4. t11bl'rc11/,11f1 111aj11s h11111l'l"i major tubercle
of humerus
5. tubnnr/11111 111i1111s h11111l'l"i - minor tubercle
of humerus
6. C/J/jms h11111eri - body of humerus
20 7. mm/)'lus /1111111,,-i - condyle of humerus
8. olffm111n1 - olecranon
9. ((ljml mdii - head of radius
I 0. Ctn/ms mdii - body of radius
I 1. sjJriti11111 i11ll'msse11111 r111!1'brachii Jm,xi111alc -
proximal interosseous space of forearm
· 12. c111Jms 11/nar - body of ulna
13. tmchlra radii - trochlea of radius
14. Jmirl'ss11s styloidc11s 11/1101' - styloid process of
ulna
15. os rr11Jii radiate (os srnjilwide11111) - radial car­
pal bone (scaphoid bone)
16. os cm/ii 11/nrirr - (os triq11elm111) - ulnar car­
pal bone (triangular bone)
12
17. os rmj>i accessoi·i11111 (os Jii,1·ifim11e) - accessory
carpal bone (pisiform bone)
I 8. os cr11prtf1, JI el Ill (os lmj>e:::oidmrnj>ila/11111) -
. second and third carpal bone (trapezoido­
capitate bone)
I 9. os (({1 jiale JV fos hr111111/11111) - fourth carpal
bone (hamate bone)
20. os 11wtarmfia/e Ill l'I IV - third and fourth
metacarpal bone
21. osw ses11111oidm jJmxi111alia - proximal sesa­
moid bones
22. Jihalanx J1mxi111alis digiti JV - proximal pha­
lanx of fourth digit
23. phalanx jJmxi,110/is digiti Ill - proximal pha­
lanx of third digit
24. jih11/r111x media digiti JV - middle _ phalanx of
fourth digit
25: Jihalr111x llll'dia digiti Ill - middle phalanx of
third digit
26. phalanx dis/11/is digiti JV - distal phalanx of
fourth digit
27. phalanx dis/a/is digiti Ill - distal phalanx of
third digit
28, os srsm11oide11111 dista/e - distal sesamoid bone
Bovine. Muscles of thoracic limb. Medial view.

Figure 2 /�
I

1. anti/ago srnj)l{/rll' -· cartilage of scapula - superficial part of superficial digital flexor

2. 111. s1·rra/11s 1·,·11/m/is cn,•icis - cervical ventral muscle
serratus muscle 18'. ju,rlio J)l'o/i111da 111i. flexoris digitom111 supe,ficialis -
2'. 111. s,·1Tal11s 1•1•11/m/is thomci., - thoracic ventral deep part of superficial digital flexor muscle
serratus muscle 19. 111. jln"r rn1jJi mr/ialis - flexor carpi radialis
:l., :l'., :l". 111. s11hsrnjmlari.r - subscapular muscle muscle
4. 111.•l'lljJrmpi11a/11s - supraspinous muscle 20. 111. abd11ctor digiti I /011g11s - long abductor
5. t11h1·1nd11111 11/((jl/s h1111u·ri - major tubercle of muscle of first digit
humerus 2 I. /(i:. rn1pi JHllll/11/'I' .l'llj>er/ici11f,, (rl'/i11aC11!t1111 jll'rn-
6. 111. latissi11111s r/rmi - latissimus dorsi muscle 1/1111) - superficial palmar carpal ligament 18'
7. 111. /{'l'/'S major - teres major muscle (flexor retinaculum)
-23
8. 111. 1!•11.wrfr1sciae a11tehmd1ii - tensor fasciae an­ 22. 111. i111t·mss1·11s III !'/ IV - interosseous muscle
III and IV
22
tebrachii muscle
!',, rn/J//1 /011g11111 111i. lrici/Ji/is hmchii - long head of 22'. m11111.,· jlc.rnri11s /Iii. i11/t•m.Hti - flexor branch of
triceps brachii muscle interosseous muscle
I 0. m/J//1 llll'rliak 111i. lricipitis bmdtii - medial head 22". J!"rlio ml/atcm/i.; 111i. i1J/('l'ossci - collateral por­ 22'
11
of triceps brachii muscle "tion of interosseous muscle L.L.....J"--'>-22
23. 111. jll'.rnr rligiton1111 Jno/i///r/11s - deep digital.
251
11. 111. mmc11bmrhi-alis - coracobrachial muscle
12. 111. birt'fJs bmchii - biceps brachii muscle flexor muscle

13. 111. bmd1ialis - brachia! muscle
14. 111. J!mnator Ines - pronator teres muscle
15. 111. jl!'.\or rntjJi 11(11aris - flexor carpi ulnaris
muscle
16. 111. 1·xli'11sor rntjJi mdia/is ..:... extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
I 7. mdi11s - radius
18. J)()r/io rnj)l'r/icialis 111i. jl,·rnris digiton1111 .wJmjicialis
lJ
24. os 1111•/acmpak Ill l'I IV - third and fourth me­
tacarpal bone
25. 111. t'.\'lt•wor dig iti Ill Jm1Jni11s - proper extensor
muscle of third digit
26. /(1.;; 1111'/11cwjw11111 lm11.r1•1·1w111 s11JH·1jicial1· - super­
ficial transverse metacarpal ligament
27. /Hin m111/aris mgi11a1· jilm1s111· digiti - anular fas­
cia of digits

13
Bovine. Skeleton ofproximal portion of thoracic limb. Medial view.

Figure 3

--A

16. /J{/J:1' /'/'(/1/iofis t11bNrnfi 11111jnri.1 cranial part of

major tubercle
1 7. j){fl:I' m11dofi.r t11bNrnfi 111i11nri.1 caudal part of

c- 18.
minor tubercle
/Hin /'}'(f11iofi.1 /11/J1•1n,/i 111i11nri.1 - cranial pan of

minor tubercle
19. .rn/rn.1 i11/l'l'i11/l{'r/'llfori.1 - intertubercular sulcus
:ZO. ('()//11111 /111111,·ri - neck of humerus
:Z I. t11b1·m.1ilm 11'1'1'.I ,11aj,,r - teres major tuberosity
'.Z'.Z. t·jJi('()11dr/11s 11wdio/i.1 - medial epicondvle
I. mrlifogn smjm/111' - canilage of scapula \). m1.�11/m /'/'(/1/iafi.1 - cranial angle :z:1. /11/Jl'I' nlr-nw,i - tuber of olecranon
'.Z., '.( . .Jr1cil'.1 .\/·1u1/a1· - serrated surface I 0. a11g11/m m11dali.1 - caudal angle
:Z4. nft•ar1111m - olecranon
:1. jnss11 .rnb.1rnjmlari.1 - subscapular fossa 1 I. mff11111 srnjn1ftl!, - neck of scapula
'.Z5. sj)(//i11111 i111t·m.\ St•11111 r111/t•bmd1ii J>mriJJJo/1· - prox i­
'
4. ruTm11ion - acrotnion l :Z. /11/l('rrn/11111 .1·11p}'(fg/r·11nidafr - supraglenoid tu-
mal interosseous space of forearm
5. 111m;�o dnrwfis - dorsal margin bercle
G. cranial margin
111111;�11 ar111iali.1 - I :l. ;m,u•.1.1w ('()/'(/(l)idr·11.1 - coracoid process A. scapula
srnjmla -

7. /1/(/1:�11 m11dali.1 - caudal margin 14. rn/ml /111111Ni - head of humerus B. humerus
/,111111'/"m -

B. i11ciwm .1rnjmlt11· - scapular notch 15. Jum m11dofi.1 /11/!l'rrnfi 111ajnri.1 - caudal part of C. mdiw - radius

major tubercle D. 11/11a - ulna

14
Bovine. Skeleton ofproximal portion of thoracic limb. Lateral view.

Figure 4

I. rnrtill/g,, .<rnf!11l1/1'- cartilage of scapula

'.2. jiJSso mJm1.,JJi110/o - supraspinous fossa
:L /ii.HI/ i11/i-/l.\j!i11oll/ - infraspinous fossa
4. s/Ji110 smjntll/r' - scapular spine
4'. t11hn s/1i111/r' smj)lf/1/(" - tuber of scapular spine
:1. rtlT0111inn - acron1ion I '.2. - cranial part of
J)({n nw,il/lis /11/wrrnli 1110/,,ris 19. !11hn ull'nw,i - olecranon tuber
Ci. 111m;�o rr,111il/lis- cranial margin major tubercle '.20. 11l1'Cml{(J11 - olecranon
7. 111111;�1, m11dolis - caudal margin I :L m/!11J11 h111111·ri - neck of humerus '.21 . . 1f!f/li1f/11 iutnw.,-,.11111 11111f'bmd1ii /ml\i111oll' - proxi- ,
B. t11h,·1n1l11111 mf!m.�k1111idf/l1· - supraglcnoid tu­ 1-t /iwi1·s 111i. i11/i-11.1jJi11oti - surface of infraspinous mal interosseous space of forearm
bercle muscle
9. m//11111 .,nt/)lflw· - neck of scapula I :'i.- /11/Jnusilos ril'ltuid('/{ - deltoid tuberositv :'\. - scapula
.,nt/){{/o

I 0. c11/!itl h111111·ri - head of humerus I Ii. trodt!('({ l111111ni - trochlea of humerus B. h111111·ms- humerus
I I. /)l{n c,/{{r/olis t11bnrnli ll{l(j11ris - caudal part of I 7. ji,.uo u!,nmti - olecranon fossa C. mdi11s - radius

major tubercle 1 B. 1jJim11d)'i11., /r1/l'mlis - lateral epicondvle D. 11/110 - ulna

15
Bovine. Dissection of shoulder and arm from medial surface. First layer.
Figure 5
1. mdilogo smjJ/llr11· - cai'tilage of scapula
'> 111. r/10111hoid1'11s - rhomboid muscle
:l. 111. snm/11s 1'1'11/m/is ffn'iCI'.>" cervical ventral
serratus muscle
4. 111. S/'rro/11.1,. ,'l'llimlis thomris thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
5., 5'., 5". 111. suhsrnj)///aris - subscapular muscle
16
6. 111. s11J1msj1i11alm - supraspinous muscle
7. 111. ler!'s 111aior - teres major muscle
8. 111. latissi11111s do,:,·i - latissimus dorsi muscle
9. lacer/us a.rillaris - lacertus axillaris
10. 111. JH·clomlis J>m(1111dus fosc!'l1d!'l1s) - deep
(ascending) pectoral muscle
1 1. 111. Jwclomlis /rm1S1'i'rs11s - transverse pector�I
muscle
12. 111. l!•11rnr/r1scial' a11/!'bmchii - tensor fasciae an­
tebrachii muscle
1 :3. 11. wbsrn/J/llaris - subscapular nerve
J:r. }"(J/111/S 11i. a.rilloris or/ JI/. s11bsmjmlar1•J11 - branch
of axillary nerve to subscapular muscle
14. 11. thommdorsalis - thoracodorsal nerve
15. 11. ff\illaris - axillarv nerve
16. a. 1•/ 1'..rnbsmj)//laris, 1w1111s J1i. ff\"illaris -· sub­
scapular artery and vein, branch of axillary
nerve
17. a. l'I 1•. tlwmcodor.wlis - thoracodorsal artery
and vein
18. JI. mdialis - radial nerve
19. /11. a.rillaris - axillary lymph node
20. o. bmchiolis l'I 1•1·. bmchiale.,· - brachia! artery
and veins
21. 111. commbrachiolis, 11. 1111'di111111.1 l'I JI. 111mrnlor11/a-
11/'11s - coracobrachial muscle, median and
musculocutaneous nerves
22. 11. 11/naris - 'Ulnar nerve
2:l. JWJI//S JII//.IC!daris J1m.ri111a/i.1· Jli. 11n1srn/orntanl'i, a. l'I
1'. rirc11111/k.rn !n11111·ri ow1ialis - proximal mus­
cular bianch of musculocutaneous nerve,
cranial circumflex humeral artery and vein
24. a. 1•/ 1•. a.rillaris - axillary artery and vein
25. 11. rn/nnsm/J/llaris - suprascapular nerve
Bovine. Dissection of shoulder and arm from medial surface. Second layer.

Figure 6

l. mrtilogo .1-utjmlrff - cartilage of scapula

2 . .,rnjmlo - scapula
3. /11bNrnh1111 11wjus h11mni major tubercle of
humerus
4. t11bcrr11l11111 111i1111s l111111ni - minor tubercle of
humerus
5., 5'., 5". t11. rnb.,-rrtJmloris - subscapular muscle
6. 111. S11/1rm/1i110/us - supraspinous muscle
7. 111. INcs 11wior - teres major muscle
8. 111. tr·11.wrj<tsrirw 011tcbmd1ii - tensor fasciae an­
tebrachii muscle
8'. imntio 011m11('(( mi. /1•11.wris j<tsriru· mtlr-bmrhii -
anconeal insertion of tensor fasciae antebra­
chii muscle
9. rn/ml l011g11111 mi. tririJ1ilis lmu-/1ii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
10. rn/ml 11wdiol1· mi. tririJ1itis bmrhii - medial head
of triceps brachii muscle
1 I. 11. S11/1msmp11loris - suprascapular nerve
12. 11. ffri{/oris - axillary nerve
13. 111. rnm(()bmdtiolis - coracobrachial muscle
14. 111. bifl'j>s bmrhii - biceps brachii muscle
15. o. ari{/aris - axillary artery
16. o. cl ,'. s11bsrnjmloris - subscapular artery and
vein
17. i'i'. bmrhiolcs, 11. radio/is - brachia! veins, radial
nerve
18. a. bmrhialis, 11. 11l11oris - brachia! artery, ulnar
nerve
19. 11. 11u•dia1111s - median nerve
20. i'. a•J1holim orrt•smrio, 11. r11/a11r·11s 011/cbmrhii cm11i­
olis accessory cephalic vein, cranial
cutaneous nerve of forearm
21. lor,nt11sfibm.111s - lacenus fibrosus
22. 11. ;rn/0111•11s 011/ebmchii m11dolis - caudal cuta­
n�ous nerve of forearm
1
23. ca11do lendin('(f mi. biriJ1itis - tendon (tendinous
t�il) of biceps muscle
24. Cftda mrnco 111i. biri/1itis, ,'. rc/1/wlim - fleshy '27. 111. t·.rlnw,r mt/Ji mdialis - extensor carpi radi­ :l I. 11. 1111tsntfoc11toat•11s - musculocutaneous nerve
t�il of biceps muscle, cephalic vein alis muscle :12. o. f'I 1'. (IJ{/otr·mlis 1tf11oris - coilateral ulnar ar­
25. /(�: (IJ{/o/cmlr· tllNliolc, 111. pm110/or /err·.,· -- medial 28. mdim - radius tery and vein
cbllateral ligament, pronator teres muscle 29. 111. f{t·.rnr m1J1i 11l11oris fle:tcor carpi ulnaris 33. o. el,'. cirrnmflc.rn h111111•ri cm11iolis - cranial·cir­
r
26. !"· bmchiolis, 11. rntrawm 011/cbmrhii 111cdiolis - muscle cumflex humeral artery and vein
\:irachial muscle, medial cutaneous nerve of 30. 111• .Jle.rnr m1J1i radio/is - flexo·,: carpi rndialis :l4. o. <'I ,'. lm11s1•r•no rnbiti - transverse cubital ar­
;i"orearm muscle tery and vein

17
Bovine. Dissection of lateral surface of shoulder and upper arm after removal of cutaneous muscles and
muscles of shoulder girdle.

Figure 7

---A

12. />a1:s- acm111ia/i., 111i. dl'lt11idl'i - acromial part of

1. mrtilago smjmlr11· - cartilage of scapula
2. s/>ina srnj>11/a1· - scapular spine
3. arnn11io11 - acro1nion
4. 111. w/>rmj>i11a/11s - supraspinous muscle
5. j>an rnudalis tubnrn/i lll((j11ris - caudal part of
major tubercle
fi. j>an nw1ialis /11/>l'rrn/i 111oj11ris - cranial part of
major tubercle
7. 111. i11fms/>i110/11s - infraspinous muscle
B. il'lld11 111i. i11frmj>ii111ti - tendon of infraspinous
muscle
9. 111. /otissi11111s d11ni (JH1r/i11 scojmloris) - latissimus
dorsi muscle (scapular portion)
I 0. 111. ll'fl'S 111oj11r - teres major muscle
11. j){fn scojmloris 111i. 1Mt11idl'i - scapular part of
deltoid muscle
deltoid muscle
13. 111. />!'Cl11mli.1 J>m/i111d11s (,·. 0IC1·mll'ns) - deep pec-
toral muscle (same as ascending)
14. 111. bic<'/>s bmd,ii - biceps brachii muscle
15. 111. bmd1i,1Cl'j>fl((/im.,· - brachiocephalic muscle
16. 111. il'11.wr/(1scio1· m,11,fm1d1ii - tensor fasciae an­
tebrachii muscle
I 7. mj>nl /1111g11111 111i. trici/>ilis bmd,ii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
I B. mj>ul lall'mi<· 111i. tririJ>ilis bmd,ii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
19. 111. lm,chia/is - brachia! muscle
20. 111. 1•.r/1•11.111r m1jii radio/is - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
21. 111, nknsor dig it11rn111 m1111111111is - common digi­
tal extensor muscle
22. 111. nlt·nwr d(�ito/is /a/no/is - lateral digital ex­
tensor muscle
23. 111. nk11.111r m1J>i 11/11aris - extensor carpi ulna­
ris muscle
24. rn/ml 11/110,-,, 111i. jlnr,ri.,· d(�·it,m1111 Jmifi111di - ul­
nar head of deep digital flexor muscle
25. 1rn111H 11111.«·11/oris ni. o.rilloris (ad 111. bmchioc1·/>l111-
/irn111) - muscular branch of axillary nerve
(to brachiocephalic muscle)
26. 11. rnto111•m 1111/l'bmchii cmniolis (11i. 1nilloris), rm1111s
a. cirn1111/lnm· h1111wri m11da/is - cranial cuta­
neous nerve of forearm (axillary nerve),
branch of caudal circumflex humeral artery
27. 1w1111s rn/>n/icio/is ni. mdio/is - superficial
branch of radial nerve
2B. ,'. c1'f>h11/im, 11. rn/Jmc/m•irnlari.1 ;•1•11/mlis - ce­
phalic vein, ventral supraclavicular nerve

18
Bovine. Cross section through (A) shoulder and (BJ upper arm. Level of section shown in Figure 7.
Figure 8
I. ("(){/11111 smjmlrw - neck of scapula
2. 111.rnpmsj>i11"/w - supraspinous muscle
:L 111. i11ji·rts/Ji11a/11s - infraspinous n1uscle
4. 111. INn 111i1111r - teres minor muscle
5. 111.rMl11idt·11s - deltoid muscle
G. rn/m/ /1111g11111 111i. lririJ>ilis hmd,ii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
7. 111. lt·11.wrfr1sci<w a111t•lm1d1ii - tensor fasciae an­
tebrachii muscle
B. 111. rnlt1111·11s 1111111hmd1i"lis - omobrachial cuta­
neous muscle
9. 111.lm,rhiort'j>hafirm - brachiocephalic muscle
I 0. 111. /1'/"f'S 111ajor - teres major muscle
I I. 111 ..,·11/Jsmjml"ris - subscapular muscle
12. 111./{l/issi111m d11ni - latissirnus dorsi muscle
I :1. 111.bia'j>s bmd1ii - biceps brachii muscle
14. 111.bmd1io/i.1· - brachia! muscle
15. m1jms h111111·ri - bodv of humerus
16. 111. n"/1•11.w11· rn,pi radio/is - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
23 22
17. mjml falf'l"Olf' mi. lriri/>ilis bmchii - lateral head 27. a. t'I ,'. rnb.lmjnilari.1 - subscapular artery and
of triceps brachii muscle vein
I B. 111.m10111t·w - anconeous muscle 28. i'. Cf'j>halim, 11. wjm1rfa,•1"t-11/aris i't•11/m/is - ce­
19. mjml 111f'dioft· 111i.tririj>ilis bmrhii - medial head phalic vein, ventral supraclavicular nerve
of triceps brachii muscle 29. mmi 11111srnlmFs a.f'I ,'. rirrn111/ln111· l11111wri m11dali.1
20. 111.mm("()bmc/,i{l/is - coracobrachial muscle - muscular branches of caudal circumflex
21. 11.mdi"lis - radial nerve humeral artery and vein
22. ,'.{l\"illaris - axillary vein :w. a. cl,'.lm1rhi"lis - brachia! artery and vein
23. o. axifl"ris - axillary artery :11. 11. 11wdit11111s 1·! 11l11oris - median and ulna,�
24. 11. 11wdim111.1, 11. 11/11{1ris f'I 11. 11111.1T11/w11/m11•11s - me­ nerve
dian nerve, ulnar and musculocutaneous 32. 111. j>fflomfo pm/i111d11s fosc1'11dc11s) - deep (as­
nerves cending) pectoral muscle
25. 11. arifloris, 11. thomo,dor.mlis - axillary nerve, 33. 111. /H•rlomlis /1w1s,·t·n11.1 - transverse pectoral
thoracodorsal nerve muscle
2G. o. wJ1msrnjmlari.1·, 11..rnJ>m.,·rnJmlaris - suprasca­ :l4. 11. u1/mw11.1 1111fl·bmchii aa11ialis - cranial cu­
pular artery, suprascapular nerve taneous nerve of forearm
19
Bovine. Dissection of lateral surface of shoulder and arm. Deep layer.

Figure 9

11. 111. /atissi11111s drmi (J>orlio scajmlaris) - latissimus

I. rnrtilago srnpulae -- cartilage of scapula
2. sj>ina srnjmlae - scapular spine
3. acrr1111io11 - acromion
4. /}{/rs crania/is t11berrn/i //laioris cranial part of
major tubercle
5. pr11:i- caudalis tuberrn/i 111ajoris - caudal part of
major tubercle
6. tubemsitas deltoidea - deltoid tuberosity
dorsi muscle (scapular portion)
12. 111. teres J11ajor - teres major muscle
13. 111. /('rt'S 111i11or - teres minor muscle
14. 111. J>ecloralis Jm,(undus (o_m'll(/1•11.1) - deep (as-
cending) pectoral muscle
15. 111. biceps brachii - biceps brachii muscle
16. 111. bmd1ialis - brachia! muscle
17. rn/ml l011311111 111i. lriciJ>ilis brad1ii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
18. rn/ml lal!'m!,, 111i. lriciJ>ilis brad1ii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
19. 111. extemor cmj>i radio/is - extensor·carpi radi­
alis muscle
20., 21. ///. exte11.1or d(i;iloru111 co1111111111is - common
digital extensor muscle
20. 111. ex/!'11sor digiti Ill - extensor muscle of third
digit
22. 111. (':,:t,•mor rn1J>i 11l11aris - extensor carpi ulna­
ris muscle
23. rn/ml 11l11are Jlli. flr·.rnris digitonm1 Jm,(1111di - ul­
nar head of deep digital flexor muscle
24. a. cirrn111fl('.rn h1111u·ri muda/is - caudal circum­
flex humeral artery
25. 11. radio/is, ,·. rirrn//lfl('.W h11111ai mudalis - radial
nerve, caudal circumflex humeral vein
26. ra11111s 111usrnlaris ui. axillm-is (ad 111. brachiocr·J>ha­
/irnJ11) - muscular branch of axillary nerve
(to brachiocephalic muscle)
7. olecra1u,11 - olecranon 27. 11. rn/a11e11s antebrarhii crania/is - cranial cuta­
8., 9. 111. i11frasj>i11a/11s - infraspinous muscle neous nerve of forearm
8'. inserlio porlio11is s11j)('Jficia/is Jlli. i11frasj>im1/i - in­ 28. ra11111s s11Jw1firialis 11i. radio/is - superficial
sertion of superficial part of infraspinous branch of radial nerve
muscle 29. bursa s11bl!'11di111•a Jlli. i11fraspi11ali - subtendi­
9. j>orlio Jnoji111da J11i. infi-usJ>i11ati - deep part of nous bursa of infraspinous muscle
infraspinous muscle 30. 111. 1•.r/{'//sor digitalis la/era/is - lateral digital ex­
I 0. 111. s11Jm1sj>i11a/11s - supraspinous muscle tensor muscle

20
Bovine. Skeletal topography with arteries of shoulder and arm. Medial view. Reconstruction from
a radiograph.

Figure 10

I. a. o.rillaris - axillary artery

'.Z. a. rn/Jmsrnj)//laris - suprascapular artery
:l. a. subsmj)//laris - subscapular artery
4. a. cirrn111fle.rn smjndrw - ci1·cumflex artery of
scapula
5. a. thomcodorsa/is - thoracodorsal artery· 9. a. Jm1(1111da bmchii - deep brachia! artery 14. a. 111edia11a - median artery
6. a. bmchia/is - brachia! artery I 0. a. tm,m•ersa rnbiti - transverse cubital artery 15. 1w1111s ad rete cmjJi dorsale - branch to dorsal
7. a. cirrnmflexa l111111eri cmnia/is - cranial circum­ 11. a. collatera/is 11/naris - collateral ulnar artery carpal rete
flex humeral artery 12. rm1111s 11111sc11/aris - muscular branch 16. a. co/latem/is mdialis - collateral radial artery
8. a. cirrnmflrrn humeri mudalis - caudal circum­ 13. a. interossea co1111111111is - common interosseous 17. a. 011/ebmchia/is Sllj)('lficia/is cmnia/is - cranial
flex humeral artery artery superficial artery of forearm

21
Bovine. Skeleton of distal portion of shoulder articulation. Dorsolateral view.

Figure 11

1. mdi11s - i-adius
2. 11/11" - ulna
:l.,,.1 ((II/Ji mdi"II' (11.1 srnj1//(/ide11111) - radial carpal
bone (scaphoid bone)
4.,,s rn1/Ji i11t,,n11Nh11111 (11., l11110/11111) - intermediate
carpal bone (lunate bone)
5. 11.1 m1J1i 11l11ar1' (11.1 lriq1ll'ln1111) ulnar carpal
bone (triangular bone)
6. ,,s c111jli 11fft's.rnri11111 (os jli.1i/im1w) - accessory
carpal bone (pisiform bone)
7. os m1Jm!,, II l'I Ill fos lmjH·::,,ir/('()mj1ila/11111) - car­
pal bone II and III (trapezoidocapitate bone)
8. os c111j)lllt' fl' (11.1 h111110/11111) - carpal bone IV
(hamate bone)
CJ. os 11wtarmjmll' V - fifth metacarpal bone
I 0. os 11wlam1/Ht!t' Ill - third metacarpal bone
I I. os 1111'111rn1J)//lt' II' - fourth metacarpal bone
12. 11.ua .\/'.\'/ll//11idm jlm.ri111"/i11 - proximal sesamoid
bones
I :L jJha/011,· jm1Yi111"/is d(�iti Ill - proximal phalanx
of third digit
14. jJl1t1l1111>: /1m,i1111t!is d(�iti II' - proximal phalanx
of fourth digit
15. jJ/w/1111r 1111'di11 d(�iti Ill - middle phalanx of
third digit
16. J1h11l1111, llll'di11 d(i;iti II' - middle phalanx of
fourth digit
I 7. JJ!1t1!111t.\ dist"lis rli,:;ifi Ill distal phalanx of
third digit
18.ji/111/1111.r dist11/is 1/igiti /I' - distal phalanx of
fourth digit
19. 11.1 St'.11111111id,,11111 dist"I,, - distal sesamoid bone
20. .,jmli11111 i11il'm.u,,11111 1111il'bmd1ii di.,taf,, - distal in­
terosseous space of forearm
21. rn1111/i.1 11w/11c111pi /n11ri11((//is - proximal meta­
carpal canal
22. rn1111/i.1 11w/11u11jli di.1/11/i.1 - distal metacarpal
canal
2:l..111/rn.1 l011git11di11"/is d11rnt!i.1 - dorsal longitudi­
nal sulcus

Bovine. Elbow joint. Medial view.

Figure 12
10
11 16

12
. ., ,,-
•'

ff
.-,.

8. 111. .fle.rnr rn1/Ji mdi"/is flexor carpi radialis

% muscle
9. 111. /lt'.rnr m1pi 11l11"ri.1 - flexor carpi ulnaris
4 �14.;' muscle
6!
10. lig.rol/11/!'mlc 11wdi"ft, - medial collateral liga-
✓/:- ,

1. mt/JI/S h111111'ri - body of humerus
'.2. <'jJic,nl((rlus media/is /111/Jwri - 1nedial epicondyle
of humerus
3. m11rl)'II/S h111111,,-i - condyle of humerus
4. m1/}l(.1· mdii - body of radius
5. o/('(rtt11011 - olecranon
6. 011/}l(.1· 11/11111· - body of ulna
7.111. jJm110/or Ines - pronator teres muscle
me11t
11., 11 '. 111.bir1'j1s lmffhii - biceps brachii muscle
12. 111.bmchi"lis - brachia! muscle
1:l. /(�- r(l(/iou/11on' Jm1.riu11t!!' 11wdia/1, - proximal
medial radioulnar ligament
14. sj)ll/i11111 iuft,mss,,11111 a111t,/Jrnrhii J1r11,i11111f,, - proxi­
mal interosseous space of forearm
15. 111.1111om1,11s - anconeus muscle
16. 111. trirl'jJs bmrhii (i11.1nli11) - triceps brachii
muscle (insertion)
I 7. bun11 rnb/1'11di1wa 111i.lrinj1ilis bmrhii - sulnendi­
nous bursa of triceps brachii muscle

22
Bovine. Skeleton of distal portion of thoracic limb. Mediopalmar view.

Figure 14

I. mdi11s - radius
2. 11/110 - ulna
:l. os m1/Ji mdiok (os smj1hoidn1111) - radial carpal 14. j1lwlo11r pm.1i11wlis d(t;ili /J I - proximal phalanx
bone (scaphoid bone) of fourth digit
4.os cmj1i i111!·1mNli11111 (os /11110/11111) - intermediate I 5. /J/111/11111 lll('di11 d(i;ili III. middle phalanx of
carpal bone Ounate bone) third digit
5. os rn1/Ji 11l11orf' (os lriq1w/n1111) - ulnar carpal I 6.pho/011r 11ll'dio digiti /1' middle phalanx of
bone (triangular bone) fourth digit
(j. m m1pi {lfft's.wri11111 (os J1isi/iml/l') - accessory I 7. /J/111/"11.1 distolis d(i;iti Ill distal phalanx of
carpal bone (pisiform bone) third digit
7. os m1j10l1· II f'I Ill (os lm/Je::11id1·oc11/1ilo/11111) - car­ I B. /!ho!t111.r distolis digiti IV distal phalanx of
pal bone II and III (trapezoidocapitate bone) fourth digit
B.m m1j)(/lt• /1' (os h1111111/111r1) - carpal bone IV 19. o.uo s1•so111oidm dist"lio - distal sesamoid bones
(hamate bone) 20. sj1oli11111 i11temss1·11111 {l/1/t'bmd,ii dis/11/1· - distal in­
9. os 11lf'lofll1j)(/!t' J I - metacarpal bone V terosseous space of forearm
I0. os 11/f'/om1J)(/l1· III - metacarpal bone. III 21. f//1111/is 111cloet11/1i Jm,ri1111dis - proximal meta­
11. os 1111'/oan/J"/1· I J I - metacarpal bone IV carpal canal
12. os.w s1·.w111oid1•11 Jm,ri11111/i11 - proximal sesamoid 22. m110/is 1111'/om,pi distofo - distal metacarpal
bones canal
I:-1. /J/w/111n Jmni1110/is dig ili III - proximal phalanx 2:l ..rn/rns /r!llgit111/i11rtfis j)(/l11111ris - palmar longitu­
of third digit dinal sulcus

Bovine. Elbow joint. Lateral view.

Figure 13 10 11
1
15

I. m1p11.1 l111111ni - body of humerus

'l..1·j!im11d rl11s lotn11/is l11i11wri - lateral epicondyle
of humerus
I
:I. trod,/{'({ l111111ni - trochlea of humerus 6
4. m,jms mdii - body of radius
5.oll'rr111w11 - olecranon
6. rn,p11.1 1tf11m· - body of ulna
7. or(t.{o 1ni. f'Xh'11.wris d(1.;"ilon1111 com1111111is origin 1'.L rnput 11/11ort• 111i.n-te11.wris digit11r11111 m1111111111is (111.
of common digital extensor muscle e.rll·11sor digiti fl) - ulnar head of common
B. or(i;o 111i. 1•.r/1•11.rnri.1 rn1/Ji 11l1wris - origin of ex­ digital extensor muscle (extensor muscle of
tensor carpi ulnaris muscle second digit)
9.ori,t;,, 111i. 1·.rt1·11.\11ris d(t;if111w11 !11tn1dis - origin of 13. fig. mdio11/11ort· pm.ri1110/1, lotcm/1· - proximal lat­
lateral digital extensor muscle eral radioulnar ligament
I0. /ig; ml/otn11ft, loll'm/1, - lateral collateral liga­ 14. bursa wbt1•11di11eo 111i. lririj!ilis bmr/1ii - subtencli­
ment nous bursa of triceps brachii muscle
I I. 111. lm1d1io!is - brachia! muscle 15. 111. triu,ps bmd,ii - triceps brachii muscle

23
Bovine. Dissection of medial surface of forearm and distal portion of thoracic limb. Superficial layer.

Figure 15

14

I. 111. bir,,j>s brachii - biceps brachii muscle
'.L 111. brac/1iorl'j>halirns brachiocephalic
muscle
3. 111. jk.l'or cmjii mdialis - flexor carpi radi­
alis muscle
4. 111. jll'.l'/11' m1jJi 11l11aris - flexor carpi ulnaris
muscle
5. 111. l'.\'//'11.wr rm/Ji mdialis - extensor carpi
radialis muscle
6. 111. abductor digiti I l011g11.1 - long abductor
muscle of first digit
7. /n1do 111i. l'.\'/l'11soris digiti Ill - tendon of ex­
tensor muscle of third digit
8. j>orlio 511/)('Jjiria/is 111i. .f!,,rnris digifor,1111 w/wr­
jicialis - superficial portion of superficial
22 digital flexor muscle
8'. lrndo /m1ji111d11s 111i. jk.rr,ris digifl)rJ/111 s11/11T­
jicia/is - deep tendon of superficial digital
flexor muscle
9. 111. /Jm1111/or t,,ff.1· - pronator teres muscle
I 0. radius - radius
11. os 11wtac111jw/i, III l'I !fl - third and fourth
metacarpal bone
12. 11. l'I 1'. rnllail'ralis 11l11aris - ulnar collateral
artery and vein
13. 11. 11/1111ris - ulnar nerve
14. 11. m/1111/'us 011/!'brachii muda/is - caudal cu­
taneous nerve of forearm
15. a. l'I 1'. brachia/is - brachia I artery and vein
16. 11. 11111.mdornlm11'11s - musculocutaneous
nerve
l 7. 11. mla111'11s a11/!'brarhii 11wdia/is - medial cu­
taneous nerve of forearm
18. 111. brachia/is - brachia! muscle
I 9. 11. rnt,11w11.1· a11/l'hmchii cra11ialis, 1•. c1'jJ/111/im 111-
Cl'.\'Sorio - cranial cutaneous nerve of fore­
arm, accessory cephalic vein
20. 1·. Cl'/Jholim - cephalic vein
21. rw1111s su/)('J:Jici11/is 11i. radio/is - superficial
branch of radial nerve
22. 1·. d(i:ito/i.,· donolis /'IJ1111111111is !If, 11. digitolis dl)r­
mlis m111111u11is !fl - common dorsal digital
vein III, common dorsal digital nerve III
2:1. 11. 11ll'dio1111.1 · - median nerve
24. a. 1·/ ,·. 11wdiw1a - median artery and vein
25. a. l'i 1·. radio/is - radial artery and vein
26. a. ct 1·. 11wdim1a - median artery and vein
27. 11. /wh11aris 111Nlialis, a. mdiali.1· - medial pal­
mar nerve, radial artery
28. 11. j>a/111oris latl'mlis, a. l't 1·. 111Nli1111(( - lateral
palmar nerve, median artery and vein
29. 111. flnor digit1m11u /m1/i1ml11.1 (tnrdo) - deep
digital flexor muscle (tendon)
30. 11. digitalis /wl111aris />m/1ri11.1 !ff 111/1'1'11/is - lat­
eral proper palmar digital nerve III
31. 11. digitalis j>al11111ris j>m/1rim III 11wdialis, 11. d,:i:i­
talis j>al111aris rn1111111111is If - medial proper
palmar digital nerve III, common palmar
digital artery II
32. 11. digitalis /wl111aris /m1j>ri11s If, 11. d�i:it11lis /11d-
111aris co1111111111is !If - proper palmar digital
nerve II, common palmar digital artery III
:;;1, 11. digitalis dona/is co1111111111is II, 111. i11t1•m.u1·us -
common dorsal digital nerve II, interos­
seous muscle
:l4. ffli11arnlu111 .f/e.l'om,11 (/ig: m1jJi /1ahuar/' rnp,,,Ji­
cia/i,) - flexor retinaculum (superficial
palmar carpal ligament)

24
Bovine. Dissection of medial surface of forearm and distal portion of thoracic limb. Deep layer.

Figure 16

I. 111. mmmlm1rhialis - coracobrachial muscle 20. fl. 1·/ ,•. bmchifllis - brachia! artery and
2. 111. bmr/1i()n1Jhalirns brachiocephalic vein
muscle 21. 11. 11l11ari.1·, 11. 1·/ ,•. m//otnolis 11l11flris - ulnar
3. 111. lrict•JJS lm1rhii - triceps brachii muscle nerve, ulnar collateral artery and vein
4. cop11t 11l11a/"f' 111i. .flnori.1 d(�·itom111 /Jm/i111di - '2'2. 11. C1Jlfl11t·11s t111/t•lm1chii c1111dalis - caudal cu­
ulnar head of deep digital flexor muscle taneous nerve of fo,·eann
5. 111. bin1J.r bmrhii - biceps brachii muscle 2:l. m11111s d()rsfllis 11i. 11l11aris - dorsal branch of
6. 111. bmchialis -' brachia! muscle uln.,ir nerve
7. 111. pm11tt/()r /('}"es - pronator teres muscle 24. 1w1111s jJol111(Jris 11i. 11l11flris - palmar branch
8. 111. 1·.rle11.wr rn1j)i mdialis - extensor carpi of ulnar nerve
radialis muscle 25. fl. el ,·. 1111'difl11fl, 11. 1111·difl1111I - median arte-
9. 111. .fh•.\"(J/" an/Ji mdialis for(�o ,,1 i11sn/i()) - ry, vein and nerve
flexor carpi radialis muscle (origin and in­ 26. fl. 1111'difl11a - median artery
sertion) 27. a. mdifllis - radial artery
I 0. 111. fle.rnr rn1/Ji 11/iJ(Jris (or(w, f'i im('l"/io) - 28. fl. 1•/ ,·. mdifllis, 11. j)(lllllflris 11/f'difllis - radial
flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (origin and in­ artery and vein, medial palmar nerve
sertion) 29. JI. j)(Jl11wri.,· /af('l"fllis - lateral palmar nerve
I 1. jJorlio wJH·1jirialis 111i. .flnw"is d(�i/111"/1111 rnjmji­ JO. 11. di itfllis dorsflli.1· m1111111111is If - common
g

cialis- superficial part of superficial digi­ dorsal digital nerve II

tal flexor muscle 31. 11. digitalis j)(l/i11aris Jm,pri11s JI - proper pal­
I '2. j)(Jr/io Jml1111da 111i. .Jle.1·oris digi/01"11111 rnJwr­ mar digital nerve II
- deep part of superficial digital
.firialis 32. a. t•/ ,•. d(�·itfllis Jwh11aris jJmjJria Ill 11wdialis, 11.
flexor muscle d(�italis Jwl111flris jJmjJrim III 1111'dialis - me­
13. g
rn/ml /11111wm/1· 111i. .flrrnris di i/01"11111 Jm,(11mli dial proper palmar artery and vein of
- humeral head of deep digital flexor third digit, medial proper palmar digital
muscle nerve III
14. 111. i11tnflnori11s distalis - distal interflexor :13. g g
11. di italis Jwl111aris Jm1Jni11s II' 11/f'dialis, a. di i­
muscle talis j)(ll11J(Jris m1111111111i.1 Ill - medial proper
15. il'lldo 111i. .f/1•.roris di it11n1111 pmji111di - tendon
g
palmar digital nerve IV, common palmar
of deep digital flexor muscle digital artery III
16. lf'J1do 111i. e.rtensoris di iti III - tendon of ex­ :14. 11. di italis jJah11aris pmprim III laf('l"fllis - lat­
g g

tensor muscle of third digit eral proper palmar digital nerve III
17. JI. J111'dia1111s t·I 11. m11.mdor11/m11·11s - median J5. n di itfllis j)(t/J11aris m1111111111is II' - common
g

and musculocutaneous nerves· palmar digital nerve IV

18. ,'. ffjJhalim acrt•ssoria, 11. rnlfll/f'IIS m1/ebmrhii 36. 11. di italis /Jalmflris rn1111111111is II - common
g

- accessory cephalic vein, medial

111nlialis palmar digital nerve II
cutaneous nerve of forearm :17. 111. abd11r/11r d(�ili I l011gm - long abductor
19. ,'. ff/Jhfllirn, 11. rnta11eus f111trbmrhii rm11iflli.1 - muscle of first digit
cephalic vein, cranial cutaneous nerve of :l8. a. /rm1s1•ersa rnbiti - transverse cubital
forearm artery

25
Bovine. Dissection of forearm and distal portion of thoracic limb. Lateral view. First layer after removal of
fascia of extremity.
Figure 17

---A

----8

----c

----0

I. 111. lm1d1iocej1lwlirns - brachiocephalicmuscle
2. rn/)/// '"',,,."fr, 111i. tri<"ijJitis hm<"hii - lateral
head of triceps brachii muscle
:\. 111. bmrhialis - brachia! muscle
+. 111. /11,rtomlis desre11de11s - descending pecto­
ral muscle
.l. 111. ,,,ft,mor rn1/1i mdi"lis - extensor carpi
radialis muscle
(i.> 7. 111. t'_\"fr11sor d(!!,ifur11111 cu1111111111is - co1nn1011
digital extensor muscle
6. 111. l'.1/1'11.11,r d��iti Ill - extensor muscle of
third digit
7. 111. 1'.1/en.wr d(�iton1111 1w111111111i., (J1mJ1ri11s) -
common digital extensor muscle (proper)
B. 111. 1'1il'11.wr d(�it"lis l"it'mlis - lateral digital
extensor muscle
9. 111. 1'Yil'11.wr m1pi 11/n"ri.1 - extensor carpi ul­
naris muscle
m/ml 11/11111·1· J11i. .flernris digitom,11 J1m /i111di -
ulnar head of deep digital flexor muscle
111. "bductor digiti I /011g11s - long abductor
muscle of first digit
,'. r1'/1lwlim - cephalic vein
,'. r1'f1lwlim {/ff/'ssoria, 1w11w .111j)l'r/1cialis 11i. m­
di"lis - accessory cephalic vein, super­
ficial branch of radial nerve
14. m111i c11/"11ei - cutaneous branches
15. 1111. rnlr11ll'i ""fr,bmd1ii nm1i11f1,s - cranial cu­
taneous nerves of forearm
I(i. 1w1111s dorsalis ni. 11l11"ris - dorsal branch of
ulnar nerve
I7. 11. digitalis J){/!11111ris m1111111111i.,· II' - common
palmar digital nerve IV
I B. 11. digit11/i.1· dom,li., m1111111111is Ill, 11. l'i ,'. digitalis
don111i.1· 011111111111is Ill - common dorsal di­
gital nerve III, common dorsal digital ar­
terv and vein of third digit
19. 11. digitalis j)(Jh1111ris jJrojJrius JV /a/em/is, a. di­
gitalis J111l111aris Jmi/Jria JV /a/era/is - lat­
eral proper palmar nerve of fourth di­
git, lateral proper palmar artery of fourth
digit
20. 11. d1:�it11/is do,:wlis Jmijnius JI' J11Niialis - me­
dial proper dorsal nerve of fourth digit
21. 11. digitalis dors"lis JJm/Jri11s Ill /atn11/is - lat­
eral proper dorsal nerve of third digit
22. 111. i11tno.1·s,,11s - interosseous muscle
'23. 11. digitalis J){/l11wri.1· C1J1111111111is JI' - common
palmar digital nerve IV
24. 11. digitalis dor.wli.,· m1111111111is II' - common
dorsal digital nerve IV
25. ,'. digitalis /1"/11111ris Jmijnia JI' /11/nalis - lat­
eral proper palmar vein of fourth digit
26. 11. rl1;t;it"lis J){/l111"ris Jmi/1ri11s I' - proper pal­
mar digital nerve V
27. r1a1111s rnpn/1ri11/is m111i J111!J11aris ni. 11/n"ris -
superficial branch of palmar branch of ul­
nar nerve

26
Bovine. Cross section through forearm. Level of cross section is sh' wn in Figure 1 7.

Figure 18

21 A

I. mdi11s - radius
2. ,i/1111 - ulna
:L 111. r·\lf'11sor crnj>i radiali.\· - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
4., 5., 5'. /JI. l'rlt'11.rnr d(1.;ifunn11 cu111111f1111\' - con1111011
digital extensor muscle
4. 111. l'\/1'11.wr digili Ill - extensor muscle of third
c).igit
5. 111. n/1,11.1///' d(�i/11m111 u11111111111is (Jn11Jni11s) - com­
mon digital extensor muscle (proper)
5'. 111. ,,rt,,11.wr d(�ili II (mfml 11l1111r1' 111i. l'.\/' !'11.wris d(�i­
/11n1111 rn1111m111is) - extensor muscle of second
digit (ulnar head of common digital extensor C
muscle)
(i. 111. 1'1/1'11.wr d(�i!ali.1 latna/i., - lateral digital ex­
tensor muscle
7. 111. 1'.\'/1'11.w,r rn,pi 11l11ar i.1 - extensor carpi ulna­
ris muscle
B. 111. .fln11r m1J1i mdiolis flexor carpi radialis
muscle
9. 111. jlnor t//1/Ji 11l11ori.1 - flexor carpi ulnaris
muscle
10. J}()r/i11 .rn/J/'ljiciolis 111i. jll'l11ri.,· d(�·it11mJJJ .rn/J/'Jjitiolis
- superficial part of superficial digital flexor
muscle D
I1. J)l)rfi11 pm/i111do JJJi. .f/r,_rnris digit,m1111 .rn/J1'r/ici11/is
- deep part of superficial digital flexor
muscle
l 2. mJml l1111111'mfr, 111i. .f/n11ris d(�i/1m1111 Jm1/i111di -
humeral head of deep digital flexor muscle
12'. Ill. jlnor d(�ilom/11 /!m/i111d11.1 - deep digital
flexor muscle
13. rn/m/ 11/111m' 111i. jll'rnris d(�il11n1111 /Jm/i111di - ul­
nar head of deep digital flexor muscle 18. 11. rnlm11'11.1 m1il'lmw!tii 11wdi11/is me lial cuta- 21. 11. 11l1111ris - ulnar nerve
14. mj)I{/ mdio/1, Jlli. jln11ri.1 d(�·it,,m111 Jm1/i111di - ra- neous nerve of forearm 22. 11. 1111,rfi1111w - median nerve
dial head of deep digital flexor muscle 19. 11. rnta111,11s a11tebmd1ii cranialis, 1•. cejJh t!ica acc1·.1- 2:L 11. mdi11/is - radial artery
15. 111. JmJ110!11r /n1'.1 - pronator teres muscle .wria - cranial cutaneous nerve o forea1'm. 24. a. l'I ,'. 111Nlia1111- median artery and vein
16. 111. bmchi11/is - bi-achial muscle accessory cephalic vein 2:i. o. 111Nlia110 - median arterv
1 7. 111. /H'tl11mlis lm11.,1'1'r.1·11s - transverse pectoral 20. 1w11w w/Jl'lfiri11/is 11i. mdiali.1 - s perficial 2(i. 111. abd11r/11r d(�·iti I l1111g11.1· - long abductor

muscle branch of radial nerve muscle of first digit

27
Bovine. Dissection of forearm and manus. View of lateral surface. Second lay(!r.
Figure 19
I. ·111. biffjJS hmchii - biceps brachii muscle
2. rn/ml /011g11111 Jlli. tricijJitis hmchii - long head
of triceps brachii muscle
3. rn/J//I 11wdiale J11i. tricipitis bmd1ii - medial
head of triceps brachii muscle
4. 111. exten.rnr C(///Ji mdialis - extensor carpi
radialis muscle
:). 111. hmrhiali.< - brachia! muscle
G. 111. m1m111'11s - anconeus muscle
7., 8., 9. 111. l'l'i<'nsor digilo/'/1111 011111111111is - com­
mon digital extensor muscle
7. 111. <'.rlensor d(�iti Ill - extensor muscle of
third digit
B. 111. extewor digiton1111 m1111111111is (j1mjni11s) -
common digital extensor muscle (proper)
9. rn/ml 11/110/"I' Jlli. l'\lemoris d(�itom111 m1111111111is
(111. <'.r/1'1/sor digiti II) - ulnar head of com­
mon digital extensor muscle (extensor
muscle of second digit)
I0. rn/)/// 11/11111'/' Jlli. jll'l'11ris digi/11/'/1//1 Jn11/i111di -
ulnar head of deep digital flexor muscle
I I. J1ortio Jm1(1111da Jlli. fle.roris digitrm1111 s11/Jn­
firia/is - deep part of superficial digital
flexor muscle
12. 111. fle.rnr cm/Ji 11/11aris - flexor carpi ulnaris
muscle
13. 111. abd11ctor digiti I /011g11s - long abductor
muscle of first digit
14. i'. C<1Jhalirn, 11. rn1<1111'us a11tebmchii cm11ialis
cephalic vein, cranial cutaneous nerve of
forearm
1 5. m11111.< jJm(1111d11s 11i. radio/is - deep branch
of radial nerve
28
16. ,,. C<1Jhalim a/'Ce.uoria, 1w1111s .wper/iciolis 11i. m­
dialis - accessory cephalic vein, superfi­
cial branch of radial nerve
I7. 1w1111.1· j}((h11aris 11i. 11hwris - palmar branch
of ulnar nerve
1B. 1w1111s d,malis 11i. 11hwris - dorsal branch of
ulnar nerve
19. 111. extemor m1pi 11l11oris - extensor carpi ul­
naris muscle
20. 111. e.rl<,11.rnr digitalis latnalis - lateral digital
extensor muscle
21. 111. i11temssn1s - interosseous muscle
22. 11. d(i;ita/is dona/is co1111111111is Ill common
dorsal digital nerve III
23. a. d(i;italis dona/is m1111111111is Ill - common
dorsal digital artery III
24. a. 111edia11a, 1•. 111etacarJJea jmlmaris Ill
median artery, palmar metacarpal
vein III
25. arrns pal111aris rnfmficialis - superficial pal­
mar arch
26. a. et ,'. digitalis J1a/111aris proj1ria JV lateralis
lateral proper palmar artery and
vein IV
27. /Jortio Stt/Jer/irialis Jlli. .flernris digilo/'/1111 rn/Jnji­
cialis - superficial part of superficial digi­
tal flexor muscle
28. eJJiColl(()'l11s latemlis h1111wri - lateral epicon­
dyle of humerus
29. 11/110 - ulna
30. a. t'/ i'. intno.<sNt cm11ialis, 11. i11/ems.w,11s -
cranial interosseous artery and vein, inter­
osseous nerve
Bovine. Skeletal topography with arteries of forearm and distal portion of thoracic limb.
(From a radiograph.)
Figure 20
I. "· lm,chi"lis - brachia! artery
2. "· tm11s1•!'m1 rnbiti - transverse cubita! ar­
tery
3. r<111111s 11111s0,laris - muscular branch
4. a. rnll"tnalis 11l11"ris - collateral ulnar ar­
tery
5. a. i11t1,mssN1 C1J/111111111is - common inter­
osseous artery
6. a. i11t,,mss1'11 r<'OIITl'IIS - ,·ecurrent inter­
osseous artery
7. a. i11tnoss('(( rm11ialis - cranial interosseous
artery
8. 11. 1Jl('dil111a - median artery
9. a. mdi11lis - radial artery
I 0. a. i11t1,mss1'11 mud"lis - caudal interosseous
artery
I I. /'/'Ii' cw/Ji domt!I' - dorsal carpal rete
12. ram11.1· jJerjimms j)mximali.1 - proximal per­
forating branch
13. 11rrns j!almaris rnj)1'1j,rialis - superficial pal­
mar arch
14. arrns j)({l11111riJ J!m/i111d11s - deep palmar
arch
15. a. 111/'tarwjJ('(( j)({l11wris II - palmar metacar­
pal artery II
16. a. 111/'tar/lljJ('(( j)({h11aris Ill - palmar meta­
carpal artery III
17. a. 1Jl('t11rw/H'a /!1111111,ris If' - palmar meta­
carpal artery IV
18. m11111s J!rt!111aris a. i11t/'mSS{'({ rm11i11lis - pal­
mar branch of cranial interosseous artery
19. a. 11wtacw/H'11 d11n11lis Ill - dorsal metacar­
pal artery III
'.20. r1111111s J){'/jim111S distalis - distal perforating
branch
2 I. a. digitalis j)({h11aris (IJ1111111111is II - common
palmar digital artery II
22. a. digitalis J!almaris rn1111111111i.1 IV - common
palmar digital artery IV
23. a. digitalis j!ah,wris (IJ1111111111is Ill - common
palmar digital artery III
24. a. d�gitalis j)({lll/l(ris Jm1/Jh11 Ill 11ll'dialis -
proper medial palmar digital artery III
25. g
a. diitalis j!ah11aris J!m/Jria Ill latnalis
proper lateral palmar digital artery III
26. g
a. di italis j)({lmaris Jmi/Jria JV 11/f'dialis
proper medial palmar digital artery IV
27. 11. digitalis j)({l111arh Jm1Jni11 JV latl'rali.1
proper lateral palmar digital artery IV
28. a. digitalis dorrnlis {IJ/1/lllllllis Ill - common
dorsal digital artery III
29. a. i11tNdigitalis - interdigital artery
30. 1w1111s Jmh·i11aris - branch of cushion
29
Bovine. Dissection of distal portion of thoracic limb. Mediopalmar view.

Figure 21
12

I. mdi11s - radius
:2. 11.1 111t'ltta11j)([lt' Ill - metacarpal bone III
:3. os rrnj>i (ICl'n'.\·ori11111 (01 J>is,jfJn11r,) - accessorv
carpal bone (pisiform bone)
4. 111. a/Jd11ct11r digiti I hl//g11s - long abductor
muscle of first digit
:1. 111• .flnor rn1Jii mdiolis - flexor carpi radialis
muscle
(i. 111. j/f'.rnr tmjii 11l11aris - flexor carpi ulnaris
muscle
7. Jiorlio rnjJl'ljirialis 111i. jlnoris d(�iton1111 .rn/J1'1_/i'rialis
- superficial part of superficial digital flexor
muscle
B. 111. iJ1/('l'o.u1'11S - interosseous muscle
9. ,'. d(�·italis r/111:wli.1· m1111u1111is Ill - common dor­
sal digital vein III
I0. 11. rnt11111'11J a11tl'lm1thii 11wdialis - medial cu­
taneous nerve of forearm
I I. 11. !'/ i'. mdiali., _: radial artery and vein
12. 11. 11wdiw111S ,,1 a. llll'dioua - median nerve and
artery
I :l. a. !'/ i'. 111Nlia11a - median arterv and vein
14. a. d(�ito/i., Jial111aris co1111111111i.,· /II, 11. d(�·italis J}{//,11a­
ris JI' 1/ll'dialis - common palmar digital ar­
tery III, medial palmar digital artery IV
I5. 11. mdialis, 11. Jial111oris 111Nlialis - radial arterv,
medial palmar ne1·ve
16. arcm jJalnwris rnjin/icialis, rm1111s .rnJin/irialis m111i
j)([/111aris 11i. 11luaris - superficial palmar arch,
superficial branch of palmar branch of ulnar
nerve
17. a. d,:�itali., jJalu1aris Jimjiria III 111Nliolis, 11. d,:�italis
Jial111aris co1111111111is II - proper medial palmar
digital arterv III, common palmar digital
nerve II
I B. 11. digitalis dorm/is co1111111111i.1 II - common dor­
sal digital nerve II
19. 11. Jial11wris la/('l'alis - lateral palmar nerve
'.W. 11. d(�italis J}{(l111ari., II/ lat('l'alis - lateral palmar
digital nerve III
:21. 11. digitalis jJali11aris m1111111111is /ff - common pal­
mar digital nerve III
:2:2. 11. d(�i/a/i., Jial111{(ris co1111111111is JI' - common pal­
mar digital nerve IV
:2:l. 11. d(�ilalis j)([llll(lris Jm1jJri11.1 1/I lalnalis - lateral
proper palmar digital nerve III
24. n. digitalis palmaris proprius IV media/is - medial
proper palmar digital nerve IV
'.Z:1. 11. d(:;italis jJal1111,ris JJmjJri11.1· Ill llll'dialis - medial
proper palmar digital nerve III
:26. 11. digitalis jJol111aris jJmJniw JI - proper palmar
digital nerve II
:27. 1m1111S wjwr/iriolis ni. mdiolis - superficial
branch of radial nerve

30
Bovine. Bursae and synovial sheaths of digits of thoracic limb. Dorsal view.

Figure 22

I. 111. n/1•11.wr d(!;ili Ill - extensor muscle of third

digit
2. 111. n/!'11.W/' d(itihm1111 rn1111111111i.1 (Jm1J1ri11s) - con, -
mon digital extensor muscle
3. m. extensor digitalis lateralis - lateral digital ex­
tensor muscle
4. J}(/r/io mllul/'l"ali.1 111i. i11tl'n1.,·.,·1·i ad d(!;i/11111 Ill -
collateral part of interosseous muscle to third
digit
5. porlio mllai<•1'ft!i.1 111i. i11//'1"11.11. 1·i ad d(i;i/11111 I I'
collateral part of interosseous muscle to
fourth digit
6. /}(/rfio i11t/'l"d(!;ilali., 111i. i111<·m.1w. ·i ud d(!;i/11111 Ill
interdigital part of interosseous muscle to
third digit
7. J)()r/io i11//'l"d(i;ita/is 111i. i11//'l"os.11'i /I(/ digi/11111 /I' -
interdigital part of interosseous muscle to
fourth digit
B. /(!;: i11tl'l'd(i;ita/1· Jm1ri111ali· - proximal interdigi­
tal ligament
9. /(i;: i11!1'1'd(�ital<' distal/' - distal interdigital liga­ Bovine. Bursae and synovial sheaths of digits of thoracic limb.
ment
10. lnma s11bt1'11di11l'II 111i. 1·rt1•11.wris d(!;ili Ill - sub­ Palmar view.
tendinous bursa of extensor muscle of third
digit
11. lmm1 .111hll'l11li111'11 111i. l'\"/1•11.wris d(!;ilalis latl'l'ali., - Figure 23
subtendinous bursa of lateral digital extensor
muscle
I2. i'/1gii1m· dist11ks 1<·11di1111111 111i. nll'/1.wri.1· d(�·iton1111
c111111111111is - distal tendinous sheath of com­ I. 111. jlnor digiton1111 .\'1/f!n/itialis - superficial di­ tendinous bursae and synovial sheaths of
mon digital extensor muscle gital flexor muscle deep and superficial digital flexor muscle
I :l. r1•c1·ssw d,,rmli., mp.111/rl/' 11rtiotl11tio11i.1 i111<·1/Jh11/m1- 2. 111. jlnor digiton1111 f!/'ll/i111d11s - deep digital I0. /ig 1111'/11c111JH·11111 /rn11.1,·1•1-s11111 rn/Jn/iciali· - super­
,i;,·111· pro.\i1111t!is - dorsal recess of proximal in­ flexor muscle ficial transverse metacarpal ligament
terphalangeal articulation :l. 111. i11fl•m.1-..P11s - interosseous muscle 11. /)//n 111111l11ris mgi11111·jilno.\'/I/' d(!;ili - anular fas­
14. /"/'1·1·.u11s do1wlis rnjmt/111· arlic1d11tio11is i11ll'ljJhala11- 4. - 9. b11n111· s11b/1•11di111'111' 1•/ ,•11gi11m· .1r11m•iale.1 1111. cia of digits
g1·a1• dis/11/is - dorsal recess of distal interpha­ jlnoris digitor11111 w/H·1jiri11/is l'i /!/'ll/i111di - sub- 12. /(!;: i11/e1d(!;·it11/e dis/11/1· - distal interdigital liga­
langeal articulation ment

31
 Bovine. Carpal joint. Dorsolateral view.
Figure 24
1
1. radius - radius
2. 11fm1 - ulna
:I. os rn1jJi mdiofl' fos srnj1h11ide11111) - radial carpal
bone (scaphoid bone)
4. 11s m1j!i i11t,,mwdi11111 (os /111111/11111) - intermediate
carpal bone (lunate bone)
5. os rn1j1i 11f11or,, <os triq11l'ln1111) - ulnar carpal
bone (triangular bone)
6. os rn1/Ji orc1's.rnri11111 (os jlisifim111,J - accessorv
carpal bone (pisiform bone)
7. os rn1pofl' II l'/ Ill {o,, tmjJl'::11idmrnJ!ilo/11111) - car­
pal bone II and III (trapezoideocapitate bone)
8. os rmj)(lfl' 11' (os lw1110/11111) - carpal bone IV
(hamate bone)
9. os 1111'/ocmj!ofl' !ff - metacarpal bone III
l 0. os 1111,torn1JJ1tll' /[1 - metacarpal bone IV
11. os 11wlom1Jl((fl' I' - metacarpal bone V
1 Bovine. Distal part of left thoracic limb. Interdigital ligaments of
third digit after removal of fourth digit.
Figure 25
1. os 11wlorn1Jmf1· Ill 1'/ 11' - metacarpal bone Ill
and IV
2. J!lw/.r111., jlm.,i11wfis digiti Ill (os m111jJl'dof1,J -
proximal phalanx of third digit
:1. J1lwlon,· 111Nlio d(i;iti Ill (os mmnofl') - middle
phalanx of third digit
4. J!hofo11., disto/is dig ili Ill (os 1111g 11forl') - distal
phalanx of third digit
5. 111. 1'.rlmsor digiloru111 m1111111111is (Jm!Jnius) - com­
mon digital extensor muscle (proper)
6. 111. fl,,_rnr digit11r11111 wjwrfici11/is - superficial di­
gital flexor muscle
7. 111• .flrrnr digitrm1111 Jmdi111d11s - deep digital
flexor muscle
8., 9., 10., 11. 111. i11/i'mssl'11s - interosseous muscle
8. j)(Jriio mffall'ralis - collateral part
9. J!ortio i11tndig itafis - interdigital part
10. IwI11Is sew11widl'11s - sesamoid branch
11. m11111sjll'.rnri11s - flexor branch
12. fig. mffatl'mfe i11terdigitafl' 11r!irn/ati1111is ,m,faC111jJ11-
/!hafa11gl'1w - interdigital collateral ligament
of metacarpophalangeal articulation
13. fig. i11tnwsm11oide11111 i11tNdigitalr· - interdigital
intersesamoid ligament
32
12. f(i;. mdi11m1J11w11 d11rs11fl' - dorsal h1diocarpal
ligament
1:l., 1()., 20., 21. f(1.t;i;: mff11/N11li11 fm,;•i11 C111j1i - short
collateral ligaments of the carpus
14., 15., 1 7. f(�g i11/Nc111/11'11 dur.,11/i11 - dorsal inter­
carpal ligaments
16. f(�: 1111'(fi11m1jH'IIIJJ dorsofl' - dorsal mediocarpal
ligament
18. fig. rn1/J11111l'l11rn1/Jrn111 dorsal,, - dorsal carpome­
tacarpal ligament
22. f(i;: 11CC1's.rnri1111f11or!' - accessorioulnar ligament
2:1. l(i;: orc1's.111rioC111jJ1111/11orl' - accessoriocarpoul­
nar ligament
24. f(i;: occ1·.1.1ori1111w/11c111jJl'l1JJJ - accessoriometacar­
pal ligament
25. f(i;: 111ct11rn1/J1'11111 i11IN11.u1·11111 - interosseous me­
tacarpal ligament
14. fig. i11terdigitafl' J!mri111all' - proximal interdigi­
tal ligament
15. f(�: 111l'larnIJH'lllll tmIm'l'm1111 wj1n/iciof1, - super­
ficial transverse metacarpal ligament
1G. /!rm 01111faris ;•a,1.:i1111e fibmrnl' digiti - anular fas­
cia of digits
1 7. fig. dorso!l' digiti - dorsal digital ligament
18. f(1.{, m//o/l'mfl' i11terdigito/e m11111111Iw - common
interdigital collateral ligament
19. f(i;: mffoll'mfl' i11terdig itofl' 11rtirnfati1111is i11//'JjJ/wlr111-
gml' Jno.1i111afis - interdigital collateral liga­
ment of proximal interphalangeal articula­
tion
20. f(i;. mlfoll'mfl' i11terdigitoll' ortirnfotio11is i1111'1jJhafo11-
g ml' distofis - interdigital collateral ligament
of distal interphalangeal articulation
21. 1(1.t: J!oli11or!' ortirnfoti1111is i11f/'Jj!h1do11,i;1·ol' jmi.\"i1110/i.1
- palmar ligament of proximal interphalan­
geal articulation
22. fi_1.{ 1111g11f11s<·sm1111idl'11111 a.riok - axial ungulo­
sesamoid ligament
23. fi_i;: i11terdigitofl' distofl' - dista-l interdigital liga­
ment
24. f(i;: sl'so111oid1w11 mffoll'mf1, i11/Ndigitofl' - interdi­
gital collateral sesamoid ligament
Bovine. Digits of right pelvic limb. Plantar view. Hoof capsule of
fourth digit removed. \

Figure 26

'\'-;:_�-- ·'

•. )1 \ '�i .
l . ·'

: .b: ii '._
.' . . ' ,,
\
'
II ,, .',.,

11.- V. I' -- digits II - V

rt,:i;i/111 //- (). cori1n11 CfJronor· - coronarv coriu1n
I. /11ms 1111g11l11,· - bulb of hoof 7. mri11111 sol('(ft' - corium of sole
'.!. ,o/,.,, 111,,i;-,,!11,· - sole of hoof B. c11ri11111 J111ril'!is - corium of wall
:L J111ril's 1111g11/(lr• - wall of hoof \)_ /11ms rl(�ili fl - pad of second digit
4. ::1111(! ,,!/)(/ - white zone (line) I 0. •J111rit•s rlz�iti ff - wall of second digit
.1. ('(J1·i11111 li11d1i - perioplic corium i' I ..\"11/1·11 rlz�iti Ii - sole of second digit Ill- IV

Bovine. Digits of right thoracic limb. Dorsomedial view.

Hoof capsule removed.

Figure 27

I I.- IV. rt,:�i/11.1 //-/1' - digits II- IV (i., 7. jittit·s nkmf/ J111ri1·tis 1111g11l11r· - external sur­
I. mri11111 li111bi - perioplic corium face of wall of hoof
'.2. oni11111 run111af• - coronarv coriu1n 6. /111n m/111/r•mli.1· 11/i11.\"i11/is jiltrit•tis 1111g11/,,,· - ab­
;°3_ f'nril1J11 J1arif'lis - coriu1n of wall axial collateral part of wall of hoof
4. .rnl 11s t11m1111/i., mJJS11/11,·
c
- coronary groove of 7. - axial col­
jilllJ ('(Jl/11!1·11ilis ari11/is ji11rif'li.,· 1111g11l,w

capsule lateral part (interdigital surface) of wall of

.1. l11111d/1u· 1/1irlr·m111/r·s JH11ir·lis 1111g11l111· - epidermal hoof
larnellae of wall of hoof B. m/1.wla rlz�iti Ii - capsule of second d:git

33
Bovine. Exterior regions ofpelvis and pelvic limb.

Figure 28

I. regi() g/11/m - gluteal region 8. 01111s - anus 14. plica loteris - lateral fold
2. r,,giojt'IIJ()J"iS - femoral region 9. jmde11d11111 .fn11i11i1111111 - pudenda (vulva) 15. regio calca11Nt - calcaneous region
3. fl'gio cruris - crural region I 0. ubn - udder 16. regio JioJJlitra - popliteal region
4. r,,gi() lani - tarsal region I I. n,gi,, tub,,ris isrhiadici - region of ischiatic tu­ 1 7. rrgio ge1111s - region of knee
5. r,,gi() lllf'latani - metatarsal region ber 18. rrgio cl1111is - clunal region (buttocks)
6. n,gi()11es dig if()nt111 Jwlis - region of digits 12. n'gio tubnis co.rat' - region of tuber coxae 1 9. regio sacra/is - sacral region
7. n:�·i,, ca11dalis (m11do) - caudal region (tail) I '.l. plirn J>orao11olis - para-anal fold 20. rrgio trocha11ft'rica - trochanteric region

34
Bovine. Muscles ofpelvis andpelvic lim�.

Figure 29

,t�
..........

·-.

.,.
��-�.
..�.t., :
. /.-�i
'.: ·

.
�!,""'
w:-
� ·,.' \.'\.

2
/i..'.!
-y::

I. m. gluteus medi11s - middle gluteal muscle 14. 111. Jx1plilc11s - popliteal muscle
2., 3., 4. 111. gluteobiceps - gluteobicep� muscle 15. 111. fle.rnr digit1m1111 lrmgm - long digital nexor
2. 111. giutew s11J>erflcialis - superficial gluteal muscle
muscle I 6. 111. flexor digiti I lo11gm - long flexor muscle of
3. pmtio cranialis mi. bicipitis femoris - cranial part first digit
of biceps fetnoris muscle I 0. caput mediate mi. gaslmcmm,ii - medial head of 17. m. extensor digitalis laterolis - lateral digital ex­
4. j)J)rfio caudalis mi. bicipitis fem11ris - caudal part gastrocnemius muscle · tensor muscle
of biceps femoris muscle 11. C<1Jj11t laterale mi. gastmrne111ii - lateral head of 18. 111. perrmem lrmgus - long pcroneal muscle
5. 111. te11sm· fasciac latae - tensor fasciae latae gastrocnemius muscle 1 9. 111. jJ1mmei1s lerlius el 111. exlMmr digifor11111 lrmgus -
muscle 12., 13. le11do calca11eus c111111111111is - common calca­ peroneus tertius and long digital extensor
6. 111. 1,as/11s {alemlis - lateral vastus muscle neal tendon muscles
7. 111. se111imei11brmwsus semimembranous 12. te11do mi. fle:wris digitorum s11J1erficialis - tendon 20. tendo mi. flexor.s digitorum profundi - tendon of
muscle of superficial digiJal flexor muscle deep digital flexor muscle
B. m. se111ilendinos11s - semitendinous muscle 13. le11do mi. tricipitis sume·- tenclon of triceps su­ 21. 111. inlemsseus - interosseous muscle
9. 111. gracilis - gracilis muscle rae muscle 22. 111. C1JCC)'!fe1is - coccygeal muscle

35
 Bovine. Skeleton of os coxae and pelvic limb. Medial view.
--
:�
/�--
"' ��-
Figure 30
. . ��� - .
( ff
.
"'"'.:..-4•
, a',

· -
3 ' ·.
�--�h

,,. /
.;i:.:."',•··
! /
-� '
. /'

1. cm/ms "s.ris ili11111 - body of ilium

2., 3., 4., 5. "'" 1,ssis ilium - wing of ilium I H. n11i111•11/ia i11l<•rc111ub•laris - intercondylar
2. iubn sacmle - tuber sacrale eminence
3. tubff to.Wt<' - tuber coxae Ht rm/mi tibiae - body of tibia
4. rrisla iliam - iiiac crest 2Q. calta111-11s - calcaneus
5. J"ci,•.f .racmj}('/ioi11a (Jaci,•.1 a11riwlaris) - sacro­ 21. talus - talus
pelvic (auricular) surface 22. os r<•11/roq11arlalc• (os 11al'iC1d11rub11idm111) - cen­
6. i11ris11m isci,iadira 111aj11r - major ischiatic troquartal bone (naviculocuboid bone)
notch 23. /cmrtll' II el Ill (os rnue�(ormc· i11/c•r1111·tliolal<'­
11.1
7. cm/ms ,mi.1 pubis - body or pubis m/(,) - tarsal bone II and III (intermedio­
8. cm/nis ,mis isd,ii - body o( ischium late1'al cuneiform bone)
8'. tabula 11ssf.r isdiii - table of ischium 24. 11.1. /arsr1l<' I (os c111wifim11<• mrclir,t,,) - first tar­
9. /11/)(•r isd1iadic11111 - ischiatic tuber sal bone (medial cuneiform bone)
I 0. iuciswa isd1i<!(lica 111i110r - minor ischiatic 25. os 11/t'lal(1rsaf,, Ill el IV - metatarsal bone
notch III and IV
11. faci<•s �1•111/Jli_l'Sialis - symphyseal surface 26. j>lmla11.\· Jm1xi111fllis - proximal phalanx
12. rm/m.r ossis f<'moris - body of femur 27. ;,ha/rm.,· 111Nlia - middle phalanx
13. lmc/1/n, os$isfn11ori.1 - trochle�f'oJ femur 28. /Jlwlm,x clislalis - distal phalanx
14. rm"(1•/11s m<•diali.1 11ssis Jn1wris - .medial con­ 29. 11s s,,.1,111111idn1111 disfale - distal sesamoid
dyle of femur bone
15. Jmlf'll<t - p11tella 30. 11s sr·.m11111id1'11111 1111'/alan·al<' - metatarsal se­
16. c1111,()'lm mNlialis tibiae - medial condyle of samo.id bone
tibia 31. o.�m s1•sr111111idc•a Jm1xi111alia - proximal sesa­
17. l11bn11sitas libiae - tibial tuberosity moid bones

36
Bovine. Muscles ofpelvis and pelvic limb.
Medial view.
Figure 3 I
I. 111. /JsfJm 111i11fJr - psoas minor muscle
2, J)(Jrfi11 J/l('diali., 111i. iliaci - medial portion of
iliac muscle
:l. 111. /H'"'-� 1//(/ior - psoas major muscle
4. J)(Jrfi11 laf,,,-alis 111i. iliaci - lateral portion of iliac
muscle
5. /\�·- i11g11i11a/1· - inguinal ligament
G. i11s,·rli11 111i. rr·cfi abdfJ111i11is - insertion of
straight abdominal muscle
7. 111. g/11tr•11.1· 111nli11s - middle gluteal muscle
8. 111. g/11/('(Jbicl'/Js - gluteobiceps muscle
9. fig; .wrm/11/)('m/,, lafu111 - wide sacrotuberal lig-
ament
I0. 111. c11ff\;�r-11s - coccygeal muscle
I 1. 111. f,,,,m,11· a11i - levator ani muscle
12. /Hll:I' i11tmpr·h·i11a 111i. 11btum/fJrii n'fr-mi intra-
pelvic part of external obturator muscle
I:I. 111. /1•II.wr j<1sl"ia1· /afar· - tensor fasciae latac
muscle
14. 111. rr•rfmji-111fJris - straight femoral muscle
15. 111. 1•11.1/us 11/l'dialis - medial vastus muscle
16. /)(Jr/in /'l"fll1ia/is 111i. sortorii cranial portion of
sartorius muscle
17. j)()r/ifJ m11dalis 111i. sorffJrii - caudal portion of
sartorius musr:le
IB. 111. J)('rfi111·u.,· - pectineus muscle
19. 111. s1•111i1111·111bm1111ws semimembranous
muscle
20. 111. gml'ilis - gracilis muscle
2 I. 111. s1•111iff'll(fi11nsus - semitendinous muscle
22. rn/ml llll'rlia/1• 111i. ,�w'/rool(•111ii medial head of
gastrocnemius muscle
23. rn/ml laf('l"a/,, 111i. -�"sfronll'111ii - lateral head of
gastrocnemius muscle
24. /1'11dfJ 111i. friripitis sI,ra1· - tendon of triceps su­
rae muscle
25. 111. jll'l11r d(�·i/fJ/"111/I /1111g11s - long digital flexor
muscle
2G. 111. tibia/is m11dulis - caudal tibial muscle
27. 111. j/l'l11r digiti I !fJ11g11s - long digital flexor
muscle
2B. 111. j/n11r digi/fJr11111 rn/Jnficialis (il'lldfJ) - superfi­
cial digital flexor muscle (te'ndon)
28'. /1•11dn mlcm11·m co1111111111is - common calcaneal
tendon
29. /r'll({fJ 111i. j/nm-i.,· digifrm1111 Jm1/i111di - tendon of
deep digital flexor muscle
::O. 111. i11fnfJss1·11s - interosseous muscle
JI. 111. tibia/is fl"fll1iulis - cranial tibial muscle
3 I'. im,,,-fir1 111i. tibia/is cm11ialis insertion of era-
nial tibial muscle
:12. 111. n"fl-11sfJr d(�-if11rn111 b1Vi•is - short digital ex­
tensor muscle
:13., :14. 111. r•r/1•11.wr d(�i/11rn111 /fJ11g11s - long digital
extensor muscle
33. 111. r·rll'/I.wr digiti Ill - extensor muscle of third
digit
34. 111. 1•.r/1'1HfJr digif11rn111 l1111gus (Jm1/Jri11.1) - long di­
gital extensor muscle (proper)
:15. 111. /)('ml/1'11S fl'rfiw - peroneus tertius muscle
37
Bovine. Dissection of lateral surface of croup and thigh. Superficial layer.

Figure 32

I G. 111. ,·11sl11S latcmlis - lateral vastus muscle

I 7. fr1scia cmris - crural fascia
1B. i11sNlio/i1scirll' latae - insertion of fascia lata
1. !11hn coxa1· - tuber coxae B. portio cr1111ialis 111i. bicijiitis ji-111oris - cranial por­ 19. 1w1111s 111. ilioi11g11i11alis - branch of ilioinguinal
2. 111. obliq1111s i11lem11S abd/)/11i11is - internal abdo­ tion of biceps femoris muscle nerve
minal oblique muscle 9. Jiorlio m11dalis 111i. binj,itis ji-11/oris - caudal por­ 20., 21., 22. 1111. c/1111i11111 111l'dii - middle clunial
3. apo111·11rosis 111i. obfiq11i n/n11i ahdo111i11is - apo­ tion of biceps femoris muscle nerves
neurosis of external abdominal oblique I 0. 111. sarrnm11dalis dorsalis /a/em/is - lateral dorsal 23. 1w1111s rntm1e11S Jm1xi111alis 11i. jmd/'1/di - proximal
muscle sacrocaudal muscle cutaneous branch of pudenda] nerve
4. 111. /ens111· jr1scioc lallw - tensor fasciae latae 11. 111. sa1-rorn11dalis ,•1•11/m/is latemlis - lateral ven- 24., 25. rm11i Cl//1111ei ji-111om/1•s rnudaln (11i. ischiadici)
muscle tral sacrocaudal muscle - caudal femoral cutaneous branches of is­
5. jr,scia /11/a/i'llloris - femoral fascia lata 12. 111. corci;�c11s - coccygeal muscle chiatic nerve
6. 111. g/11tc11s 111cdi11s - middle gluteal muscle 1 :l. t11bN ischiodiCl/111 - ischiatic tuber 26. 11. mtmw11s ji'llloris latemlis - lateral femoral
7., 8., 9. 111. g/11/('()bice/Js - gluteobiceps muscle 14. 111. sn11ile11di11ows - semitendinous muscle cutaneous nerve
7. 111. g/11tc11S s11jmficialis - superficial gluteal 15. 111. se111i11w111bm11os11s semimembranous 27. 11. c11/1//le11s s11m1• rnudalis caudal sural cuta-
muscle muscle neous nerve

38
Bovine. Cross section through thigh. Sections (A, B) are taken from proximal part of thigh. Their levels are
shown in Figures 32 and 34.

Figure 33

I. 111. t1·w11r jt,scilw /0/01· - tensor fasciae latae

muscle
2.-G.111. q11r((/riu•f!s.fi-1noris - quadriceps femoris
muscle
2. 111.,·11.1/11.1" 11wrliolis - medial vastus muscle
�- 111. n•c/11s/i1nr,ris - straight femoral muscle
4. /J11r/iu 111erliolis 111i.,'o.,ti i11il·m1Nlii - medial por­
tion of intermediate vastus muscle
S. /)l)r/io latnalis 111i.msti inlNJll(•r/ii - lateral por-
tion of intermediate vastus muscle
fi. 111.,·as/11.1 lotemlis - lateral vastus muscle
7. 111.sortori11s - sartorius muscle
B. 111.gmcilis - gracilis muscle
9. 111. /Jfffiiw11s - pectineus muscle
I 0. 111.add11c/or - adductor muscle
I 1. /II. .\{'lllillll'lllh/'111/()Sl(.I semimembranous
muscle
12. 111. g/11//'llbiff/Js - gluteobiceps muscle
I :l. 111. sr·111ill'111li110.rn., - semitendinous muscle
14. r,s.fi111r,ris - femur
IS. 1!·11r/r, 111i.rffli abrl()/ni11is - tendon of straight
abdominal muscle
IG. a.l'I 1·.j)l(r/n1rla 1•1/Nna, 11..w·11ito/i111r,m/is - exter­
nal pudenda! artery and vein, genitofemoral
nerve
1 7. 11.obt11m/oriu.,, m111i 11111.,nt!arl's r,.el ,'.J!m/i111r/01·
.fi11111ris - obturator nerve, muscular branches
of deep femoral artery and vein
18. a. 1•/ ,•.ji'lllomlis - femoral artery and vein
19. o..W/J!w110 el 11..wf!lw1111s, 1•. sajJh1·no 11wdiolis
saphenous artery and vein, medial saphenous
vein
19'.11.rn/Jh('//us - saphenous nerve
20. 11..fnnomlis - femoral nerve
21. //.i.\d1iorlicus - ischiatic nerve
22. 11.tibiali., - tibial nerve
2:3. 11. /H·mneus m1111111111is - common peroneal
nerve
24. o.l'f ,'. /m(/1111da .fi-11/llris - deep femoral arterv
and vein
25. a. et v. circumflexa femoris media/is - medial cir­
cumflex femoral artery and vein
2G. rr111111s 11111srnloris 11i. isd1iadiri muscular
branch of ischiatic nerve
27. m11111s rnfr1111·11s /m1.ri111alis 11i./mrln1di - proximal
cutaneous branch of pudenda! nerve
2B. 111.c11tmw11s fn111ci - cutaneous muscle of trunk

39
Bovine. Dissection of lateral surface of croup and thigh. Second layer.
Figure 34
1. tub,,,- rn.ww - tuber coxae
2. tmr/1((11/n 11wjor ji-111oris - major trochanter of
femur
3. tnb,,r i.1r/1iadirn111, 1rn1111.1 c11/a111'11.\ J1mri11/{/fo ni. Jm­
,l,,11di - ischiatic tuber, proximal cutaneous
branch of pudenda! nerve
4. 111. g/11if'11s nl!'rli11., - middle gluteal muscle
5. 111111. g {'//1,,fli, 1rn1111s 11111.1rnlaris ad 111. bicij1i!t111
gemelli muscles, muscular branch to biceps
muscle
6. 111..\f'111i/{'ll{/i110.111s - semitendinous muscle
7. 111. q11admt11s j<'111ori., - quadratus femoris
muscle
40
8. 111. add11c/or - adductor muscle
9. 111. .\f'111ii11,,,11b1rn111.ws semi membranous
muscle
I 0. 111. r!'Cl11s/i'lll11ris - straight femoral muscle
11. 111. ms/1/S lattmlis - lateral vastus muscle
12. Jiorlio lalf'm!is 111i. iliaci - lateral portion of iliac
muscle
13. rnj111I lalf'ntlf' 111i. gaslmmr'lllii - lateral head of
gastrocnemius muscle
14. i11s,,,-fio 111i. bicijiitis jr'llloris - insertion of biceps
femoris muscle
15. /(�; jlaif'llae /a/f'ntlr' - lateral ligament of pa­
tella
1 (i. lig; j){(/r,//a,, i11ff'n11r·di11111 - intermediate liga-
ment of patella
17. 111. tibia/is cm11ialis - cranial tibial muscle
18. 111. J1no11r'11s tnli11s - peroneus tertius muscle
19. 111. j1No11r·11s l011g11S - long peroneal muscle
20. /��- sacrot11b1·mlf' la/11111 - wide sacrotuberal li­
gament
21. /11. i.,d1iadirn., - ischiatic lymph node
22. a. el 1·. cirm111/ll'rn ili11111 jlm/1111da, 11. rnl111u·11sji111,,­
ris lail'rrt!is - deep circumflex arterv and vein,
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
2:l. a. I'! 1'. .1)11/l'a rn11dalis - caudal gluteal arterv
and vein
24. ramus muscularis ad m. semitendinosum - mus­
cular branch to semitendinous muscle
25. 11. ischi11dirns - ischiatic nerve
26. 1rn1111s 11111.1ntlaris ad 111..,r·111i11w111brm1,,s11111 - mus­
cular branch to semi membranous muscle
27. m111i 11111.1-c11/rm·s a. I'! 1'. /m(/1111dm· ji•111,,ri.1 - mus­
cular branches of deep femoral arterv and
vein
28. m11111s 11111.,ntlaris distalis ad 111. S{'l11il1·11di11,,.,11111 -
distal muscular branch to semitendinous
muscle
29. rn111i 11111srn/ar!'s (11d 1n bicipit,·111) r·I m111i rnl1111r·i -
muscular branches (to biceps muscle) and cu­
taneous branches
:lO. 11. tibia/is - tibial nerve
31. 11. jHT01u·11s m1111111111is - common peroneal
nerve
'.l2. a. et 1·. m11dalis jr'llloris - caudal femoral arterv
and vein
'.l3. 11. c11!r111r'11S Slim!' m11dalis - caudal cutaneous
sural nerve
:14. o. cirrwn/lnr1 ji11111ris 111/'dialis frm1111J 11d 111. s1·111i­
/{'11di11os11111), 1'. sajJhf'11r1 lail'rrtlis - medial cir­
cumflex femoral artery (branch to semitendi­
nous muscle), lateral saphenous vein
35. 1111. r/1111i11111 111edii - middle clunial nerves
:l6. /11. J)IJ/1/it/'l/s - popliteal lymph nodes
:17. 11. g/11//'{{s rn11dalis - caudal gluteal nerve
Bovine. Cross sections through thigh. Levels of sections (G DJ shown in Figures 32 and 34.
Figure 35
I. o.1ji-111ori.1 - femur
'.2. /Hild/" - patella
:L 111. gmci/i.1 - gracilis muscle
4. 111. 11dd11c/or - adductor muscle
5. 111. st•JJ1i1J1t'111hrr1Jws11s semi membranous
111uscle
G. m/111/ 111n/i11/,, 111i..�wlmrn1·111ii medial head of
gastrocnemius 111uscle
7. rn/111/ !ol!'ml,, 111i..�a.1/m0/1'111ii lateral head of
gastrocnemius muscle
H. 111. jlnor d1:�ilor11111 .111/wr/iciali.1 - superficial di­
gital flexor muscle
\J. 111• .1r·111il!'llfli110.rn., - semitendinous muscle
I0. 111. hirt'/1s/i·11111ris - biceps fe111oris muscle
I I. 111. /H·rli11em - pectineus muscle
1 '.2. 111. .1orlori11.1 - sartorius muscle
I :L 111. ,'aslm 111/'dioli.1 - medial vastus muscle
1-t. 111. n•c/11s/i-111,,ri.1 - straight femoral"muscle /11. poplil!·m - popliteal lvmph node
I :i. 111. ,'11.1/11.1 /11/!'m/i.1 - lateral vastus muscle '.24. 11. c111!11"'"-' .111m1· m11d"/i., - caudal cutaneous
I G. Ii.�- J1ot,,//01· 111edio/,, - medial ligament of pa­ sural nerve
tella '.25. rn,·11111 odirn!ali1111i.1 ji-111omJ1a/1·//11ri.1 - cavitv of
1 7. /(�: J1al!·lla1• i111!-m/l'di11111 - intermediate liga­ femoropatellar articulation
ment of patella '.ZG. /z�: ml/alno/,, /(1/i•m/,, g1·111(.1. rn,•11111 orlirnlolio11i.1 ji--
I B. lz�·- /11111'!/01· lat,.,m/,, - lateral ligament of pa­ 11111mlihioli.1 lal!'mlis - lateral collateral liga­
tella ment of knee. lateral cavitv of femorotibial
I 9. (/. .111/1!/('/I(/ ('/ II • .\{/JJ!/('/1/(.\, i'..\{/j)/,('/1(( l/l('(/i11/i.1 - articulation
saphenous artery and nerve, medial saphe­ '.27. rn,•11111 arlirnlati,111i.1 _ll'111111·11tihiali., 111N!iali.1 - me­
nous vein dial cavitv of femorotibial articulation
'.20. a. ,,1 ,'. J}()/1lilN1 - popliteal arterv and vein '.ZH. lz�·- cmcia/11111 n111daf,, caudal cruciate liga-
'.21. 11.tibia/is - tibial nerve ment
'.2'.2. 11. p1·m111·11.1 m1111111111i.1 ..,.. common peroneal '.21). /(�: crncio/11111 cm11ia/1· - cranial cruciate lig;1-
nerve ment
41
Bovine. Dissection of lateral surface of croup and thigh Third layer.·

Figure 36

IG. J){)r/iu nll'dialis llli. ,•mli i11li'/'J/INlii - medial por­

I. !11hn mrnl' - tuber coxae 8. nt. J.!,l1tle11s occessurius JJJr�jur major accessorv
:2. ala ossis ili11111 - wing of ilium gluteal muscle
:l. /11/wr isc/1iadirn111, 1w1111s n1/a111'11s j!m1"i111alis ui. J)//­ CJ. 111. gl11!t11s aff1's.rnri11s mi11ur - minor ·accessory
dmdi - ischiatic tuber, proximal cutaneous gluteal muscle
branch of pudenda! i1erve I 0. j!ortiu fatnalis mi. ifiaci - lateral head of iliac
4. !mcha11/tr 111aior o.uisji-muris - major trochanter muscle
of femur 11. 1//. g/1111'11.1 Jm,fi111dw - deep gluteal muscle
5. Jiail'lla - patella I :2. 111111. g('/111'1/i - gemelli muscles
6. mlllfr/11.1 la!l'mlis ussis jl'muris - lateral condyle 13. 1//. quad['([/11.1 ji-muris - quadratus femoris
of femur muscle
7. Ill. follgissi11111S /11111bumlll - longissimus lumbo­ 14-. u1. st1lliltlldil1orns - semitendinous muscle
rum muscle 15. 111. rffl11sji'llluris - straight femoral muscle
tion of intermediate vastus muscle
I7. J){)r/iu fall'mlis mi. ,•11.1/i illli'/'J/1Nlii - lateral por­
tion of intermediate vastus muscle
18. 111. adductor - adductor muscle
I CJ. 1//. .\('lllill/l'll/l)/"(///11.\/[.\ semimembranous
muscle
:20. mjml l//('diall' mi..�11Stmou·u1ii medial head of
gastrocnemius muscle
'.21. rnjml fafl'['([fl' 111i. gmlmrn1,111ii - lateral head of
gastrocnemius muscle
'.2:2. 1/1. ,•w/11.1 lo/i'['([/is - lateral vastus muscle
:2:l. /(�- /Hi!l'lfol' i11/i·/'J/1l'di1u11 - intermediate liga­
ment of patella
:24-. /(�: J!all'llal' la!l'mlr· - lateral ligament of pa­
tella
:25., :2(i. /(�: .wcm/11/Jl'['([II' lat111u - wide sacrotuberal
ligament
:27. a. l'i ,'. g/11/('([ cmuia/i., - cranial gluteal artery
and vein
:28. u. i.,chiadirns - ischiatic nerve
:29. //. g/11t1'11s mudalis - caudal gluteal nerve
:w. //. tibia/is - tibial nerve
:l I. 11. j,tru1w11., m111m1111i., - common peroneal
nerve
:l:2. a. t'I ,'. g/11/('([ rnudoli., - caudal gluteal artery
and vein
:l:l. mmi 11111srnlarl'.1 - muscular branches
:J4-. a. f'! ,'. cirrn111/fnaji,111uri., nll'diolis - medial cir­
cumflex femoral arterv and vein
:15. 11. f'! ,'. rn11dolisjt'llloris - caudal femoral artery
and vein
:Hi. 111. _/{nor d(�ilrmrlll .rnj){'/jiciolis - superficial di­
gital flexor muscle
:\7. //. g/11/('[(s rmlliolis - cranial gluteal nerve

42
Bovine. Pelvic ligaments.
Figure 37
I./11/;nmrnl' - tuber coxae
'.L (If({ ossis ifi11111 - wing of ilium
;1. m1j>11s ossi., ifi11111 - body of ilium
4. ({(l'ialm/11111 - acetabulum
5. jiHw11m o/;/11m/11111 - obturator foramen
G. /'IJ1j>11.1· o.uis isd1ii - body of ischium
7. /11/,,,,. isd,iadic,1111 - ischiatic tuber
B. m11111s tr111d({/i.1 ossis Jm/;i.,· - caudal branch of
pubis
'J. i'Nfr,/m, /11111/;({/is VI - sixth lumbar vertebra
10. /(�: .1·11prmpi11ril1· - supraspinal ligament
I 1., 12. f(r sacmt11bemll' /a/11111 - wide sacrotuberal
ligament
13. 111. smTorn11d({/is dona/is /({/I'm/is lateral dorsal
sacrocaudal muscle
14. 111..lf1cmrn11d({/is ,•r•11tmli.1 laif'lnlis - lateral ven-
tral sacrocaudal muscle
15. 111. g/,1//'//s Jm1/i111d11s - deep gluteal muscle
16. 111111. /.:/'111r•lli - gemelli muscles
I 7. /(�: mJ>ilis o.uis/i-111omlis - ligament of head of
femur
IB. jim1111!'11 isd1iadirn111 111(Ji11s - major ischiatic fo­
ramen
19. jim1111n1 isrhiadit11111 111i1w., - minor ischiatic fo­
ramen
20. a.!'I ,'. g/11/m cm11i({/is - cranial gluteal arterv
and vein
21. 11. isd1iadirns - ischiatic nerve
22. a.l'i ,'. g/11/t•a rn11d({/i.,· - caudal gluteal artery
and vein
23. 1w1111s n,/({111•11s Jm1xi111(Jfis 11i.Jmdmdi - proximal
cutaneous branch of pudenda! nerve
43
Bovine. Skeleton of pelvis and thigh. Medial view. Left half of pelvis removed.

Figure 38

1. /11/,n (11\(/f• - tuber coxae

2. t11hn sacml<' - sacral tuber
:L ro1/111.111.1.1i.1 ili11111 - bodv of ilium
4. 011/111.1· m.,i., Jmhis - body of pubis
5. .,pi11(1 isd1i(ll/im - ischiatic spine
6. /11/,n isd1i(ll/irn111 - ischiatic tuber
7. ro1J1m 11.His i.,chii - body of ischium
8. j<1cii•s sp11J1h1·.1ialis us.,is ro.\'<I(' - svmphyseal sur­
face of os coxae
9. J1nll'l1 ,,.His /)//his - pecten ossis pubis
10. t11hnrn/11,111 111i. /1.1110.1 111i111ni.1 - tubercle of minor
psoas muscle
11. ('111i1w11tio ili11J)//bica - iliopubic eminence
12. ji,m1111'11 11bt11ra/11111 - obturator foramen
I :l.rrista .,·a,-mlis 111('dir11,r1 - median sacral crest
14. ala ,mis .wrri (sinistra) - wing of sacrum (left)
15. ala ,mis sarri (r/extra) - wing of sacrum
(right)
16. pan lateralis ,mis sacri - lateral part of sacrum
I 7. jim1111i11fl sacra/ia dormlio - dorsal sacral fo­
ramen
18. _/iJ1m11i11a .mcra/i,1 /H·h·i110 - pelvic sacral fora­
men
19. cr1Jml 11.uisji,1111,ris - head of femur
20. C1J1jm.,· 11.Hi.,ji•111oris -body of femur
21. ji,.Ha tmd1011t1·rim - trochanteric fossa
22. tmr/t!('(( 11.Hisfi,111oris - trochlea of femur
2:l.m11dr!tH 111/'diflli.1 n.His .fi111ori.1 - medial condvle
of femur
24. 1'j1iroll(/)'!11., 111Nlioli., - medial epicondvle
25. ro11dr/11s lotr·mli., ossis ji-1111,ris lateral conclyle
of femur
26. lmthf/11/r•r 111i11"r ,,_uis ji-11/1/ri.1 - minor trochan­
ter of femur

44
Bo-vine. Skeletal topography with arteries ofpelvis {right half) and thigh. Medial view.

Figure 39

I. a. iliaca n-tema sinistra - left external iliac ar­

tery
:Z. "- cirrn/11//1•1(1 ili11111 /1m/i111d" - deep circumflex
iliac artery
:l. "· ili"m in/NI/a si11i.,tm - left internal iliac ar­
tery
4. 11. ili"rn in/N/111 dn!m - right internal iliac ar­
tery
5. "· ili"m 1·.rlr-rn" dn!r" - right external iliac
arterv
(i_ "· ili11l11111halis - iliolumbar artery
7. 11. .wrmlis 1111"dim1" - median sacral artery I5. /mnrn.1 fi11d/'Jld111'f1(i;wlrirns - pudendoepigastric '.20. 11. ji·11111mlis - femoral artery
B. 11. g/11/1-a /"1"1111iali.1 - cranial gluteal arterv trunk '.21. a. cirrnn1Jln" ji·n111ri.1· lalr-rufo· - lateral circum-
9. 11. ;•ogi1111/is - vaginal arterv IG. o. Jmdmda 1•.1//'1"11r, - external pudenda! arterv flex femoral arterv
I()_ 11. Jmdnrda infl•m11 - internal pudenda! arter\' 17. a. 1-p(i:mtrirn m11d11/i.1 - caudal epigasu-ic artery '.2'.2. "· gmus d1·.,n·1ulm.1· - descending arterv of knee
I l. "- /H·rinl'llli.1 ,•1-nlmlis - ventral perinea! arter\' 18. 11. cirrn111_/ll'.\"/I ji-1111,,is nwdiali.,· - medial circum­ '.2:L "- /Jo/ili1t·11 - popliteal arterv
I '.2. o. g/11/1•11 m11d"li.1 - caudal gluteal arterv flex femoral artery '.24. "- .wJ,!w,111 - saphenous arterv
I :1. "- 11111/iilimli.1 - umbilical artery I 9. a. nulrici" o.uis ji·n111mli.1 - nutrient artery of '.25. m111us f!/,/11m/11ri11s - obturator branch
14. a. Jmi/i1111/11_/i·11111ri.,· - deep femoral artery femur '.ZG. 1111. rn11da/1·sji·11111ris - caudal femoral arteries

45
Bovine. Dissection of pelvis and thigh from medial surface. First layer.

Figure 40

,..,. . -'.,
,
�

.1''
�;, #

�-�,·
-�-J���

I B. 111. gmri/i., - gracilis muscle

I!) . .fi1sri11 cmris - crural fascia
�O. 111. .w111i11u·111hn111us1H sen1 i n1c111branous

I. ,•nil'bm /11111/)({/is VJ - sixth lumbar vertebra
2. 11.1 s11rm111 - sacrum
:l..Jrtcir's S)'111jihysi11/is 11ssis rorn1· - symphyseal sur­
face of os coxae
4. t11bn i.,d1iadim111 - ischiatic tuber
5. 111. obliq 1111.1 i11tr·m11s 11bd11111i11i.1 - internal ob­
lique abdominal muscle
6. 111. tmsor _/r1giru• fata1· - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
7. .Jr1.1cia loto/i11111ris - femoral fascia lata
B. 111. n•c/11s .fi-11wri., - straight femoral muscle
9. 111. ,•m/11.1 111('dia/is - medial vastus muscle
I0. jiorlio cm11ialis 11ii. mr/11rii - cranial portion of
sartorius muscle
1 I. /)//rfi11 m11dolis 111i..wrtorii - caudal portion of
sartorius muscle
12. 111.Jwrti11('//s - pectineus muscle
13. 111./isoas mi11or (i11.1ntiu) - psoas minor muscle
(insertion)
14. 111. ilior11s (ji1Jr/i11 1//('di11/is) - iliac muscle (me-
dial portion)
15. 111.mcri:�f•11s - coccygeal muscle
16. 111.f!'i'({/11r 011i - levator ani muscle
I 7. /)(/rs i11tmpeh·i11a 111i.obt11mtorii n-fr-mi
pelvic part of external oQturator muscle
muscle
21. 111. .ll'lllilr·11di110.111s - semitendinous muscle
22. run,., i11,i:11i1111/is - inguinal arch
2:l. iwntio 111i. r,•,-fi 11!ir/1J111i11i., insertion of
straight abdominal muscle
24. /,::.:.Jiofrl/111' 111!'di11/r- - medial ligament of pa­
tella
25. , ..rn,•a rn11dolis - caudal vena cava
2G. ,·.iliarn C1J1111111111is, m,rta - common iliac vein,
aorta
27. a.1•/ ,·. ifi11rn i11/1•n,11 - internal iliac arterv and
vein
2B. 11.1·/ ,'. g/11/{'(/ nw1i11/is - cranial gluteal artcrv
and vein
29. 11. isd1i11diC11s - ischiatic nerve
:w. 11.,,, ,•.ili11m 1•.Y/1'1"1111 - external iliac artery and
vein
:l1. a.I'/ ,'. J;m/i111da/i-1111Jris - deep femoral arterv
and vein
:12. Int/IC/I.\" Ji11d1•11(/111pz:,:wtriC11s, II. ,i:l'l1it11fi-11111mli.,· -
pudendoepigastric trunk, genitofemoral
nerve
:13. a.1•/ ,'._/i-11111rulis - femoral artery and vein
;l4. a.11fl'l"i11a, 11.ji,11111rulis - uterine artery, femoral
nerve
:15. a.11111/Jilimlis - umbilical artery
'.Hi. a.!'I ,'.mgi11alis, 11. obt11ru/ori11s - vaginal artery
and vein, obturator nerve
:l7. 11. H•r/11/is r1111d11/is - caudal rectal nerve
:rn. 11. ,,, ,'.j)11d('Jlr/11 i11!1·m11 - internal pudenda!
artery and vein
:19. a.smTolis 111cdim111 - median sacral artery
40. a.1'jiig 11strim m1///ali.,· - caud�I epigastric artery
41. 11.1·/ ,'. jmdr•111l11 1·xtn11a - external 'pudenda!
artery and vein
42. 11. l'I ,·. rirC11111jl1•.rn ili11111 J;m/i111d11, 11.C11!r11//·11s_/i·11111-
ris la/1'1"11/is - deep circumflex iliac artery and
vein, lateral cutaneous femoral nerve
•1-:l. a.. \"/tji/1('110 1•/ 11. mph1·1111.r, ,'. sajih1·11a 11wdi11/is -
saphenous artery and nerve, medial saphe­
nous vein
44. 11.l'i ,'. jil'l"i11mlis ,•1•11/m/is, 11. J;ni11/'(/lis jim/i111dw -
ventral perinea! artery and vein, deep peri­
nea! nerve
45. 11. Jmd1·11d11.1, r1111111.1· ad 111.mcn:i:rn111 - pudenda!
intra- nerve, branch to coccygeal muscle
46. 11. g/11t1·11s rn11dalis - caudal gluteal nerve

46
 Bovine. Dissection of pelvis and thigh from medial surface. Second layer.

Figure 41

I. ,·1·1klim h1111halis VI - sixth lumbar vertebra

'.2. us socnu11 - s<1crun1
:L ala nssis ili11111 � wing of iliun1
-1. os J11d,is - pubis
:i. tulH·r isd1i(l(/irn111 - ischiatic tuber
G. jr1cil'.I sr111J1h1·.,iali.1 o.His m1at - svmphvseal sur­
face of os coxae
7. 111. ji.wos 111i,,,,,. - psoas minor muscle
B. J}(Jr/io 11l!'dialis 111i. ilioci - medial portion of
iliac muscle
9. 111. jJ.l"IH!.\ 111aior - psoas major muscle
I 0. Jwrlio latnali., 111i. ilioci, I!. g/'l(ifo/i-111omli.1 - la­
teral portion of iliac muscle, genitofemoral
nerve
I I. 111. 1!·11.l"fir jiw"ia,· laiol' - tensor fasciae latac
muscle
I :Z. 111. n·c/11.1.fi-111,,,-is - straight femoral muscle
1 :l. 111. ;•os/((S i11Nliolis - medial vastus muscle
14. ,11. jJffli11('/(s - pectineus muscle
15. 111. mldw!or - adductor muscle
I G. u1. s1·111i1111'111h,-;,11m((S semimembranous
muscle
17. 111. .11·111ill'l1di11ost1.1 - semitcndinous muscle
18. 111. gostmo11·111iw - gastrocnemius muscle
I \J". 111. glu!tus 111tdius - middle gluteal muscle
:ZO. 111. /!,lu/('(I/Jic1ps - gluteobiceps muscle
:Z 1. 111. rncn:w•11.1 - coccygeal muscle
'.cl2. 111. lr•,•a/or 011i - levator ani muscle
'.cl:l. jion i11/m/1ch·i110 111i. ob/um!1Jrii 1·rltmi - intr,1-
pelvic part of external obturator muscle
24. 11. ruto11,•11.1· jr·11111ri.1 lo!l'mlis, 1w1111s 1Tf111ialis fJ. cir­
rn111jl!'.1a ilium Jn11/iu1dof• - lateral cutaneous
femoral nerve, cranial branch of deep cir­
cumriex iliac arterv
25. 1w111n m1uloli.1 11. ti ,'. cirrn111jlf•_rnl' iliu111 J1m/i1111la1·
- caudal branch of deep circumflex iliac ar­
tery and vein
:ZG. 11. ji·11111mlis - femoral nerve
27. 11. l'I ,·. j<-11/flmlis - femoral artery and vein :14. 11. ohtum/ori11.1 - obturator nerve -12. 11. Jwri11/'(/lis J1m/i111(/11.1 - deep perinea! nerve
:ZB. 11. mjih('//11.,· - saphenous nerve 35. 11. isd1iodirns - ischiatic nerve 1-'.l. I(:;: mcmtulH•mll' lotu111, 11. rff/11/is rnudolis - wide
29. o. !'/ ,'.•w·1111s d1·sn·1ul!'l1s - descending artery :l6. 11. gl11!1'11s cm11iolis - cranial gluteal nerve sacrotuberal ligament, caudal rectal nerve
and vein of knee :17. 11. g/11!1'/1s rnudolis - caudal gluteal nerve 44. m111us 11i. flhlumlorii - branch of obturator
:W. 11. cirrn111flna. ji·11111ris lotno/is - lateral circum­ :IB. 11. jJ11dl'lld11.1, 111. isd1iodirn.,· - pudenda! nerve, nerve
flex femoral artery ischiatic lymph node 45. 1rn11i 11111.1n1/rm·s 11. cl,'. jJm/i111drwji·111Mis - mus­
:11. 11. l'i ,·. iliam f'.rlnu11 - external iliac artery and :19. rm11u.1 rnl!1111·11s 11i. j!lld!'l1di - cutaneous branch cular branches of deep femoral artery and
vein of pudenda! nerve vein
'.l:Z. 11. l'I ,·. pm/i111d11 ji-1111,ris - deep femoral arterv 40. rm11us rn1111111111irn11.1 i11tcr 11. isd1iodirn111 l'! 11. Jmdl'11- 46. I(:;: j)([tr-//ru• 111Nlioll' - medial ligament of knee
and vein du111 - communicating branch between ischi­ 47. 111. iliorns 11l!'diolis - medial iliac lymph node
'.l3. ,'. J1ud!'l1d,wjJ(:_:aslrirn, tm11C11s /!111k11docji(:;mtrirn.1 atic and pudenda! nerves 48. 11. n·ctolis rn11dalis f rr111111s ad 111. lcm/11ris m1i) -
- pudendoepigastric vein, pudendoepigas­ 41. 11. dor.wlis ditoridis - dorsal nerve of clitoris caudal rectal nerve (branch to levator ani
tric trunk muscle)

47
Bovine. Dissection of genitalia and inguinal region of bull after removal of left pelvic limb.
Figure 42
I. 111.1n•111(1stn - cremaster muscle
2. /11. i11g11i110/i.1 rnjwr/icioli., - superficial inguinal
lymph node
:l. o.cl 11. .Ji11/llm/i.1 - femoral arterv and nerve
4. ,'.ji,11,mtli.1, o.pm/i111d11 .Ji111oris - femoral vein,
deep femoral artery
5. ,'. />m/i111dajin/llri.1 - deep femoral vein
G. ,'. Jn1d1'11dol'j>(�mlrim, lru11m.1 /mdl'lldrw/>!�11.1/rim.,
- pudendoepigastric vein, pudendoepigas­
tric trunk
7. o.et ,'.t'f>(�a.,trim m11dolis - caudal epigastric
artery and vein
8. o.Jmdn1da l'rln110 - external pudenda! artery
9. 11. .�mito /iwomlis - genitofemoral nerve
I 0. o. I'! ,'. /1•stirnlaris, d11c/11.1 d1jiT1·11s - testicular
artery and vein, ductus deferens
48
11. o.f'I ,'. dorsali., JH·11i., - dorsal arterv and vein or
penis
I 2. JH·nis - penis
I :l. 11. dorm/is j>!'l1i.1 (mn111.1 11i./>11dl'11di), 111. r,·tmc/or
j>l'llis - dorsal nerve of penis (branch of pu­
denda! nerve), retractor muscle of penis
14. a. l'I ,'. r/w/11.1 r/1:fi'rr-11/is arterv and vein of
ductus deferens
rs. Ill. />rt'j>11fi11/i., C/11/rlo/i., - caudal preputial
muscle
I G. 111. ,,hfiq nm nl1T1111.1 obd/)111i11i.1 - external ob­
lique abdominal muscle
17. a/Hi111·11msis 111i./)l>liq11i nit-mi 11bd,1111i11is - apo­
neurosis of external oblique abdominal
muscle
I B. 111111/11.1 i11.�11i1111/is .mj>n/ici11/i., - superficial in-
guinal ring
I <J. 111. n1/t1111·1is lrunci - cutaneous muscle of trunk
20. 111. i.1d1i,,m,'N11,,s11.1 - isehiocavernous muscle
21. 111. /)blitJ1111.1 i11!1T1111s 11bd/)111i11i.1 - internal ob­
lique abdominal muscle
'2'2. 11.isd1im/irn.1 - ischiatic nerve
'2:l. 111. odd11ctor 1•/ 111..11·111i1111•11dm111/).111., - adductor
and semimembranous muscles
'2L l0111i110 le11di11m i111J>ttr 111i.gmcilis - tenclinou,
sheath of gracilis muscle
25. mF/o/m/11111 - acetabulum
'2G. 111111.g/11/l'i - gluteal muscles
'27. />rt'f)IJ/il1111 - preputium
'2B . . ,cm/11111 - scrotum
 I
Bovine. Pelvic organs and genitalia of bull in situ. Left half of abdominal wall pelvis and left pelvic
limb removed

Figure 43

I. !lor/11 - aorta
2. /'I'll .1i11i.1·/n - left kidney 16. 111. i.1d1iom1·1•mo.ws - ischiocavernous muscle 29. 111. odd11rt,11; 111. s1•111i11ll'11ilm"11,w.1 l'f 111 ..�mrilis -

:1. o. I'!,'. i!i!lm ,,_,fl•mo - external iliac artery and 17. d11rfm 11!:Ji'rt'm - ductus deferens adductor, semimembranous and gracilis
vein 18. "· 1•/ ,·. //•stir11/ori.1· - testicular artery and vein muscles
4. o. 11111/Jilirn/is - umbilical artery 19. 111. C/'/'111mfn - cremaster muscle 30. "· ,,1 ,'. J111d/'llda 1·.l'IN1111 - external pudenda!
5. Ii,�; lot,·m/,, ,•,·sim,· - lateral ligament of blad- 20. "· 1•/ ,'. d11r/11.1 d1jr-r1'11fis - arterv and vein of artery and vein
der ductus deferens '.l I. ji111irn/11.1 sj1!'r111alir11s d,·.\'lr'I' right spermatic
6. 1111•.rnd11rt11s d,jr-r,•11.1 - mesoductus deferens 21. /(I/Illus i11g11i110/is J1m/i111d11.1 - deep inguinal ring cord
7. plim 11mg1·11itolis - urogenital fold 22. co/011 d!'srn1d1•(1S - descending colon :12. /1111irn /i"1irn/i .1J1n111aliri r·I /l's/is - tunic of sper­
B. ,·r•.1irn 11ri1111ri11 - urinary bladder 23. a/11/111//a ri•rfi - ampulla of rectum matic cord and testis
9. g/011d11/11 ,·1·sirn/11ris - vesicular gland 24. 111. r1·rtomcc1;�P11s - rectococcygeal muscle 33. r·.rrn,·alio ,'l'.1im.�r·11it11/is - vesicogenital pouch
I0. r•.rmmlio r1•r/l!,�/'/lil11/is - rectogenital pouch 25. 11111l·11/11/ll 11//lim - greater omen tum 34. ji111irn/11s .1J1n111otirns si11i.1/!' r - left spermatic
I I. /��; 11ll'dim11"11 ,•1·.1irn1· - middle ligament of 26. 111. ohliq11ll.1 ii1/n1111s 11bdo111i11i.1 - internal ob­ cord
bladder lique abdominal muscle :1s. /11'1/i.1 - penis
I2. /ion Ji1·h·i1111 11rr·thm1• 1·/ 111. 1m·lhm/i.1 - pelvic part '27. 111. /'/'Cills obdo111i11is - straight abdominal '.36. /II. rtlmrforju·11i.1 - retractor penis muscle
of urethra and urethral muscle muscle :n. scmfll111 - scrotum
13. 111. mrn:�('11.1 - coccygeal muscle 28. truncus pudendoepigastricus, lig. medianum vesicae 38. /11. ili!lrns 111tdi!1lis, ,;_ ,t;/'/lilr(/t111om/i.1 - medial
14. 111. /1•;•!1/l!r !llli - levator ani muscle - pudendoepigastric trunk, middle ligament iliac lymph node, genitofemoral nerve
15. 1·.,a11•0/il! J111bm•1·sim/is - pubovesical pouch of bladder :l9. llrl'il' d,·rf!'r - right ureter
r

49
Bovine. Mammary gland of cow in situ. View from left side after removal of left pelvic limb.

Figure 44

1'

. .

q fl-<
" . '/

--�
A .,/'"
Jj

l. 111. obliq1111s l'xft•mw abdo111i11is - external ob­
lique abdominal muscle
l '. ajJ0111•11msis mi. obliqui extemi abdo111i11is - apo­
neurosis of external oblique abdominal
muscle
2. 111. gmrilis, 111. adductor et 111. se111i111r111bm11os11s -
gracilis, adductor and semimembranous
muscles
3. acetabu/u111 - acetabulum
4. 11. et a. fe11wm/is - femoral nerve and artery
5. a. jm1fu11da j!'l11oris, i'. j!'lnomlis - deep femoral
artery, femoral vein
6. ,'. pmfunda ft'111oris - deep femoral vein
7. 11. gn1itofe111om/is - genitofemoral nerve
8. a. !'I i'. jmdenda extema - external pudenda!
artery and vein
9. ,'arn 0'111/Jhatirn tfferentia 11beris - efferent lym­
phatic vessels of udder
10. a. et i'. 11w111111aria cmnia/is - cranial artery and
vein
11. a. el i'. 111a111111aria ((11((/alis - caudal mammary
artery and vein
12. /11. 111a111111ari11s - mammary lymph node
l 3. ,'. jJerin('((/is i't'llimlis, 11. jJerinl'alis pm/i111dus -
ventral perinea! vein, deep perinea! nerve
14. ,'. l'jJigastrica cmnialis SlljJer/icia/is - superficial
cranial epigastric vein
15. cmjms uberis - udder
16. paj1il/a 11w111111a!' - teat
1 7. circu/us i'!'IIOSIIS jmjJi//a!' 111m11111ru' - venous circle
of teat
18. plexus i'l'llosus j)(/jJi//rw 111m11111ae - venous plexus
of teat
19. ,'asa {r111photirn suj)('Jficia/ia ubnis - superficial
lymphatic vessels of udder

50
Bovine. Pelvic organs of cow in situ. View of left side. Left pelvic limb and left half of pelvis removed .

Figure 45

I. ,'l'rir'lm, l11111/H1/is VI - sixth lumbar vertebra

2. ,,_,. surm11I - sacrum
:l. 111Nl11l/a sjJi11alis - spinal medulla
4. ,'. ilium ro1111111111is sinistm - left common iliac
vein
5. fl. iliurn 1•1/!'r11fl sinistm left external iliac ar-
tery
6. fl. iliarn i11t1·mu sinistm - left internal iliac ar-
tery
7. fl. Sflaulis 111Nlifl11fl - median sacral arterv
B. 1111·.,·"rff/11111 - mesorectum
(). u. !'I ;•. rffifllis cm11iu/is - cranial rectal arterv
and vein
I0. ro/"11 d1•sr1·111l1·11s - descending colon
] I. {'()f()II sz::moir/1·11111 - sigmoid colon
12. H'C/I111I - rectum
I:1. ;•1•1kbm mcc1:::n1 I - first coccvgeal vertebra
14. 111..1jJhi11cll'r fllli 1·1/r'mus - external anal sphinc-
ter muscle
15. /11. fl//()ffc/fllis - anorectal lvmph node
I6. roIj/l/s 11/l'ri - bodv of uterus
I7. rim111 11/l'ri si11i.flm111 - left horn of uterus
IB. oi'/lri11111 si11i.1tm111 - left ovary
19. /\�: {a/11111 11/r•ri dntm111 - right broad ligament 27. Ii_:{ 1111'dia1111111 ;•1•sirn1• - middle ligament of :14. a. el l'. jJerineofis 1•e11tmfis - ventral perinea!
of uterus bladder artery and vein
20. /i_::: la/11111 llll' ri si11istm111 - left broad ligament 2B. ;•r·sirn 11ri11urifl - urinary bladder 35. corpus uberis - udder
of uterus 29. 111. gmrilis ,,1 111. udduc/or - gracilis and adduc­ 36. a. ol'([rica - ovarian artery
21. ;•agi11fl - vagina tor muscles 37. a. 11teri11u - uterine artery
22. fl. 11111/Jilirnfis - umbilical artery :10. a. /'I ,'. t'/Jigmtrirn rnudrtfis - caudal epigastric 38. ure/er dexler - right ureter
23. /i_�: lail'rflk ;•r·sirne - lateral ligament of blad­ artery and vein 39. 111. coccygeus dexter - right coccygeal muscle
der JI. 111. obliq1111s i11/!'r1111s abdo111i11is internal ob- 40. 111. relraclor cli!oridis retractor clitoridis
24. llffll'r si11istn - left ureter lique abdominal muscle muscle
25. 111. 0111.1/rictor ;•r·stifmfi - constrictor vestibuli 32. 111. lr111Is,•1·rs11s abdo111i11is transverse abdomi- 4 I. glr111d11/a ;•estibufaris major major vestibular
muscle nal muscle gland
2(i. jrl<'ies .11·111/Jhpiafis wsis ro.rne - symphyseal sur­ :i:I. 111. rff/11.1 abdo111i11is - straight abdominal 42. 111. fel'([for ani - levator ani muscle
face of os coxae muscle

51
Bovine. Pelvic organs of newborn male. Left side. Left pelvic.limb) gizzards and intestines removed

Figure 46

I. 111111. /Hom - psoas muscles 11. a. et 1•. renalis sinistra - left renal artery and vein 2:l. r,,rf11111 - rectum
2. ,•1•1'/ebm f11111b11fis I'! - sixth lumbar vertebra 12. ,'. /Jorloc, /Ja11rr,,os - portal vein, pancreas 24. /ion /Jch·i11a urcthrrll' (111. urethmlis) - pelvic part
:l. af11 ,,ssis s1tr1i - wing of sacrum I:l. h1'jmr - liver of urethra (urethral muscle)
4. aor/11 - aorta 14. d11od1·1111111 - duodenum 25. gfm1d11fo ,·,,sirnforis - vesicular gland
5. o. ifiam n!Nna si11istm - left external iliac ar­ 15. ;•1·.,·imji-ff/'/1 --;- gallbladder 26. Jm1stata - prostate
tery I6. fig fafcifim1w hcpatis - falciform ligament of 27. gfa11d11fa lm/b,,11rl'fhmfis - bulbourethral gland
6. d11rt11s d1'.fi,rn1s dn!N, a. 11111bifimfis dntm - right liver 28. ji1rir's sr111/Jh_rsialis /J.1sis ro.Ia1' - symphvseal sur­
ductus deferens, right umbilical artery I7. ,'. 11111bifimfis - umbilical vein face of os coxae
7. d11rtm dr'.fi-rl'/1s si11islN, u. 11///bilimfis .,i11istm - left 18. ,,,,sirn 11ri11aria - urinary bladder 29. 111. gmri/is l'i 111. uddurlor - gracilis and adduc-
ductus deferens, left umbilical artery 19. fig. 111edi111111111 ,,,,sirne - middle ligament of tor muscles
8. In1 si11is/N - left kidney bladder :w. j)('[1is - penis
9. 11/'l'/N si11is/!'r - left ureter 20. fig. laterale l'esicae - lateral ligament of bladder :l I. 111. 1dmrlor /J1•11is - retractor penis muscle
10. gfomf11fo w/Jmrl'//llfis sinistm - left suprarenal 21. 11md111s - urachus :12. /i111irn/11s S/Jennatirns - spennatic cord
gland 22. 11///bilirns - umbilicus :l:I. scm/11111 - scrotum

52
Bovine. Pelvic organs of newborn heifer from left. Left pelvic limb, gizzards and intestines removed

Figure 47

I. 111111. /JSrJ(JS - psoas muscles 24. fi3: 111edi111111111 1·1·siaw - middle ligament of
2. 1·1•1kbm f11111bafis VI - sixth lumbar vertebra 12. 111"<'/l'r si11isler - left ureter bladder
3. 11f11 ,mis rncri - wing of sacrum 13. ,•. Jmrlal', /H11Icreas - portal vein, pancreas 25. /ig fa/11111 11/ni dl'.rlnr111 - right broad ligament
4. 1111rta - aorta 14. hl'j}((r - liver of uterus
5. ,•. ifiam c"1111111111is si11istm - left common iliac 15. 1·1·sicaf<'/fm - gallbladder 26. fig fa/11111 11/ni si11istm111 - l_eft broad· ligament
vein 16. d1111de1111111 - duodenum of uterus
6. 11. i/iam 1·.rtema sinislm - left external iliac ar- 17. , .. 11111bificafis - umbilical vein 27. 111<·nrs - uterus
tery 18. fig: fafcif11m11· /l{'jJalis - falciform ligament of 28. rl'C/11111 - rectum
7. a. 11111hifimfis derlm - right umbilical artery liver 29. 1·agi11a - vagina
8. a. 11111bifimfis sinistm - left umbilical artery 19. fig. fatemf1• i'l'sime - lateral ligament of blad- 30. .fr,ci<·s sr111Jihysiafis ,mis mrnr - symphyseal sur­
9. 3la111f11fa w/Jmrmafis si11istra - left suprarenal der face of os coxae
gland 20. 1•1·.1im urii/(/ria - urinary bladder 31. llrt'lhm - urethra
I 0. rnI si11isln - left kidney 21. 11mch11s - urachus 32. 111. gmcifis 1•/ 111. add11c/11r - gracilis and adduc­
I I. a. el ;•. J"/'/1(/fis sinislm - left renal artery and 22. 11111hifirns - umbilicus tor muscles
vein 23. j}((ril's abd11111i11is - abdominal wall 33. 11u•.rnrl'C/11111 - mesorectum

53
Bovine. Left testicle and epididymis of male.
Lateral view.

Figure 48
Bovine. Accessory sex organs and urinary bladder ofmale.
Dorsal view.

Figure 49

6
8

I. /1111irn/w sjJ1'n110/irns - spermatic cord I 0. /111n 111rnginalis 11. l!'stirnlaris - marginal part of .t_ dw/11.1 d1ji,r,,ns - ductus deferens
2. rn/ml 1'/Jidid)'lnidis - head of epididymis testicular artery .,. 1ndn - ureter
:L onj)lfs l'jJidid)'111idis - body of epididymis I I. /mm1 tnlimlaris - testicular bursa ti. mnjml/11 d11c/11s d1f'r('//lis - ampulla of ductus
4. rn11d11 l'j!idid)'111idis - tail of epididymis deferens
5. In/is - testis 7. g/011d11/a ,,,,sirnlari.1· - vesicular glandula
Figure 49
6. d11clw r/1:(l'rl'w - ductus deferens B. Jm,s/11/11 - prostate
7. 1111,.wrchi11111 Jm1.ri11111/,, - proximal mesorchium 1. ,,,,sirn 11ri1111ri11 - urinary bladder 9. j)([H /H'h·i11{( 11fl'llml(' 1•/ JI/. llrl'lhmlis - pelvic part
8. 1111,sorrhi11111 distal,, - distal mesorchium 2. lig. ,,,,sirn,, l11tn11k - lateral ligament of blad­ of urethra and urethral muscle
9. lig. rn11d111' 1'/1idid)'111idis - ligament of tail of der I 0. g/1111d11l0 lmlbo11rt'ihmlis - bulbourethral gland
epididymis :l. f!lirn 11mgn1it11/is - urogenital fold 11. 111. /)lf/bosj1011giorns - bulbospongiosus muscle

54
Bovine. Female genitalia. Dorsal view. Vagina and vulva cut and removed from dorsal surface.

Figure 50

:IF
16
t� , : . , '__,.-­
?/
\'V" y/' ., ,,.,-;-.,.

\ .·/' /,'

(' - -
' ,:/ /.,
/
/

\ ,l. "
�
,
'
20 I,
/ .
,l
./

I. m·ori11111 - ovary
2. crnjms /11/P11111 (pniodirn111) - corpus luteum I 0. orijiri11111 urethrrw exti>m11111 el dii•rTfirn/11111 wb­ 16. 111esm•ariu111 - mesovarium
:l. i11_/i111dib11l11111 tuboP 11/ninor• - infundibulum of Ufflhrale - external opening of urethra and 17. 11wsosaf/Ji11.r - mesosalpinx
uterine tube suburethral diverticulum 18. b111:w o1'{lrica - ovarian bursa
4. tubo utnino - uterine tube 11. or(fici11111 glo11d11/oe 1•r·stib11foris 111oioris - opening 19. fig: omrii jJroj!ri11111 - proper ovarian ligament
5. mmu 11/ni - horn of uterus of major vestibular gland 20. fig: fa/11111 uteri - broad ligament of uterus
G. nnjJus utni - body of uterus 12. e111i11e111io glo11d11far· ,·r•stibuforis 111aioris - emi- 21. a. et,'. 01'(trira - ovarian artery and vein
7. portio mginalis ceruicis - vaginal portion of cervix nence of major vestibular gland 22. a. et,'. 11/eri11a - uterine artery and vein
8. ca1•w11 mginae - vaginal cavity I 3. rlitoris - clitoris 23. ureter - ureter
9. due/us ejJoojJ/wri /011git11di110/is - longitudinal 14. fabi11111 Jmdendi - lips of vulva 24. fig: i11tercom11ofe - intercornual ligament
duct of epoophor 15. ,•estibu/11111 1'{lgi11ae - vestibule of vagina

55
Bovine. Cross section through pelvis at level ofpelvic outlet. Caudal view.

Figure 51

/
'

I, vertebra coccygea II - second coccygeal vertebra
2. 0,1 ischii - ischium
:l. 111, sacrorn11dalis dorsa/is media/is - medial dorsal
sacrocaudal muscle
4., 5, 111, ,1acmca11da/is dorsalis !atNalis - lateral dor­
sal sacrocaudal muscle
6, 111, .1·mTom11da/is ,'t'ntra/is media/is medial ven-
tral sacrocaudal muscle
7, 111, sacrom11da/is ,·entm/is /atem/is - lateral ven­
tral sacrocaudal muscle
8, 111. corrJ'.V'IIS - coccygeal muscle
9, 111, rfftocorrJ;�n1s, a, l'I ,,, sarm/is 111edia11a - recto­
coccygeal muscle, middle sacral artery and
vein
IO, m111s - anus
I I, 111, sj1hi11cler ani i11/em11s - internal anal sphinc­
ter muscle
12, 111, fem/or ani - levator ani muscle
13. 111, sj1hi11c/N ani t'XINIIIIS - external anal sphinc­
ter muscle
14, 111, /m!hosj1011giows - bulbospongiosus muscle
15, /)((I'S i11/m/1e/i'i11a 111i, oht11ratorii n:tn11i - intra­
pelvic part of external obturator muscle
16, a, el ,'. Jmdenda inlt'mo, 11, Jmde11d11s -
internal pudenda! artery and vein, pudenda!
nerve
17, g/am/11/0 ,•estibu/aris nwior - major vestibular
gland
18, ,•estibu/11111 mginae - vestibule of vagina
19, fig sarmtubemle /a/11111 - wide .sacrotuberal li­
gament
20, m11111s rnlallt'IIS J1mxi11w/is ni, Jmdendi - proximal
cutaneous branch of pudenda! nerve
21, 111, biffj1sfe111oris - biceps femoris muscle
22, 111, q11admt11s fnnoris - quadrate femoris
muscle
23, 111, stwitrndinorns - semitendinous muscle
24, 111, add11clor el 111. sc'111i11w111bm110,ws - adductor
and semimembranous muscles
25, /0111i11a le11di11('{/ i111j)((r 111i, gmri/is - tendinous
lamina of gracilis muscle

56
Bovine. Cross section through pelvis of cow at level of fourth sacral vertebra. Caudal view.

Figure 52

l. ns sr1cm111 fr('l-/r'bm sarmlis IV) - sacrum (fourth

sacral vertebra)
2. f/S j111bis - pubis
:l. rr11J111s f/.His.fi111f/ris - body of femur
4. Cf/11drl11s lotnalis ossis f('J11oris lateral condyle
of femur
5. rn11dr/11.1 11wdialis o.uis .fr·11111ris - medial condyle
of femur
6. tihia - tibia
7. 111. surmrn11dolis r/01:mlis 1wdiolis - medial dorsal
sacrocaudal muscle
8. 111.. wa,,rn11dulis dona/is lutr'mlis - lateral dorsal
sacrocaudal muscle
9., 10. 111. gl11tmhirr'j1s - gluteobiceps muscle
9. 111. g/1111,us rnJ1njiriulis - superficial gluteal
muscle
10. 111. hiffj1sfn11nris - biceps femoris muscle
11. 111. g/11/r'IIS jlm/i111d11s - deep gluteal muscle
12. Ill. g/11/r'IIS Uff('.ISlll'il/S //10///1' major accessory
gluteal muscle
13. 111.gl11it'11s orct•ssorius J11i11nr - minor accessory
gluteal muscle
14. 111. ms/11.1 lo!r'mlis - lateral vastus muscle
15. 111. _itf11ir'IIS 11wdi11.1 - middle gluteal muscle
I 6. 111. jlirifor111is - piriform muscle
17. rn//11/ lutnuh· 111i. gastmrnr'111ii - lateral head of
gastrocnemius muscle
18. 111. jtnnr digito1w11 s11Jwr/irioli.1 - superficial
digital flexor muscle
19. 111. ilioj1snm - iliopsoas muscle
20. 111. 11ht11mfori11s r·xtn1111s - external' obturator
muscle
21. 111. /1ffti11c11s - pectineus muscle
22. 111. mstns il1fr'rnu·di11s - intermediate vastus 28. rff/11111 - rectum :l4. o. ,,, 1·. Jm1(1111do .fiJ11nris - deep femoral artery
muscle 29. //1/rli,, mgi110/is cr·n•iris - vaginal portion of cer- and vein
23. 111. mldnrtor - adductor muscle vix 35. o. r'f 1•. Jmde11do r·xft•mo - external pudenda[
24. 111. gmrilis - gracilis muscle 30. mgi110 - vagina artery and vein
25. 111. sr·111i11w111brm111rns semimembranous 31. ,•csirn 11ri11orio - urinary bladder 36. a. r·I 1•. J10/1li!N1 - popliteal artery and vein
muscle 32. 11. isd1iadirns, o. r·t ,'. iliom i11tn11u - ischiatic 37. a. saph('/w f'f 11. mJ1ht•11m, 1•. saj1/w11a 11wdialis
26. rn//111 111N!ialr· J11i..�mtmrnr'111ii - medial head of nerve, internal iliac artery and vein saphenous artery and nerve, medial saphe­
gastrocnemius muscle 33. 11. obt11mtori11s, llfffn dn-ier - obturator nerve, nous vein
27. 111.j/llj1litfl1s - popliteal muscle right ureter 38. 11bn - udder

57
Bovine. Skeleton of tibia and distal portion ofpelvic limb. Medial view.
Figure 53
I. c111Jms ossis/i-111oris - body of femur
2. lrorhlN1 ossis/i-111ori., - trochlea of femur
:1. 1·pico11dd11.1· 11wdialis o.uis ji-111,,ris - medial epi­
condyle of femur
4. co111(rl11s /Jll'dialis ,,ssis ji·11/fJris medial condyle
of femur
5. jJal!'/111 - patella
6. /'/11it11·11tia i11tr•rro11drlm-is - inte1-condylar emi-
nence
7. co11dyl11s media/is tibiae - medial condyle of tibia
8. t11b!'msitas tibiae - tibial tuberosity
9. /J/01go amtiolis tibial' - cranial margin of tibia
I 0. cot/ms tibiae - body of tibia
I 1. 11wl/('(}/11.111wdialis - medial malleolus
12. tubn rnlcm11·i - tuber of calcaneus
13. mslrn/arn/11111 Ioli - sustentaculum tali
14. talus - talus
15. ;,s Cl'11tmq11artale (os 110,·irnlornboide11111) cen-
troquartal bone (naviculocuboid bone)
58
16. os tana/r• II !'I 111 fos 011wi/im11e i11tem1Nliolatem/1·)
- tarsal bone II and III Ontermediolateral
cuneiform bone)
1 7. os tar.wle l (os rn11ei/im11e 111ediaf,,J - first tarsal
bone (medial cuneiform bone)
18. os sesa111oid1'11111 111!'/atar.w/1• - metatarsal sesa­
moid bone
19. os 111f'lr1tarmle Ill ,,1 II' -- metatarsal bone Ill
and IV
20 ..w/m, /rmgit11di110/is dona/is - dorsal longitudi­
nal sulcus
21. ossa sr'm/Jloidea J1mYitmtlia - proximal sesamoid
bones
22. J1lw/011x J1mxi1110/is (os C(){ll}H'drtf,,) - proximal
phalanx
23. /1/w/011.r media fos rorrma/1,J - middle phalanx
24. J1lwlm1r dis/a/is (os 1111g11/arr,J - distal phalanx
25. os sesa111oide11111 distale - distal sesamoid bone
 Bovine. Skeleton of tibia and distal portion ofpelvic limb. Lateral view.
Figure 54
1. m1Jm, o.uis/imoris - body of femur
'.2. eris/a 11wdialis /mehlf'tlt' ossis ji,moris - medial
crest of femoral trochlea
:1. eris/a latf'mlis tmrh/eo/' os.risji111oris - lateral crest
of femoral trochlea
4. rnmlr/11s /alf'mlis ossis ji111oris - lateral condyle
\ of femur
5. rnmfr/11s 11wdio/is ,mis ji111ori., medial condyle
of femur
6. /){/Mio - patella
7. m1i11mlio i11term11dr/oris - intercondylar emi­
nence
8. condy/11s /atemlis tibiae - lateral condyle of
tibia
'J. rn/mtjib11lot' - head of fibula
1 0. t11b!'msilas tibial' - tibial tuberosity
11. 111111;�0 cmniolis tibiot' - cranial margin of tibia
12. f{}/jms tibitw - body of tibia .
13. w/ci ln1di11t'11111 - sulci for tendons
14. mol/eo/11s laif'mlis fos 1//(/llf'olarr,J - lateral ma!•
leolus (malleolar bone)
15. tuber rn/rn11f'I· - tuber of calcaneus
16. /'{}//ms rn/cm1t'i - bodv of calcaneus
1 7. to/us - talus
18. os ce11tmq11ortolf' (os 11m•irnlornboidr·11111) - cen­
troquartal bone (naviculocuboid bone)
19. os torsole II cl [ff (os rn1wi/imw i11/t'/'//11·dio/otero/c)
- tarsal bone II and III (intermediolaternl
cuneiform bone)
'.20. os mf'lolm:i-olf' Ill f'i IV - metatarsal bone III
and IV
21. osso St'smnoidr·a j>m.\imo/i(I - proximal sesamoid
bones
22. j>lw/011.\ j>m.ri11/(//i.1 (os m111j)('(/olf') - proximal
phalanx
23. /Jhalt111.r 11/l'rlio (11s c11m1wll') - middle phalanx
24. j>lw/onr dis/(l/is (os 1111g11!tm,J - distal phalanx
25. os st'st1111oidrnm distafr, - distal sesamoid bone
59
Bovine. Dissection of tibia and distalportion ofpelvic limb. Medial view. First layer.
Figure 55
I. 111. ;•as/11s mf'dialis -- medial vastus muscle
2. 111. sar/11ri11s - sartorius muscle
3. 111.gmcilis - gracilis muscle
4. 111. se111i111n11bm11oms semimembranous
muscle
5. 111. St'111itrndi110s11s - semitendinous muscle
6. /(�; /1(/ff'l!ar• mf'dialf' - inedial ligament of pa­
tella
7. 111. tibia/is cm11ialis - cranial tibial muscle
7 '. /nl(/11 mi. tibia/is cm11ialis - tendon of cranial
tibial muscle
8. 111. /H·ro111·11s IN/i11s � peroneus tertius muscle_
8'.ff'll(fo mi. /H'/'IJll<'i /('J'fii - tendon of peroneus
tertius muscle
9. 111. tibia/is rn11dalis - caudal tibial muscle
I0. 111.flt'\'()/' digiti I l1111g11s - long flexor muscle of
first digit
I I. 111. f/<'xor dig iton1111 lo11g11s - long digital flexor
muscle
12. rn/m/ 111Nlia/e mi. gmlnH·11r·111ii - medial head of
gastrocnemius m'uscle
13., 15'. lt·11d11 rnlrn11r·11s rn1111111111is - common calca­
neal tendon
13. lt'11do 111i.lricipitis rnm1· - tendon of triceps su­
rae muscle
14. rn/m/ latt'm/1· 111i.g as//'{)(llt•111ii lateral head of
gastrocnemius muscle
15.,15'. il'lldo 11ii.fle.\'IJris digit,m1111 w/Jer/icia/is - ten­
don of superficial digital flexor muscle
16. /t'//(/o 111i. flnoris d(�iloru11( J!m/1111(/i - tendon of
deep digital flexor muscle
I 7., 18. 111. r•xll'/lsor d(�it11m111 /,mg11s (tf'lldi11r•s) - long
digital extensor muscle (tendons) . proper plantar digital nerve III
17. 111.r•xll'll.wr digi1tm1111 l011g11s (pmprim) - long di­
gital extensor muscle (proper)
60
18. 111. r·xle11.wr digiti Ill - extensor muscle of third
digit
19. 111.exlf'nwr digit11ru111 brn•is - short digital ex­
tensor muscle
20. 111. i11lf'm.ur•11s - interosseous muscle
21. reti11arn/11111 ex/1•1/S()/'//1/I jJ/'{)Xi111ale - proximal ex­
tensor retinaculum
22. rf'ti11ac11h1111 t•x/(')wm1111 distale - distal extensor
retinaculum
18 •I 23. lig jJ/a11ta/'f' l1111g11111 - long plantar ligament
24. a.saplu•11a ('( 11. sojJ/i(')111s, i'..m/Jht•11a 11wdialis
saphenous artery and nerve, medial saphe­
nous vein
25. 1w1111s rnlrn11t'11s - calcaneal branch
26. a. S(ljJ/ir·11a - saphenous artery
27. 11.tibia/is - tibial nerve
28. 11.jJ/a11/aris lalt'mlis - lateral plantar nerve
29. 11. jJ/a11taris 111t'dialis, a.pla11/aris 111t'dio lis - medial
plantar nerve, medial plantar artery
30. 11. digitalis jJ/011/aris m1111111111is Ill - common
plantar digital nerve III
31, a. f't ,'. digitali.l· jJ/011/aris co1111111111is III - common
plantar digital artery and vein III
32. i'. digitalis d,malis ((}1111111111is III - common dor­
sal digital vein III
33. 11.digitalis dona/is J!m/Jri11s Ill 1//('dialis - medial
proper dorsal digital nerve III
34. n digitalis dorS(l /is rn1111111111is Ill - common dor­
sal digital nerve III
::l5. n digitalis pla11taris jJmjJri11s II media/is - medial
proper plantar digital nerve II
:16. n digitalis pla11/aris ((}1111111111is II common
plantar �igital nerve II
:16'. 11.digitalisjJ/a11tarisjn11/Jri11.1 Ill 111t'dialis - medial
:\ 7. //(/rs a1111/aris 1·agi1101• fib/'{).\'fW digiti - anular fas­
cia of digits
Bovine. Dissection of tibia and distal portion of pelvic limb. Medial surface. Second layer.
Figure 56
I. 111. ms/us 1//l'diofis - medial vastus muscle
2. o. l'I 1'. _limom/is - femoral artery and vein
3. o. sajJh/'Jlrt, ,'. sojJhcmt J1/('diolis - saphenous
artery, medial saphenous vein
4. o. ('f 1'. m11do/isjt'1t/()ris - caudal femoral artery
and vein
5. 11. pero11ew cm11111u11is - common peroneal nerve
(i. 11. tibiolis - tibial nerve
7. /11. j)l)jJ/i/('//s - popliteal lymph node
8. fig; jJotdfru, i11fn11wdii1111 - intermediate liga­
ment of patella
9. fiK jJ11tdlol' 11wdiok - medial ligament of pa­
tella
I0. Ii// rollotnoll' Jll('dia/e - medial collateral liga­
ment
I I. 111('11i.ff11.1 media/is - medial meniscus
12. 1w1drl11s 11wdiafis o.uis .fiJJ1oris - medial condyle
of femur
I3. t11bnosilm tibifu, - tibial tuberosity
14. a. l'I ,·. gmus dr,srn1d/'Jls - descending artery
and vein of knee
15., 16. 111. .�lut/'llbiu'jJs - gluteobiceps muscle
1 7. rn/ml 111Nli11k 111i.•�mlmrn('//1ii - nledial head of
gastrocnemius muscle
18. ll'lldo 111i. lririj!ilis s1mu' - tendon of triceps su­
rae muscle
I9. 111. j)l)j!lil('/ts - popliteal ·muscle
20. 111. jlnm· digilon1111 /011g11s - long digital flexor
muscle
21. 111. tibia/i., rnudalis - caudal tibial muscle
22. 111. jlr,_ror d(�ili I /011g11s - long flexor muscle of
first digit
23. 1·. sojJ/w110 laln11/is - lateral saphenous vein
24. ((ujJ11s tibi11r' - body of tibia
25. 111. tibia/is cmniafis - cranial tibial muscle
25'. ln1do 111i. tibiolis cm11i11/is - tendon of cranial
tibial muscle
26. 111. /H'1mw11s INlius - peroneus tertius muscle
26'. il'lldo 111i. /H'IWU'i In/ii -- tendon of peroneus
tertius muscle
27. fig. jJ/1111/ort' /011g11111 - long plantar ligament
28. 111. r'.\'ll'IIS//J" digiti Ill (ll'lldo) - extensor muscle
of third digit (tendon)
29. 111. 1'.rln1.wr d(�ilor11111 brl','is - short digital ex­
tensor muscle
30. 111. t'Xle11.wr digitor11111 /011g /lJ - long digital ex­
tensor muscle
'.11. 11, digitolis dorm/i., m1111111111is Ill - common dor­
sal digital nerve III
32. 11. Jll('//1/111:,-1,a dors11/is Ill, 11. 11w/11/ars,,11s drm11/is Ill
- dorsal metatarsal artery III, dorsal meta­
tarsal nerve III
33. IW/1/1.1 (/Jl//lllllllim11s (/1//1 11/'ri'O /J/'r()/1('() /!m/i1111/() -
communicating branch with deep peroneal
nerve
34. ,'. d(�itafis d()IJ//lis nuu1111111is Ill - common dor-
sal digital vein III
35. 11. jJ/011/aris /a/r'mfis -· lateral plantar nerve
36. 11. jJ/011/oris media/is - medial plantar nerve
37. /II. i11!Nossr'W - interosseous·muscle
38. a. j!lm1/11ri., 11wdia/is - medial plantar artery
J9. a. r'I 1•. digilolis jJ/1111/aris m1111111111is II - common
plantar digital arterv and vein
40. a. jJ/1111/ari., /a/Noli.1· - lateral plantar artery
4 I. il'lld() mi. _f/i,_rnris dig i/()J"/1111 J11/J/'lj1Cialis - tendon
of superficial digital flexor muscle
42. /nl(/() 111i. jlnMi.,· digi1i,'r11111 Jm1/i111di - tendon of
deep digital flexor muscle
43. os J11('/olonok Ill ,,1 11 1 - metatarsal bone III
and IV
61

Bovine. Dissection of tibia and distal portiorJ ofpelvic limb. Lateral view. First layer.
Figure 57
B caudal cutaneous sural nerve, lateral sa­
---c
1\ 111. m.1·/11.1· /oll'l'olis - lateral vastus muscle
'.2. j>ortio tmnio!is 111i. bitij1itis/i-111oris - cranial por­
'10 tion of biceps femoris muscle
:L /Jortio rn11dolis 111i. bici/Jitis ji-111,,ris - caudal por-
tion of biceps femoris muscle
4. 111. s1•111ilf'l1di11orns - semitendinous muscle
5. 111. sole11.1· - soleus muscle
fi. 111••�aslmrnf'l11i11s - gastrocnemius muscle
7. 111. tibia/is cmniolis - cranial tibial muscle
B. 111. JH·mm·11s l011g11s - long peroneal muscle
9. 111. 1•.rfl•wor digitom111 longm - long digital ex­
tensor muscle
10. 111. /H'm111•11., ll'l'/i11., - peroneus tertius muscle
l 1. 111. n/1•11.rnr d!�itolis /0/1'1'11/is, ,'. d!�ito/is do1solis ('()lll-
1111111i.1· Ill - lateral digital extensor muscle,
common dorsal digital vein III
12. 111. tibia/is rnudo/is - caudal tibial muscle
13. 111. jll'.rnr digiti I l011g11.,· - long flexor muscle of
first digit
14. tmdo 111i. triri/Jitis rnm1· - tendon of triceps su­
rae muscle
15. tendo 111i. jle.rnris d!�ifor,1111 mjJf'ljirio/is - tendon
of superficial digital flexor muscle
16. ll'lldo 111i. jk.roris digi/fm1111 Jm1(1111di - tendon of
deep digital flexor muscle
17. 111. i11t1·mss1·11s - interosseous muscle
1 B. 1w11m (11/11111·11.1 (ui. isd1iodiri) - cutaneous
branch (of ischiatic nerve)
62
l
\
I!). 11. r11/11111•11., s11m1· 1w1do/is, ,·. soj1h1·1111 loll'l'olis -
phenous vein
'.20. 11. tibia/is, a. soj1h1·1111, ,'..wj1h1·1111 1111'1/ialis - tibial
nerve, saphenous arterv, medial saphenous
vein
21. Ii,�: loni J1l011flm• /,111g11111 - long plantar liga­
ment of tarsus
22. 11. /1/011/oris loll'l'ttlis, 11. j>/011/oris lofrmlis - lateral
plantar nerve, lateral plantar anerv
2:l. 11. j>l'l'o111·11s m1111111111is - common peroneal
nerve
24. 11. /H·m111·11s wj)('(jiciali.1, ,'. tibia/is cro11iolis - su­
perficial peroneal nerve, cranial tibial vein
25. 11. digitalis dona/is ('()lll1111111is JI' - common dor­
sal digital nerve IV
'.26. 11. digitalis dor.wlis m1111111111i.1· ff - common dor­
sal digital nerve II
'.27. 11. di,�·itolis dor.w/i.,· ('()1111111111is Ill - common dor­
sal digital nerve III
28. 11. digitalis d,nmlis Jn:uj>rius JI' 1111•diolis - medial
proper dorsal digital nerve IV
29. 11. di,�itolis d,11:wlis Jm1/1ri11s ff/ loll'mlis - lateral
proper dorsal digital nerve III
:JO. rm111H cu/0111•11., - cutaneous branch
:l 1. 11. l'I o. di,�ito/i.1 jJ/011/mis ('()1/11111111i.1 · JI',,- common
plantar digital nerve and artery IV
:12. 11. digitalis jJ/011/oris Jnoj>ri11.r J I /a/no/is - lateral
proper plantar digital nerve V
:l:I. jr1sria cmri.1 - crural fascia
34. lig: m/loil'l'ale 'loll·mlt· g/'1111.,· - lateral collateral
ligament of knee
:is. m11d)'l11s loil'mlis ossis ji-111oris - lateral conclyle
of femur
:16. 1111·11i.ff11s /otno/is - lateral meniscus
37. tuhl'l'ositm tibia1· - tibial tuberositv
:rn. l'l'li11ootl11111 1·.rt1·wom111 jJm.ri111alt· - proximal ex­
tensor retinaculum
:\!). m 1111·/o/11n11!t· Ill 1•/ fl' - metatarsal bone III
and IV
40. m11111.1· rmuiolis ,·. mjJ/,1•11111· loll'mlis - cranial
branch of lateral saphenous vein
41. ,'. jJ/011/oris loll'l'olis - lateral plantar vein
42. i'. di,�itolis jJ/011/oris pmj>rio IV !all'mlis - lateral
proper plantar digital vein IV
4;1, 11. (ll/m11·11s .\'/mu· /11/1'1'11/is - lateral cutaneous
sural nerve
 Bovine. Cross section through tibia. Level of section shown in Figure 5 7.

Figure 58

20

B
I. tibia - tibia
2. 111. tibia/is cranialis - cranial tibial muscle
3., 3'., 5. m. extensor digitorum longus - long digital
extensor muscle
3. pars communis mi. extensoris digitorum longi -
common part of long digital extensor muscle
3'. m. extensor digitorum longus (proprius) - long
digital extensor muscle (proper)
4. 111. pero11e11s tertius - peroneus tertius muscle
5. 111. extensor digiti III - extensor muscle of third
digit
6. 111. extensor digitalis laieralis - lateral digital ex-
tensor muscle
7. 111. j1ero11eus longus - long peroneal muscle
8. 111. j}()jJliteus - popliteal muscle
9. 111. gracilis - gracilis muscle
I 0. 111. se111ite11di11osus - semitendinous muscle
11. 111. bicej1s femoris - biceps femoris muscle
12. 111. flexor digitorum suj1erficialis - superficial di­
C
gital flexor muscle
13. 111. flexor digitoru111 longus - long digital flexor
muscle
14. 111. tibia/is caudalis - caudal tibial muscle
15. 111. flexor digiti l /011g11s - long flexor muscle of
first digit
16. caput mediate mi. gastrocnemii - medial head of
gastrocnemius muscle saphenous artery and nerve, medial sa­ 24. 11. /H'HJ/11'//S suj}('l:ficialis - superficial peroneal
17. caput laterale mi. gastrocnemii - lateral head of phenous vein nerve
gastrocnemius muscle 21. a. tibia/is cra11ialis 1-t ,','. tibial!'s cm11iah-.1· - cranial 25. 11. tibia/is - tibial nerve
18. 111. soleus - soleus muscle tibial artery and veins 26. 11. cut(///('l(J .11ira1• rnudalis, ,·.. mj1/1('11a /atnalis -
19. tendo mi. tricipitis surae - tendon of triceps su­ 22. 11. j}l'ronrus m1111111111is - common peroneal caudal cutaneous sural nerve, lateral sa­
rae muscle nerve phenous vein
20. a. saphena et 11. saphe1111s, i•. saj1he11a media/is - 23. 11. j1e1wu-us J1roji111dw - deep peroneal nerve 27. fr1scia cmris - crural fascia

63
Bovine. Dissection of tibia and distal portion ofpelvic limb. Lateral view. Second layer.
Figure 59
1. 111. ,•as/11s latnalis - lateral vastus muscle
2. 111. gastronu·111i11s - gastrocnemius muscle
3. 111. ,\1'111ill'11di11//rns - semitendinous muscle
4. 111. nlr·mor digitalis /a/Nali., - lateral digital ex-
tensor muscle
5. 111. j,No111·11s l011g11s - long peroneal muscle
6. 111. m/nrs - soleus muscle
7. 111. tibia/i., rn11da/is - caudal tibial muscle
B. 111. jfnor digiti I /(}11g11s - long flexor muscle of
first digit
9., I I. 111. n!!'llsor d(i;if(}m/11 /,m,1;11s - long digital
extensor muscle
9'. fl'//(lo 111i. n"l!-moris d(i;it,mnn l011gi - tendon of
long digital extensor muscle
10. 111. /H'1mu·11S IN/ins - peroneus tertius muscle
11. n1. extmsor digiti Ill - extensor muscle of third
digit
12. 111. tibia/is cmnia/is - cranial tibial muscle
13. n1. !'.\11'11.rnr digi/rman brf',•is --: short digital ex­
tensor muscle
14. 111. jfnDr d(�it,m1111 .\/1//('r/icialis - superficial di­
gital flexor muscle
15. ll'11do 111i. jlnoris digit,m1111 Jm!/i1//(li - tendon of
deep digital flexor muscle
16. 111. i11temss1·w - interosseous muscle
I 7. 11. tibia/is - tibial nerve
IB. II. /JNOl/('1/S ((//1//lllllli., common peroneal
nerve
19. 11. /H·m11,•w s11j)('Jjirialis - superficial peroneal
nerve
64
20. 11. /H'1m11·11s /m!fi111d11s, a. tibia/is cmnia/is - deep
peroneal nerve, cranial tibial artery
21. ,,. 111e/alarsl'a drmalis Ill, 11. 111l'la/anms dorsa/is Ill
- dorsal metatarsal artery III, dorsal meta­
tarsal nerve III
22. 11. digitalis dorsalis m1111111111is Ill - common dor­
sal digital nerve III
2'.l. m11111S mn11111111irn11s rn111 1/N,'n /H·1mu·() j,mfi11ulo -
communicating branch with deep peroneal
nerve
24. 11. digitalis dorsa/is pmj,ri"s /f 1 111!'dia/is - medial
proper dorsal digital nerve IV
25. 11. digitalis dor.wlis jmijni"s Ill lafrmlis - lateral
proper dorsal digital nerve III
26. fig .fi•111()ropat!'/lrm· la/I'm!!' - lateral femoro­
patella1: ligament
27. /ig: ml/ail'mll' lall'mlr· - lateral collateral liga­
ment
28. /(i;: j,atl'llal' la!!'m!I' - lateral ligament of patel­
la
29. ('()//{/)'/"s lall'mlis ossis j;.n,,,ris - lateral condyle
of femur
:JO. 11. c11tm11'11S SI/HI!' rn11dalis, ,'..wj,hl'na /at,.,-a/is -
caudal cutaneous sural nerve, lateral saphe­
nous vein
:l I. ,','. tibia/l's cmnirill's - cranial tibial veins
:12. ,'. saj1hl'11a 111Nlialis - medial saphenous vein
:l:l. os nwlal!11:wll' Ill !'I IV - metatarsal bone Ill
and IV
Bovine. Skeletal topography with arteries of tibia and extremity of right limb. Medial view.
(From a radiograph.)

Figure 60

1. "· /JojJ/itm - popliteal artery 14., 14'. II. jJ/m1/11ris //1('(/ialis - medial plantar artery
2. "· g1·1111.1 d1•.m·11dl'l/.1 - descending artery of knee 15., 15 '. a. jJ/110/aris latna/i., - lateral plantar artery
:L 11. -'"/Jh1•1111 - saphenous artery 16. ,,,-ms jJ/m,taris /m1rio111/i.1 - proximal plantar
4., 5. 11. rn11d11/is /1'111ori.1 - caudal femoral arterv arch
4. 1w1111.111.1n•11d1·11.1 - ascending branch I 7. arms j>lao/aris dis/a/is - distal plantar arch
5. 1w1111.1 d1•.w-1·11d1'11.1 - descending branch 18. a. 111l'fafrm1•a jJ/m1f,,ris Ill - plantar metatarsal
6. m111i 11. fm1/io1dm· ji·111ori.1 - branches of deep artery III
femoral arterv 19. a. d(�i/11/i.1· jJ/a11/aris (IJ1J11111111i.1· II common
7. "· tihi11/i.1 rm11i11/i.1 - cranial tibial artery plantar digital artery II
8. 11. tihi11/i.1 rn11d11/i.1 - caudal tibial arterv 20. a. digitalis jJ/011/aris 0111111110,is Ill common
9. 11. dona/is j)l'(/i., - dorsal pedal artery plantar digital artery III
10. 11. 1Jll'f11/1mw1 don11/is Ill - dorsal metatarsal ar­ 21. a. d(�ita/i.,· jJ/011/aris (1)11111110,is IV common
tery III plantar digital artery IV
11. 11. trmw, /11'1Ji1mns - perforating tarsal artery 22. a. d(:;italis j1/a11/aris jJmjni111111111'di11/is - medial
12. r101111.1 jJl'lji,mm dis/11/is Ill - distal perforating proper plantar digital artery III
branch III :z:l. a. d(�italis dorsalis rn1111111111is Ill - common dor­
13. m11111s calm11ew - calcaneal branch sal digital artery III

65
 Bovine. Stifle joint. Lateral view.

Figure 61
1

1. co1Jms ossisfe/1/oris -- body of femur 13. fig j)(l/e/101· i11ten11edi11111 - intermediate liga­
2., 3. /roe!,/('([ ossis.fi/1/oris - trochlea of femur ment of patella
2. eris/a 111edialis - medial crest 14. IZ�: />at!'lkw lateralr· - lateral ligament of patel­
3. eris/a la/era/is - lateral crest la
4. ef!l1r6·!11s lateralis ossis .f,'llloris lateral condyle 15. 111. q11adrir1·j>s _/!'111oris - quadriceps femoris
of femur muscle
5. co11r{rl11s 111Nlialis 11.uis ft'111oris - medial condyle I 6. insntio 111i. biei/Jitis/i'llloris - insertion of biceps
of femur femoris
-6. bursa .rnbll'lllli11m Jm•j)((/('//aris - prepatellar sub- 17. origo /Iii. /H'mlll'i In/ii I'/ 111i. n/('11.rnris digitr11w11
tendinous bursa l011gi - origin of peroneus tertius muscle and
7. j>aM/a - patella of long digital extensor muscle
8. 11w11isrns lo/era/is - lateral meniscus 18. 111. j>ero111'us l011g11s - long peroneal muscle
9. tubemsilas tibiae - tibial tuberosity 19. fig: collatnale lateral<· - lateral collateral liga­
10. fibula - fibula ment
11. er11Jms tibiae - body of tibia 20. 111. tibia/is w11dalis - caudal tibial muscle
12. fig. fe111omj){(/!'llare laterale - lateral femoropa­ 21. orig o /Iii. j)()j>/i!ei - origin of popliteal muscle
tellar ligament

Bovine. Stifle joint. Medial view.

1 Figure 62

1. m1Jms ossis fe111oris - body of femur 8. j){(li'//o - patella

2. eris/a 111Nlialis lroe/ii('([e - medial crest of troch­ 9. 111e11iscus 111edialis - medial meniscus
lea 10. /ig: fmwmj1a/1•/lar1• nwdiolr· - medial femoropa­
3. ej>irn11r6•!11s /1/l'dialis ossis fe11wris - medial epi­ tellar ligament
condyle of femur 11. /ig: j}({fellae i11tern1edi11//I - intermediate liga­
4. co11r(rl11s media/is ossis fe/1/oris - medial condyle ment of patella
of femur 12. fig. j}({/el/ae /1/l'diale - medial ligament of pa­
5. Cllll(6'lw la/era/is ossis f,·11wris - lateral condyle tella
of femur 13. lig. eol/oterale 111ediole - medial collateral liga­
6. Cllll(/y/11s 111/'dialis tibiae - medial condyle of ti­ ment
bia 14. lig. cr11eiol11111 mudale - caudal cruciate liga­
7. 011/ms tibiae - body of tibia ment

66
Bovine. Hock joint. Lateral view.

Figure 63 \

I. m1j){{s tibial' - body of tibia

2. ta/11.1 - talus
:l. mlcr11w11s - , alcaneus I0. pan tibi11111e/alarsca fig rnflalf'ra!is lateralis - tibio­
4. os cr,11fmfjll{[r/ale (o., 1111,·ic11/ornboidn1111) - cen­ metatarsal part of lateral collateral ligament
troquartal bone (naviculocuboid bone) 11. jl(tn rnlm11mfib11/aris lig: ml/a/era/is lalt'rafis - cal­
5. 11s tar.wit' II el Ill (os rn11ei/im1u, i11ten11ediolateralt') caneofibular part of lateral collateral liga­
- tarsal bone II and III (intermediolateral ment
cuneiform bone) I2. j}({n rnlrr111rn11wtalarsca /(1;: co//aterafis /a/era/is -
6. 11s 111t'latm:wle Ill el IV - metatarsal bone III calcaneometatarsal part of lateral collateral
and IV ligament
7. li;i;: tibiufilmlarr, m11rlalf' (,. tibi1111wllmlare) - cau­ 13. fi,1;: ta/11re11lmfj11artale i11temssm111 - interosseous
dal tibiofibular ligament (same as tibiomalle­ talocentroquartal ligament
olar) 14. fig: lars11111elalarse11111 i11/n11ssf'11111 - interosseous
8. fig: /a/11rnlrn11m111 latna/e - lateral talocalcaneal tarsometatarsal ligament
ligament 15. 111. i11temssem - interosseous muscle
(). fig. fjllarlodista!e i11INIISS{'I/III interosseous 16. 111affrn/11s latnalis (os 111affrnlare) - lateral malle­
quartodistal ligament olus (malleolar bone)

Bovine. Hock joint. Medial view.

Figure 64

1. c1J1jms tibia,, - body of tibia

2. talus - talus
3. os ce11lmfj11artafe (os 11m•irnf11c11b11ide11111) - cen­
troquartal bone (naviculocuboid bone)
4. os tarsale II et III (os cuneiforme intermediolaterale)
- tarsal bone II and III (intermediolateral
cuneiform bone)
5. rnlcr11w11s - calcaneus
6. 11s 111etalarsale Ill el JV - metatarsal bone III
and IV
7. tmr/11 mi. jle.rnris dig ilom111 l011g-f - tendon of
long digital flexor muscle
8. lendo 111i. tibia/is rnurlafis rt mi. ffe.rnris rligiti I l011gi
- tendon of caudal tibial muscle and long
flexor muscle of first digit
9., I0., I I. /ig: collaterafe mediafe - medial collat­
eral ligament
9. /}(/rs tibiotalaris - tibiotalus part
10. j}({rs tibi11rnlra11ea - tibiocalcaneal part
I I. /Jars tibiometalarst'a - tibiometatarsal part
12. fig: tarsi dunale oblifJIIIIJ/1 (fig: taloce11tmdis/0111ela­
/arsrw11) - oblique dorsal ligament of tarsus
(talocen trodistometatarsal ligament)
13. /ig: jJ/antare l011g11111 - long plantar ligament 6 14
l 4. lendo 111i. fle:wris digitomm jJmj1111di - tendon of
deep digital flexor muscle
15. 111. i11temsse11s -'- interosseous muscle 15

67
 Sheep. Skeleton of thoracic limb. Medial view.

Figure 65

18

I., '2.j<ffi,,.,. ms/a/is - costal surface '20. /1mc,,.um str/oidl'lls 11/110,, - stvloid process of
1., 1 '. jiu'il-., s,,rrala - serrated surface ulna
'2. ji,.Ha subsrn/!ll!aris - subscapular fossa '21. (IS rn1J1i mdia/,, (/)s sm/1h,1ide11111) - radial carpal
:\. m//11111 smjiula,, - neck of scapula bone (scaphoid bone)
4. sjii11a sm/m/m, - spine of scapula '2'2. w m1J1i aff1'.Hl)ri11111 <os /1isi /im11c) - accessory
5. !11/)/'/-,-,r/11111 s11/1mg/1'/111ida/1, - supraglenoid tu­ carpal bone (pisiform bone)
bercle 2:l. I).\" rn1/1i 11l11ar<' (/)s tri1J1wln1111) - ulnar carpal
G. t11bnrnli1111 11/lli"-' l11111wri - major tubercle of bone (triangular bone)
26 humerus '24. ,,.,. rn1j)({/,, ff l'i Ill (w lm/w::/)id,,11rn/1il11/11111) - car­
7. rn/ml h1111/l'ri - head of humerus pal bone II and III (trapezoideocapitate bone)
8. t11bnrnli1111 111i1111s l111111ni - minor tubercle of '25. 11s rn1ji11/,, 11' (m lir,11111/11111) - fourth carpal bone
humerus (hamate bone)
C)_ sulrns i11il•rt11b,,,n,laris - intertubercular sulcus 26. 1).1 11wtam1j)({/1, ff! l'I 11' - metacarpal bone III

I0. /11/Jnnsitm tn,,.,· 111ai11r - teres major tuberosity and IV

I I. m1Jms h1111wri - body of humerus '27. tmddm 1111'/11c111jii - trochlea of metacarpus
I '2. tmchlf'a l11111wri - trochlea of humerus 28. wsa s,,sa11wi,/,,a Jm11i11llllia - proximal sesamoid
I :1. l'/1im11d)'l11s 111/'diali., - medial epicondyle bones
14. l)/{'(-,-111w11 - olecranon 29. J1lw/1111g1's /1rmi11111/n foua m111j1f'dali11) - proxi­
I5. n11Jms 11/1101' - body of ulna mal phalanges
I G. sj)({/i11111 i11/nl)SJ/'lllll m,1t,/m1d1ii /m1.1i111af,, - prox- :io. jilwla11g,,.,· 11wdiac (11.\'.\'11 n11·1J11alia) - middle pha­
imal interosseous space of forearm langes
17. rn/ml mdii - head of radius :l I. jiha/011.�1'.I' distaf,,s fossa 1111g11/aria) - distal pha­
I B. m1Jms mdii - body of radius langes
I!). tmddm mdii - trochlea of radius :1'2. I).\' .,1·rn11wid,,11111 dis/11/,, - distal sesamoid bone

68
Sheep. Muscles of thoracic limb. Medial view.

Figure 66

10

1. rnrlilogo smjm/o,, -· cartilage of scapula

2. 111. rftrJ111boid1·11s - rhomboid muscle 19. 111. n/t•11.rnr rn1/1i mdiolis - extensor carpi radi­

:l. 111. s1·1-ro/11s ;•1·11/mlis u·n·iris

serratus muscle
cervical ventral alis muscle
20. 111. Jim1w/11r /t•rt·s - pronator teres muscle
27�
4. 111. w·rro/11.,· 1•1•11/m/is !ltomcis - thoracic ventral 21. 111. _I/nor mt/ii 11l11uris flexor carpi ulnaris
serratus muscle muscle
5., 5'., 5". JI/• .rnbsmjmloris.- subscapular muscle 22. 111. _I/nor rn1/Ji mdiuli., - flexor carpi radialis
6. JI/ • •rnJ1rmjJi110/11s - supraspinous muscle muscle
7. 111. /1•r,•s 111oior - teres major muscle 2:l. /{'{trio 111i. jlf'\ori., d(:;ilom111 rnjwr/icio/is - tendon
B. 111. lalissi11111.1· dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle of superficial digital flexor muscle
9. 111. Jwclomlis J>m/i111d11.1· fa. osc,·11d1·11s) - deep pec­ 2'.l'. Jiorlio Jm1/i111do 111i. jlnoris d1/ilom111 .r11j,njiciulis
toral muscle (same as ascending) - deep portion of superficial digital flexor
10. 111. /t•11.wrjr1.1-rio,· 011lf'bmd1ii - tensor fasciae an­ muscle
tebrachii muscle 2:l". J){)r/io rnjJf'ljiciulis mi. jlnori., d(:;"ilon1111 s1tjif'r/iti­
1 1. rn/}I{/ l011g11111 111i. lriri/iilis bmd,ii - long head of tt!is - superficial portion of superficial digi­
triceps brachii muscle tal flexor muscle
12. 111. nm1cobmcftiali.1· - coracobrachial muscle 24. /{'{11/0 111i. .flnoris d(:;"itrm1111 J,m/i111di - tendon of
I :l. rn/m/ 111t'dio!t· 111i. lricijiilis bmcltii - medial head deep digital flexor muscle
of triceps brachii muscle 25. 111. i11t,·mss,•11s - interosseous muscle
14. 111. biffjJS bmchii - biceps brachii muscle 25'. r1111111s jlnmius 111i. i111t·mss,•i - flexor branch of
15. 111. />fflomlis .111/Jnjiciolis (tf,,_fft'lldms ,,1 tr,111.,,· ,,,n11s) interosseous muscle
- superficial pectoral muscle (descending 25". 1w1111s s1·sm11oitf,,11.1 111i. inlt•m.m·i - sesamoid
and transverse) branch of interosseous muscle
16. 111. /m1r/1iolis - brachia! muscle 26. /{'{{do 111i. 1•.1/t•11.wris d(:;"ili Ill - tendon of exten­
I 7. rn/m/ 1t!11,m· 111i. .fln,,ris dZ:;"ilom111 Jmi/i111di - ul­ sor muscle of third digit
nar head of deep digital flexormuscle 27. 111. ohd11clor digiti I l011gus - long abductor
I B. lon·rt1/,jibmrns - lacertus fibrosus muscle of first digit

69
 Sheep. Muscles of thoracic limb. Lateral view.
Figure 67
1. 111. s11jm1sjJinat11s - supraspinous muscle
2. 111. infrr,s/Jina/11s - infraspinous muscle
3. j)({rs scajmlaris mi. deltoidei - scapular part of
deltoid muscle
2 4. j)({rs acromialis mi. deltoidei - acromial part of
deltoid muscle
5. 111. jJffloralis jnofundus (asm1dens) - deep (as-
17 cending) pectoral muscle
6. 111. biceps brae/iii - biceps brachii muscle
7. 111. brachioce/Jhalirns - brachiocephalic muscle
2 I 'f:, 8. 111. teres major - teres major muscle
9. tensor fasciae r111tebrachii - tensor fasciae ante­
�- . -�, brachii muscle
\ I j
10. n1. latissi11111s dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
�I
11., 11'. ca/ml longwn mi. tricipitis brachii - long
head of triceps brachii muscle
12. rnjJut laterale 111i. tricipitis brachii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
13. 111. anconeus - anconeus muscle
14. 111. brachia/is - brachia! muscle
15. 111. extensor rn1jJi radialis - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
70
16. 111. abductor digiti I longus - long abductor
muscle of first digit
17., 18. 111. extensor digitom111 co1111111111is - common
digital extensor muscle
17. 111. extensor di/;iti Ill - extensor muscle of third
digit
18. 111. extensor digiton1111 co1111111111is (jmijnius) - com­
mon digital extensor muscle (proper)
19. 111. extensor digitalis latemlis - lateral digital ex­
tensor muscle
20. rn/mt 11!11are mi. flexoris digitom111 jm1f11ndi - ul­
nar head of deep digital f!exor muscle
21. 111. extensor f(//jJi 11/nari.1· - extensor carpi ulna­
ris muscle
22. n1. interosseus - interosseous muscle
22'. ran111s flexorius 111i. interossei - flexor branch of
interosseous muscle
22". ran111s sesa111oide11s mi. i11terossei - sesamoid
branch of interosseous muscle
23. 111. flexor digitoru111 suj>erficialis - superficial di­
gital f!exor muscle·
24. 111. f!exor digitoru1n jmifundus - deep digital
flexor muscle
Sheep. Dissection of lateral surface of shoulder and forearm.

Figure 68

1. cartilogo srnpulal' - cartilage of scapula

2. spino sco/111/01' - spine of scapula
3. ocro111io11 - acromion
4. 111. s1'1Tot11s ,,1,11tm/is C<'n·icis - cervical ventral
serratus muscle
5. 111. wj1mspi11at11s - supraspinous muscle
6., 6'. 111. i11_/i-asj1i1111t11s - infraspinous muscle
7. Jmrs srnjm/1/ris 111i. deltoidei scapular part of
deltoid muscle
8. /11m· /Jtro111illlis 111i. deltoidei acromial part of
deltoid muscle
9. 111. I/Jtissi11111s d()/si - latissimus dorsi muscle
10. 111. tl'llsor(oscioe m1tebmchii - tensor fasciae an­
tebrachii muscle
11. rnjmt l011g11111 111i. trici/1itis bmd1ii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
12. rn/mt lotna/1, 111i. trici/1itis bmd1ii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
13. 111. 1111crme11s - anconeus muscle
14. 111. /H'Ctomlis /1ro(1111d11s (//SCl'Jlde11s) - deep (as­ 20. 111. extensor digiti Ill - extensor muscle of third 26. rr111111s Jim/1111d11s ni. mdi/1/is, m11111s ,'. cirrn111Jle.rn1·
cending) pectoral muscle digit /111111eri rn11do/is - deep branch of radial nerve,
15. 111. bmchioce/1h/Jlirns - brachiocephalic muscle 21. 111. extemor digitrm1111 co1111111111is (Jm1/1ri11s) - com­ branch of caudal circumflex vein of humerus
16. 111. /H'Clomlis descnulem - descending pectoral mon digital extensor muscle (proper) 27. m11111s s11/m}lcio/is ni. mdi/Jlis - superficial
muscle 22. 111. extensor digit/I/is /1/ll'mlis - lateral digital ex­ branch of radial nerve
17. 111. biCl'jis bmd1ii - biceps brachii muscle tensor muscle 28. m11111s a. circw11flexae h11111eri rnud/Jlis, 11. n!l/111/'IIS
18. 111. brachia/is - brachia! muscle 23. cap11t 11l11are 111i. fll'xoris digitoru111 J1ro/1111di - ul­ 011tebmd1ii //1/l'mlis - branch of caudal circum­
19. 111. extemor rn1jii mdialis - extensor carpi radi­ nar head of deep digital flexor muscle flex artery, lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm
alis muscle 24. 111. exte11sor ca1j1i 11/111/ris - extensor carpi uln·a­ 29. 11. rnto11ew /111/ebmchii cmni/Jlis - cranial cuta­
20., 21. 111. exfl'11sor digitoru111 co1111111111is - common ris muscle neous nerve of forearm
digital extensor muscle 25. 11. radio/is - radial nerve 30. • ,'. ce/1/111/irn - cephalic vein

71
Sheep. Dissection of medial surface of shoulder and forearm. First layer.
Figure 69
I. mrtilago .1mjmla1' -· cartilage of scapula
:2. 111. rho111boid,,w - rhomboid muscle
:l. 111..1,,;.,."'"'" ,'1'11/mli.1 C('J",•icis - cervical ventral
serratus muscle
:r. 111. st'IT{l/11.1 1'1'11/mli.1 ll/llmcis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
4. 111. s11j>m.1Jii11{1/Us - supraspinous muscle
5., 5'., 5". 111. wbsmjml"ris - subscapular muscle
6. 111. /{'J"f'.I 111ajur - teres major muscle
7. 111. l"ti.ui11111.1 drmi - latissimus dorsi muscle
8. 111. !riff/is bmchii - triceps brachii muscle
72
9. 111. /H'Cioralis J1mfw1dw ({l.fff'llrll'lls) - deep (as­
cending) pectoral muscle
I0. 111. /H'Ciom/is tm11s1·ers11s - transverse pectoral
muscle
I I. /oc{'J"/11s a.rill"ris - lacertus axillaris
12. 11. subsmjmloris - subscapular nerve
13. 11. S11/1msrnjmlari.1 - suprascapular nerve
14. 11. thorao,dorsrtli.1; a. wjm1.1rnjml"ri.1 - thoraco­
dorsal nerve, suprascapular artery
15. "· /'/ ,•. sub.H"(ljJ11/(lri.1 - subscapular artery and
vein
II,
16. o. f'I i'. t/11,mmdorwlis - thoracodorsal arterv
and vein
I 7. "· a.ri/laris, 11. 11wdim1us l'I 11. 11l11"ris axillarv
artery, median and ulnar nerves
18. 11. a.ri//{lris - axillary nerve
19. ,'. a.ri//"ris - axillary vein
:20. 11. mrlia/is - radial nerve
:21. 11. Jiffloralis m11rlolis - caudal pectoral nerve
:22. o. el,·. srnjmloris d,11·.w/is - dorsal scapular arte-
ry and vein
:z:l. _/(rscia 011/ebmchii - fascia of forearm
'.24. 11. 11111srn/,1rn/mlf'IIS - musculocutaneous nerve
Sheep. Dissection of medial surface of shoulder and forearm. Second layer.

Figure 70

--------
/

1. rnrtilago swjmlae -- cartilage of scapula

2. _facil'.1· sn}'{/fa swjmlal' - serrated surface of sca-
pula
3. 111. s11/J}'{/S/Ji11atm - supraspinous muscle
4., 4'., 4" . 111. s11bsrnjmlaris - subscapular muscle
5. 111. 11'/"f'S //1(/ior - teres major muscle
6. 111. lt'11.wr_fasri/l/· (//1/t'bmchii - tensor fasciae an­
tebrachii muscle
7. rn/J11f l011g11111 111i. tririf!ilis bmchii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
8. 111. J!rclom/is Jm1_(1111d11s (asct'11de11s) - deep (as­
cending) pectoral muscle
9. 111. rnmrobmchia/is - coracobrachial muscle
10. 111. biaf!s bmd1ii - biceps brachii muscle
11. ems }'{/diale 111i. /Jee/om/is dt'srn1df'11fis - radial
crus of descending pectoral muscle
12. 1·. Ct•f!ha/irn, 111. bmchia/is - cephalic vein, bra­
chia! muscle
13. /arn/11s _fibmsm - lacertus fibrosus
14. rnjl11f nwdiale 111i. tririJ!ifis bmrhii, 11. 11/11aris - me­
dial head of triceps brachii muscle, ulnar
nerve
15. 111. t•x/t•11sor ca1j1i mdia/is - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
16. 111. _f{t•:rnr rn,pi 11l11aris - flexor carpi ulnaris 21. a. !'I 1•. Jm1_(1111da brae/iii - deep brachia! artery 28. 11. suj1raswjmlaris - su,prascapular nerve
muscle and vein 29. ramus suprascapularis (a.), v. suprascapularis - su­
17. rn/J/11 11l11are 111i. _flnoris digitrm1111 J!mf1111di - ul­ 22. a. et 1•. 111ediml(I, 111. Jmmator feres - median prascapular branch, suprascapular vein
nar head of deep digital flexor muscle artery and vein, pronator teres muscle 30. 11. 11111swlowtmw11s - musculocui:aneous nerve
18. /"{//JI/JS 11111sr11laris jlmxi111a/is 11i. 11111sc11/oc11/a11ei, a. 23. 11. rnta11t'11s 011/t'bmchii wuda/is - caudal cuta­ 31. 1w11us 11111srnlaris distalis 11i. 11111srnlornta11ei - dis­
rirw111.fle.rn /1111111'/"i cm11ia/is - proximal muscu­ neous nerve of forearm tal muscular branch of musculocutaneous
lar branch of musculocutaneous nerve, cra­ 24. a. axillaris - axillary artery nerve
nial circumflex artery of humerus 25. 11. axillaris, a. et 1•. subsmjmlaris - axillary nerve, 32. 1•. cejlhaliw accessoria, 11. rnta11e11s m1teb}'{/chii f}'(/1/i­
19. a. bmchia/is, 11. 111f'di{//11Js <'I ,i. 11111srnlornta111·11s - subscapular artery and vein a/is - accessory cephalic vein, cranial cuta­
brachia! artery, median and musculocuta­ 26. a. et 1•. thomrndorsa/is, /11. axillaris - thoracodor­ neous nerve of forearm
neous nerves sal artery and vein, axillary lymph node 33. 11. t/111rarndorsalis - thoracodorsal nerve
20. 1·. bmchialis, 11. mdialis - brachia! vein, radial 27. n s11bsmjJ11laris - subscapular nerve 34. 111. _flexor cmj1i radia/is - flexor carpi radialis
nerve muscle

73
Sheep. Dissection of distal part of thoracic limb. Medial view.

Figure 71

5.....tt11
25

I. ra11111s superficialis ni. radialis, 11. cephalica accessoria
- superficial branch of radial nerve, acces­
sory cephalic vein
2. 11. cutaneus a11tebrachii 111edialis - medial cu­
taneous nerve of forearm
3. 111. extensor car/Ji radialis - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
4. 111. abductor digiti I lo11g11s - long abductor
muscle of first digit
5. a. et 1•. radialis - radial artery and vein
6. 111. flexor car/Ji radialis flexor carpi radialis
muscle
7. 111. flexor cmjJi ul11aris flexor carpi ulnaris
muscle
8. 11. ulnaris, 111. exte11Sor carpi 11!11aris - ulnar nerve,
extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
9., 9'. portio mjJerficialis 111i. Jlexoris digitoru111 mpe,fi­
cialis - superficial portion of superficial digi­
tal flexor muscle
I 0. rm1111s jJalmaris ni. 11!11aris, j)l)r/io prof1111da mi. flexo­
ris digiton1111 s11jJe1ficialis - palmar branch of
ulnar nerve, deep portion of superficial digi­
tal flexor muscle
11. ra11111s dorsalis ni. 11/naris - dorsal branch of
ulnar nerve
12. retinacu/11111 flexorum (lig: car/Ji jJalmare mper­
ficiale) - flexor retinaculum (superficial pal­
mar carpal ligament)
13. 11. digitalis dorsalis co1111111111is III - common dor­
sal digital nerve III
14. 11. digitalis dorsalis co1111111111is II, 1•. digitalis dorsalis
cm11111w1is III - common dorsal digital nerve
II, common dorsal digital vein III
15. 111. exle11Sor digiti III - extensor muscle of third
digit
16. 111. exte11Sor digitalis lateralis - lateral digital ex­
tensor muscle
17. 111. exle11Sor digiton1111 co1111111111is (J1rojni11s) - com­
mon digital extensor muscle (proper)
18. a. 111edia11a, 111. i11/e1fle.rnri11s distalis - median ar-
tery, distal interflexor muscle
19. 11. 111edia1111s - median nerve
20. 11. palmaris lateralis - lateral palmar nerve
21. 11. j)(J/111aris media/is, 1w1111s flexoriw mi. interossei -
medial palmar nerve, flexor branch of inter­
osseous �ucle
22. 11. digitalis palmaris III latemlis, a. digitalis jJa/11wris
m1111111111is II - lateral palmar digital nerve Ill,
common palmar digital artery II
23. 11. digitalis jJalmaris projnius II media/is - medial
proper palmar digital nerve II
24. rr111111s sesm11oide11s mi. i11terossei, 11. digitalis j)(l/111aris
co111111u11is II - sesamoid branch of inter­
osseous muscle, common palmar digital
nerve II
25. tendo mi. flexoris digiton1111 Jm1f1111di - tendon of
deep digital flexor muscle
26. 11. digitalis jJal111aris propri11s III media/is, 1'. digitalis
pahnaris jJrojJria Ill media/is - medial proper
palmar digital nerve Ill, medial proper pal­
mar digital vein III
27. 111. interossew - interosseous muscle
28. 11. digitalis dorsalis proj1ri11s II - proper dorsal
digital nerve II
29. 11. digitalis dorsalis projnius III media/is - medial
proper dorsal digital nerve III

74
Sheep. Dissection of distal part of thoracic limb. Lateral view.

Figure 72

17

3
4

19
I. 111. f.r/f11sor a11J>i radialis - extensor carpi radi­ flexor digitom111 m/)('/.ficialis superficial
alis muscle branch of palmar branch of ulnar nerve, su­
2. 111. abductor digiti I /011g11s - long abductor perficial digital flexor muscle
muscle of first digit 9., I 0. 11. digitalis j)(J/,11aris co1111111111is IV - common
3., 4. 111. !'Xif'l1sor digitonu11 cou11111111is - common palmar digital nerve IV
digital extensor muscle 11. 11. digitalis J)(//111aris Jm1/Jl'i11s V latem/is - lateral
3. 111. fxtensor digiti III - extensor muscle of third proper palmar digital nerve V
digit 12. a. digitalis pal111aris J1mj!ria IV lafeJ'(J/is, 11. digitalis
4. 111. extensor digitrm1111 m1111111111is (propri11s) - com­ j)(J/,naris pmj1ri11s IV latrJ'(J/is - lateral proper
mon digital extensor muscle (proper) palmar digital artery and nerve IV digit11n1111 Jnofu11d11s - radial communicating
5. 111. l'Xle11sor digitalis lafrJ'(Jlis - lateral digital ex­ 13. 11. digitalis dorrnlis Jm1J>ri11s IV latnalis - lateral branch of ulnar nerve, deep digital flexor
tensor muscle proper dorsal digita) nerve IV muscle
6. 111. ex/1'11s11r m1J>i u/11aris - extensor carpi ulna­ 14. 11. digitalis dorsalis Jm1jJri11s V - proper dorsal 17. 111. i11terosse11s - interosseous muscle
ris muscle digital nerve V 18. 11. digitalis dorsalis Jm1J>ri11s IV 111rdialis medial
7. /'(/1/11/S dorsalis ni. 11/11aris - dorsal branch of 15. 11. digitalis dorsalis c111111111111is III - common dor­ · proper dorsal digital nerve IV
ulnar nerve sal digital nerve III 19. 11. digitalis dorsalis }!rojJl'i11s III /a/em/is - lateral
8. J'(JII/IIS SII/Jl'lficialis J'(Jllli j)(J/,naris 11i. 11/11mis, 111. 16. m11111.1 co1111111111im11s mdialis 11i. 11/11aris, 111. flexor proper dorsal digital nerve III

75
Sheep. Dissection of distal part of right thoracic liTJ?b. Dorsal view.
Figure 73
I. 111. e.tll'mor rn1jii mdiafis - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
:Z. 111. 11bd11ctor d(:;iti I l011g11.1 - long abductor
muscle of first digit
:I. ,'. mdialis - radial vein
4. 111. ,,1f1·11.wr d(gitalis latl'mlis - lateral digital ex­
tensor muscle
5., G. 111. f'\·/r'11.wr d1:t.:"ilor11111 co1111111111is - coin 111011
digital extensor muscle
5. 111. f'l"i<'ll.\/11· d(i;-iti Ill - extensor muscle of third
digit
6. 111. !'llr'11.w11· d(git,m1111 co1111111111is (Jm1Jnim) - com­
mon digital extensor muscle (proper)
7. J}()rfio i111,,rd(itih1lis 111i. i111,,m.ul'i ad digi/11111 Ill -
interdigital portion of interosseous muscle of
third digit
7 '. JH11fio i11tnd(:;itafis 111i. i11//'m.ul'i ad d(:;i/11111 /1 1 -
interdigital portion of interosseous muscle of
fourth digit
8. J}()rfio o,//atna/i.,· 111i. infl'ms.wi ad digi/11111 1/1
collateral portion of interosseous muscle of
third digit
76
B'. J1ortio c,,//atna/i., 111i. i11fr'mS.w'i ad digi/11111 IV
collateral portion of interosseous muscle or
fourth digit
9. rm1111s wJmjirialis 11i. mdialis - superficial
branch of radial nerve
10. 11. d(:;ita/i., don11/is m1111111111is 11/ - common dor­
sal digital nerve III
1 1. 11. digitalis dor.wlis c,,1111111111is II - common dor­
sal digital nerve II
12. 11. d(:;ita/is dorm/is Jnopri11s Ill 11wdialis - medial
proper dorsal digital nerve III
1 :l. m11111s do1:wlis 11i. 11l11aris - dorsal branch of
ulnar nerve
14. m11111s r,m11111111irn11S mdialis 11i. 11l11aris - radial
communicating branch of ulnar nerve
15. 11. d(gitalis dor.wlis Jm1pri11s fl/ /a/l'mlis - lateral
proper dorsal digital nerve IV
16. 11. d(:;italis dona/is Jm1J1ri11., /1 1 11wdialis medial
proper dorsal digital nerve IV
1 7. 11. d(:;italis dor.wlis pmj1ri11S Ill l11tn11/is - lateral
proper dorsal digital nerve III
18. si11m i11tnd(:;itolis - interdigital sinus
19. ,·. C1'j1halirn acc,,.,.rnrio - accessorv cephalic vein
Sheep. Dissection of distal part of right thoracic limb. Palm�r view.

Figure 7 4

l. J>ortio .\'/1/Jl'rjiria/i., 111i. .flnori., d\�it,m1111 .\'///J1'1.'firio/i., I !J. 11. di,:;itolis jJ1tl11/(/ri.,· 11' 111Nli11/is - medial palmar
- superficial portion of superficial digital digital nerve IV
flexor muscle '20. 11. d(:;ito/is j){//111oris Jm1/J/'iu.,· II' 1//l'dioli.,· - medial 14
'2. J>orlio J>m /i111d11 111i. j/1'.roris digitrm1111 .\'//jJl'r/ici11/i., proper palmar digital nerve IV
- deep portion of superficial digital flexor '21. 11. d\�ito/is /Ht!ll/{/J'i., f!/'IJ/1rius I' 111/'dio/is - medial 15 6
muscle proper palmar digital nerve V �
:l. 111. .flnor d(�itoru111 Jm1 /i11Jdus - deep digital '2'2. 11. d\�itolis j){(/11111ri.,· m111111u11is II - common pal­ 22 19
flexor muscle mar digital nerve II
4. 111. i11tt·mss1·1t.l' - interosseous muscle 23. 11. di it11/is j>11h1111ri.,· Jm1J>ri11.1 II 111nli11/is - medial
g

5. 111. 1•.,lt'n.wr m1J>i u/1111ri.1 - extensor carpi ulna­ proper palmar digital nerve II
ris muscle '24. 11. d\:;itolis j){{/111oris J>r11J1ri11.,· Ill 111nli11/is - medial

6. 111. j/1·.rnr m1J>i 1t!1111ri.1 - flexor carpi ulnaris proper palmar digital nerve III 3
muscle '25. 11. d(:;it11/i.1 j){/l11111ri.,· !!I lol1'l'lt!i.,· - lateral palmar

7. u,. o/Jdurtor d(�ili I lougm - long abductor digital nerve III

muscle of f.irst digit '26. 11. d\:;itolis j){{/111ori.,· Jm1J1riu., Ill loll'/'olis - lateral

B. 111. l'.\lt·11.W1r d\�itolis /0/1'/'11/i.1 - lateral digital ex­ proper palmar digital nerve III
tensor muscle '27. 11. d\�i/11/is j>11h11ori., /1/'IJ/>rius II /1111,1'/1/i.1 lateral
9. 1WJJJJ.I' dor.w/i.,· 11i. u/1111ris - dorsal branch of proper palmar digital nerve II
ulnar nerve '2B. 11. d(�i/11/i.i dona/is Jm1J1rius J' - proper dorsal

I 0. m11111.I' ro1111111111imns mdi11/iJ 11i. 11l11oris - radial digital nerve V

communicating branch of ulnar nerve 29. ramus supr,ficialis ni. radialis, r1- mediana - super­
11. 11. d(�ito/is drm11/is m1111111111i.1 11' - common dor­ ficial branch of radial nerve, median artery
sal digital nerve IV ::o. 11. di italis d,,r.wlis Jm1/>ri11.1 II - proper dorsal.
g

J J '. 11. d\�i/11/is drm11/is Jm1J>rius 11' /11/nolis - lateral digital nerve II
proper dorsal digital nerve IV ;; I. 11. digitalis d11n11/is Jm1Jniu., Ill 11{('di11/i.,, ,.. d(�it11/i.,·

1 '2. rw1111.> rn/>n(iriolis m111i J10l111wi.1 11i. 11l11mi.,· - su­ J111h1111ri., J1mj>ri11 Ill 1111'di11/i., - medial proper
perficial branch of palmar branch of ulnar dorsal digital nerve III, medial proper pal­
nerve mar digital vein III
I '.l. 11. 111Nlio1111.1 - median nerve :l'2_ 11. 1'/ ,·. mdi11/is - radial artery and vein

14. 11. j){//111(/ri.1· /otno/is - lateral palmar nerve :l3. a. d\�itali.,· j){{/111ari.1 /1/'IJ/J/'i11 Ill l11!1·mlis - lateral
15. 11. J10!11Jori.,· 111Nlio/i.,· - medial palmar nerve proper palmar digital artery III
16. 11. d(�itoli.1 J){/!J1/(/ris rn111111u11i.< II' - common pal­ :l4. 11. d(�i/11/is j>ol11111ri.,· J>mjnio II' 111nli11/i., - medial

mar digital nerve IV prope1· palmar digital artery IV

17. 11. d(�ito/is j){{/11111ris Jm1J>riu.< I' /11/t'mli., - lateral :15. rl.\ cwj1i Offt•s.W1rii1111 (m J1i.,i/im1w) - accessory
proper palmar digital nerve V carpal bone (pisifonn bone)
I 8. "- digi/11/is j>o/111(/ris J1mJ1ri11s II' /11/1'/'11/is, ,·. d(:;i/11/is :lG. os JJll'fort11J>tt!1· I' - fifth metacarpal bone
J){/lll/(/J'i.,· J>mJ1rio II' loll'/'oli., - lateral proper :17. os 111('/oct11J){//1, If - second metacarpal bone
palmar digital nerve and vein IV 38. Ill. i11/r1fle:wriusdistalis - distal interflexor muscle

77
 Sheep. Skeleton ofpelvic limb. Medial view.

Figure 75

16

l. t11bi'r .\'(/cmle - sacral tuber

2. eris/a ilia('(/ - iliac crest 23. l/l(/lfco/11.1111/'diafis - medial malleolus
3. /11/ii' r m.rat' - tuber coxae 24. rnlrn111·11s - calcaneus
4. facit's a11rirnlaris - auricular surface 25. talus - talus
5. COi/ms onis ili11111 - body of ilium 26. os c1·11tmq11artafe (os 11m•ic11/ornboid1'1011) - cen­
6. inri.wra i.rchiadi('(/ 111a;or - major ischiatic in- troquartal bone (naviculocuboid bone)
cisure 27. os trmaf!' ff tt l/1 (os rn11ei/im11I' i11t1•r111('(fiolatf'l'alc)
7. sJ;ina ischiadirn - ischiatic spine - tarsal bone II and III (intermediolateral
8. i11cisum ischiadirn 111i11or - minor ischiatic in- cuneiform bone)
cisure 28. os tarsaf,, I <os oowifim11c 111cdiali,J - first tarsal
9. t11ht'r isrhiadirn,11 - ischiatic tuber bone (medial cuneiform bone)
l 0. arf'!alm/11n1 - acetabulum 29. w 11wtatar.wli· III r·t IV - metatarsal bone III
l l. t•111i11e11tia ilio/mbirn - iliopubic eminence and IV
12. ji,rt111w11 oht11mt11111 - obturator foramen 30. /Jhafanx f!/'//.ri111a/iJ digiti IV - proximal phalanx
l 3. facit•s S\'111/Jhysialis o.uis ro.ww - symphyseal sur- of fourth digit
face of os coxae 31. /J/l(//a11.1· /!/'//.ri111alis d(�iti III - proximal phalanx
14. ji,s.w l/'//r/1(111/Nirn - trochanteric fossa of third digit
15. rn1/mr o.uisft'/1/oris - body of femur 32. J;/l(lfa11x 111tdia digiti JI' middle phalanx of
16. /x1tella - patella fourth digit
1 7. l/'1/dill'a ossis(t'11wris - trochlea of femur 33. phalanx 111edia d(�iti JI! middle phalanx of
18. t'fJirnm(rf11s 111Nfiafis ,mis Ji'111oris - medial epi­ third digit
condyle of femur 34. ,,
jJ/1(1/m,x distalis diuiti JV distal phalanx of
19. ro11t(rl11s llll'diafis ossi.,· jt·111oris - medial condyle fourth digit
of femur 35. J;/l(lfm,.,. dis/a/is digiti l[J distal phalanx of
20. coll{f)'f11s nl!'dialis tibial' - medial condyle of ti­ third digit
bia 36. os sr·sr1111oidt'11111 f!m.ri111(1/r• - proximal sesamoid
21. t11br/'//sitas tibiae - tibial tuberosity bone
22. co,pus tibia1• - body of tibia n os s1'.\'(//l/oidt11111 distaf,, - distal sesamoid bone

78
Sheep. Muscles of pelvis and pelvic limb. Medial view.
Figure 76
I. 111. g!utms 11wdi11s - middle gluteal muscle
2. 111. g!utmbiccJ;s - gluteobiceps muscle
3. /)(/rs i11trapch•i1/(/ mi. ohtnralorii cxlnni - intra­
pelvic part of external obturator muscle
4. 111. l1•mtor a11i - levator ani muscle
5. j)(Jr/io llll'dia!is 111i. i!iaci - medial portion of
iliac muscle
6. 111. J;soas 11wior - psoas major muscle
7. J;orlio !atcra!is 111i. i!iaci - lateral portion of iliac
muscle
8. 111. J;sor1s minor - psoas minor muscle
9. 111. quarlratus !11111borum - quadratus lumborum
muscle
I 0. 111. tensor foscirw !atrw - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
IO'. jr1scia !atr1fc11wris - femoral fascia lata
11. 111. sartorius - sartorius muscle
11'. j}()r/io cmnia!is mi. sartorii - cranial portion of
sartorius muscle
11 ". J;orlio rnuda!is 111i. sartorii - caudal portion of
sartorius muscle
I 2. 111. rfftus f,-11wris - straight femoral muscle
13. 111. ,•as/us media/is - medial vastus muscle
14. 111. jJffli11('{{S - pectineus muscle
I 5. 111. gracilis - gracilis muscle
15 '. imNtio 111i. graci!is insertion of gracilis
muscle
16. 111. adductor - adductor muscle
I 7. 111. sr'111it11c111bm11os11s semimembranous
muscle
18. 111. sn11itc11di11orns - semitendinous muscle
19. m. J;oJ1li!r'IIS - popliteal muscle
I.
'3'
'.20. rnjmt 111cdialc 111i. gaslmcnl'l11ii - media], head of
gastrocnemius muscle
21. mjml !r1tcrale mi. gastmow111ii - lateral head of
gastrocnemius muscle
22. lr·11rlo 111i. tricipitis s11rar· - tendon of triceps su­
rae muscle
23. 111. .f!nor digit,,rum suj;erficia!is - superficial di­
gital flexor muscle
23'. ll'lldo 111i. .flr·xoris digit,,ru111 rnj;erficialis - tendon
of superficial digital flexor muscle
24. Ill. fl,•.rnr rlzgitoru111 l011g11s - long digital flexor
muscle
25. 111. .f!nor digiti J f,,11g11s - long flexor muscle of
first digit
26. il'lldo mi. .flr·rnris digitorum J1mf1111di - tendon of
deep digital flexor muscle
27. 111. tibia/is cranialis - cranial tibial muscle
27'. imNli" mi. tibia/is crania!is - insertion of cra­
nial tibial muscle
28. 111. pem111·11s tntius - peroneus tertius muscle
29., :rn. 111. 1•x/c11sor digitoru111 l011g11s - long digital
extensor muscle
29. 111. n'il'm"r digit,,ru111 l1111g11s {J;mjnius) - long di­
gital extensor muscle (proper)
30. II/. 1•:,:/('JJSOr dz�ili Ill - extensor muscle of third
digit
31. 111. i11tcm.1sr•11s - interosseous muscle
31 '. portio collateralis mi. interossei ad digitum Ill
collateral portion of interosseous muscle of
third digit
31 ". ra11111sf!c.rnrius mi. i11tr·mssci - flexor branch of
interosseous muscle
79
Sheep. Muscles ofpelvis and pelvic limb. Lateral view.
Figure 77
1. t11h1·r /'II.HI{' - tuber coxae
'.L 111. g/11/l'lls 11wrlius - middle gluteal muscle
:L 111. lr'11.wr ,l(ndrw latar· - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
4. .fr,w-ia lato/i·11111ri.1 - femoral fascia lata
5., G., 7. 111. g/11t1·obic1'{n - gluteobiceps muscle
:i. 111. g/11/1•11.1 w/J1·1/i'cialis - superficial gluteal
muscle
6. /)1)/'lio cm11iali.1 111i. hici/Jili.1 ji·11/11ri.1 - cranial por­
tion of biceps femoris muscle
7. /}l)r/i11 m11rlalis 111i. hil'i/Jilis ji·11111ris - caudal por­
tion of biceps femoris muscle
B. 111. .,1·111i1111·111hm1111.q1.1 semimembranous
muscle
9. 111. .\/•111i/1•11rli110.\'/I., - semitendinous muscle
I 0. 111. ;•m/11., lalnuli.,· - lateral vastus muscle
11. 111. go.1/rnrn1·111i11.1· - gastrocnemius muscle
12., I :I. ll'lllf,, rnlm1wus m1111111111is - common cal­
caneal tendon
12. ll'11rl,, 111i. lricij>ilis .1·111m· - tendon of triceps su­
rae muscle
I :1. I:r. ll'llllo 111i. jlnori.< rlZf.iilfl/"11//1 w/wr/icioli.1 - ten­
don of superficial digital flexor muscle
I 4. 111. tibia/is m11rlolis - caudal tibial muscle
1 :i. 111. jln"r digiti l /011gus - long flexor muscle of
first digit
I G. 111. /H-rfl111•11s /,m,:.:us - long peroneal muscle
80
I 7. 111. tibio/i., cm11ialis - cranial tibial muscle
I B. 111. nll'll.<or digitalis /ol!'mli.1 - lateral digital ex­
tensor muscle
19. 111. J1no1w11s INtius - peroneus te1:tius muscle
20. 111. ,,_rll·mor rlZ!.i·itor11111 l011g11.,· (Jm1/Jri11.1) - long di­
gital extensor muscle (proper)
2 13'
21. 111. //nor rlZf.i"ilor11111 Jmi/i111(/11s - deep digital
flexor muscle
22. 111. i11/no.,·.11·11.1 - interosseous muscle
22'. /"l111111S j/1•.rnri11.1 111i. i11/No.u1·i - flexor branch of
interosseous muscle
21 22". 1rn1111.1 mllot1·mli.1 111i. i11ll·m.1.\l'i or/ rl!f.i"i/11111 /I' -
collateral branch of interosseous muscle of
fourth digit
2:t 111. nll'11:1·or rl!f.i"ili II! - extensor muscle of third
digit
18 24. H·li1ll1/'li/11111 nll'l1.1111w11 rli.1/a/1· - distal extensor
retinaculum
2:i. J1or., 01111/aris mgi111wjibmrn1· d!f.iili - anular liga­
ment of digit
26. 111• .,·oa11c1111dali.1 domili.,· lof(')'llfis - lateral dorsal
sacrocaudal muscle
27. 111. .,ocmc101dali.1 ;•1•11/m/i.1· loil'mlis - lateral ven­
tral sacrocaudal muscle
2B. r!'/ill(1C11l11111 n/1•11.1111·11111 J>m.1i111af,, - proximal ex­
tensor retinaculum
2'J. 111. 1·.\'ll'lw1r rlZf.iilon1111 lm·,·i.,· - short digital ex­
tensor muscle
Sheep. Dissection ofpelvis and thigh. Medial view.

Figure 78

....
---: �.;_.:.:..:.,_._._..;.:_,�
�-· ----�: � :.-_-_7-
• • V
•
�. •

�. .
·-�

1. aorta - aorta
2. a..wrra/is 111Nfiw1a - median sacral artery
:l. ,'. ((Ii'{/ rn11da/is - caudal vena cava
4. a. i/io/11111ba/is - iliolumbar artery
5. a. !'Ii'. i/iam infl'nw, 11. g/11/ms rra11ia/is - internal
iliac artery and vein, cranial gluteal nerve
6. a. !'I ,'. g/11/m rm11io/is - cranial gluteal artery
and vein
7. 11. isrhiadirns - ischiatic nerve
8. 11. Jmdmd11s - pudenda! nerve
9. o. l'I ,'. g/11/('(I rn11do/is, 11. g/11/!'us rn11do/is - caudal
gluteal artery and vein, caudal gluteal nerve
I 0. a. et i'. J1cri11('(1/is ,,,,11tmfo; 11. jlni11('(1/is Jno/1111d11s _..:_
ventral perinea! artery and vein, deep peri­
nea! nerve
I I. 1111. rfflafl's cm1do/!'s - caudal rectal nerves
12. 111. {,,,•a/or 011i - levator ani muscle
13. pan i11/raj1!'h•i110 111i. obt11mlorii t'Yil'mi - intra­
pelvic part of external obturator muscle
14. 11. obtura/orius, 1•. obtura/oria - obturator nerve,
obturator vein
15. 111. J1som 111i11or - psoas minor muscle 23. o. l'I ,'. ilium l'YlrT110 - external iliac artery and 34. o. .m/1ht'110 t'I 11. saj1ht'11us, 1'. saj1ht,11a 11wdia/is -
16. J1orti11 111t'dio/is 111i. i/iaci - medial portion of vein saphenous artery and nerve, medial sa­
iliac muscle 24. a. 11111bi/im/is - umbilical artery phenous vein
17. o. l'I 1·. rirr11111f/t'.rn i/i11111 J1mfum/a, 11. rnlw1t'11sji'lllo­ 25. o. l'I 1•. J1m/1111do j,,111oris, 111. j1s1"1s 111ajor - deep 35. 1•crll'bra /w11bo/is VI - sixth lumbar vertebra
ris fall'ra!is - deep circumflex iliac artery and femoral artery and vein, psoas major muscle 36. os sorr11111 - sacrum
vein, lateral cutaneous nerve of femur 26. lm11rn.1· Jmd!'11r/orj1(�astrirns - pudendoepigastric 37. Jocit's sr111J1hrsio/is ,mis mrne - symphyseal sur-
18. 11. g,,,1ito/,,111om/is - genitofemoral nerve trunk face of os coxae
19. 111. ll'Wor ji1scia,, /a/rl(' - tensor fasciae latae 27. 111. rect11sfi,111oris - straight femoral muscle 38. foscio /oto ji'llloris - femoral fascia lata
muscle 28. 111. i'(ls/us nwr/ia/is - medial vastus muscle 39. fig: J){/td/oe - patellar ligament
20. a., ,'. ,,1 11. ji-111ora/is - femoral artery, vein and 29. 111. J1ecli1W11s - pectineus muscle 40. ra11111s 11i. obtumtorii - branch of obturator
nerve 30. 111. or/d11rtor - adductor muscle nerve
21. jJ11rfio rm11io/is 111i. sor/orii cranial portion of 31. 111. Sl'111i111t'111bm11osus semimembranous 41. m111i 11111.srn/or!'s a. t'/ 1'. J1m/11mftwf,,,11oris - mus­
sartorius muscle muscle cular branches of deep femoral artery and
22. J)l)rfio rnuda/is 111i. sorlorii - caudal portion of 32. 111. gmri/is - gracilis muscle vein
sartorius muscle 3:l. 111. S('Jllill'11di1111s115 - semitendinous muscle 42. /11. i/iarns 11wdio/is - medial iliac lymph node

81
Sheep. Dissection of lateral surface of croup and thigh.
Figure 79
1. t11hN mm!' - tuber coxae
2. 111. g/111t,11s 11wrli11s - middle gluteal muscle
:l., 4. 1111. r/1111i11111 rrm1ia!t's - cranial clunial nerves
5. 111. obliq 1111s i11tn1111s alHlr,111i11is - internal ob­
lique abdominal muscle
6. 111. lt-mor .fi,sriar· latrw - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
7, jr,sria lataf('llwris - femoral fascia lata
8. 1111. c/1111i11111 1111,rfii - middle clunial nerves
9. 11. c11/r1111·11s fnnoris m11dair.,· - caudal cutaneous
femoral nerve
I 0. m11111s rnlr11w11s J!mxi111alis 11i. /J//rll'nrli - proximal
cutaneous branch of pudenda! nerve
11., 12., 1 :l. 111. g/11tmbirl'jJs - gluteobiceps muscle
I 1. 111. · g/11/i•m .111/)('lfiriali., - superficial· gluteal
muscle
82
12. portio rm11ialis 111i. biri/1itis /i-111ori., - cranial por­
tion of biceps femoris muscle
I :t /1ortio m11rlalis 111i. bicij1itis jiwori., - caudal por­
tion of biceps femoris muscle
14. 111. s1'111itl'lldi11osm - semitendinous muscle
15. 1w1111s 1·. cirrn111/7l'VW ji,11wris 11wdialis - branch
of medial circumflex femoral vein
16. 111. 1·mtw latnalis - lateral vastus muscle
l 7. a, r,t 1'. ji-111oris rn11dalis - caudal femoral artery
and vein
18. 11, isrhiadirns - ischiatic nerve
19. 111, .1P111i1111'111bri1110.ws semimembranous
muscle
20. 11, tibia/is - tibial nerve
21. 11. ju,,-011t'11., ro1111111111is - common peroneal
nerve
22. 11, c11ta111'11S rnrrtt' rn11dali.1· - caudal cutaneous
sural nerve
2:l. rn/ml latna!t· 111i. ;.:wtmr111'111ii, 1·. .w/1hnu1 /alt-mli.,
- lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle, la­
teral saphenous vein
24. 111, tibia/is nw1ialis - cranial tibial muscle
25. 111. n1!'11sor df�itom111 lo11gm l't 111, /wm11r·m tntiw
long digital extensor muscle and peroneus
tertius muscle
26. 111. J!t'1m11'11,1· lo11g11s - long peroneal muscle
27. 111, .wlrns - soleus muscle
28. 111. nknsor digitalis latna/i., - lateral digital ex­
tensor muscle
29. 111, sarrorn11dalis rlorsalis lali'mlis - lateral dorsal
sacrocaudal muscle
30. 111, sarmrn11dalis 1'<'11/m/is lat!'mli., - lateral ven­
tral sacrocaudal muscle
'.l l. 111. mff)'.�l'I/S - coccygeal muscle
:12. /11. /10/1/itl'W - popliteal lymph node

Sheep. Pelvic organs in situ from left side. Left pelvic limb and left hal of pelvis removed.
Figure 80
l. ,•er/ebra lu111balis VI - sixth lumbar vertebra
2. os sacrum - sacrum
3. 111/'dulla sj,inalis - spinal medulla
4. v. iliaca intema sinistra - left internal iliac vein
5. a. iliaca exlerna dexlra, ;•. iliaca exlerna sinis/ra -
right external iliac artery, left external iliac
vein
6. a. iliaca exlerna sinislra - left external iliac ar-
tery
7. In. iliarns media/is - medial iliac lymph node
8. 111esocolo11 desce11de11s - descending mesocolon
9. colon desce11de11s - descending colon
I0. r1111Jmlla recli - ampulla of rectum
I I., 11 '. fig. lalu111 uteri - broad ligament of uterus
12. fig. ol'Orii Jm1j,riu111 - proper ligament of ovary
13., 13'. omrium - ovary
14., 14'. tuba 11/erina, i11fu11dib11l11111 tubae - uterine
tube, infundibulum of tube
f
15. cm/ms uteri - body of uterus 27. facies sy111/1hysialis ossis co.me - symphyseal sur­
16. cornua 11/eri - horn of uterus face of os coxae
17. ;•esica 11ri11aria - urinary bladder 28. 111. obliquw in/emus abdo111i11is - internal ob­
18. a. u111bilicalis dexlra, ureter dexter - right umbili­ lique abdominal muscle
cal artery, right ureter 29. 111. lra11s1•errns abdo111i11is - transverse abdomi­
18'. a. 11111bilicalis si11islra, ureter si11isler - left umbili­ nal muscle
cal artery, left ureter 30. 111. reclw abdm11i11is - straight abdominal
19. a. fe111oralis - femoral artery muscle
20. a. el 1•. Jmifunda fe111oris - deep femoral artery 3 I. 111. adductor el 111. se111i111n11bra11os11s - adductor
and vein and semimembranous muscles
21. a. el 1•. ejJigaslrica caudalis - caudal epigastric 32. 11111. 111a111111arii - mammary lymph nodes
artery and vein 33. corjms uberis - body of udder
22. l'(1gi11a - vagina 34. cm jJ//s adij1osu111 - adipose body
23. 111argo j,erilonei - peritoneal margin 35. lig. medianum vesicae (pars vesicoumbilicalis)
24. 111. coccygeus - coccygeal muscle middle ligament of bladder (vesicoumbilical
25. 111. lel'Olor ani - levator ani muscle part)
26. 111. sphincter ani ex/emus - external anal sphinc­ 36. lin('(f alba abdo111i11is - abdominal white line
ter muscle
83
Sheep. Pelvic organs of ram in situ.from left side. Left pelvic limb and left half of pelvis removed

Figure 81

23. 111. o-e111asta dn'ln - right crerrtaster muscle

24. 1'/'sim 11ri11aria - urinary bladder
25. 111. 1Jb/iq 1111s i11/1'1'1111S abdo111i11is - internal ob­
lique abdominal muscle
26. 111. tm11S1'l'l'SIIS abd1J111i11is transverse abdomi-
nal muscle
27. 111. rffl11s abr/1J111i11is - straight abdominal
muscle
28. a. !'I ,•. 1'/Jigastrirn m11dalis - caudal epigastric
artery and vein
29. fig llll'di<11111111 1•1•sirr11· middle ligament of
bladder
30. a. l'I ,•. Jmd1,11da 1'.r/1'/'lla - external pudenda!
artery and vein
31. /1111. srmta/es - scrotal lymph nodes
32. gla11d11/rw ,'l'Sirnla/'l's - vesicular glands
33. />01'.I' Jwh•i11a 11r!'thme (111. 11rethmlis) - pelvic pan
of urethra (urethral muscle)
34. glaml,,/al' b11/bo11rl'lhm/1•s bulbourethral
glands
35. 111. b11/bosju111giorns - bulbospongiosus muscle
36. rms /J/'11is si11istm111 - left crus of penis
37. faries sr111J>hrsiali.1 o.uis rn.rae - symphyseal sur­
I. 1'1'1klm, l,1111bolis VI - sixth lumbar vertebra 13. 111. rnrri-gms - coccygeal muscle face of os-coxae
2. os .1orn1111 - sacrum 14. 111. 11'1'0/lir a11i - levator ani muscle 38. 111. isd1iom1•1,n11,.111s, a. dona/is j>1'11is - ischioca-
3. 11wd11/lo sj>i110/is - spinal medulla 15. 111. sj>hi11r/1'r a11i l'.\"il'/'11//S - external anal sphinc­ vernous muscle, dorsal artery of penis
4. ,'. iliom i11/!'l'110 si11istm - left internal iliac vein ter muscle 39. 111. /'/'lrartor Jw11is - retractor muscle of penis
5. 1•. iliam l'Xln11a si11istm - left external iliac vein 16., 16'., 16''. J>lim 11m"�n1itolis - urogenital fold 40. /J/'11is - penis
6. o. iliom ,,xfn11a rf,,xtm - right external iliac ar­ 17. a. 11111bilimlis, 11rl'ln dn·t,,,- - umbilical artery, 4 I. 1•. d1JrS11lis /J/'11is, 11. dorsalis j>l'11is - dorsal vein
tery right ureter and dorsal nerve of penis
7. a. ilir1m l'Xll'/'1/0 si11islm - left external iliac ar­ 18. 11rl'll'I' si11i.1/!'I' - left ureter 42. li111'a alba abdo111i11is, 1·. l'j>(�astrim rrrmialis rn/>1'1'­
tery 19. r1111Jmllo d11r/11s d1fnl'11lis dl'.rlri - ampulla of jfrialis - abdominal white line, superficial
8. aorta - aorta right ductus deferens cranial epigastric vein
9. /11. iliorm 11wdialis - medial iliac lymph node 20. a111Jmllo d11r/11s rh'.fnl'11lis si11istri - ampulla of 43. 111. rr1·111astn l'I f1111irn/11s sj>nn111tirns si11istn
I 0. ro/011 rf,,srr,11dn1s - descending colon left ductus deferens cremaster muscle and left spermatic cord
11. 0111/mlla 1-,,cti - ampulla of rectum 21. a. l'I ,.. 1,,.1tirnlaris - testicular artery and vein 44. srm/11111 - scrotum
12. 111. rr'Cloc1Jrr)gl'lls - rectococcygeal muscle 22. d11r/11s 1h:ft'l'l'IH d,,.rtn - right ductus deferens 45. 111argo j>l'l'il111wi - peritoneal margin

84
Sheep. Cross section through pelvis of ram, at level of sacrum. Cranial view.

Figure 82

1. 111ed11/lo sj1i110/is - spinal medulla

2. 111. socmcm,dolis dorm/is lo/no/is - lateral dorsal
sacrocaudal muscle
3. os socr11111 - sacrum
4. 111. g/11/1•w 111Nli11s - middle gluteal muscle
5. 111. g/1111•1,s orrl's.wrius 111<(ior - major accessory
gluteal muscle
6. 111. g/11/eus orc1•.rn1ri11s 111i11or, fig. lalemle ,•1•sic11(' -
minor accessory gluteal muscle, lateral liga­
ment of bladder
7. 11. isd1iodirns, 11rl'l1·r dexlN -. ischiatic nerve,
right ureter
8. o. el,'. i/ioca i11/n1w - internal iliac artery and
vein
9. 11. oblumlorim - obturator nerve
10. os ili11J11 - ilium
11. 111. ilioj1soas - iliopsoas muscle
12. o. "' ,'. jlm/i111do ji111ori.,· - deep femoral artery
and vein
13. JI/. i'IIS/11s la/cm/is - lateral vastus muscle
14. JI/. ms/us iJ1/n11ll'di11s (j)({/J lo/em/is) - intermedi­ 23. co111�)'l11s 111cdiolis o.uis ./t•1J1oris - medial condyle 36. /1/irn 11rogn1itolis, due/us dcfi·1n1s urogenital
ate vastus muscle 0ateral part) of femur fold, ductus deferens
15. co1Jms ossisfl'J11oris - body of femur 24. co11d)'l11s /0/1'/'/ilis ossis jt•111oris - lateral condyle 37. 111. jlffli11e11s, jlfflc11 ossis Jmbis - pectineus
16. 111. ,·os/11s i11/emwdi11s (pan 11/l'dialis) - intermedi­ of femur muscle, pecten ossis pubis
ate vastus muscle (medial part) 25. 1111'1/isrns llll'dio/is - medial meniscus 38. /(1;: sormtubl'mle. 1!1/11111 - wide sacrotuberal
17. 111. s1·111i1111'J11bm11osus !'I JI/. odd11c/or - �emimem- 26. 1111•J1isrns lo/no/is - lateral meniscus ligament
branous and adductor muscles 27. tibia - tibia 39. j)({ries abdo111i11is - abdominal wall
18. 111.gmcilis - gracilis muscle 28. 111. s11/('//s - soleus muscle 40. rmwlis i'llgi110/is - vaginal <:anal
19., I 9'. J11. g/11/!'obia•J1s - gluteobiceps muscle 29. 1J1. lihiolis cmJ1ialis - cranial tibial muscle 41. 111. n•r/m obd111i1inis - straight abdominal
19. 1J1. g/11il'l1S s11j11'Jficiolis - superficial gluteal 30. 111. jlno1u•11s !0J1g11s - long peroneal muscle muscle
muscle 31. 111. J11•1m1c11s /l'rlius cl 1J1. ,•x/rnsor digilon1111 /011g11., 42. duc/11.1 d1'.ft·n•J1s, o. 1•/ ,'. lf'slimloris - ductus de-
� 9'. 111. bic1·j1s(e111oris - biceps femoris muscle peroneus tertius muscle and long digital ex­ ferens, testicula1: artery and vein
20. ca/ml lolcmli· 111i. gaslmrn1•111ii - lateral head of tensor muscle 43. 111. cr1•J11m/n - cremaster muscle
gastrocnemius muscle 32. 111. J/()jllil('//s - popliteal muscle 44. jlc11is - penis
21. rn/111/ 111cdiole 111i. gos/mow111ii - medial head of 33. r!'C/11111 - rectum 45. s1j1/11111 scmli - scrotal sept.um
gastrocnemius muscle 34. 1·1•sica 11ri11orio - urinary bladder 46. /1•slis - testis
22. 111. f/1·.rnr digilo1w11 suj11'Jjiciolis - superficial di­ :is. /(1;: 111cdim111111 1·<•.1·ir11(' - middl_e ligament of 47. srm/11111 - scrotum
gital flexor muscle bladder

85
Sheep. Dissection of distal part ofpelvic limb. Lateral view.
Figure 83
1. 111. /H'IWll'IIS lerlius - peroneus tertius muscle.
2. 111. l'.>:fr'mor digitalis /11/n11/is - lateral digital ex­
tensor muscle
3. 111. jt1·.rnr digili I l011g11s - long flexor muscle of
first digit
4., 5. /n1do rnlrn111•11s rn1111111111is - common cal­
caneal tendon
86
4. tn1do 111i. lririJ>ilis rnm1· - tendon of triceps su­
rae muscle
5., 5'. ln1d11 111i. fleroris digitom111 .rnJ)/'//icialis - ten­
don of superficial digital flexor muscle
6. 11. tibia/is, 11..wj>/1('1111 - tibial nerve, saphenous
artery
7. 1·. saj>hl'lla /11/l'm!is, 11. rnlm11'11S wm1' m11d11/is -
lateral saphenous vein, caudal sural cuta­
neous nerve
8. 111. /H'IW/1'/IJ lougus - long peroneal muscle
9. 11. /H·1m11•11s suj>n(ici11/is - superficial peroneal
nerve
10. 11. digitalis dorsalis communis II, ram us cranialis
,,. saphenae /a/era/is - common dorsal digital
nerve II, cranial branch of lateral saphenous
vein
1 1. 11. d(1;-it11/is dors11/is cou1u111uis IV - common dor­
sal digital nerve IV
12. 1w1111S rn11d11/is 1·. S11/>hl'ua1' lall'mlis - caudal
branch of lateral saphenous vein
13. /II. 1·.rll'lls11r digil11m1u /,,11g11J - long digital ex­
tensor muscle
14. 111. 1•.rle11s11r digit,,n,111 lnn•is - short digital ex­
tensor muscle
15. 111. digitalis dorsalis r1uu1111111is Ill - common dor­
sal digital nerve III
16. 11. />lm1t11ris /11/n11/is - lateral plantar nerve
17. /1. digitalis />l11n/11ris Jno/niw J' /11/l'mlis - lateral
proper plantar digital nerve V
18. 11. I'/ 1•. digitalis J>lm1/aris /mijni11 !I' /11/l'mlis, 11. d(�·i­
talis J;/mllaris Jm,J>rius IV /11/l'mlis - lateral pro­
per plantar digital artery, vein and nerve IV
19. 11. digitalis dorsalis /mijni11s I' - proper dorsal
digital nerve V
20. /1. digitalis dorsalis J>mJ>ri11.1 !I' /11/n11/is - lateral
proper dorsal digital nerve IV
21. 1/1. f!l'.\·11r d(�'ilrm1u1 /no/i111dm - deep digital
flexor muscle
22. 111. i11ll'mss1·11s - interosseous muscle
23. />orlio collatn11/is 111i. iulr·mssei ad digi/11111 JV -
collateral portion of interosseous muscle of
fourth digit
24. IW/11/S (11/lllllllllicaus (/1111 //l'r1'11 J11·m111'1/ Jmi/i1udo
communicating branch with deep peroneal
nerve
25. /1. digitalis dorm/is /H:oj>ri11.1 !fl 11wdi11/is - medial
proper dorsal digital nerve IV
26. II. r1z�·it11/is r/01:wlis J>mJ>ri11s Ill laln11/i., ..,.. lateral
proper dorsal digital nerve III
SheejJ. Dissection of distal part ofpelvic limb. Medial view.
Figure 84
I. JI/.tibia/is cm11ialis - cranial tibial muscle
2. 111. /HTOJll'IIS lnli11s - peroneus tertius mus.cle
:l. 111.jle.\rJr digil,,m111 l1mg 11s, 11. sa/1ht11w - long di­
gital flexor muscle, saphenous nerve
4. 11. ti/Jiali.,, 111. tibia/is rn11dalis - tibial nerve, cau­
dal tibial muscle
5. 111. j/nm· rl!�ilont//1 Jm1(1111r/11s, 11. J1la11/aris llll'dialis
- deep digital flexor muscle, medial plantar
nerve
6. 11. Jila11/aris lall'mli.,· - lateral plantar nerve
7. a. rn/1l11'11a, ,'..wj1hl'lla 111/'/liolis - saphenous ar­
tery, medial saphenous vein
a., B'. Ill . .f/t'\(1/" d1:�itrm1111 s11f!er/1cialis (it'lldo) - su­
perficial digital flexor muscle (tendon)
B., I0. /1'1/{lo rnlcm11'11s C1J1111111111is - common cal­
caneal tendon
9. u. J1/a11toris llll'dialis, 111. i11frmsst'11s - medial
plantar artery, interosseous muscle
I 0. /nl(/,, llli.tricijJitis s11me - tendon of triceps su­
rae muscle
1 l. 1w1111s rmniulis ,'. saf!l/('11a1• lalnalis, 11. jJl' Ol/{'/1.\ .rn­
r
f!1•1:ficialis - cranial branch of lateral sa­
phenous vein, superficial peroneal nerve
12. 11. digitalis drJmtlis co1111111111is IV - common dor­
sal digital nerve IV
1:1. 11. digitalis d,malis m1111111111is II - common dor­
sal digital nerve II
14. 11.digitalis do1:\"(/lis co1111111111is Ill - common dor­
sal digital nerve III
15. a. f'/ i'. 111t'talar.1w1 r/,,nalis Ill - dorsal meta­
tarsal artery and vein III
16. m11111s co1111111111irnm n1111 11n,•o /H'/"0111·0 J1m/i111do -
communicating branch with deep peroneal
nerve
1 7. 11. digitalis do1:wlis JnrJjJri11s III latna/is - lateral
proper dorsal digital nerve III
18. 11. d(�italis drmalis Jm1Jni11s IV 111edialis medial
proper dorsal digital nerve IV
19. 11. digitalis d,ma/is f!m/1ri11s Ill llll'dialis medial
proper dorsal digital nerve III
20. //1. 1·.rlensor rligiti Ill - extensor muscle of third
digit
21. m. extensor digitorurri longus (proprius) - long 25. 11. digitalis J>la11/aris m1111111111i.1 Ill - common
digital external muscle (proper) plantar digital nerve III
22. 11. rl(i;ita/is J1/m1turis Jm1f!ri11s Ill lllNlia/i., - medial 26. 11. digitalis J1la11/aris Jm1jJri11s IV llll'rlialis, a. digitalis
proper plantar digital nerve III planlaris C1J1111111111is Ill - medial proper plantar
23. 11. digitalis f!la11/aris Jn,,Jni11s !I 1//('dialis - medial digital nerve IV, common plantar digital
proper plantar digital nerve II artery III
24. 11. digitalis dona/is /m1Jni11s II - proper dorsal 27. a.1•t ,'. digitalis J1/r111/riris Jnofnia Ill 111edialis - me­
digital nerve II dial proper plantar digital artery and vein III
87
Goat. Skeleton of distal portion of left thoracic limb. Dorsal view.

Figure 85

11,

6. os rn,j>i i11IN111nli11111 (11s /11110/11111) - intermediate 15. lmchlm ().\'Sis 11wlr1rmJ111/i.1· Ill - trochlea of third
carpal bone (lunate bone) metacarpal bone
7. /JS rn1jJi 11/110/"I' (11s lriq1w/m111) - ulnar carpal 16. lmrhle11 o.uis 11w/11rmj111/is II' - trochlea of
bone (triangular bone) fourth metacarpal bone
8. 11s rn1JJ11il' II 1,1 Ill (0.1 lmjJ1'::oid/'IJrnjJil11/11111) - car­ l 7. J1l11t!1111x J1mxi11w/i.1 d,:�ili Ill fos m111J)/'(l11/t,J
pal bone II and III (trapezoideocapitate proximal phalanx of third digit
bone) 18. p/,11/1111.r J1mxi11111/is di ili fl' (os co111jJ!'d11!1')
g

9. os rmj}{/ft, IV fos hr11110/1/111) - fourth carpal bone proximal phalanx of fourth digit
(hamate bone) 19. plw/1111.\ 111nli11 d(�ili Ill (os un·,11wll') middle
I 0. /11/JNmilos ,mis 1111'1arr11J}{/lis Ill - tuberosity of phalanx of third digit
l. onjms radii- body of radius metacarpal bone III 20. J1/l{{/1111x 1111•di11 d(�"ili fl' (11s com11all') middle
. 2. - body of ulna
f())jms 11l11or' 11. 11s 1111,1orn1jHtl1, Ill - metacarpal bone III phalanx of fourth digit
3.lmchlm radii - trochlea of radius 12. os 1111,1r1cmj)(J/1· IV - metacarpal bone IV 21. /1/111/1111.r dista/i., d(�ili Ill (o.,· 1111g11!aJ"I') distal
4.jJmresrns s()'loide11s 1tl1101' - styloid process of 13. i11ri.wm i11/NlmdJ/1·oris - intertrochlear inci­ phalanx of third digit
ulna sure 22. J1l111/a11.r di.1111/is d(�ili !J' (o., 1<11g11l,m,J distal
5. os rn1J1i mdirtle (os srnpl1<iidm111) - radial carpal 14. rn/rns /,mgil11di1111/is do1s11/is - dorsal longitudi­ phalanx of fourth digit
bone (scaphoid bone)· nal sulcus 23. m .11·.,w11oid1·11111 dis/11//' - distal sesamoid bone

88
Goat. Skeleton of distal portion of left thoracic limb. Palmar view. •

Figure 86

;·
13
12,

1. c(//Jms mdii - body of radius

2, ((1/jms 11(110<' - body of ulna 1 I. 11s cmjwfe ff' (os hm110/11111) - carpal bone IV
3. /mrhf,,o mdii - trochlea of radius (hamate bone)
4. J>mC<'ss11.1 s(i•f11idn1s 11wdiofis - medial styloid 12. os 11wloa11Jwf<· l1/ - metacarpal bone III
process 13. os 11u'loa11Jwfe IV - metacarpal bone IV
5.. Jm,rnws strf11id<'11.1· 111110<· - styloid process of 14. s11fcw f1111git11di110/is /wf11wris - palmar longitu­
ulna dinal sulcus
6. os ra1J>i mdiof<' fos sraj>l",idrn111) - radial carpal 15. basis 111{•/oa11J>i - metacarpal base
bone (scaphoid bone) 16. lmcMeo 11wlora1pi IV - trochlea of metacarpal
7. "s m1jJi i11i<'m1Nfi"111 ("·'· /11110/11111) - intermediate bone IV
carpal bone (lunate bone) 17. osso s<·so11wid,,o Jm,xi111ofio - proximal sesamoid 21. J1hofo11r 111edio digili 111 (os com11of<,J - middle
8. 11s cmpi 11l11off (11s triq1wlm111) - ulnar carpal bones phalanx of third digit
bone (triangular bone) 18. g
jJhofonr Jm,xi111ofis diili IV (11s rn111/mfofe) 22. os sesw11oirf<,11111 distal<· (os 1111g11fore) - distal sesa­
9. 11s cmj>i ocr<'ss"ri11111 (11s /Jisi/im1w) - accessory proximal phalanx of fourth digit moid bone
carpal bone (pisiform bone) 1 9. g
plw/011x /mixi111ofis di iti 111 fo,· rn111J>Nfofe) 23. J>lwfo11x disto/is digiti ff' fos 1111g11fo,.,,J distal
10. os rmj)(fl<• 11 <'I 111 (os lmjJ<'::oid,•omJJi/0/11111) -,- car­ proximal phalanx of third digit phalanx of fourth digit
pal bone II and III (trapezoideocapitate 20. J1ha/011.r 111edio digiti ff' (11s rnl'lmof<,) - middle 24. J1hofo11.1· distofis digiti 111 (os 1111g11foH) distal
bone) phalanx of fourth digit phalanx of third digit

89
Goat. Dissection of distal portion of left thoracic limb. Dorsal view.

Figure 87

13
2
7 10

I., :}. 111. ('Yln1sor d1):Jton11n co1111111111is - con1Inon
digital extensor muscle
I. 111. r·.rtcnwr digiti Ill - extensor muscle of third
digit
'2. 111. r·.rt('//sor digitalis latnalis - lateral digital ex­
tensor muscle
3., 3'., 3". 111. extensor digitorum co111111u11is (pro­
pri11S) - common digital extensor muscle
(proper)
4. J>ortio m//atnalis 111i. i11tn11.1s1•i ad d(�it11111 Ill -
collateral portion of interosseous muscle of
third digit
4'. J>orlio mllatnalis 111i. i11tno.,sr·i ad d1/it11111 II' -
collateral portion of interosseous muscle of
fourth digit
5. j)f)rtio i11tnd(i;itolis 111i. i11tr·ms.w·i ad d(�·it11111 Ill -
interdigital portion of interosseous muscle of
third digit
5'. j>orli11 i11tndigitalis 111i. i11lr·m.u,·i ml digit11111 II' -
interdigital portion of interosseous muscle of
fourth digit
6. 1w11us .rn/H'1Jiriali., 11i. radio/is - superficial
branch of radial nerve
7. u.. digitalis dorsalis m1111111111is II common dor-
sal digital nerve II
8. 11. digitalis d111:mlis J>mjniu., II - proper dorsal
digital nerve II
9. 11. digitalis d,malis J>mj>riu., Ill 11/f'dialis. ,·. d(�ita/i.,
j){(/111aris Jm1J1rio Ill 111Nlialis - medial proper
dorsal digital nerve III, medial proper pal­
mar digital vein III
I0. 11. dig italis dona/is co111111u11is Ill, ,'. digitalis domdi.,
co111111u11is III - common dorsal digital nerve
III, common dorsal digital vein III
11. 11. d(�italis dona/is Jm1J1riu.1 Ill lair·mlis - lateral
proper dorsal digital nerve III
12. 11. d(�italis dorsalis J>mJ>rim IV 111cdialis - medial
proper dorsal digital nerve IV
I:l. 1w11us dor.mlis ui. u/11ari.1 - dorsal branch of
ulnar nerve
14. m11111s rnlr11u·11s (mdi111. 1w1111s m1111111111irnw mdialis
11i. u/11mis) - cutaneous branch (rudimentary
communicating branch between ulnar and
radial nerves)
15. u. d(�italis dona/is nm1111u11is IV - common dor­
sal digital nerve IV
15'. 11. dig italis donrdis Jm1J1ri11., JV lotl'mlis - lateral
proper dorsal digital nerve IV
I6. ,'. rr·/1/wlim arcr·s.rnria - accessory cephalic vein
I 7. 111. abd11ctor digiti I /,mgus - long abductor
muscle of first digit
18. 111. r•.rff'11.w,r rn1J1i radio/is - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle

90
Goat. Dissection of distal portion of left thoracic limb. Palmar view.

Figure 88

1. 111. l'Yt/'11.wr rn1J,i u/11aris - extensor carpi ulna­ 13. 11. di italis Jmf111aris O!lllll//111is Ill
g
- common pal­
ris muscle mar digital nerve III
2. /II. f/n11r m1Jii uh/(/ri.1 - flexor carpi ulnaris 14. rm1111.1· suj){'//iciafis 11i. mdiafis - superficial
muscle branch of radial nerve
3. /!1Jl'ti11 SIIJ!n(iriafi.1 mi. jlnwi.1 rl(�itoru/11 .\'/1/J/'r/irialis 15. 11. digitalis rlorsolis_ro11111u111is Ill - common dor­
- superficial portion of superficial digital sal digital nerve III
flexor muscle 16. 11.
g
di italis d1Jrsolis OJ1111111111i.1 II - common dor­
3'., 3". m111i 111i. jln1Jri.1 d(�it1Jru111 .IU/Jl'ljicialis or/ d(�i­ sal digital nerve II
t1u11 II' - branches of superficial digital 1 7. 11. digitalis Jiafmaris rn11111uu1is I I' - common pal­
flexor muscle t_O founh digit mar digital nerve IV
4. Jiortio /}l'((/iu1rla 111i. jkroris rt,;�itoruu1 rnJin/irialis, 11. 18. 11.
g
di italis j)(f/111aris /imJ!rius V f<1t{'J'<1/i.1, ,'. rl!�ita/i.,
- deep portion of superficial digital
111f'dia11us /Hd11wris rn11u1uu1is II' - lateral proper palmar
flexor muscle, median nerve digital nerve V, common palmar digital vein
5. a. 111Nfiru/(/, 111. i11tl'lj/i,.1·oriu.1· rlistafis - median ar­ IV
tery, distal interflexor muscle 19. 11. di italis Jiah11aris Jm,J,ri11s J' 111/'rliofis - medial
g

fi. rm11us rnju'r/iciafi.1 rm11i J}{/f111ari.1 11i. 11f11aris - su­ proper palmar digital nerve V
perficial branch of palmar branch of ulnar 20. 11. rli ito/i.1 jJah11aris /i/'//f!riw II fatl'mfis - lateral
g

nerve proper palmar digital nerve II

7., 7'., 7". u1. jlnor rl(�it111·uu1 fi/'///i111rlus - deep di­ 21. 11. digitalis j){{/111aris Jm,priu.r II l!lf'dialis - medial

gital flexor muscle proper palmar digital nerve II

7'. m11111s 111i. jlnori.1 rligiton1111 Jim /imrli ad d(�itu111 II' 22. 11. rf(�italis dona/is f!/'///iri11s II - proper dorsal

- branch of deep digital flexor muscle to digital nerve II

fourth digit 23. 11. di italis Jmf11wris Jim/mus I J' fotl'l'afis - lateral
g

7 ". rm1111s 111i. jll'.rnri.1· d(:,:it1m1111 j}l'(if1111rli ad rl(�itum proper palmar digital nerve IV
Ill - branch of deep digital flexor muscle to 24. 11. digitalis j)(f/111oris f!/'///irius Ill 11wrlio/i., - medial

third digit proper palmar digital nerve III

B. 111. iutl'm.rn'us - interosseous muscle 25. ,'. d!�itafis Jm/111{{ris j}l'(iJ!rio Ill u1Nliolis, 11. rl(�itofi.,
9. m11111s rl11rsafi.1· 11i. u/11aris, os 1111'taci11J)(ff1, f' - dor­ dona/is Ji/'//Jni11.1 Ill
- medial proper
111Nfiafis
sal branch of ulnai· nerve, metacarpal bone V palmar digital vein Ill, medial proper dorsal
10. 111. ,,rt{'Jl,Wi/' d(�italis fatl'l'afis - lateral digital ex­ digital nerve Ill 27. g
a. di italis Jmh11oris JimJ!rio Ill fatl'l'o{i.,, 11. rl!�itafi.,
tensor muscle 26. o. digitalis Jiofmoris JimJ!rio IV 111Nfiolis, 11. rligitafi., Jmf111{{ri.1 /i/'///Jri11s Ill - lateral proper
fatr-mfis
I I. m 11wtacr11fial1· /ll - metacarpal bone III polmr1ris Jim/Jrius !fl
111Nfiofis - medial proper palmar digital artery Ill, lateral proper pal­
12. 11. d(�italis /Jaf111aris m1111111111is II - common pal­ palmar digital artery IV, medial proper pal­ mar digital nerve Ill
mar digital. nerve II mar digital nerve IV 28. o. ,,t ,·. mrliolis - radial artery and vein

91
Goat. Pelvic organs in situ. View from abdominal cavity.

Figure 89

_j
I. 111. l011gi.ui11111s l11111bon1111 - longissimus lumbo- 9. 11/'l'll'r si11isl/'r - left ureter 20. tuba u/('l'i110 - uterine tube
rum muscle I 0. ,u. obliquus i11/l'mus abdo//li11is - internal ob- 2.1. fig: omrii /mi/Jriu/11 - proper ligament of ovary
2. 111. /Jsoas //li11or - psoas minor muscle 1ique abdominal muscle 22. 1111•sosa//Ji11.r - mesosalpinx
3. 111. /Jsoas /1/ajor - psoas major muscle 11. a. l'I ,'. i/iam l'.rlemo, 11.•�n1itofe111omli.1· - external 23. b111,a m•arim - ovarian bu1·sa
4. 111. q 11admt11s l11//lbom111 - quadratus lumborum iliac artery and vein, genitofemoral nerve 24. a. l'I. ,'. cirrn111(/e.rn i/iu/1/ pm/i111da - deep cir-
muscle 12. 1m•sorfflu111 - mesorectum cumflex iliac artery and vein
5. /Jmffrn1s ros/arius (s. lm11s,·,·r.ws) - costal process 13. r1•clu111 - rectum 25. rn1jms 11/Ni - body of uterus
(same as transverse) 14., 14'. liK lolu/1/ llf('l'i - broad ligament of uterus 26. C11n111 u/Ni - horn of uterus
6. ,•nt,,bm ll{/11ba/is V - fifth lumbar vertebra I 5. a. m•arirn - ovarian artery 27. 111. rl'C/11s abd11111i11is - straight abdominal
7. ,'. iliam rn1111111111is dl'.rlm, /11. iliarns 111Nlirt!is - right 16. m11111s omrirns - ovarian branch muscle
common iliac vein, medial iliac lymph node I 7. 1w11us u/('l'i11us - uterine branch 28. rn1jms ub('J'is - body of udder
8. aur/o, ,'. iliam C111111111111is si11istm - aorta, left 18. a. u/('l'illa - uterine artery 29. /i11m alba abd11//li11is - abdominal white line
common iliac vein 19. m•11riu111 - ovary

92
Goat. Pelvic organs of male goat in situ, from left. Left pelvic limb and left half of pelvis removed.

Figure 90

ITD

·
I
39

I. ,.,,,kbm f11111bofis VI - sixth lumbar vertebra

2. 11s mrr11111 - sacrum 15. Jifirn 11m.�n1il11fis - ui'ogenital fold 29. ems Ii11istn1111 /Jn1is, 111. isd1i11m,,,,,.,,,,.rns - left crus
3. ,,,,,kbm COff)'.l{m I - first coccygeal vertebra 16. ureter si11istn - left urete1' of penis, ischiocavernous muscle
4. 11,,,.1·ort'cll1111 - mesorectum 17. fig: folemfr, i'f'Sirne ,,1 11. 11111bifirnfis sinislm - lat­ 30. 111. gracilis I'/ 111. odd11r/11r - gracilis and adduc-
5. 11111/mffo rffli - ampulla of rectum eral ligament of bladder and left umbilical tor muscles
6. 011rfo - aorta artery 31. 111. rt'/'l11r11cr)'.W'11s - rectococcygeal muscle
7. i'. iliorn t'.\'IN1111 sinislm - left external iliac vein 18. ;•esirn urinario - urinary bladder 32. 111. retrac/11r pn1is - retractor muscle of penis
8. ,·. ifiorn m1111111111is si11islm, o. iliorn in!Nllfl Ii11islm 19. 111. Crt'111astn dnkr - right cremaster muscle .13. 111 . .1jihiwtn oni t'XIN1111s - external anal sphinc-
- left common iliac vein, left internal iliac 20. /11. ifi11rns 111('diolis - medial iliac lymph node ter muscle
artery 21. 11. el,'. /r'slirnfaris - testicular artery and vein :l4. /Jmis ((lrrnra s(�m11idm) - penis (sigmoid flex­
9. a. iliarn inferno dex/m - right internal iliac ar­ 22. 111. rfflus obd11111i11is straight abdominal ure)
tery muscle 35. /11. scmto/is - scrotal lymph node
I 0. ,'. ifiom rr!Nno dextm, a. 11111/JifimfiI dr,xtm 23. fig: J1/('dir11111111 i'{'.l'iCfll' middle ligament of 36. l1111irn mgi1111/is ji111imfi I'/ ji111irnf11.,· I/H·m10/irns tin.
right external iliac vein, right umbilical ar­ bladder IN - vaginal-tunic of cord and right sperma­
tery 24. cmwlis i11g11i11ofis - inguinal canal tic cord
11. 11re/n dexlr'1; o. ifiom f'.\'frmo dn'lm - right 25. g fondufo,•esirnforis - vesicular gland 37. f1111im/11.1 sjin1110/im.,· si11isln: - left spermatic
ureter, right external iliac artery 26. gfo11d1tf11 b11fb1111rethmfis - bulbourethral gland cord
12. 1111·s11d11ct11s d1fne11s - mesoductus deferens 27. Jmrs pr,h•ino 11rt'!lmw (111. 11/'l'lhrafis) - pelvic part 38. scm/11111 - scrotum
13. duc/11s de(nem rkxfN - right ductus deferens · of urethra (urethral muscle) 39. prejmti11111 - preputium
14. due/us d,ferens si11isln - left ductus deferens 28. 111. b11fb11spo11gioms - bulbospongiosus muscle 40. li11m o/bo 11bdm11i11is - abdominal white line

93
Goat. Skeleton of right pelvic limb. Medioplantar view.

Figure 91

12
,l:{�:::�,\·
}{
.....
• ,i �- �'

{{
,·,I !:{
.;

13 ,)

1. C01jms tibiae - body of tibia 14. tmcl,/ea melalarsi Ill - trochlea of metatarsal
2. 111alleolw media/is - medial malleolus bone III
3. tuber ca/ca11ci - calcaneal tuber 15. trochlea 111e/alarsi IV - trochlea of metatarsal
4. calca11e11s - calcaneus bone IV
5. s11ste11taC11l11111 tali - sustentaculum tali 16. ossa sesamoidea proxi111alia - proximal sesamoid
6. tmch/ea tali J1mxi111alis - proximal trochlea of bones
talus 17. J1hala11x proximalis digili Ill (os co111J1edale)
7. C1J1jms tali - body of talus proximal phalanx of third digit
8. /rocMea tali dis/a/is.- distal trochlea of talus 18. j1hala11x J1roxi111alis digiti IV (os co111J1edale)
9. os ce11troq11artale (os 11m•irnlornboide11111) - cen­ proximal phalanx of fourth digit
troquartal bone (naviculocuboid bone) 19. J1lwla11x media. digili Ill (os com11ale) middle
1 0. os larsale II el Ill (os C11111'ifom1e i11/er111ediolatemle) phalanx of third digit
-, tarsal bone II and III (intermediolateral 20. j1hala11x media digili IV (os coro11ale) middle
cuneiform bone) phalanx of fourth digit
11. os larsale I (os C1111eifon11e mediale) - tarsal bone 21. phalanx dis/a/is digiti Ill (os 1111g11/are) distal
I (medial cuneiform bone) phalanx of third digit
12. os sesa11wide11m melalarsale - metatarsal sesa­ 22. phalanx dis/a/is digili IV (os 1111g11/are) - distal
moid bone phalanx of fourth digit
13.. os 111elalarsale Ill el IV - metatarsal bone III 23. ossa sesamoidea dista/ia - distal sesamoid
and IV bones

94
Goat. Skeleton of left pelvic limb. Dorsolateral view.

Figure 92

fJ

11-·

l. c01p11s tibial' - body of tibia 13. os sesa111oide11111 Jmixinwle - proximal sesamoid

2. malfeolus media/is - medial malleolus bone 13
3. tuber calcmiei - tuber of calcaneus 14. trochlea metatarsi Ill - trochlea of third meta­
4. cmpus calcanri - body of calcaneus tarsal bone
5. os malleolare (malleolus lateralis) - malleolar 15. trochlea metatarsi JV - trochlea of fourth meta­
bone (lateral malleolus) tarsal bone
6. trochlea tali proximalis - proximal trochlea of 16. J1hala11x Jm1xi111alis digili Ill (os co111J1rdalr)
talus proximal phalanx of third digit
7. trochlea tali distalis - distal trochlea of talus 17. phalanx Jmiximalis digiti IV (os co111J1edalr)
8. os ce11troq11artale (os 11m•irnlornboide11m) - cen­ proximal phalanx of fourth digit
troquartal bone (naviculocuboidal bone) 18. J1hala11x media digiti Ill (os coronale) middle
9. os tarsale I/ et Ill (os rnneiforme i11ter111rdiolaterale) phalanx of third digit
- tarsal bone II and III (intermediolateral 19. J>halanx media digiti IV (os coronale) middle
cuneiform bone) phalanx of fourth digit
I 0. os metatarsalr Ill et IV - metatarsal bone III 20. J>lwlanx distalis digiti Ill (os 1111g11lare) distal 20
and IV phalanx of third digit
11. wlcus lo11git11di11alis dorsalis - dorsal longitudi­ 21. J>halanx distalis digiti JV (os 1111g11larr) distal
nal sulcus phalanx of fourth digit
12. incisura intertrochlearis - intertrochlear 22. os sesamoide11111 distale - distal sesamoid bone
incisure

95
Goat. Dissection of distal portion of right pelvic limb. Medioplantar view.

Figure 93

10
25
7

12
13
I. tibiu - tibia
2. 111. /H'm111'11.1 ll'l"li11.1 - peroneus tertius muscle 16. 11. digitalis J1f1111/11ris m1111111111i.l II - common
:l. 111. p,,_rnr digili I /011g11s - long flexor muscle of plantar digital nerve II
first digit 17. 11. d(�il11lis plr111!11ris projni11.1 III 11wdi11/i., - medial
4. 11. saj>lw1111s, 1J1. .flrnJr d1j{ilor11111 lo11g11s - sa­ proper plantar digital nerve III
phenous nerve, long digital flexor muscle 18. 11. d(�ilalis pl1111/11ri.1 jJmjirius II 111/'dia/i., - medial
5. 11. tibia/is - tibial nerve proper plantar digital nerve II
6. a. .wjJ/11'1111, ,·. mjJ/11-110 11wdialis - saphenous a1·­ 19. a. digitalis J1l1111/ari.,· co1111111111i.1· Ill, 11. d(�il11li.1· jJla11/a­
tery, medial saphenous vein ris jJmj;ri11s II fa1t,mli.1 - common plantar digi­
7. 111. p,,rnr d1j;iloru111 wjJl'ljici11/i., (/1'11do) - superfi­ tal artery III, lateral proper plantar digital
cial digital flexor muscle (tendon) nerve II
7 '. m11111.1· 111i. ffnoris digil1m1111 S11/J1'1/iri11lis 11d d(�i/11111 20. 11. digitalis jJl1111/11ri.1· co1111111111i., Ill - common
Ill - branch of superficial digital flexor plantar digital nerve III
muscle to third digit 21. 11. digitalis jJlm1/11ris Jm1/Jri11s V 111/'dialis medial
7' '. g
/WI/II.\' 111i. f/1'.\"()l"iS di i/1m1111 SlljJl'rjiri11/i.1 11d d(�i/11111 proper plantar digital nerve V
/I' - branch of superficial digital flexor 22. 11. digitalis jJ/r111/11ris Jm1Jnius Ill la!Nalis - lateral
muscle to fourth digit proper plantar digital nerve III
8. il'lldo 111i. lrici/Ji/is .mm,, - tendon of triceps su­ 23. /J//n 111111l11ris 1•agi11r11-jibmsm' d(�ili, 11. d(�ilali.1 jJla11-
rae muscle anular ligament of
/11ris jJmjJri11s /I' falnalis -
9. 11. pla11/aris /11/N11lis - lateral plantar nerve digit, lateral proper plantar digital nerve IV
I 0. 11. jJl1111/11ri.1 1111'dia/i., - medial plantar nerve 24. ,'. g
di italis jJlm1/aris J!m/Jria JV 111/'diafis, 11.
g
di il11lis
I I. 1,,11do 111i. jll'.\ori., digilorn111 Jm1/i111di - tendon of jJlm1/11ris jJmjJri11s JJ' 111l'di11lis - medial proper
deep digital flexor muscle plantar digital vein IV, medial proper plan­
12. 111. i11/1'ro.u,,11s - interosseous muscle tar digital nerve IV
13. a. jJl1111/aris 11wdiafis - medial plantar artery 25. os 111/'/11/111:wll' Ill - metatarsal bone III
14. 26. iw1-rli11 111i. libi11lis cm11ialis - insertion of cra­
g
a. ,,1 ,·. di italis J1lrml11ris Jm,pri11 Ill 111Nli11li.1, 11.
g
di italis do1:mfis jJmjnius II - medial proper nial tibial muscle
plantar digital artery and vein III, proper 27. di i/11.,· II fo111' mJ1.wl11) - second digit (without
g

dorsal digital nerve II capsule)

I 5. 11. d(�il11lis dorS((lis jJrojni11s III 1//l'diali.,· 28. di itm V (1h11' m/1.rnla) - fifth digit (without
g
medial
proper do1·sal digital nerve III capsule)

96
Goat. Dissection of distal portion of left pelvic limb. Dorsolateral view.
Figure 94
'.Z. IJJ. f'\ lr'11.H1r t11:!_!ilur11111 !u11g11., - long digital
extensor muscle
I. Ill. f'\/f'/J.\fJJ" d,:�ili Ill - extensor muscle of third
digit
'.L, :2'., 2". 111. f'\fr11.wr r1I:�ilnun11 l011,�11.1 (propri11s)
long digital extensor muscle (proper)
:L 111. J>r·rn11r'l/.1 ln11,t.!.1t,1 - long peroneal 1nuscle
•t 111. n/1•11.rnr d!�iloli.s /11!,-m/i., - lateral digital ex­
tensor muscle
:i. 111. jlnr,r ,/i�ili I {r,11g11., - long flexor 1nuscle" of
first digit
(i. 111. i11ll'm.1.\/·11.1, 11. j>/1111/11,:i.1 fall'mfi.1 - interosscous
muscle, lateral plantar nerve
7. J>or/io /'11//11/1'1'0/i.1 111i. i11li-m.1.11·i {I{/ df,;i/11111 I I'
collateral portion of interosscous muscle of
fourth digit
H. 11. rn/11111·11.1 mm,· rn11d11/i.1, !1·11,/() 111i. lri1iJ>ili.1 .111m1·
- caudal cutaneous sural nerve, tendon of
triceps surae muscle
<). il'lllf() 111i. jlnr,ri.1 d!�ilrm1111 .111/il'r/iriofi., - tendon
of superficial digital flcxor muscle
l 0. /1"111{0 111i. jln,,ri.1 d!�i/1m1111 J>m/1111di. 11. /if1111/11ri.,
fall'mfi.1 - t�ndon of deep digital fle·xor
muscle, lateral plantar arterv
I 1. 11. lif>i11/i.,, 11..111/>l11·1111 - tibial nerve, saphenous
arterv
I '.Z. 1w,111., cr111d11/i., ,·. .111J>l11·1111f• /11/l'mfi.1 caudal
branch of lateral saphenous vein
l :l. 11. lihioli.1 nw1i11fi.,. 11. Jwm111·11.1 J>m/i111d11.1 - cra­
nial tibial arterv, deep peroneal nerve
14. ,'. .111j>h1·1111 fulnofi., - lateral saphenous vein
L'i 11. Jinrn11·11.1 .rn/>n/iri11/i., - superficial peroneal
nerve
l(j_ ,'. di�i/11/i., drmafi., m1111111111i., Ill. 11. ,/f�i/11/i.1 drmofi.,
m1111111111i., 11' - common dorsal digital vein
III, common dorsal digital nerve IV
l 7. 11. d!�i/11/i.1 d1m11/i.1 m1111111111i.1 If - common dor­
sal digital nerve II
l H. 11. d!"i/11/i.1 r/r,r.111/i., rr,1111111111i.1 /1' - common dor­
sal digital nerve IV
I'). 11. rt,:"i/11/i.1 d()n11/i., J>m/11 i11.1 11' l11/l'mfi.,, ,·. d,:"itali.,
J>l011/11ri.1 JmiJ>ri11 11' l11/l'mfi., - lateral proper
dorsal digital nerve IV, lateral proper plan­
tar digital vein IV
'.ZO. 11.df"ilafi., j>/1111/ari., J>m/ni11 11 · l111!-mfi.,, 11. df,;itali.,
donafi., J>m/iri11.1 J' - lateral proper plantar di­
gital arterv IV, proper dorsal digital nerve V
'.Z 1. 11. d!,;i/11/i.1 dor.111/i., 1w111,11111i.1 Ill - common dor­
sal digital nerve III
'.Z'.Z. H/111/1.1 /'()/1/lllll!li(//IJ.\ /'Ill!/ 1/l'l'i'() j>l'l'0/11'1/ /!m/1111,/r, -
communicating branch with deep peroneal
nerve
'.Z:l. 11.1111·/11/11r.11·11.1 d()n11fi.1 Ill (11. /!l'/'()/J/'II., Jim/1111d11.1) -
dorsal metatarsal nerve III (deep peroneal
nerve)
'.Z4. 11. d!�i/11/i.1 drm11/i., Jmr/ni11., fl' 1111'1/iafi., medial
proper dorsal digital nerve IV
'.Z:i. 11. df"i!afi., d()n11/i.1 Jm1Jni11., Ill /11/1"111/i., - lateral
proper dorsal digital nerve III
'.Z(i. Ill. nli-11.rnr dz�i/r,n,111 fm·,·i., - short digital ex­
tensor muscle
'.Z7. 111. J>No111·11., /Nli11., - peroneus tertius muscle
97
 Swine. Skeleton of thoracic limb. Lateral view.
Figure 95
11
1. cartilago scapulae - cartilage of scapula
2. fossa S11/JrasjJi11ata - supraspinous fossa
3. fossa i11fraspi11ata - infraspinous fossa
4. collu111 scapulae - neck of scapula
5. tuber spinae scajmlae - spinous ·tuber of
scapula
6. sj1i11a scapulae - spine of scapula
7. i11cisura scapulae - incisure of scapula
8. tuberwlu111 supraglenoidale - supraglenoid
tubercle
9. caput humeri - head of humerus
10. jxirs caudalis tuberrnli 1najoris - caudal part
of major tubercle
11. pars cranialis tuberculi 111ajoris - cranial part
of major tubercle
12. tuberositas deltoidea - deltoid tubercle
13. COljJUs h11111eri - body of humerus
14. co11dylus lateralis humeri - lateral condyle of
humerus
15. olecra11011 - olecranon
16. cmpus radii - body of radius
17. co,pus ulnae - body of ulna
18. trochlea radii - trochlea of radius
19. caput ulnae - head of ulna
20. os carpi intennediwn (os lunat111n) - interme­
diate carpal bone Ounate bone)
21. os cmpi ulnare (os triquetru111) - ulnar carpal
bone (triangular bone)
98
22. os cmpi accessori11111 (os jJisifonne) - accessory
carpal bone (pisiform bone)
23. os·carjmle IV (os ha111a/111n) - carpal bone IV
(hamate bone)
24. os carpale III (os ca/Ji/atu111) - carpal bone
III (capitate bone)
25. os 111etacar/Jale III - metacarpal bone III
26. os 111etacarpa!e V - metacarpal bone V
27. os 111etacarjmle IV - metacarpal bone IV
28. os sesa111oideu111 jm1xi111ale (digiti V) - proxi­
mal sesamoid bone (of fifth digit)
29. phala11x proximalis digiti Ill - proximal pha­
lanx of third digit
29'. phalanx proxi111alis digiti IV - proximal pha­
lanx of fourth digit
30. jJha/anx-media digiti Ill - middle phalanx of
third digit
30'. jJha/anx 111edia digiti IV - middle phalanx of
fourth digit
31. phalanx dista/is digiti Ill - distal phalanx of
third digit
31 '. jJhalanx distalis digiti IV - distal phalanx of
fourth digit
32. os sesa111oide11111 distale - distal sesamoid
bone
33. phalanges digiti V - phalanges of fifth
digit
Swine. Skeleton of thoracic limb. Medial view.

Figure 96

\
2

I. cartilago scajmlae -- cartilage of scapula

2. fossa subscajmlaris - subscapular fossa 20. os ca1j}({lr Ill (os cajJitatum) - carpal bone
3. collu111 scajmlae - neck of scapula III (capitate bone)
4. Jnoresrns corarnidms - coracoid process 21. os cmjxile I (os frajJezi11111) - carpal bo�e
5. cajmf humeri - head of humerus I Oarge multangular bone)
6. sulrns intrrtub!'rrnlaris - intertubercular sul­ 22. os cmj}({le II (os trajJezoid1w11) - carpal bone
cus II (trapezoid bone)
7. tubrrculum 111i1111s hu111!'ri - minor tubercle 23. os metacmj}({le IV - metacarpal bone IV
of humerus 24. os metacmpale Ill - metacarpal bone III
8. j}({rs cranialis tuberculi majoris - cranial part 25. os metacmj}({le II - metacarpal bone II
of major tubercle 26. os sesa111oide11m jJroxi111ale (digiti fl) - proxi­
9. co1Jms humeri - body of humerus mal sesamoid bone (of second digit)
J 0. ejJicondylus mrdialis - medial epicondyle 27. jJhalanx Jmnimalis digiti IV - proximal pha­
I I. condylus media/is humeri - medial condyle lanx of fourth digit
of humerus 27'. phalanx Jm1ximalis digiti Ill - proximal pha­
12. tuber olerrani - olecranon tuber . lanx of third digit
13. sj}({fi11111 interosseum antebrachii proximale 28. jJhalanx media digiti IV - middle phalanx of
proximal interosseous space of forearm fourth digit
14. cajmf radii - .. head of radius 28'. jJhalanx media digiti Ill - middle phalanx
15. trochlea radii - trochlea of radius of third digit
16. os cmj>i intermedium (os luna/11111) - inter­ 29. jJhalanx distalis digiti IV - distal phalanx of
mediate carpal bone (lunate bone) fourth digit
I7. os cmjJi radiate (os scajJhoideu111) - radial car­ 29'. jJhalanx distalis digiti Ill - distal phalanx of
pal bone (scaphoid bone) third digit
18. os cmjJi accessorium (os jJisifonne) - accessory 30. phalanx digiti II - phalanx of second
carpal bone (pisiform bone) digit
19. os cmjJale IV (os hmna/11111) - carpal bone IV 31. J>hala11x distalis digiti V - distal phalanx of
(hamate bone) fifth digit

99
Swine. Muscles of lateral surface of thoracic limb.
Figure 97
1. 111. i11/r11.1J1i11(1/11., - infraspinous muscle
2. portio cranialis (preacromialis) mi. infraspinati
- cranial (preacromial) portion of infra­
spinous muscle
:1. 111. rnJ1rm/1i1111/11s - supraspinous muscle
4. 111. .rn/Jd,u·im - subclavian muscle
!1. 111. lr·1r.1 11111jur - teres major muscle
. (i. 111. /11/i.1.1i1;1/1.1 r/,11.1i - latissimus dorsi 111uscle
7., 7'. m/illl lu11g11111 111i. lrinj1ilis /Jmd1ii - long
head of triceps brachii muscle
B. 111. dr·lt,,irl('/rs - deltoid muscle
9. m. brachiocephalicus (m. cleidobrachialis)
brachiocephalic (cleidobrachial) muscle
I 0. 111. /1•11.wr/r1.,cial' 1111td1md1ii - tensor fasciae
antelirachii muscle
11. rn/ill/ lai,.m/1· llli. lrici/1ili.1 lm1d1ii - lateral
head of triceps brachii muscle
1 '.2. 111. lm,rhiali.1 - brachia! muscle
I :l. 111. nl/•11.rnr m1J1i mrlio/is - extensor carpi
radialis muscle
100
14., 1:1., I!). 111. t·\lt'll.\"tlf d(:.tilonnn co111111f111il - co1n­
mon digital extensor muscle
14. 111. l'\1!·11.11,r d(�ili Ill - extensor muscle of thi1·d
digit
I :1. 111. n/n11111 1/i.�ili JI "' d(�ili Ill - extensor
muscle of second a1id third digits
I (i_ 111. 11IHl11clor rl(�ili I l011gw - long abductor
muscle of first digir
I 7. 111. l'\il·11.,,,r d(�iluli.1 /ut,,m/i., - lateral digital ex­
tensor muscle
I B. 111. 1111m111·m - anconeus muscle
/I',.,
I <J. 111. l'lil·11.1or d(�ili rl(�ili I' - extensor muscle
of fourth and fifth digits
'.20. 111. 1·,/('Jlsor rli�ili JI - extensor muscle or se­
cond digit
'.21. lll. ,·,11'11.1111· di�·iti 1' - extensor muscle or fil"th
digit
'.2'.2. 111. n/1·11.rnr m1J1i 11l11uri.1 - extensor carpi ulna­
ris muscle
'.2:l. m/illl 11l11ur1· 111i. jlnori.1 rl(�ilor11111 /1m/i111di - ul­
nar head of deep digital flexor muscle
'.24. m/111/ l1111111·m/1· 111i. j/l'1111i.1 d(�i/01w11 Jim/11J111i -
humeral head or deep digital flexor muscle
'.2:1. 111. //l'\111· rn1/1i 11l11uris - flexor carpi ulnaris
muscle
:Z(i. 111. 11IHl11c/or rl(�ili 1' - abductor muscle of l"il"th
digit
'.27. /('11,/,, 111i. jlnori., rl(�i/rm1111 .111Jwr/ici11/i., - tendon
of superficial digital flexor muscle
:ZB. /('111/u 111i. jlnoris rl(�i/11m111 Jm1/iu11/i (m11111.1 ud d(�i­
/11/11 1') - tendon of deep digital flexor 111uscle
(branch to fifth digit)
'.2(). /(�- i11tnrl(�itu/,, di.,111/1· d(�ili /1' "' d(�ili 1' - distal
interdigital ligament of fourth and fifth di­
gits
30. t11brr s/1inoe scapuloe - spinous tuber of scapula
31. 111. inlemsseus IV - interosseous muscle IV
Slcine. Muscles of medial swface of thoracic limb.

Figure 98

I. wrli/11,:u 110/J//I(/(' - canilage or scapula

:2. m. v·nrt/11, i'(·11/J(rlh - ve11trc1I \Crratu') rnu�cle
:L ,11..,11j)l(l\/1i11ul11, - supra�pinou<.; nH1,ck
·+. 111. ,11fou,fi11lflli1 - ,11l,,capula1 11,u,cle
:,. 111. /w1/u1 11li, /11n/11mf11, (,. m11 J1rlt/11) -· de<'p pec-
toral muscle (,ame a, ascending)
(i. "'· lulini11111., doni - latissi111us dorsl nllt\Ck
7 .. 111, t,·1t·., 11w1u1 - tere� n1ajor n1u�cle
B. 111. ,11n1<1Jlnud1io/i, - co1:acohrachial n1uscle
'). <{{/J11! lon,:11111 1111. l1i, i/J1li., lm1d111 - long head ol'
triceps brachii muscle
I0. rn/111/ 1111d11rl1· 111i. l1ii/jJ1ti, h11"hi1 medial he,1d
ol' triceps brachii muscle
11. 111. I, 11w1 /a,rif1, ,111/rlnor /Ji,
tehrachii mu,cle
1 �. 111. '""/'' 1,,(//1,;; - bicep, l,rachii muscle
I :l. 111. b1ad1i1Jr1j,lw/icuJ (111. ckidobmchiali.1) - brachio­
ccphal ic muscle (cleidobraclti,,1 muscle)
I L 111. l,1111hi11/i, - brachia! muscle
I '.i. 111. n/1•1111,r 011/ii mi /111/i, - extensor· carpi radi­
alis muscle 111. u/,r/111 /111 r/1_,ili II
1 (j_ 111. jnfJ11(1/111 lnr·\ - pronato1 tcres 1nuscle Sl'COllcl digit
I7. 111. 11htl11c"/u1 rli,ili I 1,,,,,,:111 - long abductor �·l. 111. , 1//'11."11 ,ft.,iti Ill - extensor 111u,dc ol
nlllsclc of first digit third digit
IB. 111. /71·1111 u11pi 1(/diuli., - flexor carpi radialis 2'.i. 111. /'\lr11"11 rl/,:ili II l'I i/1,: , 1/i Ill - extensor
lll(IScle muscle of second and third digits
I'!. /11111;,, 111/J/'/li, i{{fo 111i. /!C'l111·i,. rl/,:j/11111111 ,11f1n /i< i"/;, 2(i. 111. i11/1'111.,.11m Ill - interosseous muscle Ill
- superficial portion ol' superficial digital '1.7. !(,11rf(J 111i. /k\ltJi\ rl,:!.!,i/11111111 prn/ tuuh (1(1111n, od
flcxor 111usclc rlz,:i/11111 1/J - tendun of deep digital l'lexor
I<J'. /1·11//11 111i. jk1111i., di:;i/11111111 .\1//mji(io /i, - tendon muscle (branch to second digit)
of superficial digital flcxor nw,cle 2H. lz,. i11!i/di,:it"k di,111/,. rli,:ili II 1·! r/1:;i11 Ill
'.20. m;,111 11 /J111n· 111i. /lf'l111i., d!,it,,m," /1111/((//(/i - ul• distal i111cnligital ligament of second ,,nd
nar head ol' deep digital flcxor muscle tl,inl digits
'.21. m/111! h J111wml1 111i. /ln111i, di:;i/11111111 J11n/1111di 2!). 1J1. /11'1111· 1 111p1 "/1111,i, - flexor carpi uln.tri,
humeral head of deep digital flexor muscle lllllSCk
22. 111. fln"r digiti fl - flexor muscle of second :w. m. C'\/1·111111 d/,ili 11 · 1 I rl/,ili I· - ex ten ,or
digit muscle or fourth and l'if1h digit,

101
Swine. Dissection of shoulder and arm from medial surface. First layer.
Figure 99
I. cartilogo scajmloe - cartilage of scapula
2. co1Jms odipos11111 S11bc11tm1e11111 - subcutaneous
adipose body
3. m. rho111boider1s cN1•icis et tlwracis - cervical and
thoracic rhomboid muscle
4. 111. rhmnboideus ca/Ji/is - rhomboideus capitis
muscle·
5., 6. 111. serratus ,•e11tmlis cen•icis et thorhcis - cervi­
cal and thoracic ventral serratus muscle
7. 111. 0111otra11st·enori11s - omotransverse muscle
8. 111. bmchiocephalirns - brachiocephalic muscle
102
--,
9. 111. subdm•ius - subclavian muscle
I 0. 111. s11Jm1sjJi11alr1s - supraspinous muscle
11. 111. subscajmlaris - subscapular muscle
12. 111. teres major - teres major muscle
13. 111. latissi11111s dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle
14. 111. trapezius (j)(l/1 Cff1•icalis ('I thoracira) - trape­
zius muscle (cervical and thoracic part)
15. 111. cutan<'IIS co{/i - cutaneous colli muscle
16. n. el 1•. sujn-ascajmlaris - suprascapular nerve
and vein
I 7. 1111. s11bscap11lares - subsca pu lar nerves
18. 11. et 1•. a�illoris - axillary nerve and vein
19. 11. et a. lhomcodorsalis - thoracodorsal nerve
and artery
20. 11. 111edia1111s f't n. 11/11aris, 1·. tlwmrira ,,xfa,w
median and ulnar nerves, external thoracic
vein
21. a. axillaris, 11. radio/is - axillary artery, radial
nerve
22. a. el 1•. S11bscap11laris - subscapular artery and
vein
23. 11. 11111srnloculc111e11s - musculocutaneous nerve
24. n. jJff/oralis rra11ialis - cranial pectoral nerve
25. m. pee/om/is prof1111d11s (s. asCf'J1df'l1s) - deep pec­
toral muscle (same as ascending)
26. 111. jJff/oralis s11jJ<'1/iciolis - superficial pectoral
muscle
27. 1·. rejJ/1{(/ica - cephalic vein
28. Inn cm•icales s11/Je1ficiolf's ,•entraff's - ventral su­
perficial cervical lymph nodes
Swine. Dissection of shoulder and arm from medial surface. Second layer..

Figure 100

1. cartilago sca/mlae - cartilage of scapula

2., '.l. facies serratae - serrated surface
4. 111. supraspinatm - supraspinous muscle
5. 111. s11bscajJ11laris - subscapular muscle
6. 111. /el'/'s major - teres major muscle
7. 111. /1ectoralis profu11d11s (s. asce11de11s) - deep pec­
toral muscle (same as ascending)
8. 111. coracobrachialis - coracobrachial muscle
9. 111. bicej>s brachii - biceps brachii muscle
I 0. caput lo11gw11 mi. lricipitis brad,ii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
11. w/ml mediate mi. tricipitis brae/iii - medial head
of triceps brachii muscle
12. 111. tensor fasciaP antebmchii - tensor fasciae
antebrachii muscle
13. 111. brachiocrphalirns - brachiocephalic muscle
14. 111. brachia/is - brachia! muscle
15. 111. extemor ca,pi radialis - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
16. 111. Jmmator teres - pronator teres muscle
I 7. 111. flexor cmj>i radial is - flexor carpi radialis
muscle
18. /)()r/io su/1e1ficialis mi. flexoris digitoru111 s11jJe1ficialis
- superficial portion of superficial digital
flexor muscle
19. rn/111/ l111111erale 111i. fl1•xoris digiloru111 /1rof1111di -
humeral head of deep digital flexor muscle
20. cajml 11lnare 111i. fle.rnris digitom111 J1rofw1di - ul-
nar head of deep digital flexor muscle median nerve, ulnar and musculocutaneous 33. a. et 1•. tr1111s1•ersa cubiti - transverse cubital ar­
21. 11. suprascap11/aris - suprascapular nerve nerves tery and vein
22. 1111. s11bscap11lores - subscapular nerves 29. ra111u.r 11111sc11/aris J1roxi111alis 11i. 111usc11/ornta11ei - 34. 1•. cephalica - cephalic vein
23. 11. axillaris - axillary nerve proximal muscular branch _of musculocuta­ 35. 1'. ce/1halica accessoria - accessory cephalic vein
24. a. el 1•. subsca/mlaris - subscapular artery and neous nerve 36. 11. c11tm1eus a11tebrachii ca11dalis - caudal cuta­
vein 30. a. et 1•. brachia/is, n. 11/11aris - brachia! artery neous nerve of forearm
25. 1•. axillaris - axillary vein and vein, ulnar nerve 37. a. 111cdia11a - median artery
26. a. axillaris - axillary artery 31. a. el 1'. collateralis 11/naris - collateral ulnar ar- 38. 11. 111edia11us, 111. flexor carpi 11/naris - median
27. 11. radialis, a. et 1·. profwula brae/Iii - radial tery and vein nerve, flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
nerve, deep brachia! artery and vein 32. 11. C11fa11e11s antebrachii 111edialis - medial cu- 39. 11. 111uscu/oc11ta11eus - musculocutaneous nerve
28. 11. 111edia1111s, 11. 11/naris et 11. 11111srnloc11/a11e11s - taneous nerve of forearm 40. rami 11111sculares - muscular branches

103
Swine. Dissection of lateral swface of shoulder and arm.
Figure 101
I. ,wt,/0�11 ,mp11lm· - cartilage or scapula
'.2. /11/w, ,pi11<u- 110/111/0,· - spinuus tuber or sca­
pula
:L Jun, , 1011iali.\ t11hl'nllli mujori, 11 11111,,, i nanial
part of majo, tubercle or hu111erus
-1. /11111 rn11rla!i., /11hn1 ,t!i 11111imi, /1111111 ri - caud;,1
part or major tubercle of hu111erus
:i. 1/1im11dd11., !,,t,·mli, l,11111,,i - lateral epicon<hlc
or humerus
(i. 1J{N H11111n - olecrano11
7. 111. d,·/t,11!11 11, - deltoid n111,ck
104
l<i. ,11. tt11,u1u·t1\ - cu1co11eus 1nu,cle
I 7. 111. l,,whio/i., - brachia! muscle
1H. "'· , ,t,·11."n unJ,i l(J(lioli\ - e:..tt:n"or ca, pi radi­
alis 111uscle
l!J. 111. n/1·11,,,,- d!,ili Ill - extensor 111u,cle or third
digit
'.21l. u,. 1-,1<-,,,,,, iti,ili II 1·/ it,:,;1; flI - ex ten,or
11111scle or second and third digits
'.21. 111. ,-,fr11H11 rh>:.itali, lot,·rr,li., - lateral digital ex­
ten,01 n1u,clc
'.2:2. u,. nl,·11.1<!1 it,:,;1; 11·,1t1i,ili I' -- extensor 111usele
or fourth and ril"th digits
23. m. extensor digiti V - extensor muscle of fifth
digit
'.2-1. 111. f'\lf11'01· u11pi 11/Juni.\ - f')l.tensor C<1rpi ul11a­
i-is lllUScll'
�.). 10/ 111/ 11/11,m· !/Ii. /In,,,;, di,ilu111111 /J"i/111/f/i -- ul­
nar head or del'p digital fkxrn musl·lc
'.2(i. ut/JfJ! h11111cruk 111i. / lt·\11u1 d1:!!,ilt,r11111 Jnu/ u11d1
hu111eral head of deep cli�ital flexor 111L1,dc
27. m. brachiocephalicus (cleidobrachialis) - brachia­
cephalic (cleidobrachial) muscle
'.2B. 11. di'. ,irn1111//na /11ow·,i u111do/1, - caudal cir­
cu111flex h11111eral arten and vein
H. 111. /r1, ·, 111aiu1 - teres major 111uscle '.2'1. 111 ,ui 11i. ,nil!o,i., -- brnnchcs or axillan nen c·
q_ 111. /111·, 1J1i11ur - terc" ndnor nH1s.cle :m 11. nuli11/i, (m11111., / 11u/ 11ud11.0 - radial 11t·1vc·
I0. 111. whda,·i11, - subclavian mu,cle (dec-p branch)
11. 111. ,11Jm1,pi11<1/w - supraspinous 111usclc :n. lfl!/li 11. l'i ,·. /m1/1111do1 h111d11i - branches of
1 '.2. /1<1 1 , na11ia!i, 111i. i11/ 1(/\/J111a/1 - c1 anial part or deep lirachial anen and vein
inl"raspinous musde :t2. 1t1111u, ,11pn/i< tali, 11i. uuliu/i,. 1·. uj,haliu, <fft1·,w1io
I :t m. i11/1t1\Jn11at11, - infraspinous 1nu ...cle - superficial branch or radi,tl nerve. acce,­
1-l.. I I'. m/1111 ln11_,1110 111i. t1i1 1piti, lm1d111 - long son cephalic vein
head or triceps brachii 1nuscle •)•)
,J,}. ;•. u·pholim - cephalic vein
I::i. u1/i11/ lairmh· 111i. lri, ipiti, ln11rhii - l,11eral head Iii. /1·11.\(11 / r1.1t i<lf• (IJl/t-lnudui
of triceps.brachii lllLhcle tebrnchii 111uscle
Swine. Skeletal topography with arteries of distal pertion of right thoracic limb. Pa/mar view. (Taxonomy of
arteries according to De Vos.)

Figure 102

I. u. 11wdu11w - n1eclian c:lrter,

'.!.. "· 11uli11/h - radial anerv 17. """"' />11/or,1111 /11011111111;, Ill - thitd proxi111al
:�...) .. ti.. 7. 1011111., /ml11u11i., a. i11t1·111\,1·1u 011ulali, - perfo,ating branch
pal111ar l1ranch or caudal iiitcrosscous arten I B. "· r/i�i/11/i, po/11111,i, /""/"i,1 1 · 1"1,.,,,1;, - laleral
-1. "· rolloti·mli, 11l11r11·i, - collateral ulnar arterv propn p;d111ar (li!-(ital artcl\ \'
Ii. "'""'' /J11l11u11i, ,11f,,.,li1ioli, - superficial palm,1r I !l. ,11111\ /J11l1111111, ,11finl 11ia/i, - superficial µal mat
branch ,11ch
7. 111111111 /J/ll11u11i, /}111/ 1111,lu, - deep palmar :2:0. o. t/��1/uli, /ml11u1n\ r11111111/f111, II - <.:0111111011 pal­
IJrnnch nia1· digital artn\' II
H. "· uu l"u11/w" /11,/,,,",;, I' - pal111ar metacarpal �I. 11. r/i�iloli, /1"1111<11 i, n,11111111111., I I' - con1mo11 paI­
arrel'\· \" mar digital artt·n !\'
<)_ 11111111., ,/111\/di, /1111/1111,//1\ 11. 1mlia/i, - deep dorsal '.lL ,111 11, f>"l111111i, pm/111"1", d,,t"I" - distal deeµ
branch or radial artery pal mar arc·h
I 0. 11111111., /"'h11111·i., o, 1 ,uli"/i, palmar branch or :z:t lfllllll\ J1uluwri, JJ/mln11:,:i, Jn1Hi111flli, pal111ar
radial artt-r, branch or proximal phalanx
11. 11111111, p11l11u11i, 111/u-1 / J1 iali, "· mdi"li, - supc·rl"i­ �4. 101111r, Jwl11u11i., JJilldrn1f..:i., 111('(/im - pal111<ll
t·ial palmar branch of radial artct� branch of middle phalanx
.
I�- 1(111m, /i"l11111ri., /11·11/ 111/( /u., "· 1(/,ii"li , deep pal- :l:i. "· ,li�ilo/11 poh11<1ri, '"""""";, Ill - co111111on pal­
mar bratH.:h of radial ancn· Illar digital ,trten· III
l :l. 01111, pol11wri\ /JrtJ/11111/1" pnni111ali, proxi111al �(i. o. i11ft•lfli:_: iloli, /in/o/(/1/1 Ill - perforating inter­
deep palmar arch digital anerv III
1-1. 1a11111, /"''"""'' p1mi111r1li.111· - fourth proxi- �7. "· t1,:�it11li., p11l11utri, /J1u/11io Ill l(l/1•lf,li, - lateral :lO. "· rli�il"I,, j}(/1111(//i., Ji111/11i11 II' lo/1·1(,/i., - lal<'tal
111al perforating bnrnd, proper pal111ar digital anc1, propct pal mar digital artcr\' IV
I :i. 11. 1111·/(11·,11/"'' /Hd111mi1 II palmar 111ctacarpal :,rn. " · tli:_:it"li, /ioh11,,,-;, pro/Hi" II' 111,diali, - medial '.l 1. ,-r111111, j>1·1f,,mw /J1mi1111di., II - second pro;,,.inwl
artcn· II proper palmar digital artcn· IV perforating branch
I (i. "· 11u-/iu<11/u-11 /}(/l111<11·i, I palmar 111etacarpal 29. a. di�iloli.1 /wf111ari5 proprio Ill 111cdio/i5 - medial :12. "· ,!i�il"li, //1/hll<tri, /m1p1io II 111ulioli, - 111cdial
;\l'll'l'\ 1 prope1· pal mar digital artery Ill p1 oper palmar digital artcn II

105
Swine. Dissection of forearm and distal extremity of thoracic limb. Medial view.
Figure 103
I. 111. biceps brae/Iii - biceps brachii muscle
2. 111. cleidobrachialis - cleidobrachial muscle
3. 111. brachia/is - brachia! muscle
4. ca/ml 111t'diall' 111i. lricipitis brachii - .medial head
of triceps brachii muscle
5. 111. flexor CC//1>i radialis - flexor carpi radialis
muscle
6. 111. le11sor fasciae a11/ebrachii - tensor fasciae an­
tebrachii muscle
106
7. 111. exle11sor cmpi radialis - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
8. 11. c11tm1e11s a11tebrachii media/is - medial cu­
taneous nerve of forearm
9. a. el 1•. brachia/is - brachia! artery and vein
I 0. ,·. cephalica - cephalic vein
11. 11. 11/11aris, a. el ,.. ml/a/era/is ul11aris - ulnar
nerve, collateral ulnar artery and vein
12. 11. 111edia1111s - median nerve
13. 111. Jmmator ler<·s - pronator teres muscle
14. porlio Sll/Jerficialis 111i. fle.rnris digitoru111 sujJe/ficialis
- superficial portion of superficial digital
flexor muscle
15. ca/111/ /111111erale 111i. flernris di_�it11n1111 pmf1111di -
humeral head of deep digital flexor muscle
16. capul 11!11are 111i. flewris digilorn111 J1rof1111di - ul­
nar head of deep digital flexor muscle
17. 111. flexor ca1pi 11/11aris - flexor carpi ulnaris
muscle
18. 1•. ff/)halica accessoria, ra11111s sujmficialis 11i. radialis
- accessory cephalic vein, superficial branch
of radial nerve
19. a. et 1•. 111edia11a - median artery and vein
20. a. el 1•. radialis - radial artery and vein
21. 111. (lbduc/or digili I lmrgus - long abductor
muscle of first digit
22., 22'. a. 111edimw; 11. pal11wris media/is - median
artery, medial palmar nerve
23. 11. j)(J/maris /a/em/is - lateral pal mar nerve
24. a. digitalis palmaris co1111111111is III - common pal­
mar digital nerve III
25. a. digitalis palmaris co1111111mis II, 111. flexor digilm:11111
prof1111d11s (ra11111s ad digi/11111 JI) - common pal­
mar digital artery II, deep digital flexor
muscle (branch to second digit)
26. 11. digitalis dorsalis Jm1jJri11s If ,wdialis, 1·.. digitalis
proj1ria fl media/is - medial proper dorsal digi­
tal nerve II, medial proper digital vein.II
27. 11. digitalis dona/is m11111w11is II - common dor­
sal digital nerve II
28. 11. digitalis dorsalis com1111111is III - common dor­
sal digital nerve III,
29. m. e.,temor digiti fl et digiti III - extensor
muscle of second and third digits
:w. 11. digitalis dorsalis proprius III mfllia/is, ra11111s mi.
i11terossei III - medial proper dorsal digital
nerve III, branch of interosseous muscle III
31. 11. digitalis dorsalis propri11s If lateralis - lateral
proper dorsal digital nerve II
:32. 11. di_�'italis dorsalis propri11s III lateralis - lateral
proper dorsal digital nerve III
33. 11. digitalis dona/is Jno/Jrius IV media/is - medial
proper dorsal digital nerve IV
34. 111. extensor digiti IV et digili V - extensor muscle
of fourth and fifth digits
35. 111. extensor digili III - extensor muscle of third
digit
36. m. flexor digiti II brevis, n. digitalis palmaris proprius
I! lateralis - short flexor muscle of second
digit, lateral proper palmar digital nerve II
3 7. 11. digitalis palmaris j>ro/ni11s Ill lttteralis - lateral
proper palmar digital nerve III
38. 11. rnta11e11s a11tebrachii ca11dalis - caudal cu­
taneous nerve of forearm
39. 1•. digitalis dorsa/is j>ropria III media/is - medial
proper dorsal digital vein III
40. 11. et 1•. digitalis dorsalis co1111111111is IV - common
dorsal digital nerve and vein IV
41. 1•. digitalis dorsalis co1111111111is Ill - common dor-
sal digital vein III
42. 1•. digitalis dorsalis co1111111111is II - common dor­
sal digital vein II
Swine. Dissection of forearm and distal extremity of thoracic limb. Lateral view.

Figure 104

I. 111. c/eid11/Jrachialis - cleidobrachial muscle

2. 111. brachia/is - brachia) muscle
:I. mj>ul lm1,1{11111 mi. lricij>ilis brad,ii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
4. m/m/ lataale mi. lrici/>ilis brac/1ii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
5. 111. ('X/ens11r cmj>i 11l11aris -'- extensor carpi ulna­
. ris muscle
6. 111. 1111cm1e11s - anconeus muscle
7. 111. e,le11sor a11J1i -mdialis - extensor carpi radi•
alis muscle
8., 9., 10. m. extensor digitornm communis - com­
mon digital extensor muscle
8. 111. evlensor digiti Ill - extensor muscle of third
digit
9. 111. n·tc11s"r digiti fl et digiti Ill - extensor
muscle of second and third digits
I 0. 111. ev/em"r digiti !Ve/ digili V - extensor muscle
of fourth and fifth digits
11. 111. e.,tens"r d(t[italis la/era/is - lateral digital ex­
tensor muscle
( 2. 111. <•xf<•nwr digili JI - extensor muscle of fifth
digit
13. rn/ml 11/nore 111i. flexoris digit11m111 j>mf1111di - ul­
nar head of deep digital flexor muscle
14. rnJmt h11111Nale mi. flex"ris digit11m111 J>rof1111di -
humei-al head of deep digital flexor muscle
15. 111. abductor digiti I longus - long abductor
muscle of first digit
16. ,'. ceplwlira - cephalic vein
17. 11. mtm1e11s antebradtii cranialis - cranial cuta­
neous nerve of forearm
18. 1w1111s s11J1nficialis 11i. mdia/is - superficial
branch of radial nerve
19. ,,. cej>halica accessoria - accessory cephalic vein
20. 1•. et 11. digitalis dorsalis m1111111111is Ill - common
dorsal digital vein and nerve III
21. 11. digitalis dorsa/is j>mj>rius IV media/is - medial
proper dorsal digital nerve IV digiti V - lateral proper dorsal digital nerve 30. 11. digilalis dorS1t!is j>roprius V media/is, a. digita!il
22. 11. digitalis dorsa/is J>rojirius !II latem/is - lateral V, abductor muscle of fifth digit Jimjiria V media/is - medial proper dorsal digi­
proper dorsal digital nerve III 27. 11. et 1•. digitalis dorsalis co1111111111is IV - common tal nerve V, medial proper digital artery V
23. 1m1111s do,w/is 11i. 11/naris - dorsal branch of dorsal digital nerve and vein IV 31; tendo mi. Jlexoris digitorum Jmif1111di (ramus ad digi­
ulnar nerve 28. 11. digitalis dorsalis Jmij>rius IV !atera/is, ra11111s mi. /11111 V) - tendon of deep digital flexor muscle
24. 11. 11/naris - ulnar nerve iulerossei IV - lateral proper dorsal digital (branch to fifth digit)
25. te11d11 mi. flexoris digitomm supe1ficialis - tendon nerve IV, branch of interosseous muscle :l2. 11/ua - ulna
of superficial digital flexor muscle 29. a. et l'. digitalis j>ropria IV /ateralis - lateral 33. a. et 1•. col/a/era/is 11/11r1ris - collateral ulnar arte­
26. 11. digitalis dona/is Jm1/Hi11s V /atera!is, 111. abductor proper digital al'tery and vein IV ry and vein

107
Szc 1 ine. Dissection of distal jJortimz of right thoracic limb. Dorsal z•ieu,.
Figure I 05
I. 111. nlu1",1 rl!,iti I· - extensor muscle of fifth
digit
2. m. extensor digitalis la/era/is (m. extensor digiti JV)
- lateral digital extensor muscle (extensor
muscle of fourth digit)
111. nlt-11101 rli,ili I 1· t'I rli,iti I' - extensor muscle
of fourth and fifth digits
-t 111. ,•1/t•11.1111 r/1.,iti fl t'I d!,iti Ill - e>1tensor
llluscle of second and third digits
108
">. 111. r1/u1."11 di,ili II - c,-.ten,or n1t1sde ol se­
cond digit
ti. 111. n/t111111 di,1/1 Ill -- cxtcn,m llluscle of third
digit
7. 111. ,,\t,,11.,,,r {(llj>i 11ulinli\ - e:-..ten,;01 c.-u-pi radi•
alis muscle
B. 111. alHl11r/111 di,ili I lu11_,111 - long ahductoJ
muscle of first digit
!L i'. u'j>lurliru aru 111Jrio, 1nw11, .111JH·1//ci{Jli.1 ui. 1(((/;"Ji.'
- accesson· cephalic vein. superficial branch
of radial nerve
10. "· 11tltTtH1,,,, 110111uli, - cranial intcrosseou� ar•
ten·
11. 11. 1 111!111111, ,111/f-f1111d1il 111ulia/i.l - llledial Clll,1-
neous nerve of forc,1rm
12. "· 1•/ ,'. mdi11/i1 - rndial anerv and vein
I :l. m111111 du1.11r/i1 11i. 11/11,,,·i, - dorsal branch of
ulnar nerve
l i. 11. d!,ita/11 d"11a/i, r u1111111111i, JI - common dor­
sal digital nerve II
I�>- 11. d!,ita/il d,111(1/i, jJmJ11i11., fl 111i-di"fo medial
proper dorsal digital nerve II
l (i. 11. di,it"fo don(l/i., JJ10Jm11, II lotc111/i, - lateral
proper dorsal digital nerve Il
17. ;·_ d!:.:it"/i' d"n"/i, /""/nia ff/ 1111di"/i,. 11. t/1,itu!i,
rf,,11ali, JJ1ujni11., Ill 111,.d,ali, ~ medial proper
dor,,,l digital vein II I, medial proper dor,;,l
digital !lerve III
I B. 11. d i'. d/!!, ilali.\ dnnoli.1 u11111111111i., /I' - cornInon
dorsal digital 11e1n· and vein I\'
11). 11. di:_: it,1/i, tf,,,",li, J,,.,,p,-i111 I' 1wdiufo nwdial
proper dorsal digital nerve V
20. 11. r/1,,ilali, rf,,w,lh Jm1/11i111 I I' lo!,·111/i.,. 111. i11t,·r,"•
" 11, I 1 · - lateral proper dorsal digital nerve
I\'. intc1 osseous muscle IV
21. o. , I- ;•. d!,itali, do,mlil J)l(1Jirio IT· tot, "'Ii, - l,ner­
al proper dorsal digital ill'tC-1'\' and vein IV
2'.2. JI. ('f ;·. d1!.!,, il"/i\ rlonoli\ (1n111t11tlli.\ Ill - c0Jnn1on
dorsal digital ne, ve and vein III
2:L "· 1111"/0101/"·a ,l,,1,0/i, Ill - dorsal met,1carp,1\
. anerv Ill
'.l-1 . .-. r/1.:.:it"li, tf,,,",ti, f""/1ri" I I' 111t•rllf11i.,. 11. d(,ito/i,
,J,,, '"Ii' fi"1fi1 i11., I I' 11wrlioli, - medial proper
dorsal d1git,1l vein and nerve IV
2:-i. ;·_ d,:,it"li, rf,,110/i, /""/"i" Ill lolt- 1 1,/11. 11. di,i/11/,,
dun"li., J1wpri11., 111 lolt·lilli., - lateral proper
dors;d digital vein and 1H:rvc Ill
2(i. 111. J1m1111t,11 1t·11·, - pronator tere, muscle
Swine. Dissection of distal extremity of right thoracic limb. Pa/mar view.
Figure 106
I. ,,,. JI,,,,, ""/ii 111111,,,, - flexor c,trpi ulnaris
ntuscJc
:Z. u1/ml h1111u-1r1k 111i. ff, \t11i\ rli::)l1111f/1J Jn1J/11ru /i -
humeral head or deep digital rle,ur lll\lSCie
:L """"' 111i. JI, \u1i.\ d1.:..:if11111111 /Hu /1111di url rl1:f.:1/111J1 ff
- lirnnch of deep cligirnl lk,-01 111u,de to
second digit
•1. J(fJJ/ff\ 1111. Jk\111i., dn.!,if,110111 Jn1Jju11rl1 tu! d�:.,:i/11111 Ill
branch ur deep digit;d flexo1 111usdc to
1hi1cl digit
?
3. uo111i, mi. _Jlnnu, r1,:f.:tlur11111 /H1�/111uli tu! t'1::.:il1t111 / 1
- liranch of deep digital flexor muscle to
fourrh digit
(). 11111111, 1111. //1·\1J1i\ d/:.:,il1n11111 Jn11/1111tli "d t!i:_:il1n11
1 · - branch or deep digit,il flexor muscle to
rirt1, digit
7. 111. l 11111IJ1im/i, II - lumhrical muscle II
B. 111. i11/,.,,,1.11·11.1 // (,. 111. fl,,,,, tl\:.:ili /I I m ,·i,)
intenhst·ou, muscle II (same a, sho, t fkxor
mu,elc of second digit)
CJ. 111. altd11, ,,,, t!,, ,ti II - ahdu(·tor 11111,clc ur ,e­
concl dig _ it
10. "· d ,·_ '"t//ftl,, -· radi�ll ,1rten ,111d ,·ein
I I. />111/in /J/n/111ulo 1111. / /1 \1111, di:,:i/0111111 .\11/u 1/ino/i\
- deep portion of ,upcrl'icial digital fle:,.01
Jll U sclc
I:Z. fi"1/io l((p1·1 /tulf/i, 111i. /ln111i, t!i,: 1/11111111 .111/Jt 1/iuali.,
superricial portion of ,upc1 ficial digital
fkvn mu,clc
1 :L 11,. l11111h,irnli, 11 · - l11111lirit·,d muscle I\'
1-1. 111. fl,,,,, di:.:iti 1'/m·;·i, - short fle,or muscle or
firrh digit
].). 111. ilflr·1n,\f11, 1· - intero�seous n1t1�clc \.'
I(i. ti/. ohdu, /111 t!i,:ili I: 11. t!i.� t!ali., tl11111d,, /11"/" i111
1· lo!<illli, - abductor muscle of fifth digit.
lateral proper dorsal digital nerve\'
.
l 7. 11. 11/11<11-i\ � ulnar nerve
IH. m//l tfl tlo11,t!i, 11i. 11 /(l(ni, - dor�al branch or
ulnar nervt'
I!J. 1,. tl!:.:itali., d,11.lfdi., ,·,,111111u11is II· - common dor•
,al digital nerw I\'
19
:20. ·,. 1111·dio110 ,·! 11. 111,di,11111.1 - median arttr, and
nt'r\T
'.21. 11. /11d11uni, 11wdiolh - n1edial pal mar nerve
:2'.2. 11. /H1l1111/1i, la/110/,, - latnal pal111a1 IH'IYe
'.1:l. 11. di:.:it"li, /1ahuntfl /n11/J111t, f! 11wd1ol,, nwdi,,1
prop,·1 pal111;11 digital nerve II
24, 11. d!t;iloli.1 />al11wriJ cm1111,11uis fl, ttrrn.1 /){(flllft ·
ris 1•,·110.11,.1 - common palmar digital nerve
II, venous palmar arch
:2:i. u. di:.:ita /1, /10/111,ni, /1m/11ia II ln/1·m /,\ If, d!:.:i•
/a /" p,d111a1i, /110/111111 II la!t·mlfl - lateral
propc1 p,dm,11 digir,d art(T\ and JH'J \T II
:26. 11. d(:.:Hali.1 pal111aris /m1pri11s Ill 1111'dialis - medial
proper palmar digital nerve III
'27. 1om11, ,1111111111111,0111 111111 111 1;·1, 1thu11i (.'Olll 111 ll •
11icaring b1anch with ulnar nerve
:2B. 11,11111.i lft/Ji· t /(l·i,t!i, ,,111" /11d111ati1 Iii. uluo,i, - su­
perficial branch or pal111ar branch of ulnar
nerve
:2!). a. di:.:itu/i, pol11Hn i, p111p1 ia I' 111rdia/i,, 11. d(,:itoli,
;,ah1 tttri, /1111p,im I' 11wtlialis - medial proper
p,dm.ir digital arten and nerve V
:w. 11. di,:t!al,, /111111"11 i, /",,/"im I· lotn,tli, la1cral
prope1· palmar digital nerve V
:lI. 11. di,it"li, /ilfl1111tri., /1n,pri11, II' l01t-wl11. Ii,. i11tatli­
.:.:illfi, t!i,t,,I, d,:.:iti /I', ., t!i:.:ili /' - laternl proper
palmar digir,d nerve IV. diqal i11tcrdigi1al
liganH·nr of fourth and fifth digi1s
,):Z .. :i�L h:,:_:;,. infrHh:,:iloliu
. rli::iti II d d�:.:,ili I· - intt.·1 -
digital ligament� or ,ccond a1ld fifth digii-;
;;.i_ fl. d,:::ituli., pol111r11i.\ (0JJ11J11111i, Ill - co111111on p<d­
mar digit;d artetY Ill
: \:i. 11. d�:.:11"/i, pa /111111i., />m/11in, III /"t,,m/i.,. "· tft.,iht /i, :ta. /Nit:\ ([1Jl1l,11i, t'fl:_:i11t11 Jih1uH/{' dr:..:)/11111111 -- /ion {II·
J1oh111111., f!ro/1riu Ill lat, mli., - lateral proper /'111((1/i., - anular part of rihrot1s sheath of dig­
palmar digital nerve and artcn· Ill its - coronal pan
:11;. 11. d(:;it, tli.1 pal111111i., p111pri11, II· 111,·di"li.-. "· t!\, t!, t!i, :��). 111. f·\frt1.\1Jr anj,i ,i/111111" - extensor carpi ulna­
J11t!111ari1 pmpril/ /I' lft('(!ut!i., - medial proper ri� muscle
palmar digital ncrvt' and anen· rv 40. rn/11t/ Ifhum· 111i. /In,,,i., tf(:;i/1111,11, /1111/llfuli -· 11I·
:ii. /><In u1111lrn i, t·(l_:,:i11w· jilnu.Hw d�:.:ilur11111 - />un nar head of deep digital flexor muscle
'""'/wt!u/i, - ant1lar pari of fibrous sheath or 41. 111. jl,-,,11 ,wj,i mdiufo - flc,m c;irpi radi,di,
digits - compedal part muscle
109
Swine. Skeleton ofpelvic limb. Medial view.
Figure 107
I. ala ossis ilium - wing of ilium
2. cmf!IIS ossis ili11111 - body of ilium
3. spi11a ischiadim - ischiatic spine
4. tuber ischiadic11111 - ischiatic tuber
5. lrochan/er major ossis fe111oris - major tro-
chanter of femur
6. fossa trochaulerica - trochanteric fossa
7. tmchanler minor ossis fe111oris - minor tro-
chanter of femur
8. ca/ml ossis fe111oris - head of femur
9. cor/111s ossis femoris - body of femur
10. pale/la - patella
II. troch/ea ossis femoris - trochlea of femur
12. omdylus media/is ossis femoris - medial
condyle of femur
13. condy!11S media/is libiae - medial condyle
of tibia
14. lubemsitas tibiae - tibial tuberosity
. ;, 15. corpus tibiae - body of tibia
16 111al/eo/11s media/is tibiae - medial malle-
olus of tibia
17. fibula - fibula
18. calcaneus - calcaneus
19. talus - talus
110
20. os tarsi centrale {os 11al'ic11/are) - central
tarsal bone (navicular bone)
21. os tarsale Ill (os C1111eifor111e laterale) - tar-
sal bone III 0ateral cuneiform bone)
22. "s tarsa/e fl (os C1111eiforme i11ter111edi11111) -
tarsal bone II (intermediate cuneiform
bone)
23. os larsale I (os C1111eifor111e 111edia/e) - tarsal
bone I (medial cuneiform bone)
24. os melatarsale Ill - metatarsal bone III
25. os ml'talarsale II - metatarsal bone II
26. os melalarsa/e JV - metatarsal bone IV
27. os sesa11111ide11111 metatarsale -· ·metatarsal
sesamoid bone
28. os sesm11uide11111 proximate - proximal se-
samoid bone
29. phalauges digiti JV - phalanges of
fourth digit
30. phalanges digiti 111 - phalanges of third
digit
3 I. phalanges digiti V - phalanges of fifth
digit
32. phalanges digiti 11 - phalanges of sec-
ond digit
 Swine. Skeleton ofpelvic limb. Laieral view.

Figure 108

I 8. /fllus - talus
19. 11s l<mi cr11l mfr ftis nm•irnfnre) - central
1. ala ,mfr ili11111 - wing of ilium tarsal bone (navicular bone)
2. m1Jms 11ssis ilium - body of ilium 20. os larsalc• Ill (11s ct111Pij111me latemlr•J -:- tar­
3. s/1i1w isrlii<ulira - ischiatic spine sal bone III Oateral cuneiform bone)
4. tuber isr/1iadiru111 - ischiatic tuber 21. m tarsa/1' IV fos cub11ide11111) - tarsal bone
5. finwm•u "blum/11111 - obturator foramen IV (cuboid bo.ne)
6. mjml 11ssis femoris - head of femur 22. 111flllr11/us la/I'm/is (fib11/rw) - lateral mal­
7. J><1rs rm1rlalis 1md1r111lr•ris 111aj11ris - caudal leolus (of fibula)
part of major trochanter 23. os sesam11idr11111 11/Plalflrsale - metatarsal
B. pars r,w11"<dis lmdumfl'ris uwj11ris - cranial scsamoid bone
part of major trochantcr 24. 11s 111elflfflrsall' Ill - metatarsal bone III
9. r111Jms11ssisfm1t1ris - body of femur 25. 11s mrtalarsal<' JJI - metatarsal bone IV
l 0. c,mrfrlus latemlis 11ssis f('Jltr1ris - lateral 26. 11s 11u•talarsale V - metatarsal bone V
condyle of femur 2 7. phalanges digiti II - ·phalanges of second
11. lmr/1/eo 11ssisfm11nis - trochlea of femur digit
I 2. jmlt-1/a - patella 2ft jJhalw�l[l'S digili Ill - phalanges of third
13. c,m,(i•lus lalemlis libim• - lateral condyle digit
of tibia 29. j1/wlw1gn digiti /11 - phalanges of
I 4. 111bm1.rilas tibinl' - tibial tuberosity fourth digit
15. rmpus libim• - body of tibia 30. ,,s S<'sa11111ide11111 Jimxim,,/r• - proximal se­
I 6. fibula - fibula samoid bone
1 7. mlrfllll'IIS - calcaneus 31. pha{ang"<'s di6tili V - phalanges of fifth
digit

111
Swine. Muscles ofpelvis and pelvic limb. Medial view.
Figure 109
1. ;v•rll'bm lumbalis I'll - seventh lumbar ver-
tebra
2. 111 sacrum - sacrum
3. i'i'l"lt•bm C't1Cc_1:crn1 I - first coccygeal vertebra
4. 111. gl11lr11s 111rdi11s - middle.gluteal muscle
5. 111. 11111/tifidus - multifidus muscle
6. 111. J1s1K1s 111i1111r - psoas mino1; muscle
7. /mrti11 111l'dialis mi. iliari - medial portion of
iliac muscle
8. 111. /1s11as 111<�i"r - psoas major muscle
9. /mrlio laim,lls mi. iliari - latc1·al portion of iliac
muscle
l 0. 111. frumr fmria,, /ala,, - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
11. 111. n-rlus fn1111ris - ·straight remoral muscle
12. 111. mslus merli((/is - medial vastus muscle ·
13. 111. .wrl11ri11s - sartorius muscle
112
14., 14\ 14". Jmrs i11hr1Jx•/piua mi. obtumtorii ,,.,·fff11i
- intrapelvic part of external obturator
muscle
15. 111. sarmraudalis ,•1•11tmlis 111erli11/is - medial ven-
tral sacrQcaudal muscle
16. 111. mcr_1'![<'1ts - coccygeal muscle
17. 111. l1•;•aforr111i - levator ani muscle
18. fadt•s �i•111J1l11•sialis ,mis cu.,·ae - symphyseal sur­
face of os coxae
19. 111. /"•cti1w11s - pectineus muscle
20. 111. adr/11ctor - adductor muscle
21. 111. sn11i111t'111brm111sus semi membranous
muscle
22. 111..gmcilis - gracilis muscle
23. 111. sn11ill'11di111,ms - semitendinous muscle
24. caj)l(f /ll('r/ialr mi. gastmrnnuii - medial head of
gastrocnemius muscle
25. 111. flrxor rligifornm .su/11'1/icialis - superficial di­
gital flexor muscle
26. m/ml f((ff'ml" 111i. gasfi·,,r11 1•111ii - lateral head of
gastrocnemius muscle
27. 111. j>r1j1lit1•m - popliteal muscle
28. 111•.flr. mr rli1.,1iforn111 lrmgus - long digital flexor
muscle
29. 111. flr.wn· digili I lrmgus - Jong flexor muscle of
first digit
30. 1i1. tibia/is mmialis - cranial tibial muscle
31. 111. pmmrus lrrlius - peroneus tertius muscle
.32. reli11aC11!11111 r.,·fc•11s111w11 Jm1xi111af,, - proximal ex-
tensor retinaculum
33. /(If. J,/<111l<11r• lo1 1g11111 - long plantar ligament
34. 111. ,,,. ·1,,11sor digifi I lo11g11s - long extensor
muscle of first digit
35. 111. ,•xtn1wr rligiti Ill - extensor muscle of third
digit
36. 111. r•.rln1.ff/r digitrm1111 /m·1•i.1· - sho rt digital ex­
tenso r muscle
i i
37. 111. ,,.,·fn1.ffl r rligit II rt d(1;it I' frm11m ad digi/11111 II)
r f
- extenso muscle o second and fifth digits
(branch to second digit)
38. 111. i11tm,.1s/'11s II - interosseous muscle II
39. m11111.1 111!. jlv.\'llri.,· rl(l{i(orum Jm!Jimd i ad d{1til11111 II
- branch of deep digital flexor muscle to sec­
ond digit
i
40. 111. 1•x(n1.m r d(�ili Ill I'{ tf(�if 11 · extt•nso r
r
muscle o third and fourth digits
4l. 111. i11/,•mr.11 •11J Ill - interosseous muscle lll
 Swine. Muscles ofpelvis and pelvic limb. Lateral view.

---------
Figure 110

I. t11bl'I' r11.,·ar - tuber coxae

2. 111. glutms 111edi11s - middle gluteal muscle
3., 4., 4'. m. giuteobiceps - glutcobiceps muscle
�I. 111. gluteus s11J,afirialis - superficial gluteal
muscle
4., 4'. 111. biC'C/JS/C'moris - biceps femoris muscle
5. 111. rnrcyg,•us - coccygeal muscle
6. 111111. sacmmudalrs d,mafrs - dorsal sacrocaudal
muscles
7. 111111. sru:rocm,dall'S l'Clllmll'S - ventral sacrocau­
dal muscles
8. 111. semimembrmwsus semimembranous
muscle
9. 111. sc111ite11di11osus - semitendinous muscle
I 0. m. temor fasciac latllr - tensor fasciae latae
muscle 22. 111. e.,·temor digiti II f'I digili V - extensor muscle 21
1 l. fascia /alajl'llmris - femoral fascia lata of second and fifth digits
12. 111. soleus - soleus muscle
13. ca/ml lntcmfc mi. gaslrrJC'm•mii - lateral head of
23. reli11am/11111 exte11s1m1111 Jm,ximalr - proximal ex­
tensor retinaculum
28
gastrocncmius mu scle 24. 111. exteusm· digili Ill - extensor muscle of third
14. tcud,, calca11e11s c111111111111ir - common calcaneal digit
tendon 25. 111. ex/r11s1JT digit1m1111 bre1•1's - short digital ex­
15. 111. tibia/is crtmialis - cranial tibial muscle tensor muscle
16. 111. />err111e11s /,mgm - long peroneal muscle 26. 111. exfeumr digiti JJJ rf digili JV - extensor
1 7. m. extensor di1,ritnlis /a/rm/is - lateral digital ex­ muscle or third and fourth digits
tensor muscle 27. 111. flexor digit11r11111 suj,erficiolis - superficial
18. 111. cxlmm,r digili JI - extensor muscle of fifth digital rlexor muscle
digit 28. 111. i11lerossem fl - interosseous muscle V
19. 111. flcxm· digili I l1111g11s - long flexor muscle of 29. ro11111s mi. fle:rnris digit111w11 Jmif,mrli ad digit,1111
first digit V - branch or deep digital flexor muscle to
20. 111. /1em11e11s lerlitis - peroneus tertius muscle fifth digit
21. 111. tibia/is «mdalis - caudal tibial muscle 30. 111. i11terosseus JV - interosseous muscle IV

113
 Swine. Dissection of lateral surface of pelvis and thigh. Deep layer.

Figure 111

-�-
,,,..-.::...,._

1
1

�B

26. ,•enter ca11d<1/is mi. se111i111e111brmwsi - caudal bel-

·1. ii/. glt.rteus medi11s - middle g!uteal muscle 14. 111111. gemel/i - gemelli muscles ly of semimembranous muscle·
2. 111. /Jirifimnis - piriform muscle 15. 111. quadratus femoris - 'quadratus femoris 27. t•. sapkrmalaterolis - lateral saphenous vein
-;t t11berc11.me - tuber coxae muscle 28. m. se11iite11di11os1ts - semitendinous muscle
4. 111. tensor fasciae k,tae - tensor fasciae latae 16. j)Orfi1J lateralis mi. iliaci - lateral portion of iliac 29. 11. tibi<tlis - tibial nerve
muscle· muscle 30. <t. et 1•. crmd<tlis femoris - caudal femoral artery
5. lig. sacmtuberale lal11111 - _wide sacrotuberal 1 7. <1. et ,,. cirmmflcxa iliulll pmf1111da deep cir- and vein
ligament cumflex iliac artery and vein 31. caput mediale mi. g<tslmcnemii - medial head of
_6. 1111/1. sacmcm1da/es-d1males - dorsal sacrocaudal 18. 11. femomlis - femoral nerve gastrocnemius muscle
muscles 19. Ill. rech1s femoris - straight femoral muscle 32. mput latemle mi. gastmrnemii - lateral �cad of
7. mill. sacrocauda/es ,•eutmles - ventral sacrocau­ 20. 111. mst11s latemlis - lateral vastus muscle gastrocnemius m_uscle
da1 muscles 21. 111. add11ctor - adductor muscle 33. 11. c11ta11eus .s11rae-m11dalis - caudal cutaneous
8. 111. coccyge11s - coccygeal muscle 22. rm1111s m11scufaris ni. isc/1iadici - muscular sural muscle
9. amjmlla recti - ampulla or rectum br�nch of ischiatknerve 34. /11. priJ,fiteus - popliteal lymph node
I 0. 111, spl,;ncter rmi exle11111s - external anal sphinc­ 23. 11. iscl,;adicus, mmus <1. cirrnmfle.m'e fenmris media/is 35. 111. sofe11s - soleus muscle
tcfr muscle - ischiatic nerve, branch of medial circum­ 36. 111. bice/Jsjemoris - biceps femoris muscle
1. I. 11. cutaueus fe1111Jrls caudalis - caudal cutaneous flex femoral a�tery 37. /11. i11g11i11<tlis s11J1eifici�lis - superficial inguinal
femoral nerve 24. i'<mler crr111i<1/is mi. semimembrmmsi - cranial bel­ lymph node
12. a. el z•. glutea mudalis - caudal gluteal artery ly of semimembranous muscle 38. /11. mbili<trns latemlis, 11. C/lf(///eus fcmoris latemlis -
and vein 25. 1•. circ11111Jl_e.m femoris media/is - medial citcum­ lateral subiliac ly·mph node, lateral cutaneous
13. tuber isd1iadic11111 - ischiatic tuber - flex femoral vein femoral nerve

114
Swine. Cross section through thigh. Level of sections A and B are shown in Figure 111.
Figure 112
I. 111. ln1.111r fmci11r· fatal' - tensor Casciae latae
muscle
2. Ill. mr!ori11.1 - Sartorius muscle
J. 111. ;•a.,111.1 nwdiali., - medial vastus muscle
4. 111. /'l'Cl11s/i·111,,,i.< - straight femoral muscle
5. 111. ,rn/11.1 latcmlis - lateral vastus muscle
6. 111. ,•ostw i11t,,m1{'(/im - intermediate vastus
muscle
7. 111. ,,:mrilis - gracilis muscle
ll. 111. J>1·rliill'11s - pectineus muscle
9. 111. adductor - adductor muscle
I 0. 111. snnimcmbrmwsus - semimembranous muscle
11. 111. biccpsjimoris - biceps fernoris muscle
12. 111. s1•1111/c11di110.ws - semitendinous muscle
I :l. rnj>ul 111,·dialr· 111i. ,,:mlmOl/·111ii - medial he;id or
gastrocnemius muscle
1'1. 111. jlno,· d1,,:i/1J/'l/111 1. 11j)1·r/iciolis - superficial dig­
ital flexor muscle
J 5. m/ml /11/na/1· J11i. gmtmn11'llli1 - lateral head of
gastrocnemius muscle
I G. os(i•11u,ri.,· - femur
17. />aid/a - patella
18. 11. .w/1lu·1111.1 - saphenous nerve
19. 11. cl;•. _(,·11/lmtli.i - femoral artery and vein
20. 11. isd1iodirn., - ischiatic nerve
21. 11. rnlm11·11.1 .1111m• rnnda/i, - caudal cutaneous
sural nerve
22. 1w1111.1 11. r·I i'. ri1n1111(/nac /e111,,ri.1 11wdiafo -
branch of medial circumflex femoral arterv
and vein
2:l. a. cl;•. j>oj>litrn - popliteal artery and vein
24. 11. tibiali., - tibial nerve
25. 11. /"·111111·11.1 rrm111111111'.1 - common pcroneal
nerve
2fi. 11. sof!lll'lw. ;•, saj>lu-1u, 111/'dialis - saphenous artc­
ry.,medial saphcnous vein
115
Swine. Sex organs. Dorsal view. Left adult boar)· right castrate.

Figure 113

11

I. ,·c.1irn 11ri11aria - urinarv bladder

2. gl(l/u/11/,1 ,·r·,irnlari-' - vesicular gland
:l. Jnm/({/(I - prostate
4, im-11-r - ureter
5. duc/11., d,jt•r,•11., - ductus dererens
6. urethra (m. urrlhralis) - urethra (urethral
muscle)
7. glandula bulbourl'thralis - bulbourethral gland
8. m. bulbogla11dularis .:._ bulboglandular muscle
9. 111. ischiom,•N110s11s - ischiocavernosus muscle
I 0. 111. bulbosj>o11gioms - bulbospongiosus muscle
I I. 111. r{'fractor j>mis - retractor muscle or penis

116
Swine. Pelvic organs of boar in situ from left. Left pelvic limb and left half of pelvis removed.
Figure 114
I. 111.!f!11.�i,.,i11111.1 lr1111b,n11111 - longissimus lumbo-
run1 1nuscl�
'.2. 111..�/r1/f•11.1 111Nli11.1 - middle gluteal muscle
:l. 111. f!-"'m 111ai(Jr - psoas 111ajo1 muscle
-l. 111. Ji.11H1., 111i11111 - psoas minor muscle
">. 11.1 ili11111 - ilium
G. 111,r/111/0 ,pil/(,/i\ - ,pinal rncdull.i
7. m · w1cn1111 - �acru1n
8. 111. l('/rat"/JJr jJmil· - retractor muscle of penis
!). 111. 11·/mm/"n:�1•11.1 - retrococcvgcal muscle
I 0. 111111..1<11..-orn11d,,i,,,· ,·1•11/m/1·1· - vcntrnl sacrocau­
dal muscles
I I. pm:, cm11iolis 111i.. ,p!ti11ckri., m1i 1•1/n11i - cranial
part of external anal sphincter muscle
I '.2. pan rn11dali.< 111i.1p!ti11rtais rlt(i ,·1fl·mi - caudal
pan of exter11al a11al sphincter muscle
I ;1, a111j)l(//o l(•f"li - ampull.i of rectum
14. aorta, 111f'fr·r si11i.,ta - aorta, left ureter
I">. /1/11.ilia,·i tl/(•di,t!n - medial iliac h-'lnph nodes
I(i. a.,·t ,·. tnfirnlmi, - testicular arterv and vein
---·--- ...
I 7. "· l'I ,·. ili"rn nf<T11a .,i11i1tm - left external iliac
anerv and vci 11
I B. "· 11111/,i/irnlis .1i11istm - left umbilical arterv
I!). "· 1•/ , .. /"""'"lira - prostatic artery and vein
20. /(�- !C1tcm/1· ,·nimr· - lateral ligament of blad-
der
'.21.. '.21' ..�lu11d11/ar ,·c·sirnlmc., - vesicular glands
'.2'.2. i/11(/11., dcf,·"·n, .1i11i.,frr - left ductus dcferens
'.2:L .J1111irn/t1s .<jJff11u1tirns dntn - right spermatic
cord
24. 111./)l(/b,'.�/"11d11/mi., - bulboglandular muscle
'.2"> ..�/{llf(/11/0 b11IIHmn·thrnlis - bulbourethral gland
'.2G. /Hm p1·/;-i11a 1m·f/m11· (111. 11rctlmt!i.,) - pelvic part
of urethra (urethral muscle)
27. /ruil'.I sr111phy,ialis fJ.uis co,,", - symphvseal sur­
face of os coxae
2B. fi"n illfmjwh-i11a 111i. obt11mtorii r·1frmi - intra­
pelvic pan of external obturator muscle
'.2B'. /(�- 111cdiam1111 ,.,,_,im,· - middle ligament of
bladder
2<J. 111.11{/dnc/01 - adductor muscle
:lO. 111.•�mcilis - gracilis muscle
:n. 111. b11/bos/1011giosus - bulbospongiosus muscle
:l2. ems j1mis (si11isfru111) - crus of penis (left)
:l3. 111. isdtiorm,eiw1sr,s - isehiocavernosus muscle
34. jimis - penis
35. 111.crnnasler - cremaster muscle
;�6. /1111im mgi11alis rt fascia spemwlica inlrma va-
ginal tunic and internal spermatic fascia
;;7_ .,aJJ/tlt(I - scrotum
:m. m11da 1j1ididr111idi., - tail of epididvmis
:19. 1<·.,ti.\ - testis
40. rnji/11 rpididr111idis -. head of epididymis
41. /1111. ,crJJtaks - scrotal lymph nodes
-12. "· r·I ,·. Jmd1·11da nfrma external pudenda!
artery and vein
4:l. 111. Jmj)//fil//1:, rnndl/lis caudal preputial
muscle
44. 111. 1nfw alido111i/li.1 - ,traight abdominal
muscle
45. tfh,ntiw/11111 Jneputioli· - preputial diverticulum
46. r<ma!is i11g11i11alis - inguinal canal
117
Swine. Reproductive tract of female. Dorsal view.

Figure 115

12. ,•t·sim 11ri11urifl - urinary bladder

I. c,11pus 11/ni - body of uterus 7. IJ//rsa rwarirn - ovarian bursa I :1.;•a.i.:i11a - vagina
2. t'en·i1 11/ni - cervix of uterus 8. lzi.:. /a//111/ /I/Ni - broad ligament of uterus 14, ;·,,s1ilmlt1111 ,·,1.�i11flt' - vestibule of vagina
:1. (1111111 11/ni - horn of uterus 9. lzi.:. ()('(/f'ii />m/1ri11111 - proper ligament of Ov<1ry 15. ori/ici11111 1m•//11a,, nln1111111 - external ureth ra l
4. /11bo 111,,1i11r1 - uterine tube· I 0. 1111•sosalj>int - mesos<1lpinx orifice
:>. i11/1111di/11t!11111 lubac - infundibulum of cube 11. 111. mmlriclor ;•1tlm1· - constrictor muscle of I G, diloris - clitoris
Ci. t1i'ari11m - - ovary vulva 17. labiulil /mdl'lldi (;•11/m,,J - lips of vulva

118
Swine. Pelvic organs of sow in situ from left. Left pelvic limb and left half of pelvis" removed
Figure 116
1. 111. /"11.�i.1.,i11111.1 l1111tl10111111 - longissimus Jumbo­
rum muscle
'.2. /m1ff.1S11.1 co.,tmi11.1;•1·1'11-bm,· /l(111holi.1 I'/, 111. <jll!l!!m­
/11., li1111b,1111111 - costal process of sixth lumbar
vertebra, quadratus lumborum muscle
:1. 111. /1.1r1as major - psoas major muscle
4. "-' i/i11111 - ilium
:1. m · w,0·11111 - sacru 111
G. ,•n/1'1110 /'(lc,y�l'a I - first coccygcal vertebra
7. 111111..1af1'00111doln 1·c111ta/1·., - ventral sacrocau­
dal muscles
a. 111• .1Jil1i11r/1•r a11i nt,•n111.1 - external anal sphinc­
ter muscle
!J. 111. ffCloc"cc1:�1·11.1 - rectococcygcal muscle
10. c"/011 d,•.lf"f'tl!l('//s - descending colon
11. m11Jwlla rt'l'li - ampulla of rectum
12. /1111. ,ao'/1ks - sacral lymph nodes
I :1. ""rla - aorta
·-----
14. a. cl;·. t!iurn nln11" ,i11istm - left external iliac
arterv and vein
15. /1111. iliari 111Nlia!t•s - medial iliac lymph nodes
I6. a. ,., ,· ,,.·111 im - ovarian artery and vein
17. 1m·ll'I' si11isfrr, a. l/mbilirnlis .<i11Hlm - left ureter,
left umbilical artery
1B. <1. I'/;•. ili11rn i11/1•ma si11istm - left internal iliac
artery and vein
19. ,rw.w1.·01ium dc,tn1111 - right n1esovariu1n
19'. l/{('\'l)i'({)'iJ1111 .1i11istm111 - left mcsovarium
:ZO. Ii.�· /0/11111 ulni - broad ligament of uterns
'.21. 01•ori11111 Ji11i.\lr11111 - left ovary
:Z'.2. tub,1 u/1•1 i1111 ,. iui.1/m - left uterine tube
:z:I. o,1m1 11/ni .1i11i.1t111111 - left horn of uterus
:24. ,·,,mu 11/ni dl'\t1w11 - right horn of uterus
2:J. i'O,t.:i11u - vagina
'.26. ;•1·.1lib11/i1111 i'<(�i1111t· - vestibule of vagina
27. 011., rlit,11idi, - crus of clitoris
28. fig. la/1•ra/c ,·,•sicae - lateral ligament of bladder
'.29. ,•rsiw 11ri11aria - urinary bladder
:30. /(�; 111edia1111111 ,·1,sime - middle ligament of
bladder
;) I. 11r,,1hm - urethra
:1:2. par., ittlmjwh•i,w 111i. ,,/i/111ato1ii nlntti - intra­
pelvic part of external obturator muscle
:1:1. /r1ci,·.1 >l'llt/1hrxiali.1 (}\'.\}.\ ((A\({(' - svmphvseal SUI'~
face of os coxae
:14. 111. add11c/m - adductor muscle
:):J. 111. r. .:,raci/,\ - gracilis 111uscle
:l6. 111. se111i11u·111bra11osus - semimembranous muscle
:l7. !1t11. 111"111111"11i - mammary lymph nodes
:l8. 11. l'I ;·. Jnukml" n'i<-11111 · - external pudenda!
artery and vein
;;<). uJ1/w1 adif'h\/1111 - adipose hodv
40. 111. ,.,,,-1,n obdfl111it1i.1 - straight abdominal
muscle
119
Swine. Dissection ofpelvis and thigh. Medial view.

Figure 117

--- ____________---�
..
........

'.20. />an i11fraj}('h·i11u mi. ,,h/Jnu/rnii f'\lr-1111 - intra­

pelvic part of external obturator muscle
'.21. p,11/i11 /o/t-l(llt, 111i. iliuu - lateral portion of iliac
muscle
'.2'.2. o. r·I ,'. riffu111/lt·1" ili11111 /1m/111ul" - deep cir­
cumflex iliac arterv and vein
'.2:l. 11. 01/r111,·u., /,w,11i, lul!-m!i, - lateral cutaneous
femoral nerve
24. 111. /11110.1 111of1r - pso<1s m;ijor muscle
'.25. a.,·I;•. f,·111,m,li, - femoral artc1 \ and vein
'.2Ci. (/. .\f1/,//('/I(/ ,., II. . ,0J1fw11111. /". lft/1/u I/ff IIWrlia/i,
,aphenm1, aner\' and nerve. medial sa­
phenou, vein
'.!.7. 111. In,.,,,, /(1,ciw· lal<u· - tensor fasciac latae
mu,cle
2B. /1111. 1/(/,i/imi - suhiliac lvmph node
2\l. 111. u·,-/1n/u111J11, - qraight femoral 111<1scle
:lO. 111. ,'f/1/t/\ 11wdia/1., - medial vastus muscle
111.Jwcli1wm - pectineus muscle
f,rcin q . ·111/1!tr.,iolix 01.\/1 mlf/(' - s, 111phvseal Slll'­
face of os coxae
111. adr/1,c/01 - adductor muscle
,<,mi11H·111/no11rJ.\tO semimembranous
muscle
1. 111,-d11II" .,pi11"/i.1 - spinal medulla l O "· i/iorn 111/l'mu - internal iliac arterv :i:>. 11,..�1tu iii., - gracilis tnuscle
'.2. ,·,-11<·bm /,1111/Jo/i, I'll seventh lumbar verte- I I. 111. f!.1110, 111i"'11 - psoas minor muscle :Hi. 111 ..lf•111i/nuli110.\lt.1 - ,emitendinou, mu,clc
bra I'.2. J1r,1/io 11wdia/1., 111i. ili"l'i - medial portion of :�7. ,,, ,r,01t111 - sacru1n
:l. ,'. i/iarn (111111111111i., si11i.1fla - left common iliac iliac muscle :18. lz�- W/Ofl/llhr·1(1/r· la/11111 - wide ,acrotulieral
vein l :l. u. I'/;·. f>m/1111da / 1·111,1ri, - deep femoral arterv ligament
,i_ ,'. i/i"rn m1111111111i.< df"\lm - right common iliac and vein. :l<J. 111••�l111,,11., 111N/im - middle gluteal muscle
vein 14., 1-i'. 111. '"r/,11i11, - sartorius mu,cle 40. 111. 11111l!i/id111 l11111/,,,m111 - multifidus lumbo­
:i aorta - aorta l :i. 11. imd1iadirn., - ischiatic nerve rum muscle
6. "· ili"rn c,lnna .1i11islm, 11. /!'1111,rnli.1 - left exter­ 16. 11. j!r1J1/olim. 11.. �/111!·11., rn11d"/i' - prostatic ar­ 41. 111111 ..,,1nou111dolf'.\ 1.•t•JJ!rok., - ventral sacrocau-
nal iliac anerv. femoral nerve tery, c.iudal gluteal nerve d,d muscles
7. "· iliorn nfrnw df'\/m - right external iliac 17. 11. ob/11mloriin. rn11111.< u. r·I i". /1m/u11dor· /1"111,11i., - 42. 111. mn_1:w·11.1 - coccvgc.-il muscle
artery obturntor nerve, branch of deep femoral ar­ 4:l. 111. l,w1/01 011i - levator ani muscle
8. a..lf({Tti/i, 11wdia11a - median sacral arterv tery and vein t-t "· ,., ;•. (iim111/lno f,·11((1,-i., lofr·w/i, - lateral ft·­
\l. a. 11111/iilirnli..-, ,". iliarn in/i,1110 - umbilical artery. IH. 11. rr·f/0/1.1 rnud"/i., - caudal rectal nerve moral circumflex arterv and vein
internal ili.ic vein ICJ. 11. j//(dr·11du., - pudenda Inerve_ I:>. ,'. /mrl,·11du nl,·111t1 - external pudenda I vein

120
Swine. Skeletal topography with arteries of pelvic limb. Medial view.
Figure 118
I. o. tihiol,, ,·mnio/i., •• .cranial tibial arten
'2. o. ""'lolmM·r, t!,11.,0/i.1 /ff - dorsal metatarsal ar·
tery III
:l. o. ,oph,.,,11 - saphenous artcrv
-1. 1w1111,. · mko11r·11., - calcaneal branch
:>. "· tihio/i., m{(do/i., - caudal tibial anerv
(i. ,,. J1lon/01i1 11wtli"li., - medial plantar artery
7. u. jilunt,ni., latnali-' - lateral plantar arterv
B. u. n11'10/11111·0 JJ!m,tori., fl - plantar metatarsal
arterv II
<J. o. 1}1(·/alm.,r·a Jilunluri.\ fl' - plantar metatarsal
artery IV
I 0. o. tl!�itofo plan/rni, 101111111111h Ill - common
plantar digital <1rterv III
I I. o. lon,·a Ju•1_!,,m11, Jm11i1110/i., proximal perfo-
rating tars<1l arterv
1 '2. ,,. l/l(/· ulr11-'''" JJ!unlori., ff - plantar metatarsal
arterv II
I :l. lf/11//(.1 ji/ ,,,lw1,:;i1 Jnmi1110/i., - branch or proxi­
mal phalanx
1·1. /'(/1111/.1 plwkn,.�i., lll('dirw - b,·anch or middle
phalanx
I :i. ti. di,italil- J1fu11fr11i.1 /mijiria Ill lolf-m/i1 - lateral
proper plantar digital artery III
16. "· d(:;ilofi., jila11t,11i., JJmjJria fl/ 11wdioli.1 medial '20. rr. d!,itali., /1/onlori., Jm,p, i" I· foll'lafi, lateral
prop.ct plantar digital arterv III proper plantar digital arterv V
Ii. o. di,il"li., Jilanlori, jJmjJri" II' lolnali., - lateral '21. t/. d(:;if(l/i, /1l011/11ri., Jim/1riu I' 111Nlioli, medial
proper plantar digital anerv IV proper planrnr digital artery V
I B. "· d!,itali., Jilonlori-' Jm,prio fl' 11wdio/1., - 111edi;1I '2'2. a. 111t· /a/anN1 /1/011/ori, /fl - plantar metatarsal
proper planrnr digital arterv IV anerv III
I <). o. d!,ito/i., JJl"nlori1 Jm,prio II 11u·dioli.1 - medial '2:L a. tm,r-o j)('l/()H/111 di,toli., - diqal perforating
proper plantar digital arterv II tar�al anerv
121
Swine. Dissection of tibia and distal extremity ofpelvic limb. Lateral view.

Figure 119

I. 111. tibia/is cra11ialis - cranial tibial 18. 1·. el 11. digitalis dona/is cm111111111is IV -
muscle common dorsal digital vein and
2. 111. perrme/1.J lertius - peroneus tertius nerve IV
muscle 19. 1•. saphena faterafis - lateral saphe­
3. m. perrmeus longw - long peroneal nous vein
muscle 20. 111. extemor digitor11111 brei•:s .:... short
4. 111. extemor digitalis la/era/is - lateral digital extensor muscle
digital extensor muscle -21. 1•. planlaris (a/era/is, m. i11terosse11S V -
5. 111. extensor digili V - extensor lateral plantar vein, interosseous
muscle of fifth digit muscle V
6. 111. Jlexor digiti I (1mgus - long flexor 22. m. flexor digitomm superficialis, 11. /1/m,.
muscle of first digit laris la/era/is - superficial digital
7. m. tibia/is caudalis - caudal tibial flexor muscle, lateral plantar nerve
muscle 23. ramus mi. Jlexoris digitrm,111 pro/1111di ad
8. 11. tibia/is - tibial nerve digitrm, V - branch of deep digital
9. 111. biceps fe111oris - biceps femoris flexor muscle to fifth digit
muscle 24. 11. digitalis dorsalis proprius IV la/era/is,
10. caput latera(e mi. gastrorne111ii - lateral a. digitalis j1/a11taris propria IV /a/era/is,
head of gastrocnemius muscle 1•. digitalis dorsalis propria IV lateralis -
11. m. sole/IS - soleus muscle lateral proper dorsal digital nerve
12. tendo ca/ca11e11S co1111111111is - common IV, lateral proper plantar digital
calcaneal tendon artery IV, lateral proper dorsal
13. 111. extensor digiti Ill et digiti IV, 11. digi­ digital vein IV
talis dorsalis co11mu111is III - extensor 25. 1m1111s profu11d11s 11i. pla11taris /a/era(is -
muscle of third and fourth digits, deep branch of lateral plantar
common dorsal digital nerve III nerve
14. m.-extemordigiti II el digiti V - extensor 26. 11. digitalis pla11laris co1111111111is IV -
muscle of second and fifth digits common plantar digital nerve IV
15. 11. perrmeus superficialis - superficial 27. 11. digitalis dorsalis V la/era/is - lateral
peroneal nerve dorsal digital nerve V
16. ramw cra11ialis u. saphe11ae la/era/is - 28. "· digitalis dorsalis proprius V media­
cranial branch of lateral saphenous /is - medial proper dorsal digital
vein nerve V
.1 7. 11. digitalis dona/is communis II - com­ 29. 11. digitalis pla11taris V laleralis - late­
mon dorsal digital nerve II ral plantar digital nerve V

122
Swine. Dissection of tibia and distal extremity ofpelvic limb. Medial view.

Figure 120

I. 111. �,,,(i/1.1 - gracili, muscle
�. Ill. .\l'lllillll 111b1f11Jt1.\IH sc1ni1nernb1 a-
nous musdc
:t Ill. :,t•JJ1i/f'JU/i1111.\II., scmitcndinous
muscle
. _ mj>11/ 111nlio/,· 111i. pm/JtJCJJ1•mii - medial
i �2.
head of gastrocnemius muscle
:i. 111. fin,,, t1,:�itom1 11 H1/wr/icio/i., - superfi­
cial digital flcxor muscle
(i. II/. Jfnt1r d(:;iti I /,,11,:;111, ,·. plo 11/11ri-' lot1·m/i.,
- long flexor muscle of first digit, lat­
eral plantar vein
7. ,·. mp/11•1 10 1 1wdioli.,, o. ,ophnw - medial
saphenous vein, s;1phenous ancrv
8. 1 1.. \'l/f'h1·11w - saphenous nerve
9. 1 11. /"'f>litm, - poplitcal muscle_
10. 1 11. /li•\flr d(�if11111111 /11 1 1g11., - long digital
flcxor muscle
1 I. 111. tibioli., 11(1 11i11/i.1 cranial tibial
muscle
1 �- 111. j>1•Jt1111·111 Infill\ - pcroncus teniu,
muscle
I :I. 11. tibio/i., - tibial nerve
1-l. 11. J,/1///lari, /,1/1·mfo l;1teral plantar
nerve
I !i. 11. j>/011/ori.1 11wdi1 1/i.1 medial plantar
nerve
I Ii. "· j1lu 11l//li.< loit-mli, - lateral plantar ar­
terv
I 7. 1 1. j,l 011/11ris 111Nlia/i.i, 11. d(�ilali.1 j>/0 11/ori.1
r,,11 11111///i.< II - medial plantar artery,
common plantar digital nerve II
1 B. 11. d(:;i/1 1/is j>lm 1/11ri.1· C1J11 11 111 111i., Ill - com­
mon plantar digital nerve III
1 !). m. i11/N1Jssn1., II - interosseous muscle
II
�O. "· 11wloltm1•11 d,11:"'li.1 Ill, 11. d(�ilolis j>/ 01 1/ari,
/1111/>riw If 11u-dioli., - dorsal metatarsal
artcn· III. medial proper plantar digi­
tal nerve II
� l. 1011111, 1111. j/1·H11i, t!��i/11111111 /uo/uudi ,ul d1-
_:;il111 11 II - branch of deep digital rtex­
or muscle to second digit
111. 1·\lnH11r di.�ili I /,1 11.:;1 1.< - long extensor
muscle of first digit
:.?:I. 111. n/1·1w11· d(�i/111·11111 bri-,•i., - short digi­
tal extensor muscle
24. 11. d11mdi., /J/'di,, 11. J,a,11w11., /1111/11 111/11s -
dorsal pedal anerv, deep peroncal
nerve
25. 11. d(i;itali., dor."'li., II 111,·dio/i, - mediaI
dorsal digital nerve II
26. r,111111.1 nrn1i11/i.1 ,'• .wj>/11·1101· /ot,-,,,/is, 111. n -
/1•11.mr d\i;ili Ill - cranial branch of late­
ral saphenous vein, extensor muscle of
first digit
�7. /1. dz�italis d11rso/i.1 ,.,,,1 111 111 11is Ill. 1/1. ('\{l'/IW/1
d(t;ili Ill ,,1 di.�ili II' - common dorsal
digital nerve III, extensor muscle of
third and founh digits
28. 11. d(i;ilali.1 d,malis Jm,j>rius flI 111Nlioli.1. 11.
d(t;ilofo j,/011/oris /1mj>ria Ill 11wdioli.1, ,'. di­
gitalis d,moli.1 Jm,pria Ill 11 1edi11/i.1 - medi­
al proper dorsal digital nerve III, me­
dial proper plantar digital artery III,
medial proper dorsal digital vein III
2!), 1 11. e1/1'11J11r d(i;'ili If 1•/ d(t;ili V frm1 111.,· 11d
digi/111 11 fl) - extensor muscle of sec­
ond and fifth digits (branch to sec­
ond digit)
:rn. /1. d(t;ilalis d11rmli., (IJll//111/1/i.< If - co111-
mon dorsal digital nerve II
:11. 11. d(t;ilalis dona/is Jm1/>ri11.1 III /a/n11/i., -
lateral proper dorsal digital nerve III
;12. 11. d 1:t;ifa/i., d 1 1r:((J/i.1 Jm1J>riu.1 fl' nwdialis -
medial proper dorsal digital nerve IV

123
 Horse. Skeleton of thoracic limb. Medial view.
Figure 121
12
I. m1iilo.�/) ,•,-oj>1tl,w -· cartilage or scapula
:Z, c11//11111 ,mfwla,· - neck of scapula
:l. /i1H<1 wh.,wjml,11i.1 - suhscapular fossa
-i. /11/Jt·1rn/11111 rn/11ogk1midoh· - supragknoid tu­
bercle
5. mp111 lrurm·ri - head of humerus
G. /11h1·rrnl1tJ11 i11/1·mwdi11111 - intermediate tu­
bercle
7., 7'. 111hnrnlr1111 111111111 lr11111('Ji - minor tubercle or
humerus
8. m1j1111 lr11111ni - body or humerus
!). 1-pi(l111r()'/111 lll!·dialis - medial epicondylc
10. (lmr/r/11.1 l11111wri - condyle or humerus
I I. mp111 mdii - head of radius
12. m1/111.1 l!ldii - body of radius
1 :1. llf1cl1/1·a radii - crochlea of radius
14. f/.1 ('(llj>i i11t,•m1Nli11111 (m l1111u/11111) - intermediate
carpal bo�,e (lunate bone)
124
I :i. "' rn1/1i nuliok fo., .1rnf>l111ir/('f1J11) - radial carpal
bone (scaphoid hone)
I Ci. "' m,J,i mn•.1\f/1i11111 (111 pi,i/1111111'} - acccsson
carpal bone (pisiform hone)
17. os rn,pale Ill ("s rnj>ila/w11) - carpal bone III
(capitate bone)
I 8. os cm/Jal,• If (os lmj>ez11ide11111) - carpal bone II
(trapezoid bone)
I!). o/enm1/)11 - olccranon
:ZO. "' 111(·/a('(11jlal,· II - metacarpal hone II
21. 0.1 1111'/arn1j10/,.IIJ - metacarpal bone Ill
22. 0.1 .lf'.lftn1oidc11J11 /Hr,\1111af,, - proximal scsamoid
bone
'./:l. /1l111/<1111 J>r111i11wlis fo1 m111JJ('(lol,·) - proximal
phalanx
2•1. jJ/l(l/m11 111,-dia (,,., um11wkJ - middle phalanx
25. jJ/1(1/0111 di.,tolix (o, 1111,�11l111!') - distal phalanx
2G. 1).1 .11·.,a//1/)id('//111 di.,tol,· - distal sesamoid bone
Horse. Veins of thoracic limb. Medial view.
(According to V. Starostin.)
Figure 122
I. ,'. //li//111-i., - axillary vein
2. ,'. s11/""·'m/111f"ri., - suprascapular vein
:l. ,'. Ht/Jsm/mlari., - subscapular vein
4. ,·. cirrn111 /lt·\fl l111111('1'i rn11da/i., - caudal circum­
flex humeral vein
5. 1w11m tricipitafis - tricipital branch
6., 6'., 6". 1·1•. tlwracodorsafes - thoracodorsal
veins
7. ,•. tlwmcim rn/wr/icio/i, - superficial thoracic
vein
!l., 8'. ,·,·. hmd1iali-s - brachia! veins
!). ,'. />m/11111/0 lm,d,ii - deep brachia! vein
I 0. 1·1•. 11u-dia111w - median veins
I I., 12. ,'. nj>lwfim - cephalic vein
I:L ,·. 111nli""" rnhiti - median cubital vein
12
15
I •1. i'. 1irn1111 //r\a 1rn/1/I/(((• - circumflex vein of sc.1-
pula
I:1. i'. collotcm/i., 11/110,is - collateral ulnar vein
IG. ,'. 11/11ori.< s11J>n),cioli.1 - superficial ulnar vein
17. i'. inh,rosw,o r111111111111is - con1n1on intercsseous
vein
18 . .-. i11km.,.11·a m11d11/is - caudal interosseous vein
19. 1·. 11l1111rix r,•011/'f'm - recurrent ulnar vein
20. , .. /ll/l111ari.1 /a/1·mli.1 - lateral pal mar vein
21. 1•. />0l111oris 1111·di11/i.< - medial palmar vein
22. 1•1·. 1111•/ocmJwm, /111/mm,·s - palmar metacarpal
veins
2:1. 1•. d�1;ita/is lot,,mli.< - lateral digital vein
24. 1•. d(,:ilalis 11m/i11/is - medial digital vein
25. arcus 1•enosus pafmaris - palmar venous arch
125
 Horse. Muscles of thoracic limb. Medial view.
1 Figure 123
I. rnrlilr(f.i" sca/mlac - cartilage of scapula
2., 2' . .f<1Cio ,r•1mlru· .m,Jwlar - serrated surface of
scapula
:1. 111. rnb.m1J)//l{lri.1 - subscapular muscle
4. 111. rnbdm·i11., - subclavian muscle
5. 111. rnj>1mj>i11{1/11s - supraspinous muscle
G. 111. tr-rrs 111"1i11· - teres major muscle
26 7. 111. j>fflorlilis J1m/i111d11s 6. ll.lf{'ltdcm) - deep pec-
toral muscle (same as ascending)
8. rn/111/ /011g11111 111i. lririj>itil lmuhii - long head of
27 triceps brachii muscle
CJ. mjml 111cdiok 111i. t1iciJ1iti., bmdtii - 1nedial head
25 28 of triceps brachii muscle
I 0. 111. bircj>s bmdtii - biceps brachii muscle
29 I 1. 111. mmc,,bmdtialis - coracobrach ial muscle
12. 111. t,•11.mr/i1.1Cia,· 011h·lm1d1ii·- tensor fasciae an-
tebraehii muscle
I :l. 111. bmd,iali.< - brachia( muscle
14. locn/11s/ibm.,m - lacertus fibrosus
15. 111. nlc11so1 m1j>i radio!i.1 - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
16. /(�- mll"tcral,· 111n /i"k rnbiti - medial collateral
cubical ligament
17. 111. jlc\111 cmj,i mdia/is - flexor carpi radialis
muscle
126
I H. 111. .flt·11n d(�italil <11/wr/ici"/is - superficial digi­
tal flexor muscle
I CJ. mj>11f 11l11arr• 111i. jlt•\(Jris a11J>i 11l11oris - ulnar
head of flcxor carpi ulnaris muscle
20. mf>ul l11111u·mlt· 111i. .flnoris cmj>i 11l11aris - hu­
meral head of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
21. I!�; offt•.rnni11111 111i. (lnori., d(�it"li.< rnjwr/icia/i,
accessory ligament of superficial digital flex­
or muscle
2'.L 111. "bductor d(f.iili I lmw1.1 - long abductor
muscle of first digit
23. radius - radius
24. 0.1 11u·tarmjwf,, If - metacarpal bone II
25. os 111ctacmj1alr· lll - metacarpal bone III
26. liK am·ss11ri11111 111i. .flt·xoris d(�italis j>1 o/i111di - ac­
cessory ligament of deep digital flexor
muscle
27. 111, i11/nos.w11.1 - interosseous muscle
28. lrndo 111i. .fk\()ris d(gitoli.1 Jm1.fi111di - tendon of
deep digital flexor muscle
21). il'lldo 111i. flc\()ri.< digitalis -<11/il'lj,ci"!is - tendon of
superficial digital flexor muscle
:IO. 111. l'\/(•mor digitalis m1111111111is (te111/o) - common
digital extensor muscle (tendon)
Horse. Muscles of thoracic limb. Lateral view.

Figure 124

I. carlilago scapulae - cartilage of scapula mentary extensor muscle of third and fourth
2. tuber spinae scapulae - tuber of spine of sea- digits
pula 17. 111. 1•.1/ensor d��ilalis latr•mlis - lateral digital ex­
:i. 111. subdm•iw - subclavian muscle tensor muscle
4. 111. S11j>rasj>i11a/11s - supraspinous muscle 18. ra/ml 11/11arr mi. flexoris di_�ilalis Jm1fu11di - ulnar
5. 111. i11fmsJ1i11alus - infraspinous muscle head of deep digital flexor muscle
6. 111. leres 111i11or - teres minor muscle 19. 111, extensor cm11i 11l11aris - extensor carpi ulna­
7. 111. delloidt'11s - deltoid muscle ris muscle
8. 111. /Pres major - teres major muscle 20. os melam1j>ale IV - metacarpal bone IV
9. mJ>ul l011g11111 mi. lririj>ilis hmd1ii - long head of 21. 111. flexor digilalis s11j>e1firialis - superficial digi­
triceps brachii muscle tal flexor muscle
10. wj>ul laterale 111i. tricij>ilis hmchii - lateral head 22. ra/1111 lr11di11e11111 mi. flexoris digitalis Jm,J1111di -
of triceps brachii muscle tendineous head of deep digital flexor muscle
11. 111. biceps hmd1ii - biceps brachii muscle 23. 111. flexor d(i:italis J>mf1111d11s (teudo) - deep digi­
12. 111. brachia/is - brachia] muscle tal flexor muscle (tendon)
13., I3'. 111. exlmsor mrJ>i radio/is - extensor carpi 24. j)(Jrtio m/lateralis mi. inlemssei (m11111s exlensoriw)
l'adialis muscle ·_ collateral portion of interosseous muscle 25
14., 15., 16. 111: e.,:'te11sor digitalis co1111111111is - common (extensor branch)
digital extensor muscle 25. fig. 111e/acarpe11111 lmns1•em1111 suprrficiale - super­ 21,-)Y�1
14., 14 '. 111. extensor digitalis rrm1111u11is (j>mj>/ius) - ficial transverse metacarpal ligament
23
/-<ls
common digital extensor muscle (proper) -� 26. 111. abductor digiti I l011g11s - long abductor
15. 111. extensor digiti II (rudim.) - rudimentary ex­ muscle of first digit
tensor muscle of second digit 27. 111. /emorfasciae anlebmchii - tensor fasciae an­
16. 111. extensor digiti Ill el digiti IV (mdi111.) - rudi- tebrachii muscle �

127
Horse. Skeleton ofproximal portion of thoracic limb. Lateral view.

Figure 125

12

I '.Z. pan tm11iali.< t11bnrnli 11wi11ri., - cranial pan of

major tubercle
I :1. m /111111 l11t111cri - neck of humerus

D 14. f"cir·s 111i. i11.frmj>i11"/i - surface of infraspinous

muscle
15. 111/wwsil".< 1Mloid1·" - deltoid tuberosity
1 (>. onj)m lt11111ni (sulrw 111i. bmd1i"li.1) - body of
c- humerus (sulcus for brachia) muscle)
I 7. /im" 11ll'cm11i - olccrnnon fossa
24 18. 1·/1im1/l/rl11,· /11/nali.1 - lateral epicondvle
19. m11dr/w lt111w·ri - condyle of humerus
'.ZO. ,,/i,cmm111 - olecranon
'.Z I. /11h1·r ,,l,•1-r,111i - tuber of olecranon
22. spati11111 i11f1·rom·11111 w1tdm1dtii - interosseous
space of forearm
I. mr/i/og" .m,j>u/u,· - canilagc of scapula 7. auu/alb· - caudal rnargin
111<0��0 '.Z:l. m/ml 111dii - head of radius
supraspinous fossa
'.Z. _li,.1.111 .111/na.1/ii1111/11 - 8. - supraglenoid tu­
!11h,·1rnl11111 .<11/m1glt·111Jit/"f,, 24. OH/iu.1 mt/ii - body of radius
:l. ji1.ur1 i11/im/ii1111/a - infraspinous fossa bercle
4. .1j,i11" .1rn/mf{lt' - spine of scapula 9. m/111111 smj>11l<1c - neck of scapula A. - scapula
.\((1/m!a
4'. /11/wn/ii11m· smj>ulu,· - tuber of spine of scapula I 0. mj>11f /11(11tcri - head of humerus B. - humerus
l1111111•m.,
5. ftcro111io11 - acro1nion I I. /ion m111/alis 111/wrrnli 11111i,,ri.1 - caudal part of C. mdi11, - radius
G. 11,rn:1.:o l'ra11iali.� - cranial rnargin major tubercle D. 11/110 - ulna

128
Horse. Skeleton ofproximal portion of thoracic limb. Medial view.

Figure 126

/
I 2

I. mrlilag11 smj>ulac - cartilage of scapula

2., 2'. fol'ic.1 .1cn1da<· - serrated surface
C-i 7
:l. jr,,ua subsco/111/aris - subscapular fossa
J.' '·
4. 11,a,::,:-o craniolis - cranial 1nargin

Ji · 24
5. 111111g1, muda{i.i - caudal margin
6. iwiwm srnj>ula1· - incisure of scapula
7. n1m:�fl dona/is - dorsal margin
8. a11_�ulu.1 cm11ialis - cranial angle
9. ,111g11/m mudalis - caudal angle
I 0. m/111111 sw/i1di11' - neck of scapula I Ci. n,//11111 l1111111·ri - neck of humerus 25. m/ml radii - head of radius
I I. tuhfl"ni/11111 mjm,,:;lc11flidi1k• - su praglenoid tu- 17. /11/)(•rmila.1 In,·., 111a;,11 - major teres tuberositv 26. cmj111s mdii - body of radius
bercle 18. 1j1iu11ul)'l11.1 >lll'dia/i.1 - medial epicondyle n sf!ali11111 ill/Nf/SSC/1//1 a11h·lm"hii intcrosseous
12. Jm,cesws mmmidn1J - coracoid process 19. m1pus h11111c1i - body of humerus space of forearm
I :l. mf!ul ho111ffi - head of humerus 20. cm1!�)'/11s h11111{'1"i - condyle of humerus
14. Jian om1ialis l11b{'l"C11fi 111i11,iris - cranial pan of 21. luh<•rnsilm mdii - tuberosity of radius A. smj>11/i1 -scapula
minor tubercle n 111/)(•r okcmui - tuber of olccranon B. h1111u·m.1 -humerus
15. 111b{'l"rn/11111 i11/a111cdit1111 - intermediate tu­ 2:l. 11kcm11011 - olecranon C. mdiw - radius
bercle 24. c111Jw1 11/IJ(w - body of ulna D. 11/110 - ulna

129
Horse. Dissection of shoulder and arm from medial surface. First layer.
Figure 127
I. mrlilug11 <. m/i11lw - cartilage of scapula
:Z. 111. . iw1n1/JJ\ ;•,,11110/i., u·u.·ici., cervical ventral
serratus muscle
:1. 111..H'1r<1/w i't'IIIHt!1.\ tlwrucis - thoracic ventral
serratus muscle
4. 111..whdm·i11.1 - subclavian muscle
.J. 111. rn/nm/ii!la/11., - supraspinous muscle
130
11. 111. Jm/11111/i., rl,·.,u·11du1, - ckscending pectoral
muscle
I'.Z. /ll(n/w a1il/,"i, - lacertus axillaris
t:t 111. tr·11,ot" j(1.,cuu· (f/ll<·lnrl(/,i, - tensor fasciae an-
tebrachi i muscle
1-t J(//. \/lb1mj///l11rr·., subscapular nerves
l :> .. I�,'. 11. tho111r11rlo1.1111i, - thoracoclorsal nc1 ve
1 °)". 11. tft11/(/1i(//1 lutr1ali, - latl'ral thoracic 11e1-ve
1(i. 11. ti\ il/111 i., - axillarv nerve
I 7 11. 111rlialis. ;·. lm1</11,t!i, - radial nervt·, hrachial
vein
IB. 11. 11l//loi, - ulnar nerve
19. 11. 11u-dio1111., f'/ 11. 11111\n,/(Jt/l/0111 ll'i -- 1nedic111 and
Illusculocutaneous nerve,
:20. n a\illu, is, 101111n 11111\l 111<11 n jJ1"fJ\lt11ali.\ - axillary
anerv, proximal muscular branch
21. 11. Jin !1J1<11i.1 nw1i11/i, - cranial pectoral nerve
'.Z'.Z. "· d ,·. wh.,mjmla,is - subscapular anen and
vci11
6. 111. rnb1rnf!11/ori., - subscapular muscle :z:l. ,'. //1111aur11d1J111i/1., - thoracicodor,al vein
7. 111. fru·.1 !lwjm - tercs major muscle '.Z4. /1111. 111il/,11·,·., � axillarv lvmph nodes
B. 111. lalis.,intll.\ rl11ni - latissimus dorsi muscle 2:>. a. tft11mmd,11,11/i, - thoracoclorsal arterv
9. 111. /"·t/ol(lfo Jno/i111d11.1 (mr1·!1rl1·1n} - deep (as­ '.Z6. a. cf 11. s11J11mmp11l11ri1 - supraseapular arlerv
cending) pectoral muscle and nerve
l 0. 111. /H'< iomli., h1111.«·tn11., - transverse pectoral 27. ,'. 111i/1111i.< - axillarv vein
muscle '.ZB. ,·. th"mmd"n"it.s - tboracodorsal vein
 Horse. Dissection of shoulder and arm from medial surface. Second lay.er.

Figure 128

ca, t iiage ol '>caµuL:t

'.!_ Ill Wlill/111 ,,11/11i/i.1 (l/i'/11\ UT\ 1cal ventral
'->t'I r.atU\ n1u...,cle
111. w1u1f11, a1'r11f1r,I/\ thn1<u11 -- thcHacie: vellt1al

. l 111. ,11Jn<njn11c1l1n - - - \t1pr <P.,JJi IIOU'.'\ 111 tt ...,dl'

I> 111. ",IJ.,u1/11d,,u, �ub...,l;qndat uu1--,ck
7. "'!t·J('\ IIJ(lj(Jt (('I('':, 111ajo1 lllll\( le
H. 111 lutn,111111, d11n1 lat1,,inl11, do1,1 n1u,ck
'"· Ju·</tJ11,/i, p1u/ 111ul11.1 (1ou-11d,11. , } deep (a\-
1
)

,·,1· HliJ1g) p('C'lmal muscle

}(J 11 11/Juni, tllnar nerve
II 111. !110,hir,1,JJ/m/1111, l>Jachioceph,dic muscle
I'J. 111. 1,,uu,,ln<Hhw/11 co1 dl'Ol>raclual 111t1 ....cle
IJ 111. /1111/11 l,no/11J l>1ceps h1achii mu,de
l l ,oju1/ /,,11_!.:,11111 1111 /110/ Jill\ lnothi, long he.ad ol
t1 1cep, Ill ach11 11111,d,·
1 ·l. 111. tr 11.w, /<f\l J(ft unit lnw hu lt"lhlH f..t'-i<..iae an
tc-hrachii 11111...,( le
1-l· /ti\(/(/ (IJ1f<!n(l1 /111 Lt\cia nr lo1Tann
II> 1<1/HI/ ///l'l/i<1k 1111. /u, i/ Ji/11 !J11uli11 medial head
"r tJ ilq>s
' Ill .idni mu,ck
I 7 111. //, ,,,, t/1�1/0/11 ,11JJ1 ,/ 1t 10/i,. 11. l'I ,·. m/iatf'111/n
1t!11,11i, ;,uperficial digital J'kxnr muscle,
collateral uln,1(,u ten- ,ui�t vein
1 B u1/ n1/ 11/11,nr· 111i. / /1·,mi1 un/n 11/,l{flJ\ ulnar
head ol l'lexur carpi uln,uis muscle
1 !J. tfljnll h111111·u1k 1111. /ln111 1 ., cr11Jn 1dno11., hurner·
,ti head of J'lt-xor ,·arpi ulna,is muscle
'.!.0 JI/. fin,,, un/11 ,m/w/i, - flcxo1 carpi radialis
llltJ',("k
'.!. I ,,,_ h,od,io /i, brachia! muscle
'.21. 111. <·\/1'11."1' co1J11 uu/,,,/1.\ - C'.\.tc11--.01 ca1p1 1..-1d1-
.di'-) 111u�ck
�.L lflrn/11, /iln,1,11, lacenu� fihrosu�
�-t I,� ,,,J/0111"!' m11l10/, 1 11/JJJi - medial collateral
l ul,it,tl lis,1nH·tll

�:-). "· d 11..1,11j11u.,ru;ut!u11.\ -· -;up1.1,capular arte1 \.

and nerve
�ti. JIii. 111/J.,/'11/ >11!(//1·, - ,ub,capul;u nern·,
'27. ft. (/ 1 t'ut·l(111/k\u ,(apul",. - circu1nflex <1rte1 �-
and vein or \Capula
�H. 11. t!to"ff" u, luh·,,t!i., lateral thoracic nerve
�a· JI. 1/111/(({(1rl11nuh\ Lhoracodor�al IH'. I Vt'
'.2!J. 1. 1/J,,,mud,,,Iii/,\ 11. ,adioli.1 -- thoracodorsal
vt·tn, radial ncr, e
.10. (I. (-/ , ·. . \llh\l tt/ nduJJ.\ sub,capular aner, and
\'l'ill
:�l . u u\i/111"'· "· j>('(/or(lli., rn111io /i, - axillar� ar•
ltT\'. ctau1;-1I JHTto1al nerve
. t:2. 11. J111t\1 ulm 11/r11,r11\ 1nu�culocu ta11cou� ncr\.c
:::L .-.011//11u.1 axillatv vein
:i-l. ,·. h11Jd1ia/i, hrachi.il vein
;;:). 1u11111., 11111,11tlu11.1 di.,tuli., d u111111.,,11/uw-11, 11i. 11111,. :m. II. 1·/ i'. lmJJ\i'('/11/ rnbiti - tran,verse cubital ar­ -1:2. ,'.('(p/,11/im, IJ. ,11/u111·1J., 1111/l'hmd1ii nwtli11/i., -- t·e•
, 11/111 1J/11wi distal nw,cular branch and dis­ \('I'\. and vein phalic vein. medial cutaneous nerve of forc­
tal cuta11t·u11-, branch of n1u-,culocutaneou'-i :�q. "· d ;·_ n1n1111 /k\u lr11111f•ri (011110/i., � cranial cir­ arn1
IH'rVl' cumflex humeral arter, and vem -1:\. ,·. 1 1pholit,1 • cephalic vein
Hi 11. h,nchutl1,. 11. 111,rlw1111, -- brachia! arter�, n1e· to. o. J11('(/ia11ud i'i'. 11u·dic11uu· -- 1nedia11 artcrv and ·
-14. ,11tl111.1 - 1 adi11s
dian nerve veins -1'1. 1J. 'l I ,'. Jnu/ 11111/1J In"' hJJ -- dl'ep brachia) arten
,l7 o. lJ/(ip1!11h1 - l,icipital arterv ·tI. ,. 1J1ttl1111111,11/Ji/1 - median cubit;,! vein and \Tin

131
Horse. Dissection of lateral surface of shoulder and arm.

Figure 129

I;i_ a, /'I ,'. rirrn111flna l1111111·ri m11dali, - caudal cir­

cumflex humeral artery and vein
14. m11111s 11111,rn/(Jli., 11i. 111i//"/i.1 ml 111. hmchi11nplwli­
rn111 - muscular branch of axillary nerve 10
--- 8 brachiocephalic muscle
15. 11. (/\ill"ris - axillarv nerve
16. i'. nplwlicu, 1w1111., 11i. mJnad",·irnl"ri.< 1·,·11/mli.1 -
cephalic vein, branch of ventral supraclavi­
cular nerve
17. 111. jJt·(/ma/il d1·.11·1·1l(k11., - descending pectoral
muscle
I B. 111. lm1d1i()Cl'jJ/wlirn.1 - brachiocephalic muscle
---- c 19. 11. rnl111wm "11/dm,,.l,ii /'rt11Jio/i.,
neous nerve of forearm
cranial cuta-

20. 1111. CIJ/(Jlwi 1111frbmd1ii lai<'m/1•., - lateral cuta­

I. mrtilt,.�11 sm/111l,11· - cartilage of scapula
2. l11b,·r .1J1i11"<' scuj111l1w - tuber of spine of scapula
;1, 111. rh11111/mirk11., c1·r,·ici.< cervical rhomboid
muscle
4. 111. "'ITa/11.1 ;•,•11/mli.1 cl'/'1-ici. 1 - cervical ventral
serratus muscle
5. a. ti ,·. srnpr,lari.< d(/rsali., - dorsal scapular ar­
tery and vein
6. 111. mJ»asj>i11alw - supraspinous ni'uscle
7., 7'. 111. i11fi'wj>i11a/11., - infraspinous muscle
8. 111. ll·H·s 111aj(/r - tcres major muscle
9. 111. d,·ltoidm., - deltoid muscle
I0. 111. wbdm·i11s - subclavian muscle
11. 111. li'rr's 111i11()/' - teres minor muscle
12. 111. biaps bmd1ii - biceps brachii muscle
neous nerves of forearm
2 I. m111i rnla1wi ,,i. //,,,mci/'i /alf'l't,/i.1 (11. i11/,•,ro.1/11bm­
d1iali.1-J - cutaneous branches of lateral tho­
racic nerve Ontercostobrachial nerve)
22. 111. lm.<or.foscim· a11/dm1d1ii - tensor fasciae an­
tebrachii muscle
2:L rn/111/ /,,11,�11111 111i. lnciJ1ilis bmd1ii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
24. cap11! latcrak 111i. lrif'ijJili., bmd,ii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
25. 111. f'\/('11.\'fJI' d(�ilali., c111111111111i.1 - common digital
extensor muscle
26. 111. n/t•11.111r cmj,i 11l11ari.1 - extensor carpi ulna­
ris muscle
27. m/ml 11/111111· 111i. jln11ri.1 d(�ilali.1 Jm,fi111di - ulnar
head of deep digital flcxor muscle
28. pan cm11ioli.1 tubNrnli 11111/ini., - ci·anial part of
major tubercle
29. 1'f,im11drlm loll'rali., /1111111·,i - lateral epicondyle
of humerus
:10. 111. brnd1ioli.1 - brachia! muscle
:l I. 111. nlr·11.w1 rn1J1i 111diali.1 - extensor carpi radi­
al is muscle
:tz. 11. rn/0111·m 0111t•lm1d1ii (11111/ah, caudal cuta-
neous nerve of forearm

132
Horse. Cross sections through shoulder and arm of left thoracic limb. Levels of sections shown in Figure 129.

Figure 130

19

1. .1m/)//l<1 - scapula
'2. l,111111·111.1 - humerus
:\. 111.bicefis b/(/dtii - biceps brachii muscle
4. 111. lm1cltioc1'j1/111/irn., - brachiocephalic muscle
5. 111. w/1m.1J>i11alw - supraspinou, muscle C
G. 111. i11/i(/Jpi110/u.,· - infraspinous muscle
7. 111. dd!r11d1·11., - deltoid muscle
B. 111. //'In 111i//11r - teres minor muscle
1). m/)/// !1J11g1111, mi.lticijlili., bmcltii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle 33
10. m/111/ /0/no/1· I/Ii. lricijtilis bmdtii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
I I. rnJ>ul 1111'1/ial,· 111i.lri1ijtili.\ lmu-/1ii - medial head
of triceps brachii muscle
I '1.. 111. //'/'es 111oj111 - ceres major muscle '1.0. 111. mramlm1d1ialis - coracobrachial muscle :IO. a. r·I ;•.. rnb.,m/)//lmi., - subscapular arlerv and
13. 111.b/1/dtioli.1 - brachia! muscle '21. a. d ;•. .wjmr.,f· fl/!/1/ari., - suprascapular anery vein
14. 111.sttbdo,•im - subclavian muscle and vein :J1. a.('{, .. IHad1ia/i.1 - brachia! arterv.and vein
I 5. 111. /"•clrnali., J>rn/1111d11., fo.1n•1td('//,) - deep (as­ '2'2. 11./11•c/omli.1 cm11iali.1 - cranial pectoral nerve :i:z. "· ,,1 ;•. ,·irrn111 //n,, lt111111·1i fm11ia/i, - cranial cir­
cending) pectoral muscle :z:l. 11. t///HC11!1Jrn/mu·m - musculocutaneous nerve cumflex humeral artery and vein
1G. 111. /11•c/omli., dr•ffr•11dc11., - descending pectoral '24. 11. 111cdia1111s - median nerve ;J:l. 11. rnlr11u·m "11/d)Jadtii, 1m1ia/i, - cranial cuta­
muscle '25. 11.11/nari.1 - ulnar nerve neous nerve of forearm
17. 111. Jwc/o/(//i., /ra11.1,•r•r.rns - transverse pectoral '1.G. 11.mdialis - radial nerve :l-t ,•. n'j>halim - cephalic vein
muscle '27. 11. rnillori., - axillary nerve �i5. 111. /('t1Jor .fas(ioe autdnad,ii - ·tensor fasciae an­
I II. 111.s11b.m,jt11laris - subscapular muscle '28. 11.//u,racodonalis - thoracodorsal nerve tebrachii muscle
19. 111. rnla111·11s 1J11wb/(/dtioli, - cutaneous omobra­ '29. a. 1•/ ,'. tftommdo,:wrlis - thoracodorsal arterv :lG. t/J. 1•\'/('ltwr rn,pi mdi,,/i., - extensor carpi radi­
chial muscle and vein alis muscle

133
Horse. Skeletal topography with vessels of proximal portion of thoracic limb. Medial view.

Figure 131

8. "· lh"mc"d"nofo - thoracodorsal artery

!l .. <J'. ,•;•. tlu1r,10,dr,rwk., - thoracodorsal veins
10. ,'. 1/J111rnrrt1 .wpnji,i11!H - s1q,erl1cial 1horacic
vein
l l. o. bmd1if//is -· brachia! arterv
l '.Z. ;•1·. lm1d1iolc.1 - brachia! vr111s
l :t o. nwdian11 r•t i'i'. 1111·dimuu· - m<"<lian artery and
veins
14. o. d i'. riirn111/ln11 h11111r·n rm11u1li.1 - cranial ci1
curnflex humeral artery ancl vein
1 :i. o. f'i ,·. pn'./undo l1mrhi1 deep brachia! a, te1 v
and vein
If>. ,'. 11/IJ(m.1 .w/1n/irioli, - superl'icial ulnar vein
17 a. d ,'. mllotr-rol,s 11/,uni.1 -- collateral ulnar ar­
terv and vein
I H ,,. d t·. tru11)t·1·1.,o n1hJ11 - trans,·t"rse cuhit al <11
tery and vein
I. (I ,n ,!lu, I\ :)."· l'i ,·. r11n11u/k1" smpulrJr· - ci1 cum! lex art<"n 1 !( a. d i'. 111/t,.,1.H,·ff t,,m,1111111\ � u11nn1on irllrros
'.2 ,nil/111i1 axillarv vc-in and vein of scapula seous anerv and vein
:1. "· 1I .•. '"/""""/11dt11H >11p1 ascapular anen t) o. ,i,cun1/k,a /111111n1 u1u/{/lt.\
1
caudai c11 cum- :20., 21. ,' o'f1halim -- cephalic vein
and \TIil I lex hu1neral a, H·1 v '.Z'.L I/INhw,o (1)/nit - median cubital vein
i. 11. d ;•. \,,1,,,oJml,nh • c;uJF,capuLu anen, and 7 ;•. riroo11/lno hu11u-11 ((1111/(J/11 caudal circum- 2:t "· d t·. i11tcrwStY1 rf'(ll1Jt111 - rec:u1 rent int�ros­
vein lkx humeral vein seou, artt'1, and vein

134
Horse. Skeletal topography with arteries of distal portion of thoracic limb. Medial view.
(From a radiograph.)

Figure 132

20

"· 111trli1111a - median anerv I:\.. I:l'. m1111 jJ///;·i11i - branches to cushion
'2. o inlr ,,;_,.,1·" c ru11ioli.\ - cranial interos\ieous �\I - 14. arcus palmaris distalis superficialis - superficial
tel\ distal palmar arch
3. 111m11v. n 1t,111s1.·,·1\m· ,11/Hli - branch of trath- I 'i. r,u,u/\ rlorntli, J>ho/iu1,1;i.1 J>ioYi1110/i1 - dorsal
vers<' cubital arterv branch or prnximal phalanx
•t. "· ,,,//oinali, 1d11,11i, -- collateral ulnar ;11 ten· I Ii. 11u,u mko111 - branches to ergot
.J. o. p,,l/1/aw m,·du,/1, - medial pal mar arterv Ii. 1,u1111, r/01.10/i, J>hal,111.�i., 111tdim· - dorsal branch
Ii. "· 11uli/1l1, • - ra<lial artrn to middle phalanx
(i'. u. nw!C1unJ,u1 ;,0l11"ui, fl - palmar me-tacarpal IH. mrli11., - radius
a, tel\ II I 'l. "'n,1 J)(J/111011., Jmi/ulJ(/u., - deep palmar arch
,. "· f>"l11u11is !1Jtnali., - lat('rn] palmar arten :ZO ,,, 11wlonuJ1a/,, Ill - third metacarpal hone
i' IJ. 11wfrll111Jwo /1"/111"1i1 ff/ - palmar me-tacarpal �I. ()\ .H·,011111irkum Jn,J\inudr· - proxirnal scsarnoid
arten· III l,one
H. "· 11ulw/i, p,·u1111u1/i, - prnximal radial arten· :Z:Z. J1halr11/\ Jnr11i11"di, fo., ,·,1111/wdafr.) - proximal
'l. ,.,.,,. mi/11 dorn,I,· - dorsal carpal rctc phalanx
Ill "· JJu-/o((IJ/"'" ,/01111/11 fl - do1 sal metacarpal :z:l. j>llf,/11111 111,rlia (,,_, ,,,,,,110/,-) - middle phalanx
anerv II :z.i, /1/,11/11111 rli1lrd11 (,11 1111�. 11/,m•) - distal phalanx
I I. 1/. di�iloli, j111!JJu1ri.1 111<·dir,/1, medial palmar :Z5. (l/'(//1 /)(/h/1((//I />101i11urlh .\/Jj>('l/il'ia/i,· - superri-
digital artcn c,al prox1111al palmar arch
I :2. ,,. ,1;�110/i., J)(/l11w1is /11/nn/i.1 - lateral palma, :Z(i. "' 11wlaaup"I' 11 - ,econd metacarpal bone
di_gital art<·n

135
Horse. Skeleton. of distal portion of thoracic limb. Lateral view.

Figure 133

11,

I. n,1p11s '11111,,,,.; - body of hurnerus

2. jona t/Jr1moidm - coronoid fossa :w. m ((11/1i 11ff1•.w11i11111 (" ·'· p isif,11·111t•J - accesson
:l. /mch/,,t1 h11111,,ri - trochlea of humerus carpal bone (pisiform bone)
4. c" 111!rl11s /11,11wri - condyle of humerus 21. "·' m1J10/,, Ill fo., mp itt1/11111} carpal bone II I
5. Ji1.Hfl "'''fft11/i - olecranon fossa Ccapitate bone)
G. c/1ico11d rlw lt1it'mlis - lateral epicondyle 2'2. o.\ rm/)1/lc II' (m lu1111t1/11111} carpal bone IV
7. ,,piml/drlw 111Nli11/is - medial epicondyle (hamate bone)
8. tub,,,. "lca,,11i - tuber of olecranon 2:l. t11b1·m.,ilm fl.1si.1 111f'l11cmj}((/i., Ill - tuberosity of
9. oknrn1011 - olecranon metacarpal bone Ill
10. m1/>m 11/11(1<• - body of ulna 24. rm/ms "ssh 11u•lflrn1jwli, Ill - bodv of metacar­
1 I. s/>oli11111 i11t1•m,-s,,11111 t111tdnachii interosseous pal bone III
space of forearm 25. bmi., fJ.\.\i,. 111clflm1pt1fo I I' - base of metacarpal
12. Wjl/(/ rndii - head of radius bone IV
I:!. /11/wmsi/11.1 radii - tuberosity of radius '26. tmddm 0.1.,is 1111·/11((11j>t1!i.l !Jf - trochlea of meta­
14. m1J111s radii - body of radius carpal bone III
15. tmd,/('(( radii - trochlea of radius '27. "-' 1. 1'.\fl//Joidc11111 jll'IJ\i11ud1· - proximal sesamoicl
1 Ci. /mire.um >{)'ll/idcw /111t111/i, - lateral styloid bone
process 28. ph11lm1r J>r"ri/1/11/i, (",· m111/wdfllcJ - proximal
17. m f(ll/1i m dialc fos smplwidmm} - radial carpal phalanx
bone (scaphoid bone) 29. phalm11 11u·di(/ (,,x um11w/r,J - middle phalanx
18. m m,J>i i11t1•1111Nli11111 (" .,,h11111/w11J - intermediate :lO. plwlmn di,t11/i.1 ("·' 1111_1;11lt1n,J - distal phalanx
carpal bone <lunate bone) :i 1. /1mC1'.IS/I.I' ,•1/1•11.vuiw - extensor process
19. 1/S c111J>i 11/11ar1, fos h'iq11ctm111} - ulnar carpal :l'2. fl.I 1. r·.111111oitk11111 dislflll' - distal sesamoid bone
bone (triangular bone)

136
Horse. Skeleton of distal extremity of thoracic limb. Medial view.

Figure 134

I. trnj!m l,11111/'l'i - body of humerus

2. ,pim11drlw 111cdia/i, - medial epicondyle IG. Jimcnrn.1 .1trloidc11s 111Nlialis - medial stvloid 19
:l. u,11dr/11., h1111u·1i - condyle of humerus process
,i_ /11/wr "lnm11i - rnber of olecranon 1 7. 11.1 m1j)((k I I' fo, lu1111a/11111) carpal bone IV
5. ofn.,-01w11 - olccranon (hamate bone)
G. ,,11p11., 11/tlltt' - body of ulna IB. t11b,·m.1itm flHi.< 111,•tau11j>alis Ill - tuberosity of
7. ((//ml mdii - head of radius metacarpal bone III
8. nnj>11., radii - bodv of radius I'). f'o1J111.1 ().\.\is t11l·trrc,11j>a/i., Ill - bodv of metacar­
9.
I 0.
trndtlrn 1adii - trochlea of radius
m m1J1i mr/10/c fo., .,rnphoir/1·11111) - radial carpal
pal bone III
20. bmi., o.ui.,· 111l'lam1j>ali., ff - base of metacarpal
22
bone (scaphoid bone) bone II
I I. "' rn,J,i i11fl'l't11N/i11111 ("s ltlfllt/11111) - intermediate 21. tmd1ka ,mis 111f'larn1Jialis Ill - trochlea of meta­
carpal bone Ounate bone) carpal bone III
12. "·' rn1/J/ affr•.1.wrill111 fo.1 f!i.1i/in111c)_ .- accessory 22. "" s1·sm11oide11111 Jm11i111al,· - proximal sesamoid
carpal bone (pisiform bone) bone
l:l. "·' l'mj>i 11l11orc (o., t1 iq111•/111111) ulnar carpal 2:1. f!lw/011.1 /m11i11wli.1 (os m111pnlal,,J - proximal
bone (triangular bone) phalanx
14. m u11Jial1· Ill fos mJ!ifa/11111) - carpal bone III 24. f!lwla11r 111,·dia fos n,m,w/1•) - middle phalanx
(capitate bone) 25. f!halm1.1 distalis fo, 1111g11/an•) - distal phalanx
15. 0.1 rmjxtlr· II (,,,1 /lo/H':oidrw11) - carpal bone I I 26. fJS s1·s1111111id1·1011 di.,tale - distal sesamoid bone
(trapezoid bone)

137
Horse. Dissection of lateral surface of forearm and distal portion of thoracic limb.

Figure 135

-A

---c

111. /,,,,,,,,,,,,p!,u/1r11, - biachioc<·plwlic rnusC'le 17 ,-_ />1t!111l/li, falt/1/fi, latt'r;il p,tlma, ·,,-in
i)
111. /nm Ina/,, hi ;,\chi a l llllP,cl e ,a. luu/,1 1111 f /1 \ult\ d1:,:t/(,/1\ )t1/1t1/111,d1,. 11 jud1nr11i,
.\. w/ 111/ f11tr-,,,I, 111i. /1irr /1iti1 1,,,,,1,;, fr1/1rnf,,_ - tn1don of ,uperlicial digit,d 11·..,,H
of fl 1ct'ps lirachii mt1,de ,nu,clc late, al palma1 1wr,·,·
L n. < utrnu-m r1111,·h1 ud1i1 11t11u1d11 lT<.111ial ('U- 1011111\· , 0111111t111h f!J/.\ 11( 1,·111 1w1 J10!111rn tf/111

----
tall('OUS llCI Vt' of fort'al Ill munirati ng Ii ranch or palma1 1w1, c,
:l. 11N. , 11/ull(, ""It lnodn1 luttudn 1.ne,,d cu- LI)_ ,·. r/1:._·1!<1/n
_ /(l/f'lrt!/\. 1rf/N11, t/1J1Hdl\ 111 d1:,:1hrl,, ;,(//
lailt'Oll\ llt>f'\'t'!-i or roreann 111,1/f\ l,1/1·u1/,, lat<:1 al digital \'e111. dn1 ,;ii
Ii 111 nl!-11,,,, "11/H 111r/,r1/11 - ,·xt,•11s,11 ca, pi ,adi­ b, and, or lareral palma, cligit,d 11('1 \'('
ali, 11111,ck :! l. n du!,J/,,/i, /n/uo/1.1, 11. rh��•i/<t/i, polllJrJJI\ lolno/1,
I., i' /JI. ('\ll'ft\(1/ d1gtlflll\ (11Jtllllfllli1 c:orn1no11 di· late1 al digital ann,. latf'I al p,dm,11 dig,r,tl
_git,il ('X(t'llSOJ lll\JSCie )lt·J \'{'

H .. H'. m. 1·\lu1w1 rtoJ>i 1tl1111!';, t':\(CllSO!' carpi L:2. 111 111/nu,11·11., - interosseou,;,, nn1\ck
ulnaris muscle �:; Ii�. rndruo1pr·r1111 lrom,'tJ\11111 Hr/u·1 /11ir1/t �1qwr
!I. m. r1hrlttdm 1/J_:;,1/1 I lr111g11, long ahduc101 ti( ial tran,;ver'-;<" n1t·tac,11 p,tl lig;111H'flf
rnu,cle of l1rst d,_git :.!-I II/. nt,·1/\(J/ ,/1�1/1 /If r/ tfi�1/i fl /1 11tfi111.) - t> ,t,·n
111., I()' 111 n/1·11"" d/�1/0/1, f11/1mfi, -- latnal digital ,01 muscle of digits III ,111d I\ (1udinH'11t,II\ l
t'X(t'llSOI' lllllSClc 1d110 ulna
11. mJ1ttl ,t!,11111 1111 fl, ,,,,;, t!1�it11fo pw/111,rfi -- ulna, '21) 1Jwrl11dr/11, /ol,·10/h /11111Jr 11 l.1 tc, al epico11, h I('
h<.>ad of drrp digital rlexor n111scle of hIImt· n"
1'2. 11. ,utu1u·1H ,111/rhrt((/,ii oa,dol,\ - caudal cu­ �7. fl\ rmp, Utff'HJ1i11111 /fJ\ />tH/n111w) -- �,ccr�<;or\
tan�ou" lH"·rv<' ol' ron:"af'lll carpal boll(' {pisifrn III hont>l
I :l. mllli 11111.1odarPs a. et 1•. inlemnme mm1111111is, 11. 111/r•r­ .
:.!H '" 111,t1umJ111f,- t I· nH•t;"·;u pal bone !\
o.ue11s - muscular branches of common inter­ :.!'l. "' 1111'/r1rn1/11d1- /If - 11H·ta,,1rpal bone III
osseous artery and vein, interosseous nerve :rn. rartilc;£;11 w1gularis latnali1 -- lateral cartilage of
I t ,,. di'. i11h ro.,.,r·o (R11JU1/i, -- ('t �tnial int<·rosseou, third phalanx
ane1 v and \'ein 11 1t!11u1n � - uln,11 IH'I\,("
1 'i. rnpttl h111111m/1 1111. /fn,ms d1 .�1/11f11 f•1u/r111rfi .,.,,
_ tfttllll.\ d,n.wr/i, 111. 11hu11 i�
humeral head of clel'p dig,r;1I fkxor muscle ulnr1r ner\·('
1 (i lr"//1/11 111i, /fn,,,i, d1gitafo /11,,/i11l(/1 - tendon or u 1 / i'. odl"t,utl,\ 11/JNni, collateral 11lna1 ;11
deep di_gital flexor 111usciC' ten and v('in

J3R
Horse. Cross sections through forearm ri left thoracic limb. Levels of sections shown in Figure 135.

Figure 136

26

15

>-"-----v
A�.....,._21

I 1odf11, r.adiu"
'2 u/11,1 11J11a I 1 tll'if 1/,u lfll h1ml11lfl1, 11l"ic·1 11<1n ul IH <I
m. nt, Jl'Ot unj)i ,udioh, - extensor carpi cltial nn,,clc
,ad"ili, 111u,clc I .i. , . , ,pha/1( ,, ccphall<' "·,n
'
1. ,,,_, '\lt1tHJ1 rlt.!..:, lfo//\ ,nllflJIIIJl/:i - co111111on 1 .-, , r/1!/f,/,
1 ,,

digital ex1e 11sor mu,cl(' p!talic ,·e,11

111. r \It'll.Wt di!.:rtu/ ,, !ut,-roli., - late, .al digi­ "· d ,· 111/, /I)"((/ (/JII/Jlll/l!I\ ( OllllllCHl

tal extensor 11,u,cle inter111.:.,seo11"i anc•-ry and vein

fl/ 1,/f'l/\fll ((11/J/ lffJt((fi\ I 7 " llf{(lm110 fl,, 111('(/11u111, - 1nnli.a11 a1

ul11a1 ,.., 11111scle

111. /Ir \flJ u11J11 1ffrliuh, fle,01 carpi ,a- !B n1nli,,n , c1n
dialis rnusde o ,I , . 111ft 111\\r·,,
, lflllloli,
:� 111 //1 \ul rrnJn 0/111111, -- rlP\..IH carpi 11!- O"i"iCOll\ ell I(')\ (Uld \Till

2fl tr 11/11,0 i, 11 In a r nerve

C
Il,11 i\ ll111'\( k

rI lfl J/1 '" !..:, llol/\ \If/JI I /1(fflli, - ,uperfi ·

\fl/ '21. "·,I,'. "1 /lalr111l11 1d11r11 11 collatc1al ul-
,·i;,l dignal lkxur 11111,cle nat aner,· ;1nd \.('Ill
J t) < (I/JIii """" /(ft,. 111i /lr•VJf /.I t!i,•1!11/i, Jt1r1/i111t!i '1..'L 111. 1J!Jdm /01 r/1,:.:,1/1 I /1,Jl!:,11, -- long abduc-
h1111H't :ti head of deep digital I lexo, 101 muscle of first digit
11111\clc :Ll tr. t 11/uJJ( ,,, f//1/1 !nu, lui 1111,rfu;/1 , medial
Il u1J111I 11/11,11r 1111. /Ir \nu, th!,:,itu/1, Jn11//f1u/1 - cutancotl', nerve nf foreann
uln.11 he.tel of d,·�p digital flexo, :.n II t 11/011,,11, u11t, ln,11 /ni,H111w!i\ n<lllial

,nu,cle Cllt<UH"OlJS IH"f\'(' or fu1 eann

1 L. JIJ. f'uluJt,/f.\ /ulll\i'f J\Jt\ 1ransverse pee- '2:1 II. OlhllUII\ ,1111! lnod1ii lat, ,,,111 l;itnal
to1;1l 111u,clt· cut;rneoiis 11e1 Y e of fnt (·,u-m
l .\. Ii�. wllaln,dr 1 11ul11dr /11/,i/ 1 � medial col· 2(i. I( f 1r/11111 If\ r111!d11mhit (0 11 1/uli, c,udal
la1c1al cul.ital ligam<'nt , utc-t11enuc; Il('l'\T ,i1· lorea1n1

139
Horse. Dissection of medial surface of forearm and distal portion of thoracic limb. Superficial layer.

Figure 137

11

14

I. 111. /Jffll!mli,· lm11.11·1·1 ,w - transve,·se pectoral 1 7. a. pal11111ri.,· 1wdi11/is - medial palmar artery
muscle 1 B. lftJJtl/5 to111m1111;ca11.� Jlt'l'i'ort/111 furlwari11111 - con1-
'.L la111i1111 supnfiriali.1),1.1r·i<II' a111t-lJ1(1Chii - superfi­ municating branch of palmar nerves
cial fasciaI laver of forcarm 19. a. 1//('f(IC</lj)('(( d11mdi.1 II - dorsal metacarpal
:I. lmui110 Jm,(1111da jmcirw 111111'/m,d,ii - deep fas­ artery II
cia! !aver of forearm 20. 11. pal,uari.1 11wdiali.1 - medial palmar nerve
-t 111. nfru.lfn rn,pi mdiali., - extensor carpi radi­ 21. m11111.1 t/l!rmlis 11i. rt,:�ila/i.1 p11l111an., Jlll'dia/i., - dor­
alis muscle sal branch of medial palmar digital nerve
:,. l11art11, /ilm"w - lacert us fibrosus :22. 11. d!::italis p11h11"ri.1 111Nliali., - medial palmar
6. ,,_ crj,lmlica accessoria - accessory cephalic digital nerve
25 vein 2:l. a. l'I ,·. d!�itafis 11wdia/is - medial digital anerv
7. 11. rn/,111{'/H ,111/dmffhii 11u·dialn - medial cuta­ and vein
neous nerve of forearm 24. 111. i11/<'lf!Hl'W - internsseous muscle
8. 111. jll'11J1 m,pi 1adiali1 flexor carpi radialis 25. 111. <'\l<·11sor d��italis (011u111111i.( - co1n111on digital
muscle extensor muscle
9. 111. _/lnl!r miJ,i 11l11aris flexor carpi ulnaris 26. //'I/do 1J1i. jtnoris d!i;itali., Jm1/1111di - tendon of
muscle deep digital flexor muscle
I 0. ,·. a·p/111/irn - cephalic vein 27. l/'/Jdo mi. ffnl!ris d!t;ifo/i.; rnjJl'l: Jicia/i, - tendon of
I I. rndius - radius superficial digital flexor muscle
12. 1m1111., a. lm11,;•1·1:w1· mbiti - branch of trans­ 28. l!t;- llll'foC111/H·11111 IHlll'i'1·n11111 su/H•1jicial,· - super­
verse cubital artery ficial transverse metacarpal ligament
1 ;;_ 111. o/Jr/11(!11r d!,;iti I /"11.::11.1 - long abductor 29. l!.1 m1•/at111jJa!I• Ill - metacarpal bone III
muscle of first digit :m. mrtilog" 1111g11l11ris mnliolis - medial cartilage of
14. r,·ti11arnf11m nfnlS(1/'l/111 - extensor retinaculum third phalanx
15. 1'/'/ilwrn/11111 /f/'\1!/'//111 - flex or retinaculum :l l. a. l'I ,'. 1(/dia/i.; - radial artery and vein
l (i. ,'. J)(/h1111ris 11u·dia/i., - medial palrnar vein :12. m 11wtarn1j)ull' II - metacarpal bone II

140
Horse. Dissection of medial surface of forearm and distal portion of thoracic limb. Deep layer.

Figure 138

I. 111. bir1ps bmd1ii - biceps brachii muscle 20. ;•, pah11ari.1 lll<'dialil' - medial palmar vein
2. 111. bmd,ia{i.< - brachia! muscle 2 I. a. f'I ,·. mdiali., - radial artery and vein
:1. 11. 11wdio1111., - median nerve 22. a. f!"l111aris 111/'diafo - medial palmar artery
4. 111. /lnor cw/ii mdiali, - flexor carpi radialis 2:l. 11. jw/111,ni.< J1l('dio/i1. - medial palmar nerve
muscle 24. ,·. ,,1 11. palmwi., lalr·mfo - lateral palmar vein
5. i'. ap!/(//iw - cephalic vein and nerve
6. ,.. ,11,•dill/1a rnbiti - median cubital vein 25. 111. abd11f/01 d!1.:iti I l1111g11., - long abductor
7., 7'., 7". ;,•;·. nlf'rli<IIW<· - tnedian veins muscle of first digit
B. ,·. ('('jJ/ialim, a. 111!'dia11a - cephalic vein, median 2Ci. 11. 1111·taa11p('(1 d"nali ,. II. m 11//'truwpalr· II - dor­
anery sal metacarpal arterv II, metacarpal bone II
9. ;•. cepha/ica accessoria - accessory cephalic 27. 111. i11!1·mr. n·11s - interosseous muscle
vein 2B. /1•11do 111i. //1·1111i.1 d/!.:ilafi., J!m/imdi - tendon of
I0. 11. rn/<1111·11.1 0111!-bmd,ii 111('(/iali., - rnedi,11 cuta· deep digital flexor muscle
neous nerve of forearm 29. 11,,u/o 111i. /lr·\llri.1 d(�italis .11//)('J'/icia/is - tendo 11 of
11. I!�- (11/latcmll' 111nfialt· rnbiti - medial collateral superficial digital flcxor muscle
cubital ligament :w. a. ,., ,·. di,1.:ita/is nu·dialis - medial digital artery
12. 111. nl!·11.,·or nl/J,i mdiafo - extensor carpi radi­ and vein
al is muscle :l 1. 111. 1•1/c11.11Jr d/!.:ila/is m1111111111i.1 - common digital

I :l. laC/'rl/1.\fi/m,ws - lacertus fibrnsus extensor muscle

14. m/)/// l111111<'rnll' 111i. ffnoris cmpi 11l11ari.l' - humcr· :l2. m11111.1 d1Jnalis 11i. d(!.:ila!il' pol11wri.> 111cdiali.1 - dor•
al head of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle sal branch of medial palmar digital nerve
15. mp111 11/11arc 111i. /h-\/Jri.1 ca,pi 11/11ari.1 - ulnar :1:1. 11. d(�i/a/,s pal111uris 111f'dia/is - medial palmar
head of flexo,· carpi ulnaris muscle digital nerve
16. a. cl;•, i11ft•mss1·a m1111111111i\ 11. i11l<·m.H1·11.1 <111/d11ad1ii :l4. radius - radius
- common interosscous artery and vein, in­ :l5. ol' 111clac111paf1, Ill - metacarpal bone Ill
terosseous nerve of forearm :l6. l/1.:. 1,u·tarn,p,,11111 lm11.1;'crnt111 rn/)(·r/iciak - super­
I7. 11. t11!1111<·11s CJ11l!·bmchii ca11dali.1 - caudal cu­ ficial transverse metacarpal ligament
taneous nerve of forearm :l7. /ion mutloris rngi11a,, /ibm.\'(((' d!�ili - anular part
18. a. !'I;•, n,/{al!·rnlis 11/iwri.1 - collateral ulnar ar­ of fibrous sheath of digit
tery and vein :lB. r1ntila,�,, 1(11,!.:t1faris 111('(/ia/i., - medial cartilage of
l !l. 11. 11l11aris - ulnar nerve third phalanx

141
1-lorse. Ligaments of distal portion of thoracic limb. Medial view. (According to A. Kohler.)

Vigurt 1 ;39

l•
1

1 (i., 16 •. /(,:: scm11,oidcu111 mllat,·mk 111u/1alt- -- medial

,,, 1111•/r,m,1111!, Ill • "" taca, pal Lo11e Ill
:!.. "·' 1111•fw111p,i/, Jf - n1el,H:a1 pal l,one I I
:\ Jilwlu/1\ j>1111u11ufo (,,_, C,J1!1j>1•do/,,J -- proximal
phalanx
J,hulo/1\ !//1·rlio (,,, ,-,,w110/1,J - middle ph,danx
:i. J>hulmn d1.1!ol" (us 1t11,,:11l,m·) - di>tal phalanx
h. uut,la,:" '"'Nu/urn nwdio{i., - medial cartilage of
1hird plulanx
7 /111111 11u,1;1da1 - pad of third phala11x
B 111. , ,t,·1oor d1,1.:1t11liJ
. com11111111., - COl1Hllnn digital
ex 1cn,or n1usck
�) "'· i11h·111.\.,t'J1J 1nterosseous n1us<.:le
10 11,. /fnor d1,,:1!ufo Jmi/11111/u., - deep digital fkxor
lllllSci<:
1 l. 111. /ln11r d!,:itflfo wJ,n.fi< 11,!i, - supnfi<:ial digi
tal flexot muscle
12. f<t.\/ iu OJ/!lj){'{lulis tf,,,_,a/i., ub/1,,uo - oblique dor•
sal fascia of l'irst phal,mx
I :1. It.�- 111c/fll'lllj>l'l,111 1tw1.11·1·1w111 rnp,·1.f1ci"k - �upe1 -
ficial transverse metacarpal ligament
14. J>un m11tlori.1 ,·1i_,:i11ocfi/,r,,ml' d1,,:ili - anular fas•
ria of digits
15., I :i'. ;,ur.1 tn11111w(is mgi11oe .fihro.,a,· d(i;iti - ter­
minal fascia of digits
collate, al scsamoid ligament
I 7. /(,:·. J1u/11wn· artirnlotio11is 11tf,•1pholu11,�t'f/l' pnni111al11
- palmar ligament of proximal interphalan­
geal articulation
I B. /(,:; Jt•.11111widn1111 obhq1111111 - oblique sesamoid
ligament
19. rn/rnr 1111·tau11pn11i1 - meta..:arpal ergot
20. Jig mllatnale 11wdialc artirn/11/ioui, i11t1•1pltala11gNU'
distolis - medial collateral ligament of dist,d
interphalangeal ,1.rticulation
L 1. ligt!, rho11drocm1t//l'dalia - chondrocorn pedal
ligaments
:!.2. li.t!- d11mdro1111.t!ulow111pedal1· - cho11drou11gulo­
compedal ligament
L-1. l(t!: d1111ulr,11111g11lm1· ,-,,/fateralf' 111,·dialt- - medial
collateral chondroungular ligament
24. /(1.;. collol<'ralc nu·dia/f artirnlati111,is i111t-1J1hal011,t!1w·
prmi1110/i., - medial collateral ligamt·nt ol
proximal interphalangcal artic11latio11
25. /(�- wl,wis 11/f'diak - medial ligament of ergot

142
 llorse. Ligaments of distal portion of thoracic limb. Medial view.

Figure 140 !/

12

I. w '"' t"''"/wl, Ill met,ll',trpal bone III

'" lllf hur11Jutl,· II - me tac,,, p,tl lio11c I I
. L /1/",/"111 /'"" i1111d1, pro\1111,ll
phal;u,,_
/>ll(f/a,n 11utlw (,i., n1ru11rdt) - 111iddle ph;tl.tnA
S. lit:.. , /J111Jl/1u1((1t,:11la11 , ol/,11, Jf//r nu di,,/, - 111L·1 lia I
,·olla1e1,1l chondro11ngular ligamern
Ii. u1111la,:.:.o 1111t,:11lr11i\ ca1 tila�e of thinl phal;-111:\.
7. phu/(111\ rli.,to/i, (o., 1111.�11/r//l) - distal phalanx
8. ,i., \. tH. tllt11i<l<11111 /Hu\r11wk pruxi1nal ...,c,a1110Hl
bone
intt'1osseou, musdc
l (). lu.: 1,u-/mr11poinl1-r.w.\f1JJ1111rln1111 1netacarp<)- l ;l, IZt.:- jJu/111011 r·\/1·11111111 or/11 ulotir1111, 111!t·ij>lutlt1u:..:,(u1 ) ()_ Ir!.!,. ,,·,n1J1oitk11JJJ (l,//11/l·tak 111rdwl, - 1ncdi,d col
inlersesa1no1d ligan1<..'nt Jno\1111,d,, - e:\ 1et naJ p,tltna1 lig <unent nf lateral ,c.amoid ligament
11 hp,. (f1/lof<-1olt 11u·diok (JJ/u 11/(l/11,11i, nwfm"1f>11/ 1h(J- pi o:,;imal interph.tlangc,tl a, ticulation �O. Ii�- ,fi,,111/111,·u111/1cdok cho11d1 ocompedal liga
ifl11�rr11 medial collate1al ligament of met« l ti. It!.!_. ;whllaJf' u\i(l/1 a1/1u,/a/i11111, 11,lnjdmla1rf.!.nu 1ne111
carp,,,,halangeal ,1rtin1lation /""'""""' - a,ial palmar liga111c11t of p1 oxi 11 Ii�. cl1011r//ll((J1,111///,, - chondrocornnal lig,1
I�- /,_� "\f/l//o!flr-11//1 rul/0!1·1tdr 111,•rl/fl/1 - medial col­ 111al i11tcrphala11geal a, ticulation lllt'lll
la1t�ral se,amoid ligament 17. 111.H·1/io 1111. //,,\mi, t1,:�t1a/1., .,11JH·1/ioa/i, inscr- :2'.! Ill.\/ rt,u mi. {'\/('}/.l"Hfi., <li>,:ita/r, Ul/1/lllflJJ}\ ill\l'I

J .l hg . 11·1(11J101r/01111 ,,/,/iq1111111 - oblique ,esamoicl tio11 of s.up,·rficial digital flexor mu,cle tion or ('Ollllll()ll digital t''-tensor muscle
lig.a1nent I B. lig c11l/"/"'"I, 11u-rlio/1 t/llirnl/l/11111i, 111/0/1/u,ll//1_�"" �:L IZt.:.- collatnuk 11wrli"/,- u1/Jntlutiwu.1 111lnph,d1111!..;1t1r
1 -i Ii!.!,. w.1u111oid1·11111 I'('( tw11 � straight sc�an)oHl />nni111/l/i., medial colhcteral ligament or d11t"I" - medial coll.,teral ltgarll('ll( of distal
ligan1ent proxi111al in1erphalangeal articulation interphalangeal articulation

143
Horse. Dissection of distal extremity of thoracic limb. Palmar view.
Figure 141
----
17
1. 111. nlt'II.\/JI m1jli 11l11ari.1 - extensor carpi ulna­
ris muscle
2. 111. jlr•\f11 m1J>i 11!J1ori.1 flexor carpi ulnaris
muscle
'.l. 111. jl<·\l!r m1jli mdiali,- - flexor carpi radialis
muscle
2 4. os anpi aca·s.wnium (os />i5Uf1n1u,J - accessory
carpal bone (pisifonn bone)
5. 111. .flnor d1:�italis su;,,·1/1<"iali, - superficial digi­
tal flexor muscle
G. 111• .f/t'\(11 di_�ilalis pm/111"/11., - deep digital flcxor
muscle
7. 11. 1t!J1aris. a. cl ,'. o,llataalis u/11aris - ulnar
nerve, collateral ulnar artery and vein
8. 11. 111t'di"1111l' - median nerve
9. 11. />"h11ari., 11wdiali.1 - medial pal mar nerve
10. 11. pal111mis la!Nrdis, ,'. J1a/111ari.1 lainali., - lateral
palmar nerve and vein
11. ,'. 11wlmWj>('(I polmaris II - palmar metacarpal
vein II
12. a. nw/aal!f!t·o ;,alnul!is II. ;·. Jwlnwri., 11wdiu/i, -
palmar metacarpal artery II, medial palmar
vein
1:l. 11. ;,olmori., 11/l'dialis, "-' 111c/01wj>olr- II medial
palmar artery, metacarpal bone II
14. ,'. a'j>holiro - cephalic vein
15. ramus communicans ni. ulnaris ad n palmarem la­
ter.a/em (ramus superficialis rami palmaris ni. ulna­
rf), a. metacarpea palmaris III - communicat­
ing branch of ulnar nerve to lateral palmar
nerve (superficial branch of palmar branch of
ulnar nerve), third palmar metacarpal artery
144
1G. 1a11111.1 d"na/i, ni. 11l11ari, - dorsal branch of
ulnar nerve
I 7. 111. ohr/11ctr,r di_�iti I lm1g11s - long abductor
muscle of first digit
I B. 111. n/('//.\{//" d(�'italis la/,.,o/is, "-' 11w/arn1J>olc / I' -
lateral digital extensor muscle, metacarpal
bone IV
19. 111. /11111brica/islatem/is - lateral lumbrical muscle
20. Ii_�. 111cltml!/H•11111 tra11.11•c1:f/1111 su/1n/iciolr- - super­
ficial transverse metacarpal ligament
21. rn/rnr 11wlam1fit·11111 - metacarpal spur (ergot)
(same as metacarpal cushion)
22. a. cl i'. d(�ita/is /11/t·m/iJ, 1w1111s d,mo/is 11i. di_�itali.,
pol11wris lolnafo - lateral digital artery and
vein, dorsal branch of lateral palmar digital
nerve
23. a. el 1•. d(1;italis media/is, ra11111s dorsalis 11i. digitalis
palmaris media/is - medial digital artery and
vein, dorsal branch of medial palmar digital
nerve
'.,!,!, 11. di_:;italis /illll)fmi., /0/nali.1, lig. rnkori.< latna!t- -
lateral palmar digital nerve, lateral ligament
of ergot
25. Jilin <11111/oris i'<t_�i11m· fibmstw d(�iti - anular fas­
cia of digits
26. cor/i/ag" 1111g11/ari.1 lo/cm/is - lateral cartilage of
third phalanx
27. "-' 111elaw,pal1· !ll - metacarpal bone III
2B. ca/mda 1111g1da1· - capsule of hoof
29. 11. digitalis J>alnwris 11wdialis - medial palmar
digital nerve
 Horse. Skeleton ofpelv ic limb. Medial view.
_
Figure 142

I. eris/a ilia ca - iliac crest 18. fibula - f ibula

2. ala ossis ilium - wing of ilium 19. tuberosilas tibiae - tuberosity of tibia
3. carpus ossis ili11111 - body of ilium 20. corp11s tibiae - body of tibia
41 os pubis - pubis 21. 111alle11lus media/is - medial malleolus 28
5. fora111e11 obl11rahm1 - obturator foramen 22. mlca11e11s - calcaneus
6. spina isc/1iadica - ischiatic spine 23. tahtJ - talus
7. tabula os.ris isd1ii - table of ischium 24. 1JS tarsi ce11trale (os 11m•ic11lare) - central tarsal
8. facies symplrysia/is oSJis mx<1e - symphyseal sur­ bone (navicular bone)
face of os coxae 25. os tarsale I el II fos cu11eifor111e 111edioi11ter111edi11m)
9. /J()c/1(111/er majornssis femoris - major trochanter - tarsal bone I and II (mediointermediate
of femur cuneiform bone)
I 0. corpus ,issis fenwris - body of femur 26. os tarsale Ill (os c1111eijm111e lalero/e) - tarsal bone
I I. fi1SJa tmc/1a11terica - trochanteric Cossa III (lateral cuneiform bone)
12. tmdtanler minor ossis femoris - minor trochan- 27. t>S mf!lalanale III - metatarsal bone III
ter of femur 28. os 111etalarmle II - metatarsal bone II
13. patella - patella 29. 11s sesamoideu111 proximate - proximal scsamoid
14. tmd/(111/er OSJisfenwris - trochanter offemur bone
15. e/Jicrmdyl11s media/is oSJis femaris - medial epi­ 30. pltalanx proximalis (ns compedafc) - proximal
condyle of femur phalanx
16. cn11dylus medialis ossis femoris - medial condyle 31. phala11x media fos mrrmalc) - middle phalanx
of femur 32. phalanx distalis {r,s 1mg11/ate) - distal phalanx
I7. condylus media/is tibiae - medial condyle of tibia 33. os sesa11wideu111 dis/ale - distal sesamoid bone

145
'7- ------.iii

Horse. Muscles of lateral surface ofpelvis and pelvic limb.

Figure 143

1. l11b<'r·c1J.\'<1e - tuber coxae
2. 111. gfulC'lts 111edi11s - middle gluteal
muscle;
3. 111. lemor"fasciae /af(I<' - tensor fasciae
latae muscle
4. 111. gf11le11s s11J1e1ficialis - superficial glu­
teal muscle
5., 5'., 5';. 111. bicef,s /Pnwris - biceps femo­
ris muscle
6. 111. .se111ilendi1111sus semitendinous
muscle
7. 111. se111i111e111bra1wsm - semimembra­
nous muscle
B. fascia crtiris - crural fascia
9. 111; s1ile11s - soleus muscle
10. m/ml lalerale mi. gaslmnwmii - lateral
head of gastrocnemius muscle
11. 111. exle11sor digilafis /m1g11s - long digital
extensor muscle
12. 111. /Jem11e11s tertius - peroneus tertius
muscle
f3\ 111. tibia/is ct(lniafis - cranial tibial
' muscle
14. 111. exle11sor digitalis latrmlis - lateral digi-
tal extensor muscle
15. 111. flexor digiti I lm1g11s - long flexor
muscle of first digit
16. te11d11 111i. tricipitis s11me - tendon of tri­
ceps surae muscle
1 7. lrmdo 1i1i. flexoris digilalis mf,erficiafis -
tendon of superficial digital Jlexor
muscle
18. reti11acu/11111 exle11sor11111 Jm1xi111a.le - p1·oxi­
mal extensor retinaculum
19. retinaculum extensorum intennedium - in­
termediate extensor retinaculum
@) 111. exlem,ir digi/(l/is bte1•i: - short digital
extensor muscle
21. reti11acuf11111 exte11sMwl1 dist<.1/e - distal ex­
tensor retinaculum
22. te11do mi. fle.rnris digitalis jmif1111di - ten­
don o'f deep digital flexor muscle
23. 111. i11temsseus - interosseous muscle
24. fig. accessori1m1 mi. fle:wris digitalis Jmif1111di
- accessory ligament of deep digital
flexor muscle
25. fig. 111etatarse1m1 tra11s1•e1w111 rnperficiale -
superficial transverse metacarpal liga­
ment
26. pcm a11ylaris l'<lgiimc fibr1isae digiti - anu­
lar fascia of digits
27. 111. rec/us fe11111ri.f - straight femoral
muscle
28. m. vastw faterafi.s - lateral vastus muscle

146
 Horse� Muscles ofpelvis and pelvic limb.
\ !; •'. ��·;,;· �>�:_; -��.:.�:!fi�
..Jo!, i� ·-'i-1; -�--.:. _/f:i ,It· • _,
-��}�.,.
Medial view.
\ . ·-..;

Figure 144
'

1. 1•ertcbm lumbalis VI - sixth lumbar vertebra 23. tendo calcaneus communis - common calcaneal
2. ns sacrum - sacrum tendon
3. 111. sacrocaudalis ivmtralis media/is - medial ven- 24. 111. fle.xor digitalis superficialis - superficial digi­
tral sacrocaudal muscle
4. 111. coccygeus - coccygeal muscle
tal flexor muscle
25. m. poplileus - popliteal muscle
3
5. 111. lei'<ltor cmi - levator ani muscle
6. pars iliaca mi. obturatorii i11temi - iliac part of
26. 111. jlf'.rnr digitalis /011gus - long digital flexor
muscle
4 •
' 't

,
31 · -
• . I •
internal obturator muscle 27. 111. flexor digiti I /011gus - long flexor muscle of
7. Jmrs ischiopubica mi. obturatorii i11tcmi - ischio­ first digit
pubic part of internal obturator muscle 28. 111. tibia/is coudalis - caudal t:• ial muscle
8. 111. psoas minor - psoas minor muscle 29. tendo mi. flexoris digitalis profrmdi - tendon of
9. m. psoas major - psoas major muscle deep digital flexor muscle
10. portio lalerolis mi. iiiaci - lateral portion of iliac 30. m. extensor digitalis /0111,rits - long digital exten- 24
muscle sor muscle
11. portio media/is mi. iliaci - medial portion of 3 I. m. tibia/is cra11io/is - cranial tibial muscle
iliac muscle 32. 111. pero11eus terlilts - peroneus tertius muscle 38 ·
I 2. 111. tensor fasciae {aloe - tensor fasciae, latae :13. fig. accessori11111 mi. flexoris digitalis profrmdi - ac-
' . '
'
mµscle cessory ligament of deep digital flexor muscle
13. m. rectus femoris - straight femoral muscle 34. 111. i11lerosseus - interosseous muscle f

14. 111. vastus media/is - medial vastus muscle
15. 111. sartorius - sartorius muscle
16. 111. pecti11eus - pectineus muscle
17. m. 6rracilis - gracilis muscle
18. 111. adductor - adductor muscle
19. 111. semimembra11osw semimembranous
muscle
20. 111. semitendiiwms - semitendinous muscle
21., 23., 24. le11do calca11e11s co1111111111is - common cal­
caneal tendon
21. /e11do calctp1eus m1'. se111ite11di11osi - calcaneal ten­
don of scmitendinous muscle
22. caput mediate mi. gnstmc11emii - medial head of
gastrocnemius muscle
35. lig. melatarseum Jramtoers11111 superficiale - super­
ficial tranverse metatarsal ligament 30
36. pars a1111/aris vaginae fibrosac digiti - anular fas-
cia of digits
37. carlilago 1111g11/aris - cartilage of third phalanx
38. os metatarsale II - metatarsal bone II
39. facies symphysialis ossis coxae - symphyseal sur­
face of os coxae
40. reti11aculu111 extemorum proximale - proximal ex­
tensor retinaculum
41. reti11aculu111 extensorum distale - distal extensor
retinaculum
42. lig. sacrotuberale /alum - wide sacrotuberal li­
gament

147
Horse. Skeleton. Caudolateral view.

Figure 145

l. mandibula - mandible 10. hume,:us - humerus 18. cartilago xiphoidea - xlphoid cartilage
2. atlas - adas 11., 11 ', radius - ra�ius 19., i 9'. qrcus costalis - c�s�a1 arch
3. axis - axis · 12., i 2'. ulna - ulna 20., 20'. os femoris - femur
4. toerlebra cervicalis V - fifth cervi<:al vertebra 13. ossa carpi - cai:-pal bones 21., 21 '.fibula - fibula
5. verleb,:ae thomcicae - thoracic vertebrae 14. ossa metacarpalia - metacarpal bones 22., 22.'. tibia - tibia
6. 1oertebme lumbales - lumbar. vertebrae 15., 15'. phalanges digitorum membri thoradci - digi­ 23. ossa tarsi - tarsal bones
7. os sacrum --' sacru� tal ,phalanges of thoracic appendage 24. ossa metatanalia - metatarsal bon�s
8. vertebrae caudtiles - caudal vertebrae 16, os Uiu11i - ilium 25., 25'. phala11ges digitorum n1embri pelvi11i - digital
9. scapula - scapula 17. os isc/1ii- ischium phalanges of pelvic. appendage

148
Horse. Muscles ofpelvis and pelvic limb. Caudolateral view.

Figure 146

19

I. 111. gluteus medius - middle gluteal muscle
2. m. gl11te11S superficialis - superficial gluteal
muscle
3. 111. temor Jasciae latae - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
4. 111. ms/us lateralis - lateral vastus muscle
5., 5'., 5". 111. biceps femoris - biceps femoris
muscle
6., 6'. 111. semitendinosus - semitendinous muscle
7., 7'. 111. se111i111e111bm11osus - semimembranous
muscle
8., 8'. 111. gastrocnemius - gastrocnemius muscle
9. 111. soleus - soleus muscle
10. 111. extensor digitalis longus - long digital exten­
sor muscle
11. 111. extensor digitalis la/era/is - lateral digital ex­
tensor muscle
12., 12'. 111. flexor digiti I lm1_1:11s - long flexor
muscle of first digit
13., I 3'. te11dt1 mi. flexoris digitalis su/>e>ficialis - ten­
don of superficial digital flexor muscle
14. 111. intemsseus - interosseous muscle
15. tendo mi. flexoris digitalis Jm,fw1di - tendon of
deep digital flexor muscle
16. 111. gmcilis ..,.. gracilis ·muscle
17. 111. poj>liteus - popliteal muscle
18. 111. flexor digitalis l1111g11s - long digital flexor
muscle
19. 111. biceps fe111oris (dexter) - biceps femoris
muscle (right)
20. anus - anus
21. labium /111de11di (1•11/me) - lips of pudenda

149
Horse. Skeleton ofpelvis and proximal portion ofpelvic limb. Lateral view.
Figure 147
I. eris/a sacra/is 111edia11a - median sacral crest
2. cri.1/a sacra/is lataalis - lateral sacral crest
3. fom111i1111 sacmlia dorsalia - dorsal foramina of
sacrum
4. fora111i11a sacralia j>f'h•i1111 - pelvic foramina of
sacrum
5. t11bt'r sacmle - sacral tuber
6. eris/a iliam - iliac crest
7. l11bt'r m.,<w - tuber coxae
150
B. ala o.isis ili11111 - wing of ilium
9. co1fms ossis ili11111 - body of ilium
I 0. /inrn g/11/1'11 - gluteal line
11. sj>ina ischiadica - ischiatic spine
12. i11drnm isrhiadim 111ai111· - major ischiatic inci­
sure
1 :l. i11ci.111ra ischiadim 111i11or - minor ischiatic inci­
sure
14. 111/H,,. ischiadic,1n1 - ischiatic tuber
15. 1,111i11l'lllia ilioj>ubim - iliopubic eminence
1 G. aCl'lab11lw11 - acetabulum
1 7. rnpul 0Hi.,f1'111oris - head of femur
18. j><m mudalis /11,dw11/ais IIU(Jt'ris - caudal part of
major trochanter
I CJ. />IIJJ <Ta11ia/iJ lmd1a11//'ris 111aiori.1 - cranial part
of major trochanter
20. tmduml(,,- /Nlim - third trochanter
21. m,Jm., 11.1.,is/mu,ris - body of femur
22. /i1s.,o rn/m1cmu/rlari., - supracondylar fossa
2:l., 24. tmd,/('{J 11.1·.1iI/<'11lf1ri.1 - trochlea of femur
25. mnd)'l11s IIIN!ialis o.uis j,'111111-i1. - medial condvlc
of femur
26. ,,j>imnd )'lu, /a/nali.1 - lateral epicondvlc
27. jmsa 1'1/emoria - extensor fossa
28. m1ul)'l11s lalf'lalis o.uis /i'lllori.1 - lateral condylc
of femur
29. cr11ul)'l11s /a/nalis tibial' - lateral condyle of tibia
:w. l'JJ/i11l'lllia i11/1'rco11drlari.1 - intercondvlar emi-
nence
:l I. /11/J,,m.,ilas tibi<w - tuberosity of tibia
:12. rnj>11tjlb11la<' - head of fibula
:l:l. rm/ms tibiae - body of tibia
:l4. _(,ma mi. j>ojJ/itl'i - fossa for popliteal muscle
:15. j>atd!,, - patella
Horse. Skeleton ofpelvis and proximal portion ofpelvic limb. Medial view.

Figure 148

l. /11/,,,,- .11/1Ttd1· - sacral tuber

'.L (risla iliof<J -iliac crest
:1,, :!'. tulH·1 ,mm· -tuber coxae
4,, 4 '. ala "·'·'i.' ili11111 - wing of ilium
:i, _lr/t'it•1 ""rirnlaril -auricular surface
(i, m1pu.1 ,,_1.,i.1 iliu111 -bodv of ilium
7, /11/H·rrn/11111 111i. /mi(/., 111i11mi., - tubercle for
psoas minor muscle
B, ,pi11a i,d,iadim -ischiatic spine
CJ, i11ri,\tJJ'(/ i.,d1imfirn nu,;,,,. major ischiatic in-
cisure
10. fll(iJltrf/ i.1d1iadirn 111i11or minor ischiatic in-
cisure
I 1. /a/11(/a o.1.1i.1 1.\(-J,ii -table of ischium
I 2. tubn i.,chiadin1111 - ischiatic tuber
I :i.t•mi11f'//tio iliopubim -iliopubic eminence
14. /"·Clf'II o.1.1i.1p11bi.1 - pecten ossis pubis 20. _lo,,1a /J(Jdu111t,·riw - trochanteric fossa 2(i, cm1<(r/11.1 latcmli.1 tibim· - lateral condyle of tibia
I 5. /im1111t·11 obtum/11111 -obturator foramen 21. m1J111.1onisji•f11oris -body of femur 27. m11t!rl11s 11wdia/i.< tibiot· -medial condyle of ti-
I G. fi,cfr,s sr111jJh )'.lia/iJ o.uis mrar• -svmphyseal sur­ 22. tmddr•o ouisj1•111,,ris -trochlea of femur bia
face of os coxae 2:1. o,nd rlm /o/r'/'1,/is fl.ui., _li•111oris lateral condvle 28. i11cis111'0 j)(lp/itm -popliteal incisurc
17. pan rn11d,,li.1 tmdl(l11/('l'i.< 111o_iflri.1 - caudal part of of femur 29. tubr•m.rilm libim· -tuberosity of tibia
major trochanter 24. m,u!rlw 111cdio/i\ oni,· /t·11wri.1 medial condyle :lo. 11u11:w, cmnia!is libior· - cranial margin of tibia
I 8. n isto i11tnliodl(l11/1•rin1 intertrochantcric of femur :l I . .fibula - fibula
crest 25. r'jiiml/(lr/11.1· uwdiali., oui, /('Jl1ori,1 - medial epi­ :12. m1/ll(.1 libirw -body of tibia
19. ,,,,dw11/t'I mi11r,1 - minor trochanter condyle of femur :1:1. po/el/a - patella

151
Horse. Skeleton ofpelvis. Dorsal view.

Figure 149

18. tuber ischiadioun - ischiatic tuber

1. pm111011/ori11111 - promontorium 9. tuber sacmle - sacral tuber 19. ala ,,ssis ili11111 - wing of ilium
2. pmassus artirnlaris cra11ialis - cranial articular 10. tubrr m.wr - tuber coxae 20. li11m g/11/(•a - gluteal line
process I 1. eris/a iliarn - iliac crest 21. m111m cmnialis ossis f!ubis - cranial branch of
3. eris/a sacmlis 111!'dia11a - median sacral crest 12. nninmlia iliojJ11biC<1 - iliopubic eminence pubis
4. fom111i11a sacm/ia domdia - dorsal sacral fora- 13. s/Ji1m isdiiadiC<I - ischiatic spine 22. rnj!ul ossisjl'lnoris - head of femur
mina 14. i11cis11m isd1iadiC<1 111i11or - minor ischiatic in- 23. f(//jms ossisfenu,ris - body of femur
5. eris/a sacm/is latrmlis - lateral sacral crest cisure 24. jHm cm11ialis tmchanlt·ris 111ajoris - cranial part
G. 1•e1kbm mudalis I - firsJ caudal vertebra 15. fom11w11 obtura/11111 - obturator foramen of major tubercle
7. ,·1-rtebra rnudalis II - second caudal vertebra 16. arms ischiadiws - ischiatic arch 25. jJ<m caudalis /mchm1tnis 111ajoris - caudal pan of
8. 1•ntdm1 m11dalis V - fifth caudal vertebra I 7. tabula ossis ischii - table of ischium major tubercle

152
Horse. Stallion. Pelvic organs. Dorsal view.
Figure 150
1. tub,,,. mxrw - tuber coxae
2. /11/1er sacra/,, - sacral tuber
:1.ala ,mis ili11111 - wing of ilium
4. spi11a isd1iadim - ischiatic spine
5. rn/m/ 1J.His.fe11111ris - head of femur
6. Jun, rm11ialis lmrhm1/r•ris 111ajoris - cranial pan
of major trochanter
7. /Jrm rn11dolis tmdumtnis 111aj1Jris - caudal part of
major trochanter
B. j)(Jl'S iliam 111i. 1Jb/11m/1Jrii inlr•mi - iliac part of
internal obturator muscle
ff
.,, 6
9. j>cm ischi11p11birn mi. ,,bt11m/1Jrii i11IN11i - ischio- 17. i'<•siwlo se111i11alis - seminal vesicle
pubic part of internal obturator muscle 18. lob11s si11isler pros/ala<' - left lobe of prostate
l 0. 111. g/11/l'w Jml1111d11s - deep gluteal muscle 19. isthmus jlrnstalae - isthmus of prostate
11. u1111. gemrlli - gemelli muscles 20. 111. 11rethrnlis - urethral muscle
12. i'l'sirn 11ri11aria - urinary bladder 21. glrmd11/a b11{bo11rethrolis - bulbourethral gland
13. m11Jmlla d11c/11s de(l'l'l'111is - ampulla of ductus 22, 111. lJ11/lmgla11d11/aris - bulboglandular muscle
deferens 23. 111. b11/bospo11,1;ios11s - bulbospongiosus muscle
14. d11c/11s d,jl'l'l'IIS - ductus deferens 24. 111. ischi1Jcm•r·morns - ischiocavernous muscle
15. 11rrln - ureter 25. t11bl'r isc/1iadirn111 - ischiatic tuber
16. f!lirn 11mg('l1italis - urogenital fold
153
Horse. Pelvic organs of stallion in situ from left. Left pelvic limb and left half of pelvis removed.

Figure 151

'2'2. 11rd1·1 .1i11i.1frr - left ureter

�:t ;,•r·.,ko urinari(I, ft. 11111/Ji/in,li., sini.,tr(I - urinan
bladder. left umbilical arterv
'24. ,.,,,irnla .\/'111i11flli., - seminal vesicle
'2:i. Jm,,to/o - prosiate
'2G. /1111., pd,•i110 111,·tlmu· (111.,m,fhm/i.,) - pelvic pan
of urethra (urethral muscle)
'27 ..�lmu/11/0 b11/b,,11n•llm1/is - bulbourethral gland
'2B. _/fl<"U'.\ .11·111j1hy.,io!i, o.,.,i., "'""" - �vmphvseal sur-
face of os coxae
'2D. n-11.1 .1i11i1/m111 j>c11il- - left crus of penis
:JO. 111. i.,d11(1((li.'f'i"llfJ.\1J., - ischiocavernous 1nuscle
:I 1. 011;,11.1 /w11i., - bod,· of penis
:\'2. 111 .. �mri/is - gracilis muscle
:U. ,·. J111dr-11du 1·1!<·111" foni.1/m) - cxtenwl puden­
da! vein Oeft)
40 :14. u. /111d,·wl" nt,·111" (dntm) - external pudendaI
anerv (right)
;�;). c1111<rli\ i11.�·11i110/i,. - inguinal canal
:IG. 111. rnlm ahdo111i11i.1 straight abdominal
muscle
1. ;·afrhm l11111ha/i, I'/ - sixth lumbar vertebra 11., 1 '2. 111. 1tlm1/11r p("//i., - retractor muscle of pe­ :17. "· '"' ,,. t'f1!�mlri((I cr111d"/i, - caudal cpigastric
'2. 11., w,n1111 - sacrum nis artery and vein
:1. ,'. i/u,rn r•1/n11" .,i11i,/m - left external ili;,c vein I :I. 111. /c,•((/111 1111i - levator ani muscle :18. /1111. i11g11i11(1/r·s w/u· r/inole., (/1111 ..1<"mio/,.,J - super­
4. "· "' ,'.ili"w nlt·111fl 1/r-1/m - right external iliac 14. 111 •.,phi11f/n "11i ,-,1n1111., - external anal sphinc- ficial inguinal lymph nodes (scrotal lymph
artery and vein ter muscle nodes)
'i. "· ,,1 ,'. iliom i11fl-nw si11i,tm . - left internal iliac IS. 111. . ,, .,,11,os/N - crcmaster muscle :19..�ifl1H jJ/'1/is - glans of penis
ancrv and vein JG. ,,. 1·/ ,'. /r·.1/irn/ori.1 - testicular artery and vein 40. Jm•J)l(fi11111 - p,·eputium
G. o. ili"m ntr,,-11" 1i11islm - left extenial iliac ar­ 17. d11r/11., rk/r'll'/1.\ df'\if'I; (/ . 11111/,i/irn/i., dntm - right 11. 111. b11/bmpo11.�iow, - bulbospongiosus muscle
terv ductus deferens, right umbilical arterv 42. /J111iro i'U_t!,inuli., f'I j<nu'o .,f)('nnoliu, - vaginal
7. 111 ..1/l("l"llrn11dflli.1 ;•1·11/m/is 111<'</iflli.1 - medial ven­ 18. 111,·.\IJr/11(111., d c/<'1<'11.1 - mesoductus deferens tunic and spennatic fascia
tral sacrocaudal muscle l \). 11rc/1•1 dr•1/n - right ureter 4:l. /1•1/i.1 dnta - right testis
8. nu·.w1r<'l11111 - 1nesorcctu1n '20. plim 11/f(�"<'llil"li., - urogenital fold 44. s .,, -,,111111 - scrotum
\). 11111/)1(/10 n·rti - ampulla of rectum '21. d11ct11., 1h:Jl·H•11.1 .1i11iJ/f'I fo111/111ll0) - left ductus 45. /!�- /11/cm/1· i'l'.lir111• - lateral ligament of blad­
I 0. 111. rr•(l11mu:i:�<·11.1 - rectococcvgeal muscle deferens (arnpulla) der

154
Horse. Pelvic organs of mare in situ from left. Left pelvic limb and left half of pelvis removed

Figure 152

I. ,·1· 1-tt-bm l11111h11/i.1 I'/ - sixth lumbar vertebra

2. 05 .,a(rHm - sacru1n
:I. ,·,·1klm1 ,w,duli., I - first caudal verteb ra
4. 111..,1uT1Jf111ulali., d1Jn11/1., la!l'l'ali, - lateral dorsal
sacrocaudal muscle
5. 111. i11l11rln111.\Tl'l:wni1n <rutdtu· intertransvcrsc
muscle of tail
G. 111. 111<"(_')'.!;''"·' - coccygcal muscle
7. 111. .wcn,toudolis t·<·nfrolis mediolh, medial ven-
tral sacrocaudal muscle
.
8. 111. ,onm-r111dali. , ;•r-11/m/i., latnali., - lateral ven­
39
tra l sacrocau<lal muscle
!). 111r.11m·rl11111 - mesorectum
I0, 11u-d11l/0 .1pi11ali.1 - spinal medulla
1I. ,·, iliom ffJll/1111111i., 1. i11i1/m - left common iliac
vein
12. a. iliaa, i11/i-r110 'ii11i.\lro left internal iliac ar-
tery
13. 11. iliam n1<·1110 ,. i11i.\/l({ left external iliac ar-
terv
14. I!�- /a/111/1 11/ni dn/111111 right bro,1d ligament
of uterus
14'. /(,:. la/11111 111,•ri .,ini.,11111n - left bro.id ligament
of uterus
1:i. 11,·01i11111 1/t-1/111111 - right ovarv
1G. /(�- 11,'(//ii p111pri11m - proper ligament of ova1Y
17, mn,11 11/Ni d1·1/rn111 - right horn of uterus
18. r1111111 11/r-ri ,i11i.,/ru111 - left horn of uterus :Z!l. 111..,phi11r/l•1 1111i nll·11111s - external anal sphinc­ :l7. i11/ 111ulib11/11111 111b11,· - infundibulum of tube
19. unp/1\ 11/ni - bodv of uterus ter muscle :\H. 111. rt•(/11.1 11IJ1/11/J/i11is - stra ight abdominal
20. ,•11.�i11a - vagina :�o. u,. 011Hlriclor c·11h·,u- - constrictor 111uscle of muscle
21. b11/b111 ,·1•.1/ilm/i fro1pw (m•1·11111.,11111 ;•1·slilm/i) - vulva .
:l(J_ /II. lmu.1o·c1.1111 11IHl0111i11i , - transverse abclo111i •
bulb of vestibule :II. ,·1·.,im //lin11rio - urina1v bladder nal muscle
'..:''.2. 111. 11r<'lhmli.1, ,'. p11d('{{da i11/,•11w urethral 3:Z. Ii,;- la!t-ral,· ,·1·.1irn,· - lateral ligament of blad­ 40. /i11n1 11//,11 11bdo111i11il - abdominal line
muscle, internal pudenda I vein der 41. 11. /J1ukll(/a n/1•mr1 - external pudenda! arterv
2:l. 111, 111mlriclor ,·1·1/ilmli - constrictor vestibuli :u, /m it·.1 1. r111pltr.,i11/i.1 o.ni.1 /"l!\111· - svmphvseal sur­ 42. ;•, J11ul('{{d11 n/N/1(/ - external pudenda! vein
muscle face of os coxae 4:L 1/1. gracilis - gracilis muscle
24. n,. ki•a/1Jr a11i - levator ani O\uscle :14. am lalno/1· 111i, 11bliq 11i ,•1/n11i abd11111ini., - lateral 44. 011p111. 1111111111101· (11bNi.1) - bodv of udder
2'.'i, 111. r,•r/11mrc1:�c•11.1 - rectococcvgeal muscle crus of external oblique abdominal muscle 45. 11. 11111/iilimli.,, 1m·/1•r ,. i11i,/1•1 - umbilical anerv,
'..:'6. 0111/J1t!!o n·cli - ampulla of rectum :l5. ,1. l'I ,·. t'j>(�ll.llrirn rnur/11/is - caudal epigastric left ureter
27. 11uogo /J1•ril11111·i - margin of peritoneum artery and vein 4G. ,·. rfflafo 11wdia - middle reccal vein
28. 111. /'/'ll11f/11r dilfllirlis - retractor muscle of clito­ :lfi. 111. 0Miq 1111., i11IN11w «IJ1/11/J/i11is - internal ob­ 47. Ii�- //l('(li1111111n ,·1·.1irn1· - middle ligament of
ris lique abdominal muscle bladder

155
Horse. Dissection of lateral surface of croup and thigh. Superficial layer.

Figure 153

19

6
-A

--B

---c

----.D

1. tuber co.ww - tuber coxae

2. m. .i,:fui<'IIS 111edi11s - middle gluteal muscle 8. 111. mstus latemlis - lateral vastus muscle
3. 111. gluteus SII/J<'l.ficialis - superficial gluteal 9. plim lal<'l'is (111. rnta11e11s tn111ci) - knee fold (2u­
muscle taneous muscle of trunk)
4. m. lf'llsor fmci(((' latw· - tensor fasciae latae 10. 1111. d11ni11111 111edii - middle clunial nerves
muscle 11. m11111s rntm1<•11s 11i. muda!h - cutaneous branch
5., 5'., 5". 111. bi((,ps jl'llwris - biceps femoris of caudal nerve
muscle 12. 111. sacmwudalis dorsalis latnalis - lateral dorsal.
6. 111. s,•111i111n11bm11osm semimembranous sacrocaudal muscle
muscle 1:l. JI/. sacrocaudalis i'flliralis latemlis - lateral ven­
7. 111. se111itf'lldiJ111s11s -,- semitendinous muscle tral sacrocaudal muscle
14. 11. rntaums sum<· latemlis - lateral cutaneous
sural nerve
15. 1111. d1111i11111 caudales - caudal clunial nerves
16. //{/rirs abdo111i11is - abdominal wall
17. ramus cutaneus lateralis ni. ilioinguinalis - lateral
cutaneous branch of ilioinguinal nerve
18. ranws rnta11eus lateralis ni. iliol,ypogastrici - later­
al cutaneous branch of iliohypogastric nerve
19. mi. clunium cra11iales - cranial clunial nerves
20. /1111. subiliaci - subiliac lyn'lph nodes

156
Horse. Cross sections through left thigh. Levels of sections A and B shown in Figures 153 and 155.
Figure 154
I. 111. sarforiw - sartorius muscle
2. 111.•�mci/is - gracilis muscle
:I. 111. Jwrti11<'11s - pectineus muscle
4. 111. adduflor - adductor muscle
5. 111. Sf'll/i11w111bm11osm semimembranous
muscle
6., 6'. 111. St'111ill'lufi11osw - semitendinous muscle
6'. raj>ul J,l'l1•i1111111 111i. Sl'l11ile1uli11mi - pelvic head
of semitendinous muscle
7. 111. qutulmtm .fn11oris - quadratus femoris
muscle
8. 111. ilioj>soas - iliopsoas muscle
9. 111. 1•as/11s media/is - medial vastus muscle
I0. 111. rt'C/11s ft'llloris - straight femoral muscle
11. 111. ms/11s fotemlis - lateral vastus muscle
I 2. m (t'llloris - femur
14
I :I. 111. ms/11s i11tn111Nli11s - intermediate vastus
muscle
14. 111. f1•mor ./<tJCim· /a/111, - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
15. 111. gl,m,us Sllj>l'lficio{is - superficial gluteal
muscle
I6. 111. bia'f1sft·111oris - biceps femoris muscle
17. bm. i11g11i11ales J>rofimdi (/1111. ifiofe111ora/es) - deep
inguinal lymph nodes (iliofemoral lymph no­
des)
18. a. 1'/ ,'. rim1111flern jf'111oris {11/,,,-a/is, 11• .f<'111omlis -
lateral circumflex femoral artery and vein,
femoral nerve
19. 11. saj>llf'1111S - saphcnous nerve
20. 11. f'I ,'. ft•1111mdis - femoral artery and vein
B
21. a. l'f ,'. J>m/1111da .f<'111oris - deep femoral artery
and vein
22. 11. isrhiodicus - ischiatic nerve
23. 11. /H'Hlllf'IIS m1111111111is - common peroneal
nerve
24. 11. fibiolis - tibial nerve
25. 1m1111s 11111sc11/uris />m.ri111alis 11i. ribio/iJ - proxi­
mal muscular branch of tibial nerve
26. m111i 11, el,'. ob/11m/or1111' - branches of obtura­
tor artery and vein
27. a. s11j>hl'lla, ,'. sap/11,1111 media/is - saphenous ar­
tery, medial saphenous vein
28. {I. cl i'. cirmmfle.\/1 ifi11111 J1mf1111du, 1/. (11((//1('1/S .fl'/11(}­
ris lo/em/is - deep circumflex iliac artery and
vein, lateral cutaneous femoral nerve
157
Horse. Dissection of lateral surface of croup and thigh. Deep layer.
---------
Figure 155
I. t11h,-r Wlflf' - tuber coxae
'.2. tn,dmuh·r mt�;o, nt'ii., _l(,uwriJ - ruajor trochanter
of femur
:1. l11hn i.,d1iadirn111 - ischiatic tuber
4. tmc/1<111/t'r IN!i11.1 - third trochanter
5. nn,dr/w falna/i, o.1.1i., /c11wri.1 - lateral condvle
of femu1·
(i. 111. g/11/i·w 1111'di11., - middle gluteal muscle
7. porti" /11/Nrdi., 111i. iliaci - late1al portion of iliac
muscle
8. 111.piri/iJ1wis - piriform muscle
158
<J. rn/1/(/ fid,•i1111111 111i. w
head of semimembranous muscle
I 0. rnjJ11/ ;·1•rid1m/1· 111i..\l'lllillll'llllnw1flsi - vertebral
head of semimembranous muscle
I I. rnj111/ /"·h-i1111111 111i. hici/1ilil·fn1111ri,
of biceps femoris muscle
11 '. i11.11·rli" 111i. biciJ!ili,·. j,•111"ri, - insertion of biceps
femoris muscle
12., 12',, 12". 111• .11·111i/111di11""'·' - scmi1endinous
muscle
I 2. rnp111 J!ch•i1111111 - pelvic head
12'. u1z,11 rnpilis ,·,·,khm/,i - origin of vertebral
head
12". ,·,·11/n rnj!ili., ,'('l'/i·lm,/i., - bell\' of vertebr;d
head
-A I J. 111. q11rulra/u., _/l'llltJJ i.\ quadratus femoris
muscle
14. 111. g/1111·11, rn/"·1/i1 io/i, - superficial gluteal
muscle
15. 111. rr•t'l11>)t'llluri.1 - straiht femoral muscle
16. 111. ;•m/11., lat,·mli., - lateral vastus muscle
----8 17. 11. lihialis - tibial nerve
[ a. II. /1<'11111/'I/.\ Cl/l/1/11/l/li., - common peroneal
nerve
19. /11., pojJ/i/1•11.;,' 1w1111, 11111.1rnlori.1 11i. J!1·m1wi (ad 111.
hi,•ijiilr-�1) - popliteal lvmph node, muscular
---C . branch of peroneal nerve (to biceps muscle)
:20. u. ('/ l'. glu/('(J ((111dolis, 11.otlu1w11., jnuuris cuudu/iJ
- caudal gluteal arterv and vein, caudal cu­
taneous femoral nerve
21. 11. cl ;·. cin·11111/fn11 j{'/11,,ris llll'dioli.1 - medial cu­
D taneous femoral artery and vein
:n m111i 11111.,rn/,m·� od 111. 11·111ilr·111/i110.111111 (11., ,·. I'/ 11.)
muscular branches of semitendinous
muscle (arterv, vein and.nerve)
2:l. "· ,·! ,·. jn11111i., rnmlali., - caudal femoral arterv
and vein
24. 11. m/<1111·111· l'/lrttt' m11d11/i.1, ,·. wji/11•1111 la/i•l(/li, -
caudal cutaneous sural nerve. lateral saphe­
nous vein
25. u. 1•/ ,'. rirrn111jln11 ili111J1 Jm1/i<11da, 11. rn/t1111·11.1 /"111"•
,is /0/1'1'<1/i., - deep circumflex iliac arterv and
vein, lateral cutaneous femoral nerve
16. ra111i u. d i'. glutcu(• lTm,iali.\ t·I ui..�luf,,i t'r111,iali-.
branches of cranial gluteal artcrv, vein and
. 111i1111·111bm11u1. i - pelvic nerve
'27. roHti r,.d ; 1Jb!1troloriur. ramu.\ mnw-11/on:, /Jtu\i111r1·
1
,
!is 11i. libi11/i.1 - branches of obturator arterv
and vein, proximal muscular branch of tibial
. - pelvic head nerve
2il. lz� .. ,arm/11/lt'm!,· la/11111 - wide sacrotuberal li­
gament
29. b11rn1 /mc/1<111/nirn 111i. gl11fri llll'dii - trochanteric
bursa of middle gluteal muscle
:w. m/ml /r1/1·ralr· 111i• . �11J/roo11·111ii - lateral head of
gastrocnemius muscle
Horse. Cross sections through left thigh. Levels of sections C and D shown in Figures 153 and 155.
Figure 156
I . a. .l(lj>/11·110 <'I 11. saj>hn111.,, ;•. w1J1l"·,w nwdi11/il -
saphenous arter�· and nerve, medial sa•
phenous vein
'.L 111. gmtili.1 - gracilis muscle
:t 111. .\f11lorins - sartorius nuiscle
4. 111. semi11wmbrmws11s - semimembranous
muscle
:i., 5'. 111. (l{/d11r/ur - adductor muscle
(i. 111. ;•,1s/11., J111•diuli., - llledial vast us muscle
7. 111. 11·d11.1jt·1,,"rh - straight femoral muscle
8. /JI. ;•11s/w i11/n11wdim - intermediate vastus
muscle
(). 111. ;•11sl11.1 /11/n11/i.1 - lateral vastus muscle
I 0. 111. .\f'111i1,·,11/i110.111.1 - semitendinous llluscle
11. 111. hir1'fi.,.Ji·11111ri., - biceps femoris muscle
I 2. mj>11! lat,·mll' 111i..�wlmu11·111ii - lateral head of
gi-lstrocne1nlus n1usc1e
I :l. 11. I'/,·. .Jn111Jm/i., - femoral artery and vein
l -t. "· I'/,·. .J1·11101i.1 mudalis - caudal femoral arterv
and vein
l :i. 11. Ju·11n11· u., m1111111111i., - common peroncal
nerve
I Ii. 11. lil,i11/i.1 - tibial nerve
I 7. 11. ru/1111,·u.1 .1111111· m111l11/i.1 - caudal cu1.t11eous
sural nerve
I B. rn/)/// 111nlialr· 111i, .�111/mou·111ii - medial head of
gastrocnemius muscle
I /l. 11. I'/,·. j>11j>li/('(/ - popliteal anerv and vein
20. ,11. //n111 di_�i/11/is w/1n:Jiriali.1 - superficial digi-
tal flexor muscle
21. /11, f>"f,lilm.< - popliteal lvmph node
22. (11/J.11ilo 11rlirnloris - articular capsule
2:l. 11. l'I ,'. _!ff'l/u., d1•.,r1·111k1,, - descending arterv
am! vein of knee
24. u»j>m (}.1.1i.1-_J;.11/11ri., - bodv of felllur
25. //ll!d/11 - patella
2<i. tmd,l,-11 "-""i., / i•11111ri., - trochlea of femur
159
Horse. Dissection of pelvis and thigh-fiom medial surface.
Figure 157
I. ,•n/t•bm l11111balis VI - sixth lumbar verteb ra
2. os sacn,111 - sacrum
:i. ,•t•rtdmt mudalis I - rirst caudal vertebra
4. 1•. ca,•a cauda/is - caudal vena cava
5. 1•. iliaca ex/emu sinislm - left external iliac vein
6. ,,. i/iaca i1111'm" si11istm - left internal iliac vein
7. 11wr/11/la sf!i11alis - spinal medulla
8. oorla - aorta
9. "· i/irm, intenw (dnim) - internal iliac artery
(right)
160
16. "· 11111bifimfis - umbilical artery
I7. t,. t·I ,·. m11dofis ,·<•11/rolalrm{i.< - ventrolatcral
caudal artery and vein
11. /)//dmdus - pudenda! nerve
19. • n. c11/mw11s fc11wris cr111doli.1 - caudal cutaneous
femoral nerve
20. 111. obt1m1/ori11s i11/cm11s - pars iliom - internal
obtu ra tor muscle - iliac part
21. 111. 11b/11m/11rius inlt·1m1s - /Jan isd1i11jmbim - in­
ternal obturator muscle - ischiopubic part
22. ,•. obtumloria - obturator vein
23. o. el,'. iliom n!NJJO - external iliac a1·tery and
vein
24. 11. gl'llifo/i•11111mlis, "· circ11111flern ili11111 Jm,f1111da -
\
genitofemoral nerve, deep circumflex iliac ar­
tery
25. 11. m/<111e11s fnuoris la!Nalis,,·. cirCllll(/fr•HI ili11111 pm­
f1111d" - lateral femoral cutaneous nerve,
deep circumflex iliac vein
26. 111. psoas 111i11or (li•1ulo) - psoas minor muscle
(tendon)
27. 111. jJsoos 111ajor - psoas major muscle
28. por/io loinalis 111i.ilioci - lateral portion of iliac
muscle
29. 11. fnnomlis - femoral nerve
:lO. "· cl,•. Jm1(1111do fn11oris - deep femoral artery
and vein
:i I. lr1111rns /mdnu!ot'f!igmtricm - pudendoepigastric
trunk
:12. focit•s �)'111pltysi"lis ,mis co\·{lt' - symphyseal sur­
face of os coxae
:l:l. ,·. /mde11da nln110 - external pudenda! vein
34. a. ,,1 ,'. circ11111(/ew1 ji,11wris lalcmli., - lateral fe-
mo ral circumflex artery and vein
:15. 111. Jwcli11f'lts - pectineus muscle
36. a. cl i'. fnl/fm1/is - femoral artery and vein
37. 111. ms/us 11wdialis - medial vastus muscle
38. m. r,•c/us jl'llwris - straight femoral muscle
39. 111. ln/S"r fascia,, latoe - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
40. 111..mr/orius - sartorius muscle
41. 11. s"phe1111s - saphenous nerve
42. a. sopltena, ,•. sopltnw 111edialis - saphenous ar­
tery, medial saphenous vein
1 0 a. et 1·. g/11/('(J wudalis, 11. g/111<•11.1· mudalis - caudal 43. m111m 11i. obt11mlorii - branch of obturator
gluteal artery, vein and nerve nerve
I I 11. rectalis mud"lis - caudal rectal nerve 44. 111. adductor - adductor muscle
12 111. s"cmcal((/alis 1(•1J/m/is
• 111ediali.1" - medial ven­ 45. m. s1·111i111n11brmwws semimembranous
tral sacrocaudal muscle muscle
I:l ,·. iliaca inlema (dc\'lm), 11. g{11/i•11s.cm11i"lis - in­ 46. 111. gmcilis - gracilis muscle
ternal iliac vein (right), cranial gluteal nerve 4 7. Ii_[{. socmtubNale /a/11111 - wide sacrotuberal Ii-
14 n. iscltiadirns - ischiatic nerve gament
15 11. oblumlorius el a. obl11ra/oria - obturator 48. tu. mcc)'.t{<'IIS - coccygeal muscle
nerve and artery 49. 111. sn11itn1diuows - semitendinous muscle
Horse. Skeleton of distal extremity of right pelvic limb. Medial view.

Figure 158

..
{

1
10/ 9

22
I. crn/llH ().t1iJf,,11111 1is - body of femur
2. /r,,rhll'll onisji·11wri., - trochlea of femur I 7 . .1wll'l1lao,/11111 Ioli - sustentaculum of talus 23
:1. m1ll(rlm lakmli.1 1JSJi.1 /1·11 1,,ris - lateral condyle I B. os loni a•11lmf,, (os 11m·irnlorc) - central tarsal
of femur bone (navicular bone)
4. t'f1ir1111 dr/11.1 111edio/iJ oni.; ji'lllori., - medial epi­ 19. os lonole I i'I fl fo.1 f//lll'i/im 11,, 11u•dioi11h·n11Nli1m,)
condyle of fernu1· - tarsal bone I and II (rnediointermcdiate
5. mndr/m 11wdialii onis fm11m'., - medial condyle cuneiform bone)
of femur 20, 0.1 lm:wk Ill (os rn1 1ei/in1111· /a/1•mfi•) - tarsal bone

fi. fiolr·lla - patella III Oateral cuneiform bone)

7. r·111i111' 11/ia i11/1·rm11 dr/ori.,· - intercondylar emi­ 21. /JS 11wlolanaf,, IV - metatarsal bone IV

nence 22. os 111l'lalarsaf,, Ill - metatarsal bone II I

B. C()ll(()'/111 llll'dioli., libio1· medial condyle of ti- 23. m 1 11ela/r11:wle II - metatarsal bone II
bia 24. lmchl('(/ ossis ml'lalarsi III - trochlea of metatar­
()_ fibula - fibula sal bone III
I 0. / 11b!'msila., tibial' - tuberositv of tibia 25. o.< st·sm1 1oidN111t /m,xi1J1oh· - proximal sesamoid
11. 111 mg11 rm11ioli.1 libio,· - cranial margin of tibia bone
12. ro1Jm., tibia,· - body of tibia 26. pholmn fmixi11udis (11s r1111 1pedole) - proximal
I :l. 111all/'IJ/11s 1J 1cdiofi.1 - medial malleolus phalanx
14. anf!m Ioli - body of talus 27, j>llldom media (,,s mm11 alc) - middle phalanx
15. lmchka tali - trochlea of talus 2B. m st•sr11 11oidr·m11 distal<• - distal sesamoicl bone
16. !11bnrnlca1u·i - tuber of calcancus 29. plwla1 1 y distolis (11s 1111g11/rm,J - distal phalanx

161
Horse. Dissection of lateral surface of tibia and distal extremity of pelvic limb. Superficial layer.

Figure 159

--- �---A

--- ____-B
I 5. /i.�. col/11ttmlc /11tl'l11k - lateral collateral

--
ligament
16. 11. /"•m111·11.< J1mfi111d 11s - deep peroneal
nerve
__ c 17. 11. /H•m11c11., .\lljll'r/im1/iJ - superficial pe­
roneal nerve
I H. 111. tihiuli.< nm1i11li., - cr,rnial tibial
muscle
19., 19'. 111. 1·\tl'/1.1111· d(�ituli.1 /01 1.i:11s - long di­
gital extensor muscle
20. 111. so/1•11,1 - so\eus muscle
21., 21 '. 111. ntcm·or d(�itulis lutrralis lateral
digital extensor muscle
22. 11 1. fl1·x"r d(i:iti I l111 1gw - long flexor
muscle of first digit
23. reli11acu/11111 rxle11srm1111 Jm1xi11111le - proxi­
mal extensor rctinaculum
24. H'li1111rn/11111 nt1•11.1111w11 1 1u•di11111 - middle
extensor retinaculum
25. rcti1 111rn/ 11111 nli· 11s111w1 1 dist11/1· - distal ex­
tensor retinaculum
26. 111. 1•1/1•11.11"· d(�i/11/i.l" lill·,·i.< - short digital
extensor muscle
I. 111. ;•u.1/ 11s lutn11/is - lateral vastus 27. 11. 11wla/m11•a d1mafo Ill, m 1 111'111ta1wlt· JV
muscle - dorsal metatarsal artery III, meta­
2. 1 11. hic,,fis _/i·11uJ1is - biceps fcrnoris tarsal bone IV
muscle 28. m 1111'1alars11/i- Ill - metatarsal bone III
:J. 111. S1'llli11u·111/Jm 110s 11s - sernirnembra­ 29. 11. pla1 1tarij lotnalis - lateral plantar
nous muscle nerve
4. 111, se111ite11di11osus -'sernitendinous :JO. 11. et ,·. J1la11t11ris lafl'mli, - lateral plantar
muscle artery and vein
5. 11. tibia/is - tibial nerve :l I. tl'lldo 1 11i. flt"wris digitalis w/1nficiulix -
6. 11. rntm1t•11s sumc rn11d11/is, ,'. sufih/'110 lu//'m­ tendqn of superficial digital flexor
lis - caudal cutaneous sural nerve, lat­ muscle
eral saphenous vein :12. tr·11d11 111i Jlrrnris digit11/i.1 J>m/u11di - ten­
7. ra11111s 111uscularis ni, /1ero11ei (ad m. bici/1i­ don of deep digital flexor muscle
/e111), /11. popliteus - muscular branch of :i:t u1. i 11t('m.ueus - interosseous muscle
:�4. r(IIIIIJJ COI/IIJtlllliCo/1.( ]l('fi.'(Jl'lllll pfan/arillm
peroneal nerve (to biceps muscle), po­
pliteal lymph node - communicating branch of plantar
8. 11. 1•t ,'. m11d11/is ft'llloris - caudal femoral nerves
artery and vein :l5. 11. d 1•. digilali., latl'mli.< - lateral digital
9. c11/111t /11/1•mli· 111i. ,i:mtmC///'lllii - lateral artery and vein
head of gastrocnemius muscle :16. 11. d(i;itali.1 J>im,turis lut,·mlis - lateral
I 0. 11. p1·m111·w m11111 11111i.< - common pe1·0- plantar digital nerve
neal nerve :17. m11ws rf,,1:111/is 11i. j>/011/aris latr·ralis - dor­
11. f(i:- j}{/tdlm· /11tcmlc - lateral ligament of sal branch of lateral plantar nerve
patella :l!l. tl'lldo mi. tricipiti.< Slmtr· - tendon of tri­
12. l(i:- jJall'llat• i11/t•m1Nfi11111 - intermediate ceps surae muscle
ligament of patella 39. 1·. tibia/is 1nwn·11.1 - recurrent tibial
I :t m111(rlus /11tn11/is ,,ssis {t.·1111J1·is - lateral vein
condyle of femur 40. 11. 1·t 1•. tibia/is mmiali.< - cranial tibial
14. 111e11iscus lutemlis - lateral meniscus artery and vein

162
Horse. Cross sections.through left tibia. Levels of sections shown in Figure 159.

Figure 160

tihifl - tibia
I.
2.111. />ero111·11s tati11s - peroneus tertius muscle
m,·11111 flrlirnlarc - articular cavity
:l.
4.fig. mlk,t,•mlt• 11wdiali' - medial collateral liga­
ment
5. fig. J1olf'/l<w J1wdialt· - medial ligament of pa­
tella
6. /(1;: /H1telltw iJ1tt·1mNli111u - intermediate liga­
ment of patella
7. /(�: J1atellae /otemh• - lateral ligament of pa­
tella
8. /��·. mllatnrde {a/Nair• - lateral collateral liga­
ment
9. 111. tibia/is rmuialis - cranial tibial muscle
I0. a. ,,11·. f>"f>lilN1 - popliteal artery and vein
11. 111. Jwplit,•11s - popliteal muscle
12. 111. f{t•.\/Jr dkili l l1111gm - long flexor muscle of
first digit
13. 111. sol,·11s - soleus muscle B
14. 111.//nor d��ilafis rnpc1ficiolis - superficial digi­
tal flexor muscle
15. i11sffli11111i.s1•111itmdi11osi f'/ mi. gmcili.< - insertion
of semitendinosus and gracilis muscle
16. wp11t 111Nliak mi. gos/mC//('lllii - medial head of
gastrocnemius muscle
17. cap11t lalcmk 111i. _1:aslmC1w111ii - lateral head of
gastrocnemius muscle
18. rami 1,i. saphe11i - branches of saphenous
nerve
19. "· sapht•11a - saphenous artery
20. ,·..wrphnw 111edialis - medial saphenous vein 27
21. 11. tibirdis - tibial nerve
22. 11. f>t•m11,·w c111111111111i1 - common peroneal
nerve
23. m111i a.t·t 1·. m11dolis ft'l11oris - branches of cau­
dal femoral artery and vein
24. 11. rnlt11w11s wm,· w11dafis - caudal cutaneous
sural nerve
25. 111. ntrwor digitalis /1111_1;11s - long digital exten­ C
sor muscle
26. 111.·1·rtms11r d(:;ilalis la/cm/is - lateral digital ex­
tensor muscle
27. 111. fln11r d��ilalis l1111g11s - long digital flexor
muscle
28. 111. tibia/is m11dalis - caudal tibial muscle
29. lc11d11 111i. lrici/>ilis mmt· - tendon of triceps su­
rae muscle
:lo. 1w1111s a. t·I 1·. w11dalis frw11ris (,,. sap//('//// latcm/i.,) 32. fl. el ,'. tibia/is cmnifllis - cranial tibial artery 35. te11do solei - tendon of soleus
- branch of caudal femoral artery and cau­ and vein :16. fibula - fibula
dal femoral vein 0ateral saphenous vein) :l:l. 11. f>t'ro11<•11s pmf1111dus - deep peroneal nerve :l7, 1w11m mm1111111icam a. fn11oris m11d11lis t't a•.wj1he-
:l I. a. cl 1°. tibia/is m11dalis - caudal tibial arterv :l4. 11. pcm11t·11s sujJe,ficialis - superficial peroneal 11ae - communicating branch of caudal fe­
and vein nerve moral artery and saphenous artery

163
Horse. Dissection of lateral surface of tibia and distal extremity of pelvic _limb. Deep layer.

Figure 161

I. lataa/iJ lateral vast us 20. .,./11 ,.

Ill. i.'(IJ/JIS 1JJ. I II.\ cranial tibial
muscle lTill (;,,t
2. /JI. hio·/1., fi-11w1i.1 - biceps fernoris 21. Ill.
/" - peroneus tertius
muscle musck
'.I. (({put la!tml,, 111i. �mlmrnu11ii - lateral 22. Cl'/11' /(l/,·10/1• 11/1. p1·rm1ei fer/ii, 11. tarsm
head of gastrocnemius muscle p1·1'/l,mns
. - lateral crus of peroncus
4. 111. ,,,/e11s - solcus muscle tertius muscle, perforating tarsal ar­
5. ll'lld" 111i. lricipili.1 .111r111· - tendon of tri­ terv
ceps surae muscle 2:l. ems 111cdi11111 111i. prrmwi In/ii, 11. 111elalm,cw
G. 11. p1•n11w11s r,,111111111w common pern- d1Jr.wlis ff - middle crus of peroneus
neal nerve tertius muscle, dorsal metatarsal
7. 11. jlr•r1111f'l/s jlro/ii11d11.1 deep peroneal nerve II
nerve 24. (/. 1•/ , .. tibia/is CH11ti(lli.1 - cranial tibial
8, 11, JH·m111·m .rnp1·1/iriali., - superficial pe­ artery and vein
roneal nerve 25. //1. n//'11.wr di,�·ita/i., l11n·is, 11s 111c/a/ana/1· /I'
9. m. S1'111ill·mli110.111.1 semitendinous - short digital extensor muscle, meta­
muscle tarsal bone IV
I0. 11. rn/m11·11.1 rnr,11· ((111!/11/i.\, i'. . ,aplw11a /at,,m­ 2G. a. 11wla/111:11•a dor.wlis Ill, 11. 11w/11/an,·m d1J1-
lis - caudal cutaneous sural nerve, lat­ salis Ill - dorsal metatarsal artery III,
eral saphcnous vein dorsal metatarsal nerve III
11. m11111.1 11111sc11/ari.1 11i. Ju·n11wi (ad 111. biripi­ 27. os 1111'111/an(/lc Ill - metatarsal bone III
lnn), In. Jmplite11s - muscular branch of 28. 11. J1la11t11ri, 11wdiali.1 medial plantar
peroneal nerve (to biceps muscle), po• nerve
pliteal lymph node 29. 11. j,l1111/11ris la/1•111/is lateral plan tar
12. mjlul 11u,dia/1· 111i..WHlronw111ii - medial nerve
head of gastrocncmius muscle :w. "· j1l011tari> la!tmli.1 - lateral plantar ar·
I:l. 111. jl/'\()r di,t.;ilali.1 sujwr(icia/i.< - superfi­ tery
cial digital flexor muscle :l I. tl'lldo 111i. flnoris dz:;ita/i,· pm/i11uli - ten­
I:l'. ll'lld11 111i. /krn1 is di,�ilali.1 111Ju•1jfria/i, - don of deep digital flexor muscle
tendon of superficial digital flexor :12. 111. i11tcm.1sr·w - interosscous muscle
muscle '.l'.l. a. 1•1 , .. dz�italis /at1· mli.1 - lateral digital
14. a. 1•/ 1•. j>1Jj>litw - popliteal anerv and artery and vein
vein :14. mudr/11., /,,/Nalis o,si., ji111ori, - lateral
15. 11. libiali.1 - tibial nerve conclyle or femur
16. m111m rn11dali.1 a. .wphc11a,·, ,,. tibiali.1 rn·11r- :35. lz�. mllatcm/1· lali·mk - lateral collateral
1n,s - caudal branch of saphenous ar­ ligament
tery, recurrent tibial vein :lG, 111c11isrns lalcmlis - lateral meniscus
I7. 111, fln11r d(t.;ifi I !1J11g11.< - long flexor :l7. /��- j)(l/d/m• latem/1· - lateral ligament of
muscle of first digit patella
I B. 111. e1/t11s"r di,�•italis /at,•ndis - laternl digi­ :l8. m111i 11111.ffulan·s ui. /H•rwwi - muscular
tal extensor muscle branches of peroneal nerve
19., 19'. 111. c,lemor digilali., /"11.�m - long di­ :l9. rn111i 11111sod111'1'.< 11i. tibia/is muscular
gital extensor muscle branches or tibial nerve

164
Horse. Dissection of tibia and distal extremity ofpelvic limb. Medial view.
Figure 162
1. 111. ;•ostm 11/f'diali.s - medial vaqus muscle
'2. 111. ,arloriw - sartorius muscle
:1. 111. adductrn - adductor muscle
4. 111. scmi111n11brmwsus - semi membranous muscle
5. 111. biaj1sji111()ris - biceps femoris muscle
6. 111. sc'llli/('l{r/in"s"-' - semitendinous muscle
7. rn/ml loll'ml,· mi..�aslmm,·111ii lateral head of
gastrocnemius muscle
8. m/111/ 111N/iaf,, 111i. gos/mmt·mii medial head of
gastrocnemius muscle
<J. !('II(/() mi. lricijlilis mm,· - tendon of triceps su­
rae muscle
10. o. m/Jhcua. mmm ,. rn11dalis/,•111fnis - saphenuus
artery, branch of caudal femoral vein
11. 11,. /Hi/ililrns - popliteal muscle
1'2. ,'. sajl/11·110 11/f'diali.1 - medial saphenous vein
:1.
1 11. "'f i/11·1111.1 - saphenous nerve
14. a. el 1•••�e1111s d,•.1((•11drn, - descending anery
and vein of knee
15. 11. rn/,111{'/l.1 slmlf• mudoli., - caudal cutaneous
sural nerve
16. 11. tibio/i., - tibial nerve
I 7. 11. j)('m11,·11s m1111111111is - common peroncal
nerve
1ll. 11. nwla/,11:11•11s dona/is 11, ,·. d(�itolis drmolis (()tl/lllll-
11i.1 II - dorsal metatarsal nerve II, common
dorsal digital vein II
19. !md" 111i.jk1()ri.1 d(�ilali.1 .\1//)('r/icia/i., - tendon of
superficial digital flexor muscle
�O. rtl1Nlls ton11111111icans o. u1ph('1Ja<· d a. /f·moris cu11<f<,.
/is - communicating branch of. saphenous
and caudal femoral arteries
'21. Ill. jlnfl/ dz�ili I lo11g11s - long flexor muscle of
first digit
'2'2. 111. flnfl/ d(�ilali., '""-�"-' - long digital flexor
muscle
'2:l. "· r•/ ,'. tibia/is rn,ulali., - caudal tibial arterv
and vein
'24-. o. r·I ,·. 11101/,·olwi.1 rnurlali., loll-mli., - lateral cau­
dal malleolar anerv and vein
'25. rrm111s ,111"-''""'"lirns , 11111 a. soj>h,·11", m111u, rnudolis
,·. sap/ml(U' 1111'diolis - anastomotic branch with
saphenous anerv, caudal branch of medial
saphenous vein
JO
'26. "· plf/11/aris lall'l'rt!is - lateral plantar artery
27. "· plantaris medialis - medial plantar nerve
'28. 11. j1la11/ari.1 lotcrafo - lateral plantar nerve
'2CJ. "· /ifm1/aris 111Nlialis, !f'lldo 111i. jlnori.1 d(�i/a{i.1 pm­
ji11uli - medial plantar artery, tendon of deep
digital flexor muscle
29
:IO. i'. />fm1/ori.1 /r1/1•mfo - lateral plantar vein
:11. "· I'/,·. 111elalanrn j>lm,tan:,· II - plantar metatar­
sal artery and vein
:l'2. r,11111/S ("1111111111icwu n11u 1/f'/'1'" j>laulw i /a/{'{rdi -
communicating branch with lateral planta,
nerve
:l3. 111. tibia/is cm11ialis - cranial tibial muscle
:l:l'. /1'11(/o 111i. tibiali.1 tra11ialis - tendon of cranial
tibial muscle
:M. 111. nlt•mor d(1;it"lis /"11g11s - long digital exten­
sor muscle
:15. lnulo 1ui. nfN1.wri.\ dZ�ita/is lon.:.:i. i'. 111f'lalanP<1 dor•
.,a/i.1 11 - tendon of long digital extensor
muscle, dorsal metatarsal vein II
:Hi. 111. Jwm11f•11.1 IN/ins - peroneus tertius muscle
Ji. 111. i11/1'm.,sr·11.1 - interosseous muscle
:rn. "· ct ,·. d(1;ita li.1 tl/('dioli., - medial digital anerv
and vein
:19. m111/f.\ r/rmali.1 11i. j>lalflmi., 111crliali., - dorsal
branch of medial plantar nerve
40. 11. d(�ilal,s /1lr111/aris lll('diafo - medial plantar
digital nerve
,1 I. libio - tibia
4 'J ()_, 111('/alar.w/,· II - metatarsal bone II
4:1. "·' 1111'/ular.wlc Ill - metatarsal bone III
44. /(i:; 11u·lalf/1Jl'llfll /m11.11·cr.w111 stt/){'{firiaf,, - super­
ficial transverse metatarsal ligament
45. /"m 01111/aris ;•agi11m·jilnma1· d(liili - anular fas­
cia of digits
165
· Horse. Skeletal topography with arteries of tibia and distal extremity of pelvic limb. Medial view.
(According to a radiograph.J

Figure 163

36

23

1. j>afel/a - patella 18. os sesamoidcum dis/ale - distal sesamoid bone

2. tmc/dea ossis femoris - trochlea of femur 19. a. feuwmlis - femoral artery
3. c,11116•/11s nwdialis ossis fc111oris - medial condyle 20. a. saj1he11a - saphenous artery
of femur 21. a. fnuoris rn11dalis - caudal femornl artery
4. c011dylm media/is tibiae - medial condyle of ti- 22. a. j)l)j>lif{'(J - popliteal artery
bia 23. a. tibia/is cmnialis - cranial tibial artery
5. fibula - fibula 24. a. tibia/is taudalis - caudal tibial artery
6. malleo/11s ml'dialis - medial malleolus 25. ra11111s caudalis ,,. sa/1lw11rw - caudal branch of
7. rnlcmwus - calcaneus saphenous artery
8. !al/IS - talus 26. m11111s m1111J11111imus a. jc11wris rnudalis l'f a. saJ>hr·-
9. os tarsi fflllmle {os 11m•ic11/orc) - central tarsal 11ae - communicating branch of caudal fe­
bone (navicular bone) moral artery and saphenous artery
I0. os tarsale Ill {os rn1wifom11• /atr•mle) - tarsal bone 27. a. 11wl//'(J/aris wudali., lalnalis - lateral caudal
III (lateral cuneiform bone) malleolar artery
I 1. os farsale I el II (m cr111r•1for111e 111edioinlnJ1/f•di11111) 28. a. d11rsalis j){'{/is - dorsal pedal artery
- tarsal bone I and II (mediointermediate 29. a. farsea f>1'1frm111s - perforating tarsal artery
cuneiform bone) :lO. ,,. 11wlalrm{'(/ dorsalis Ill - dorsal metatarsal ar-
12. os 111e/alomde fl, a. 111e/o/orsm j>/011/aris Ill - me­ tery III
tatarsal bone II, plantar metatarsal artery III :l I. a. jila11taris 1Jtedioli.1 - medial plantar artery
13. os metaforsale III - metatarsal bone III 32. a. J1/011faris latcralis - lateral plantar artery
14. os s<·sm1wide11111 J>rrni11udr· - proximal sesamoid 33. a. 111efafarsm plonforis If - plantar metatarsal
bone artery II
15. j1hala11, J1roxi111alis {os co111J1edolr•) - proximal 34. a. digitalis media/is - medial digital artery
phalanx 35. a. d(!iilolis lo/em/is - lateral digital artery
1G. j>lwlmt\' media (os rnmnole) - middle phalanx 36. r,111111.1 "· J1mf1111drw fmwris - branch of deep
I 7. J>lwlonx distalis (11s 1111g 11lore) - distal phalanx femoral artery

166
Horse. Hoof Le/� intact hoof capsule, plantar or ground surface. Right lateral view of hoof without capsule.

Figure 164

I. /11/'lls mm,,111 - bulb of hoof

2. l'l'IIS ri11wi 111Nliale - medial ridge
:i, aj1n rn1wi - apex of frog
4. .wlrns nn1ct,lis /'t'llim{is - central sulcus
5. .I/I/rm Jmrm·1ow1dis /111,,mlis - lateral collateral
sulcus
6. jlaril's mm,·w - wall
7. cmjlus sol,·ac - body of sole
8. n11.1 s11/mc 1111g11ft", - crus of sole
<J, Jwn i11flr'.\'II 111Nlia/i.,· - medial bar
I 0. ,111g11l11s 1111,�11l1w - angle of w.ill
I I. ::,111<1 alba (li11r'a alba) - white zone (white line)
I 2. cori11111 li111bi (<, /i111ilam) - perioplic corium
I 3. rnri11111 c11m1u11, - coronal curium
14. cori11111 J1arif'lis - corium of wall 15
15. co11/11m ca/1.111/ac 1111g11fm, - contour of capsule
of hoof

i Horse. Sagittal section through distal portion of thoracic limb.

(According to Zietschmann.)
l :

Figure 165

9. cajwtla arlirnlatir111is i11li'1j1/1t,lm1.�Nf/' J1rmi11wlis -

capsule of proximal intcrphalangeal articula­
tion
I 0, Cajmda arlitulationis i11/r•1J1hfllflll,�t•tlf' dis/a/is -
18 capsule of distal interphalangeal articulation
11. 111. in/Nour·us - interosseous muscle
23 12. 111• .Jlt·,or d!i;ilalis Jm,f1111d11s (tcndo) - deep digi­
tal flexor muscle (tendon)
13. 111. flnor digila/is sujlr·,:ficiulis - superficial digi­
tal flexor muscle
14. fig. J1alu1mr (s. i11ft'1Jt•sm1wid,,11111) - palmar liga­
ment (same as intersesamoid)
15. ,·ai11fl /('111/i11is s1·110,,i11/is - synovial tendinous
g

sheath
16. l'/'11s {'(!1'111/rtf,, mi. flnoris d(�italis pm/1111di - co­
ronal crus of deep digital flcxor muscle
17. fascia lcm1i110/is d(�iti - terminal fascia of di­
l, os nwlaw,pa!,, Ill - met.icarpal bone III gits
2. plwlm1r pmxi11wlis (os m111pcda/e) - proximal 18. fig. 11wlarn1pc11111 ln11m'1'w1111 m}ll'l:(irifl/1· - super­
phalanx ficial transverse metacarpal ligament
:l. j1l1tilmn: 111edia (os mm111,lr,J - middle phalanx 19. jlan 01111/ari.< ,·a,�i11ac.fihm.,ac d(::iti - anular fas­
4. - distal phalanx
j1halr111.r distafis (os 1111g11/mc) cia of digits
5. os sr·sw11oide11111 distal,, - distal sesamoid bone 20. ldfl rnbrnlanca t;1111ci - subcutaneous fascia of
6. lcndo 111i. t•rlensori< digitalis w11111J1mis - tendon frog
of common digital extensor muscle 21. rn/1.wla 1111g11la,, - capsule of hoof
7, bursa subtn1di11ca 111i. nlcnsoris digitalis ro1111111111is ·22. !/�·. s1'sw1widc11111 rr·ctum - straight sesamoid li-
- subtendinous bursa of common digital ex• gament
tensor muscle 2:l. rnlmr - ergot
8. rnjlsufa arlirnfalionis 111elamrpoplwk111grne - cap­ :Z4. cirrus 11/r'larmj1alis - metacarpal hair tuft
sule of metacarpophalangeal articulation 25. bursa Ji"dotmddcmis - navicular bursa

167
Dog. Skeleton of thoracic limb. Medial view.

Figure 166

1
.
/.
,,.

13

I G. 1JI' rn1J1i i11/1•m1N/ioradiak fr,., .m,J!holmw•

I. ji,.u" .\llb.11·"/111/ari., •- subscapular fossa
2. m/111111 .<rn/111/ai' - neck of scapula
:I. /11/;nrn/11111 S11f!ra.�ll'll11id"k supra-
glenoid tubercle
:l'. rn/JI// h1011ni - head of humerus
4. t11bffrnbo11 111il/ll-' lw111cri minor tu-
bercle of humerus
5. tubcrrn/11111 lll(Jilll h111111·ri major tu-
bercle of humerus
6. t11/wm.1i/m /1'/"l'.i 111ajor major teres cu-
berosity
7. /"()111�r/11s h111111•ri - condyle of humerus
8. 1·pinmdrl11s 111cdiali.1 - medial epicondylc
9. olcam"m - olecranon
I 0. m1j>11.111/uae - body of ulna
11. m/)/1/ radii - head of radius
12. m1j>w radii - body of radius
I :t spati11111 i11/Nom•11111 m1fl'bmd1ii inter-
osseous space of forearm
14. tmd1/i'a radii - trochlea of radius
15. os rmj>i 111"r1·.m,ri11111 (m pisiji,mw) - acces­
sory carpal bone (pisiform bone)
/11111) - intermedioradial carpal bone
(scapholunate bone)
I 7. m cmj>i 11/11ar!' fos triq11("/1"11111) - ulnar car­
pal bone (triangular bone)
a.
I os m1j>ak fl (m tmp1·::oid1w11) - carpal
bone II (trapezoid bone)
19. os cmj>all' I I' fos ha111a/11111) - carpal bone
IV (hamate bone)
20. os m1J1ale fl! (os mj!ila/11111) - carpal
bone III (capitate bone)
21. 0.1 m1j>ale I <os fra/11•::ium) - carpal bone
I (multangular bone)
'.22. d(�it11.1 I - first digit
2:3. o.Ha 111etam1j>alia 1/- V - metacarpal
bones 11-V
24. d,:�·itm V - fifth digit
25. d(�it11s I I' - fourth digit
26. d(�itm l/1 - third digit
'2.7. d(�itw /J - second digit
28. "-' 11wtam1j)(Jk I - metacarpal bone I
'2.9. ".Ha .\/·sa111r,idn1 Jmnim"lia - proximal se­
samoid bones

168
Dog. Skeleton of distal extremity of thoracic limb. Dorsal view.

Figure 167

,,

I. n,1Jm1· mdii - body of radius I I. us m1J,af,, I I' fos l111111(1/t1111) - carpal bone IV
2. m1J>11.1 11/11m· - body of ulna (hamate bone)
:l. rn/111/ 11/1uw - head of ulna I 2. m 1111•/armJ>af,, I - metacarpal bone I
4. tmdi/1·11 mdii - trochlea of radius I :l. fJS 11wtarn1J>al1• If - metacarpal bone II
5. m rnijli 11cc1•.1.wri11111 fos pi.1i/im1w) - accessory 14. 0.1 1111•/arn1J1ok Ill - metacarpal bone III
carpal bone (pisiform bone) 15. os 1111•/armpall' JV - metacarpal bone IV
(i. 0.1 cmpi i11/emwdiomdi11/1· (o.; .1rnj1//()ltll/(l/l/111) - in­ 16. "" lll!'/arn1J>a!t· V - metacarpal bone V
tennediora<lial carpal bone (scapholunate I 7. pll/llm,.\ p1mi11wli.1 d!i;ili I - proximal phalanx
bone) of first digit
7. os m1jli 11/1111/'I' (m /1iq111'1r11111) - ulnar carpal 18. phala11r di.1tali.1 d(i;iti I - distal phalanx of first
bone (triangular bone) digit
8. '" rn1j)(J/c I fo.1 tmpl'::i11111) - carpal bone I (mul­ 19. pl111/a11r J>rori,1111/i.1 d{�ili If - proximal phalanx 22. pltalo/1\ /J/'orim"/i., d(i;ili JV - proximal phalanx
tangular bone) of second digit of fourth digit
CJ. os rn1J1"1t, II (os tmp1·::"id1w11) - carpal bone II 20. j>l//1/(111\' 11/('dia d(i;ili II - middle phalanx of 2�l. plw/1111, 111('(/ia d(i;ili JV - middle phalanx of
(trapezoid bone) second digit fourth digit
10. ,,., m,pale Ill (11.1 mj>ifa/11111) - carpal bone III 21. j>ha/011, distolis d/i;ili If - distal phalanx of se­ 2·t j>lwkmr dist"li.1 d(i;iti JI' - distal phalanx of
(capitate bone) cond digit fourth digit

169
Dog. Muscles of thoracic limb. Medial view.

Figure 168

I., I '.111. rnbsca/mfaris - subscapular muscle 15. 111. jlnor w,pi radio/is - flexor carpi radialis
2. 111. sufimsfii11al11s - supraspinous muscle muscle
3. 111. ll"res major - teres major muscle 16. 111. ffnor d,:�itom111 superficiafis - superficial di­
-i. 111. comwbmdtiafis - coracobrachial muscle gital flcxor muscle
5. 111. fa!issi11111s d,mi - latissimus dorsi muscle 17. W//1/l 11/11arr' 111i. ffnoris cmpi 11/11aris - ulnar
6. 111. birefis bmd,ii - biceps brachii muscle head of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
7. ca/ml 1J1ediafe 111i. lricifiilis bmd1ii - medial head 18. mfi11l h11111N"fe 111i. ffr.rnris d(�iton1111 fimf1111di -
of triceps brachii muscle humeral head of deep digital flexor muscle
8. rn//111 {1J11gr1111 111i. trici/1itis bmchii - long head of 19. caj/111 J'(ldiafr, 111i. Jlnoris digit1m1111 J>mji111di - ra­
triceps brachii muscle dial head of deep digital flexor muscle
9. 111. temorfasciae mttebmdtii - tensor fasciae an- 20. 111. abdurlor d(�ili I /011gw - long abductor
tebrachii muscle muscle of first digit
I0. 111. a11m11r·11s - anconeus muscle 21. 111. e,tms11r digito1w11 cm111111111is - common digi-
I I. 111. brodtiafis - brachia! muscle tal extensor muscle
12. 111. bmdrioJ'(ldiafis - brachioradial muscle 22. /oms (j/llh•i1111s) rmfwlis - carpal pad
13. 111. e.,te11sor mtjli mdialis - extensor carpi radi­ 2:1. toms (j/llh•i1111s) 11wtacmj)(/lis - metacarpal pad
alis muscle 24. t11ruli (j/llh-i11iJ d(i;italr·s - digital pads
14. 111. /mmat11r lrres - pronator teres muscle

170
Dog. Muscles of thoracic limb. Lateral view.
Figure 169
I. j)({n tlmmcirn 111i. /m/w::.ii - thoracic part of tra­
pezius muscle
2. /><m crr,•icalis 111i. lm/J<'::ii - cervical part of tra-
pezius muscle
3. 111. s11pmsjJi11ul11s - supraspinous muscle
4. 111. i11fmspi11a/us - infraspinous muscle
5. Jmn srnjmlaris 111i. rMtoidr·i - scapular part of
deltoid muscle
6. J><m ucrr1111ialis mi. ddtoidei - acromial part of
deltoid muscle
7. rn/m/ /1111g11111 mi. lricipitis brae/Iii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
8. ca/ml /at,•mlt• mi. lricijiilis bmchii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
9. tuherrnlu111 111rljw l11111wri - major tubercle of
humerus
I 0. rnrtilago m,pnla,• - cartilage of scapula
I I. spina smpulac - spine of scapula
12. 111. biceps brad,ii - biceps brachii muscle
I 3. 111. bmchiulis - brachia! muscle
14. 111. tr·,-r·s major - teres major muscle
15. 111. bmchiomdialis - brachioradial muscle
16. 111. ,-x/1•111m· cmJ,i mdiafo - ex tensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
I 7. 111, £'X/(')lsor digi/f1rn111 co1111111111is - common digi­
tal extensor muscle
18. 111. abductor digiti I l011g11s - long abductor
muscle of first digit
19. 111. n-trwor di_�iti I !'I d(�ili II - extensor muscle
of digits I and II
20. 111. rmco11e11s - anconeus muscle
21. 111. n/emor digi/11nu11 latnalis - lateral digital
extensor muscle
22. rnput uhwn- 111i. flnoris cmpi u/11aris - ulnar
head of flexo1· carpi ulnaris muscle
2:1. rn/m/ h11111emle 111i. fl,•xoris cmjJi ulnaris - humer­
al head of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
24. 111. nle11sor cmpi u/11aris - extensor carpi ulna­
ris muscle
25. 111. abd11c/or digili V - abductor muscle of fifth
digit
26. 111111. i11/nossf'i - interosseous muscles
171
Dog. Dissection of shoulder and upper arm. Medial view.
Figure 170
-----
I. 111. .w·rm/11.1 ,·c11/m/i, - ventral serratus muscle
'2. 111..rnb,tajmloris - subscapular muscle
:1. "· ,,1 ,'. mfom/J11l!Jri.1 - subscapular artery and
vein
,i_ 111. ln,·.1 1110)01 - teres major muscle
5. 111. .111/11a.</!i110/11.1 - supraspinous muscle
!i. "· (/\ilforis - axillary artery
7. ;•. "'il/(lris - axillary vein
B. 11. mrlioli.1 - radial nerve
!). 11. 11111sc11/oru/c11w11s - n1usculocutc1ncous nerve
172
----A
I0. ,·. lm1d1ia!i,, 11. 11l,wris - brachia! vein, ulnar
nerve
I I. n hmd1iafis, 11. 1/l('r/io1111s - brachia! artery, me-
dian nerve
1'2. 11• . 111j>m.1mj111/aris- suprascapular nerve
1:l. 11. subsrnjmlari., - subscapular nerve
14. 11. f/\illari.< - axillary nerve
15. "· ,., ,'. s11b.lmjJ11/ari.1 - subscapular artery and
vein
I(i. 11. 1/"1mwd"nafi.1, a. l'I ,'. th"mmd"rndis - thora­
codorsal nerve, artery and vein
17. o. ri1n1111(/no h11111ni cm11io/i.1, 111. J>rrlom/i., Jm,(1111-
rfw (,. a.ff1'Jl(/c11s) - cranial circumflex humeral
artery, deep pectoral muscle (same a�
ascending)
18. h1. arifforis - axillary lymph node
19. /11. 01iffaris acr,,s.wrim - accessorv axillarv
lymph node
20. 111. lati.ui11111s doni - latissimus dorsi muscle
21. 111. comm/11ad1iafis - coracobrachial muscle
22. 111. binj,s hmd,ii - biceps brachii muscle
2:l. 111. j,1,clmalis mj)n(irialis (.1. ,k.1ce11dc11s) - superfi­
cial (same as descending) pectoral muscle
24. ,·. U'f!hafim, a. bmd1i"li.1 .rnJwr/ici"li, - cephalic
vein, superficial brachia! artery
25. a. d 1·. 11wdimw - median artery and vein
2!i. 1w1111s .111/!njiciofi.1 ui. mdiali., - superficial
branch of radial nerve
'27. a. el 1·. mllat,ndis 11h1aris - collateral ulnar ar­
tery and vein
'28. a. ,:, 1•. pmji111da bmchii - deep brachia! ai-tery
and vein
29. rnJml '""g"u' 111i. t,i,-ij,ili., lm1d1ii - long head of
triceps hrachii muscle
:rn. 111. /i'11.1or j<1sciac m1tcbmd1ii - tensor fasciae an­
tebrachii muscle
:1 I. mp11! 111Nli"le 111i. trinj1ili.1 bmchii - medial head
of triceps brachii muscle
n 11. c11f<11w11s u11tcbmchii mudalis. 111. "11r,11wm -
caudal cutaneous nerve of forearm, anconeus
muscle
:l:L 111. bmd,iali.,. 11. rnla111·w a11/chmchii 11wdi"fi.1
brachia! muscle, medial cutaneous nerve of
foreann
:l4. 111. nlc1m11 cmt,i mdiali.1 - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
'.Fi. 111. /m11wt,11· 1,,,.,,.1 - pronator teres muscle
:Hi. 111. /fnor rn,pi radiafo - flexor carpi radialh
muscle
:l7. 111. //n"r di_�ilor11111 _,11p1·r/iciali.1 - superficial di­
gital flexor muscle
:\8. rnjlal 1,/11111,, 111i. .fln"ri., rn,pi a/11ari., - ulnar
head of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
:l!J. 111. brac/1iwrj1halirns (111. drid11bmd1iafis) - bra­
chiocephalic muscle (cleidobrachial muscle)
Dog. Cross sections through arm (A) and forearm (B, CJ..Levels of sections shown in Figures 170 and 172.

Figure 171

I !t1111u·r11., - humerus
2. radius - radius
:1, ,,/1111 - ulna
-i. 111. hmd1i,,/i., - brachia! muscle
5.
fi,
111. hir1·p., IJ1(/{hii - bicep, brachii muscle
"1/>u/ lotnu/1· 111i. l1iriJiili1 lm1d1ii - lateral head
•
of triceps brachii muscle
7. ,·"put (/Hf'.t\fJ1111., 1//i, t,iciJ,iti., fmuhii - accessorv
head of triceps brachii muscle
8. rn/)11/ /011,;u111 111i. trinpiti., l11w /,ii - long head of
triceps brachii muscle
9. rnput 11wdi"II' 1//i, llicipiti., fm,d1ii - medial head
of triceps brachii muscle
I0. 11. i11/1•rmsto/J1"d1iulis - intercostobrachial nerve
11. 111, /('11.1111 ,losrim· <111t,·hmd1ii - tensor fasciac an­
tebrachii muscle
12. 111. l"tiui111m doni - latissimus dorsi muscle
1:L 111. J1fflomli., pm/i111dw (.,_ am·11i/('ll.1) - deep pec­
toral muscle (same as ascending)
1-1-. //I, l)('('/tJ/"(//i< SII/Jl'r/iria/i,· fr dr•.1(1'//(/('11.1) - SU perfi­
cial (same as descending) pectoral muscle
15, 111. fm1rhiw,plwlirn., (111. dr·idfJl1md1ioli1) - bra-
chiocephalic muscle (cleidobrnchial muscle)
1fi. "· f'I ;•, fnud1iolis - brachia! ancrv and vein
17, 11. 111mrn/,,1u/011('J(.\ - musculocutaneous nerve
B
l 8. 11. 111,•di"111" - median nerve
1<J. 11. 11/1u11i, - ulnar nerve
20. ,.. u'fil/fllim - cephalic vein
21. "· m/{u/f'mli, mdiali.1, 11. mdio/i,. - radial col­
lateral arterv, radial nerve
22. 111. lnuchifJmdiali., - brachioradial muscle
2:1. 111. f'\/f//.Wf m1pi 1(/di"li., - extensor carpi radi­
al is muscle
24. 111. l'\lcnsor rl�t/ilon,111 co111111u11i.� - coInn1on digi­
tal extensor muscle
25. 111. .rnpi11ulm - supinator muscle
26. 111. ubd11c/11r di_i;iti I lo11,1�w - long abductor
muscle of first digit
27. 111. ntnwn rn,pi 11!11aris - extensor carpi ulna­
ris muscle
2B. 111. pm11,J/or q1uulml11s - pronato1· quadratus C
muscle
29. 111, /m111utor INt's - pronator teres muscle
:JO., :Hl'., :W". 1n nf<'IIS"r di_i;ilfJrum latnali< - lateral
digital extensor muscle
:W'. 111. ,,,11•11.1fJr di_i;iti III I'/ di_i;ili IV - extensor
muscle of digits III and IV
:lO". 1//, n/rn.wr di_i;iti I' - extensor muscle of fifth
digit
:l 1. 111. 1·,t1w1ir d(11iti I l'I d(11iti II - extensor muscle
of digits I and II :15', rnp11t 11/11arr· 111i, ,llf'\oris rn1pi 11/11ari., - ulnar -1-0. a.,., i'. 111('(/imta - median artery and vein
:l2., :l:I., :l4, 111. jl!'\or d(//iflirum Jm1(111ul11.1 - deep head of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle ,i I. a. r111tcbmchi11/i.1 mpnfiri11/is rra11iuli1, m11111.1 f"fl'l"(J­
digital flexor muscle :·15". mJml h1111u·1alr· 111i. fln"ris mi/ii 11l1111ris - hu­ lis mmi rnpnjiciu{is 11i. mdialis - cranial superfi­
:l2. rn/m/ radial,, 1//i, . fln11ris d1:i;ilomm /mdi111di - ra­ meral head of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle cial artery of forearm, lateral branch of su­
dial head of deep digital flexor muscle :l6. 111, j!1•\11r d(1;if,,rn111 s11p1·r/icialis - superficial di­ perficial branch of radial nerve
:l:l., 33'., :l:l". mJ!11f /111111/'ralc 111i. jtn"ris d(1;it,11w11 pm­ gical flexor muscle 42. ·,,, ujiltalim - cephalic vein
/i111di - humeral head of deep digital flexor :l7, 111, f/,,_,or rn1pi mdiolis - flexor carpi radialis -i:1, m11111.1 111f'dialis a. bmrhi"lis supa/icialis. ra11111., 111r·­
muscle muscle di11/is ra111i mp,·1jidafo 11i, mdiu{is - medial
:M. rnp111 11/111//'I' 111i. fk,oris d(11itorn111 /m!/i111di - ul­ :lll. a. ct,,, c"ll"tl'l'a!i.1 11!11oris - collateral ulnar arte­ branch of superficial brachia! artery, medial
nar head of deep digital flexor muscle ry and vein branch of superficial branch of radial nerve
:Vi., :l5'., :l5". 111. jlnor rn1/ii 11hwris - flexor carpi :19. a. I'/ i'. i11lero.u,·a co1111111111is - com1non inter­ 44. u. l/l('dia11a - median artery
ulnaris muscle osseous artery and vein 45. u. mdialis - radial artery

173
Dog. Dissection of forearm. Medial view.

Figure 172

---8

----c

I. "· bwd1iolis - brachia! artery
2. 1•. bmd1ialis - brachia! vein
3. a. brachia/is s11J}('1jkialis - superficial brachia!
artery
4. rr1111w latf'l"alis rami s11perficia/is 11i. radialis - lat­
eral branch of superficial branch of radial
nerve
5. 1·. cejJhalica, ramus media/is rami supe,ficialis 11i.
mdialis - cephalic vein, medial branch of SU·
perficial branch of radial nerve
6. m. birr•ps brad1ii - biceps brachii muscle
7. 11. mcdia1111s - median nerve
8. 111. Jm11wlor h•res - pronator teres muscle
9. 111. flewn· cmj,i mdi<1lis - flexor carpi radialis
muscle
I0. "· d ,'. coflatnalis ul11aris - collatera) ulnar ar•
tery and vein
11. 11. 1tf11aris - ulnar nerve
12. 11. rnla11rus r111tr•brachii cm,dalis - caudal cuta­
neous nerve of forearm
13. ram11s 111Nlialis a. brachia/is s11/1e1ficialis, 11. rnta111·11s
a11trbmchii /11('(/ialis - medial branch of super•
ficial brachia! artery, medial cutaneous nerve
of forearm
14. 111. nll'llsor rmf>i mdialis - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
15. 111. brachiomdialis - brachioradial muscle
I 6. m/ml mdiale mi. jll'rnris digi/1Jm111 Jmif1111di ra-
dial head of deep digital flexor muscle
I 7. 111. Jm111otor q11adm/us - pronator quadratus
muscle
18. a. l'I , .. 11wdia11a - median artery and vein
19. a. r•/ 1•. mdialis - radial artery and vein
20. a. media11a - median artery
21. 111. temorfr,scifu, a11tebmd1ii - tensor fasciae an­
tebrachii muscle
22. 111. 1111co11eus - anconeus muscle
23. rnj>ul u/11are 1111: fl<·rnris cm/ii 11/11r,ris - ulnar
head of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
24. 111. jle.H1r d��ilom111 s11/)('lficialis - superficial di­
gital flexor muscle
25. radius - radius
26. 111. fin-or cmpi 11/uoris - flexor carpi ulnaris
muscle
27. 111. abductor digili I /011gus .- long abductor
muscle of first digit
28., 28 '. rn/mt /1111111•m/1· 111i. fll'rnris digiton1111 Jmifu11di
humeral head of deep digital flexor
muscle
29. torus (Jnd1•i1111s) ca1j/(/lis - carpal pad

174
Dog. Dissection of forearm. Lateral view.

Figure 173

12

I. rnp111 l011g11111 111i. lricipilis bmdtii - long head of

triceps brachii muscle 13j
2. mp11! latna/(' 111i. lririjJitis brad,ii - lateral head
of triceps brachii muscle
:l. 111. bice/1s lmtchii - biceps brachii muscle
4. 111. bmr!tiomdiolis - brachioradial muscle
5. 111. <'.\lc11s11r cmJ1i mdialis - extensor carpi radi­
alis muscle
6. 111. 011m11e11s - anconeus muscle
7. 11. rnl<11w1rs 011tebmc/1ii lo/no/is lateral cuta-
neous nerve of forearm
8. i', c111lwlica - cephalic vein
9. ,•. nwdimw rnbiti - median cubital vein
I0. rw1111s 111('(/ialis ra111i Sll/il'lficia/is 11i. mdialis - me­
dial branch of superficial branch of radial
nerve
I I. "· mtlebmc!tialis s11p1•1ficiolis rmnialis - cranial
superficial artery of forearm
12. 11111111s /a/nalis ra111i m/1erficialis ni. mdialis - late­
ral branch of superficial branch of radial
nerve
13. ,•. aj1/wlirn - cephalic vein
14. 111. rxf('//SIJr d(1{il11m111 r111m111111is - common digi­
tal extensor muscle
15. 111. exlmsor d(i;ilom111 la/1•mlis - lateral digital
extensor muscle
16. 111. cxlmsor m,pi u/11a ris - extensor carpi ulna­
ris muscle
17. m/ml 11/nmr 111i. fle.rnris cmpi 11/naris - ulnar
head of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
18. 11. rnlmu·us anft,/m,chii w,ulalis - caudal cu­
taneous nerve of forearm 22. H111111J dl!l:wrlis 11i. 11l11ari.1 dorsal branch of 25. 111. l'llms11r digili I l'I digiti II - extensor muscle
19. Cit/ml !t11111em/(' 111i. fln11ris cmpi ulnaris - humer­ ulnar nerve of digits I and II
al head of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle 23. 1w11us palnwris 11i. 11/,wris palmar branch of 26. toms (f!11'1•i1111s) cmJ){//is - carpal pad
20. a. el 1•. mlloleralis 11/naris - collateral ulnar ar­ ulnar nerve 27. 111. abrluc/or digiti V - abductor muscle of fifth
tery and vein 24. 111. abd11c/11r d(i:iti I l1111g11s - long abductor digit
21. 11. u/11aris - ulna,· nerve muscle of fir�t digit 28. radius - radius

175
Dog. Dissection of distal portion of left thoracic limb. Dorsal view.

Figure 174

I. 111. obr/11{ /11r di�tli I /,111,t;111 - long abductor 1 H. ,·. di_�itolts rlon11/il m111111w11., Ill, 11. r!t_!;t/11/i.1 d,11 •
muscle of fh,t digit .,ali., n1111m11nis Ill - common dorsal digital
2. 111. n/1•11111r m1fii mdi11/i.< -· extensor carpi vein and nerve II I
1 adialis muscle I <J. ,,. 1·/ ,'. di1;1t1d11 dm.wli., Jimjnia !I l11frmli.,, 11.

3. ,·. nj,l11r/1rn (lff1•.1,. ori11 - accessory cephalic digitalis dona/i, J1mjni11s !I lateralis - lat­
vein eral proper dorsal digital artery, vein and
4. m11111.1 11wrli11/is m111i w/H·1:fi1i11li., 111. rmlioli.l (11, nerve II
d(t.;iluhs dursolis 01111m1111iJ /), H111111J 111nli"/i' ,,. �O. o. l'i ,'. di_�ilali, d11n11/i.1 J>m/11 ia I!I 111/'dialis, 11.
1111!d1md1ialis 1. 11/1,.,jicioli., nwtialis - medial di_i:1'/ali.1 don11li., jlmjm111 Ill l//1'd1ali.1 - medial
branch of superficial hrnnch of radial proper dorsal digital artery, vein and
nerve (common dorsal digital nerve I), nerve Ill
medial branch of cranial superficial ar­ 21. a. d(1;ilalix Jmh1111ris m11w11mi.1 !II - common
tery of forearm palmar digital artery III
5. ,·. (l•filwlim - cephalic vein 22. 11. l'I i'. d(�ilali., rlonalis pmpri11 If! latl'lalis, 11.
fi. 111. nif'11w11 d(�iti I ,., d(t;ili !I - extensor digita/i., dona/is jlmjlrius /[/ lat,•,alix - lateral
muscle of digits I and II proper dorsal digital artcrv, vein and
7. 111. t'\li'11.w1 dipJlfJrum c,,1111111111is - co1nrnon nerve III
digital extensor muscle :z:l. 11. 1•/ i'. rli_i:ita/i,· d,ma/is pmj11ia II' 11wdiali.1, 11.
8. 111. r•\/1'/1.wr rli_�i/11111111 la/cm/is - lateral digi­ di_1;it11/is donali.1 pmjiriw 111 11wdiali.1 - medial
tal extensor muscle proper dorsal digital artery, vein and
'l. 111. ,•1/1•11.<01 m,j,i 11l1wris - extensor carpi ul­ nerve IV
naris muscle 24. ,•. di_1;il11fo dornili.< (IJJIIJ/Jllllh II�
11. di,1;it11/i.1 d111-

I 0. m1111n latn11lis m111i wpnfici11li.1 ,,i. mdi11li.,, 11. "· '/is m111u11111i.1 JV - common dorsal digital
r111tdm1d1ialis SU/ll'r/ici11li., cn111ioli.< - lateral vein and nerve IV
branch of superficial branch of radial 25. 11. di_1;ilali.1 don11lis 1w111111111i., /J·' - common
nerve, cranial superficial artery of l'ore­ dorsal digital artery IV
ann 26. 11. 1•/ ,'. di_�it11/i.1 drmali., Jimj>ria IV l111<·mli.<, 11.

11. 11. di,t;i/11/is r/omtf,., /1/llj1riw I l111!·1ofo - lateral d,:i;ilrrlh d,mali< Jm,jlrim JV /11/nalis - lateral
proper dorsal digital nerve I proper dorsal digital artery, vein and
12. ,·. r/1moli.1 d(t;ili I - dorsal vein of first digit nerve IV
I :l. 11. d(�i/11/i; don11/i, j,wj11i11.1 !I 11wdi11li.1 - medi­ 17. "· l'i i'. digitalis dom,li.1 p1op,i11 V J//Nlialix, 11.
al proper dorsal digital nerve II d(i:il11li., d,m11/i.1 jm,prim I' 1111·dialis - medial
14. 11. I'/,'. di_�i/11/is dors11/is proprio II 1111'dia/is - me­ proper dorsal digital artery, vein and
dial proper dorsal digital artery and vein II nerve V
15. a. d1:�it11/i.1 dorsali., m1111111111i., !I - con�mon '.ZB. rwuits d1malis 11i.• 11l11mi.,, 111mm
11. i11ll'mH
. <'OI'
dorsal digital artery II rnudalis - dorsal branch of ulnar nerve,
I G. i'. rf,,,
di_�il11li., dr,rsalis ,. ,,,,,11,1111is If, 11. di.i:it11/is _ branch of caudal interosseous artery
.rnlis m1111111111is !I - common dorsal digital 2D. 111. abdwtor di_1;ili I' - abductor muscle of
vein and nerve lI fifth digit
I 7. a. digilafo donoli.1 m1111111111is Ill - common :lO. 111. i11/1•m1.11·m - interosseous muscle
dorsal digital artery III

176
Dog. Dissection of distalportion of right thoracic limb. Pa/mar view.

Figure 175

I. 111. i11tn:Jlr•11Jri11.1· distolis - distal interflexor 26. 11. d(l{itoli., pal11111ris fi"1fJri11.1 I' /11/t•mlis - lat•
rnusde era! proper palmar digital nerve V
2., 2'. 111. {(f'\or d(�ilon1111 {lm/1111d11s - deep 27. 11. tl(�it,,/is j)((/11111ris CIJ11/1111111is /J� 11. d(!.fi/11/i.1
digital flexor muscle j111/1111,ri., ro1111111111i.1 IV - common palmar
:1.. :l'.. :1". Ill. /lt•,or d(1;ilon1111 <llj11·r/ i<"iali.t - digital nerve and artery IV
supe1-ficial digital flexor muscle 28. 11. 111,·/11u11finr< j111/11wri.t Ill - palmar meta­
4. 111. flnor rn1J>i m1/ioli.1 - flexor carpi radi­ carpal nerve III
alis muscle 29. 11. d(f/i/11/is j)(//11111ris Jimj,ri11.1 /I latcmlis, 11. el 1·.
5. 111. f/1'1111 t111j,i 11/11aris - flexor carpi ulna­ d(l(it11/i., Jia/111oris jJmprio If lat1·mlis - la­
ris muscle teral proper palmar digital nerve, artery
6. 111. ahd11f/or d(�ili I hr!'i'i., - short abductor and vein II
muscle of first digit :IO. 11. d(:;itali., p11!11111ris Jlmj,rius Ill 111nli11/i.1,
7. ,'. n,pl,a/im - cephalic vein a. l'I ,·. d(t;itolis p11/11111ris pmpri11 Ill nu·di-
8. a. 111nli1111a 1•/ 11. 111Nli111111S - median artery 11/is - medial proper palmar digital
and nerve nerve, artery and vein III
!J. m11111s Jial11111ri., 11i. 11/11ari.t palmar :\I. 11. digit11/is pa/111aris JnojJrius Ill /atemlis, a. et
branch of ulnar nerve ,·. d(1iit11/is j)(l/111aris proj)ria Ill lateralis -
I 0. m111w domt!is 11i. 11/11aris - dorsal branch lateral proper palmar digital nerve,
of ulnar nerve artery and vein III
I I. o., cmj>i 11crrm,ri11111 fos pisijimul') - accesso­ ·'-·
")
11. d(iiila/i.< p11/1111tris jlmjnillS II' /11/nolis, a. ,,1
ry carpal bone (pisiform bone) IV latemlis - lat­
;•. digitalis J111/111aris Jimpri"
I 2. 111. 11dd11clor d(�iti I - adductor muscle of ernl proper palmar digital nerve, artery
first digit and vein IV
I:I. 111. f/1'\flr d(1;it1 I bn,;•i, - shol't flexor 11. digitali.t p11/11111ris Jm,pri11s IV 11wdialis, 11. el
muscle of first digit ,'. tl(lii/11/is j)(l/11111ri.1 Jm,pria fl' 1J1Nli11/is -
14. 111. abductor d(f/ili I '"".1;1/J -
long abductor medial proper palmar digital nerve, ar­
muscle of first digit tery and vein IV
I5. 111. 11bd11ctor d(l(iti I' - abductor muscle of 11.d(l{'if11/is palmaris JimjJrius V 1111'di11/is, o. et 1•.
fifth digit d(liitali.1 Jml11111ris Jimj,ria I' llll'dialis - me­
I fi. 111. f/,,.11,r d(,;iti I' brn•is - short flexor dial proper palmar digital nerve, artery
muscle of fifth digit and vein V
17., 18. 111111. i11ll'ms.<1'i - interosseous muscles :15. arms ;•1•1wms palmaris distalis - distal pal­
19. m111. /11111brica/e; - lumbrical muscles mar venous arch
20. 11. d(//italis prt!maris t'flll/11/flllis I, "· d(,;itolis :Hi. ra11111s 11d tfl/"11111 1111·tac111j,alr111 - branch of
p11/11111ris m1111111111is I - common palmar metac;1rpal pad
digital nerve and artery I :17. 11. di italis Jio/111ari., C1J1111111mis II - common
g

21. 11. digitalis p11!111oris Jimjiri11s II 111edio/is - palmar digital nerve II

medial proper palmar digital nerve II :18. 11. digi/11/i.1 pal111aris Cf/1J11111111is Ill com­
22. 11. digi/o/is Jio/111aris r111111111111is If, o. d(,;ito/i, mon palmar digital nerve III
p,,!,umis r1111111/f111is II - common palmar '.l9. 11. digi/11/is Jia/111aris C1J//11111111is If' - com­
digital nerve and artery II mon palmar digital nerve IV
21. 11. d(//·itolis pal111oris m1111111111is Ill, a. di,l{it"lis 40. 11. d(iii/11/is pal111aris Jm,prius I /11/emlis - lat­
pal111ori.1 rn1111111111is Ill - common palmar eral proper palmar digital nerve I
digital nerve and artery III ,�I. 11. 1111·t11rmjin1s pah11aris - palmar metacar­

24. rm1111s J!mf1111tl11s m111i jJo/11111ris 11i. 11/11oris - pal nerve I

deep branch of palmar branch of ulnar 42. 11. d(f/"it11/is pal111aris m1111111111is I - common

nerve palmar digital nerve I

25. 1w1111s s11perficialis m111i pa/111aris 11i. 11/11oris, a. 43. 11. 1111•tacm/Jt'II.I p11/111aris II - palmar meta­

i11tm,ss1•11 mudalis - superficial branch of carpal nerve II

palmar branc� of ulnar nerve, caudal 44. 11. 1111'/ararj>ellS jJo/11111ris IV - palmar meta­
interosseous artery carpal nerve IV

177
Dog. Skeleton ofpelvic limb. Medial view.

Figure 176

1. t11b1·r sacm/e - sacral tuber 22. fibula - fibula

2. tubermrne - tuber coxae 23. crmdylus media/is tibiae - medial condyle of ti-
;3. ala ossis ili11111 - wing of ilium bia
4. faries a11rirnlaris - auricular surface 24. 111berosilas tibiae - tuberosity (If tibia
5. cmj111s ossis i/i11111 - body of ilium 25. corpw tibiae - body of tibia
6. os fi11bis - pubis 26. 111al/eolus 111edialis - medial malleolus
7. e111i11n1lia iliofi11bim - iliopuhic eminence 27. calcm1ew - calcaneus
8. sfiina isd,iadica - ischiatic spine 28. ta/11s - talus
9. forr111u·11 obtura/11111 - obturator foramen 29. os tarsi centrale (os naz,irnlare) - central tarsal
I 0. tuber ischiadirn111 - ischiatic tuber bone (navicular bone)
27 11. facies sy111fihysialis ossis co.me - symphyseal sur- 30. os tarsale IV (os cuboide11111) - tarsal bone IV
face of os coxae (cuboid bone)
12. foSS11 trodwnterica - trochanteric fossa 31. os tarsale Ill (os c1111eiforme laterale) - tarsal bone
13. lmchrmler 111i11or - minor trochanter III (lateral cuneiform bone)
I 4. (()tjms ossis je1J1oris - body of femur 32. os /arsale II (os rn11eifor111e intennedium) - tarsal
15. trocl,/ea ossisfenwris - trochlea of femur bone II (intermediate cuneiform bone)
JG. <'/>icond )'lus 1J1edia/is - medial epicondyle 33. os tarsale I (os cuneifor111e mediale) - tarsal bone
I 7. (()l/({v/11s media/is ossis f<'11wris - medial condyle I (medial cuneiform bone)
of femur 34. ossa metatarsalia II- V - metatarsal bones
18. ossa S<'.f/111/IJidm mi. gastromemii (Jabl'ilal') - sesa­ 11-V
moid bones of gastrocnemius muscle (fabel­ 35. ossa sesamoidea proximalia - proximal sesamoid
lae) bones
19. w11<{)'!11s /a/era/is ossis fe/J/oris - lateral condyle 36. ossa digiti II - bones of second digit
of femur 37. ossa digiti V - bones of fifth digit
20. /JaM/a - patella 38. ossa digiti Ill - bones of third digit
2 l. os ses1mwide11111 1/ii. poplitei - sesamoid bone of 39. ossa digiti IV - bones of fourth digit
popliteal muscle

178
 Dog. Muscles ofpelvic limb. Medial view.

Figure 177

::-------....,
�J [ / ·-.:-......
. 1-�-

--.:;----..., -
,. '-

, .....
1�,.
. ' . 3

18

I. 1•erlebm lumbalis VJ/ - seveth lumbar vertebra
2. r,s sacrum - sacrum
3. 111. sacruamdalis d111wlis media/is - medial dorsal
sacrocaudal muscle
4. 111. sacmcaudalis ,'(!11fmlis lr1ten:1/is - lateral ven-
tral sacrocaudal muscle
5. 111. ilio/m,as - iliopsoas muscle
6. 111. ps<K1s 111ill11r - psoas minor muscle
7., 8. 111. le,'<tfor cmi (111. coccygeus media/is - levator
ani muscle (medial coccygeal muscle)
7. 111. ilir,coccygem - iliococcygeal muscle
8. 111. isc/1iop11bucoccyge11s - ischiopubococcygeal
muscle
9. · 111. i,bt11rof1Jri11s' i11lt'rn11s - internal obturator
muscle
10. facies SJ'lltj,lrysialis ,,ssis mrne - symphyseal sur­
face of os coxac
I J. 1°e11tcr cmuialis mi. sart11rii - cranial belly of ·
sartorius muscle
12. 1•e11ler caudalis mi. sarlorii - caudal belly of sar-
torius muscle
13. 111. rect11sfe1111Jris - -straight femoral muscle
14. 111. mslus medinlis - medial vastus muscle
15. 111. />ecti11e11s - pectineus muscle
I 6. 111. "dd11ct11r - adductor muscle
17. ///. gracilis - gracilis muscle
18. 111. se111i111c111brmws111 semi membranous
muscle
19. 111. se111ile11di11osm - semitendinous muscle
20. te11d11 calca11e11s - calcaneal tendon
21. m. exle11s111· digi/111·11111 /m1g11s - long digital ex­
tensor muscle
22. 111. t'X/e11sm· digit,m1111 brel'is - short digital ex­
tensor muscle
23. ca/ml mediate mi. gasfmmemii - medial head of
gastrocnemius muscle
23'. lendo mi. trici/>ilis mrae - tendon of triceps su­
rae muscle
24. 111. jle.,·flr digilrm1111 ·suj,e1ficialis - superficial di­
gital flexor muscle
25. 111. Jmj,liteus - popliteal muscle
26. 111. Jlexar digiton1111 lrmg1Lf - long digital flexor
muscle
27. 111. tibia/is caudalis - caudal tibial musdc
28. le11do mi. Jlexoris digilomm />m/1111di - tendon of
deep digital flexor muscle
29. 111. ititemsseus - interosseous muscle
30. 111. extensor digiti I l1111g11s - long extensor
muscle of first digit
31. 111. fle.,'t>r digiti I t,111g11s - long flexor muscle of
first digit
:.12. 111. tibia/is cmnialis - cranial tibial muscle

179
Dog. Muscles ofpelvis and pelvic limb. Lateral view.

Figure 178

---�
..- - .: :"•
. . .';;:....
.

4
........ .

· I. l'l'llter crtllli{l/is mi. sarlt1rii - cranial belly of
sartorius muscle
2. 111. gl11te11s 111edi11s - middle gluteal muscle
3. 111. gl11te11s snJ,e1ficinli.r - superficial gluteal
muscle
4. 111. sacmcaurla/is dt1rS<1lis lalt'f<tlis - lateral dorsal
sacrocaudal muscle
5. 111. i11tertm11s1•e1'St11'ius m11dt1e - intertransverse
muscle of tail
6. 111. coccygeus - cocc-ygeal muscle
7. m. sacmcmulalis 1v•11/ralis /a/t•mlis - lateral yen­
tral sacrocaudal muscle
8. m. tensor fascia<' /ala<• - tensot fas.ciae latae
muscle
1
22 9. m/ml sit/)(llficiale (s. ,'t'r/ebrnle) mi. biciJ,itis fi•11111rii
- superficial head (same as vertebral) of bi­
ceps femoris muscle
9'. m/ml Jmif1111d11111 (s. pe/.,i,,11111) mi. bicij>ilis fe11111ris
- de1rp head (same as pelvic) of biceps femo•
ris muscle
Ill. 111111. ,l{<'111elli - gemelli muscles
I I. 111. q1wdrat11sfe111oris - quadratus femoris musclt·
12. 111. mslus laiemlis - lateral vastus muscle
1:l. 111. adductor - adductor muscle
14. 1•r11ter mudalis mi. se111i111l'll1bm1111si - caudal lid
ly of semimembrant>us muscle
14'. l'<!lllercm11ialis mi. sc111i111"'11bm11t1si - cranial bel­
ly of semimembranous muscle
15. 111. abductor cmris caudalis - caudal crural ab­
ductor muscle
16. 111. gastmcmm1i11s - gastrocnemius muscle
17. 111. fle.n,r di1,tit,,ru111 s11pe1ficialis - superficial di­
gital flexor muscle
17'. tmdi11es 111i. flexoris digif,11w11 s11pe1ficialis - ten­
dons of superficial digital flexor muscle
18. 111. flr.wr di1,tili l lm1g11s - long flexor muscle of
first digit
19. 111. tibia/is crn11ialis - cranial tibial muscle
·2o) 111. exth1sor digitmw11 /1111gus - long digital ex­
tensor muscle
21,.! 111. />er<mrus lml!J'IIS - long pei·oneal muscle
12) 111. c•xlemr>r digit,mm1 la/nr,/is - lateral digital
extensor muscle
22'. tn1clo mi. exte11soris di._1;ifmw11 latemlis - tendon of
lateral digital extensor muscle
2�) 111. pem11eus bm•is - short pernneal muscle
14. 111. t•xte.11sm· digit11m111 brei'is - short' digital ex­
. tensor muscle
15. 111. abrluct,,r r/igili V - abductor muscle of fifth
digit
:l6. 111. i11lemsse11s - interosseous muscle

180
Dog. Dissection of lateral surface of croup and thigh.

Figure 179

I. 1·1,11/n cra11ialis 111 i. sarlorii - cranial belly of

sartorius muscle
2. 111. l!'mor fa scia!' Iola!' - tensor fasciae latae
muscle
3. m111i dorS1Jles 11er1•oru111 s11rmli11111 (1111. d1111i 11111 //U'­
dii) - dorsal branches of sacral nerves
(middle clunial nerves)
4. 111. ,1;l1 111,11s 111uli 1 1s - middle gluteal muscle
5. 111. g/1111'115 s11pn/friolis - superficial gluteal
muscle
6. 111. sacmca11dalis dorsalis fall'mlis - lateral dorsal
sacrocaudal muscle
7. 111. i 11t 1•rlm11s1•flJttri11s ca11da1, - intertransversc.
muscle of tail
8. o. ,,1 i'. wudalis latna/is - lateral caudal artery
and vein
9. 111. rr1cci:w·11s (/afrralis) - coccygeal muscle Oat­
eral)
I0. 11. et 1·. g/ 11/!'a mudalis - caudal gluteal artery
and vein
11. 111. srtcrorn11dalis 1·,•11/ra{is falerolis - lateral ven­
tral sacrocaudal muscle 18'. 1•e11ter caudalis mi. se111ime111b rauosi - caudal 28. 11. rnta1 1eus SllliU' raudolis - caudal cutaneous
12. mp11t s11j1l'ljiciale (s. 1•nl!'brafe) 111i. bici/1itis fr11101is belly of semimembranous muscle sural nerve
- superficial head (same as vertebral) of bi­ I9. 111. se111ite11di11osw - semitendinous muscle 29. i'. sophena lateralis, ra11111s rnlmu•us ni. tibia/is -
ceps femoris muscle 20. 111. abductor cmris ca11dali s - caudal crural ab- lateral saphenous vein, cutaneous branch of
13. mjml fimf1111d11111 (s. jJd1·i1111111) 111i. bici/Jitis J1•11wris ductor muscle tibial nerve
- deep head (same as pelvic) of biceps femo­ 21. 11. iscltiadiws - ischiatic nerve 30. 11. rutmu,11s fr111oris {a/no/is - lateral cutaneous
ris muscle 22. In. jJopliteus - popliteal lymph node nerve of femur
14. 111. 1·astm /011,mlis - lateral vastus muscle 23. 11. tibia/is - tibial nerve :l I. 11. rnt1111ms fr111oris caudolis - caudal cutaneous
15. 1 11 111. gr'lllelli - gemclli muscles 24. 11. J1ero11e11s w111111w1is - common peroneal nerve of femur
I(i. 111. qtwdmtus fr111oris - quadratus femoris nerve 32. 111. jJirijimnis - piriform muscle
muscle 25. 111. gastrorne111i11s - gastroi;:nemius muscle :13. m11111s o. rt ,'. rirc11111flcxa e ilium /m,f1111dae, m11111s
17. 111. adductor - adductor muscle 26. a. el 1•.fe11wralis - femoral artery and vein ui. _1[111/t'i rm 11ialis - branch of deep circumflex
18. ,•1•1 1/cr cranialis mi. se111i1 11e111brmwsi - cranial 27. a. el 1•. caudalis femoris - caudal femoral artery iliac artery and vein, branch of cranial glu­
belly of semimembranous muscle and vein teal nerve

181
 Dog. Dissection of medial surface of pelvis and thigh.
Figure 180
---
I. ;•ertebra l11111balis VII - seventh lumbar vertebra
2. os sacrum - sacrum
3. 1'. cm·a mudalis - caudal vena cava
4. aorta - aorta
5. 1•. iliaca co1111111111is si11istra, a. iliaca n-tema si11istra,
11. genitofe111oralis - left common iliac vein, left
external iliac artery, genitofemoral nerve
6. a. iliam i11terua (si11istm) - internal iliac artery
(left)
7. 1•. iliaca t•xtema (dextm) - external iliac vein
(right)
182
--A
8. a. iliarn t•xtema (dt·xtra) - external iliac artery
(right)
9. "· iliaw co1111111111is (dntm) - common iliac vein
(right)
I 0. 11. ischiadirns, a. pudenda i11tn11a, 1•. iliarn i11t1•ma -
ischiatic nerve, internal pudenda! artery, in­
ternal iliac vein
11. 111. sacmcaudalis 1•e11tmlis media/is - medial ven­
tral sacrocaudal muscle
12. a. l'/ 1•. sacmlis 11,ediana - median sacral artery
and vein
I :L 111. mff)'.lfl'IIS (latemlis) - coccygeal muscle Oat­
eral)
t 4. a. g/ 11/('(J rnudalis (d('\/ra) - caudal gluteal ar­
tery (right)
15. 11. cut111w11s f<'11111ris caudalis - caudal cutaneous
femoral nerve
16. 11. obtumtorius - obturator nerve
t 6'. 1w1111s 11i. obtumforii - branch of obturator
nerve
I 7. 111. obtumtorius i1 1temus
muscle
internal obturator
18. 111. /(•;•a/or a 11i (111. rn«)'.W'/15 media/is) - levator
ani muscle (medial coccygeal muscle)
19. 111. J1was 111i11or - psoas minor muscle
20. 111. ilioj/Sfl(JS - iliopsoas muscle
21. a. el 1·. Jnof1111 da fni/tlris - deep femoral artery
and vein
22. /rn11,i p11dn1doe/1(1;astriri (a. et,•.) - pudendoepi-
gastric trunks (artery and vein)
23. ,n. JH•rfi11e11s - pectineus muscle
24. 11. /i-11,,,m/is - femoral nerve
25. Jaries �)'111/1/iysialis ossis ro,,u, - symphyseal sur­
face of os coxae
26. 1·1•1111'r rranialis mi. sortorii - cranial belly of
sartorius muscle
27. ,·mta l'(111dalis 111i. sartorii - caudal belly of sar-
torius muscle
28. 111. rt•r/ 11s fe111"ris � straight femoral muscle
29. m. ,·as/us /JJ('(/ialis - medial vastus muscle
30. m111i 111usrnlores - muscular bt'anchcs
31. 111. adductor - adductor muscle
'.l2. a. I'/ ,,. fe111omlis, 11. saphn111s - femoral artery
and vein, saphenous nerve
33. a. saphma, ;•. sa/1he11a media/is - saphenous ar­
tery, medial saphenous vein
34. 111••�mcilis - gracilis muscle
35. m. sn11iine111bro11osw semimembranous
muscl�
36. m. scmile11dinoms - semitendinous muscle
37. m. gastmme111i11s - gastrocnemius muscle
38. a. /'I ,,. gl'IIIIS dc.ff<'lld{'Jls - descending artery
and vein of knee
39. n. cuhm1·11s fnnoris latemlis - lateral cutaneous
femoral nerve
Dog. Cross sections through thigh (A) and tibia (B). Levels of sections shown in Figures 180 q,nd 185.

Figure 181

18

1. 11sf,•11111ris - femur
2. tibi11 - tibia
:I . .fi'bula, 111. nk11.1,,r di_�itomm latn ali.1 - fibula, lat-
eral digital extensor muscle
4. 111. ;·0.1/u.1 latemlis - lateral vastus muscle
5. 111. rc·tt11.,j<'111,,ri.1 - straight femoral muscle
6. 111. ;•ostm i11t!'l'/lll'di11s - intermediate vastus
muscle
7. 111. ,·mtus 11,,.dialis - medial vastus muscle
8. 111. /H·cti11n1s - pectineus muscle
9. ,•,•uter ow,ialis mi. wrtr,rii. - cranial belly of
sartorius muscle
10. ,•t•ntN rn11dolis 111i. mrtorii - caudal belly of sar­
torius muscle
I 1, m/mf .rn/mfirialc (s. ,•c11ebra/,,J 111i. bicipitis .f<'11111ri.,·
- superficial head (same as vertebral) of bi­
ceps femoris muscle
12. mput /m/11111/11111 (s. J1d,•ilw111) 111i. bicipitis f<'uwris
- deep head (same as pelvic) of biceps femo­
ris muscle
I :l. 111. a bductor cruris raudalis - caudal crural ab­
ductor muscle
14. 111. s,•111itmdi11m11.1 - semitendinous muscle
15., 15'. 111..1t•111i111cmlnr111ows IIIU5dc - semirnembra-
nous muscle
1G. m. oddw'!or - adductor muscle
17. 111. gmrilis - gracilis muscle
18. "· f'/ ,', Jc111omlis, 11. mpltc1111s - femoral artery
and vein, saphenous nerve
19. 11. isdtiodirns - ischiatic nerve
20. 11. rnta11,·11.1 stira,· rnud"lis - caudal cutaneous
sural nerve
21. 111. tibi"li.1 cm11ialis - cranial tibial muscle
2'.L 111. ntmwr d(,:'it,,n1111 l(J/1.�us - long digital ex­
tensor muscle
2:i. Ill. /H'/'f)IJ('l(J /1111,,:us, 1/. jJffOI/N(S sujH•tfiCi(l/is - long
peroneal muscle, superficial peroneal nerve
24. 11. pem111·11s pmji111d11s - deep peroneal nerve
25. 11. tibiali.1 raudalis, 111. e\trnsor di_,:iti I l011g11s -
caudal tibial artery, long extensor muscle of
first digit
26. a. tibia/is rranialis - cranial tibial artery
27. 111. Jlexor digiti I longus - long flexor muscle of
first digit
28. 111. tibia/is caudalis - caudal tibial muscle
29. 111. Jlc\lir di,,:il"1w11 loug11s - long digital flexor
muscle
30. 111. /J"/Jlifeus - popliteal muscle
:l1. wp11t latemlc mi. gastroc111wii lateral head of
gastroenemius muscle
:l2. caput 111ediale 111i.•�11stmnu•111ii medial head of
gastrocnemius muscle
:l:L 111. .fln"r d(�·iton1111 rnpnficialis - superficial di­
gital flexor muscle
:l4. 11. tibia/is - tibial ne1·ve
:l5. mmus c/'llniolis a. saplrc111w el 11i. saplrrni, m11111s
cranialis 1·. sa/1/tmoe 111tdialis - cranial branch
of saphenous artery and nerve, cranial
branch of medial saphenous vein
:l6. mmm rn udalis a.saj1!tnw<' l't ui. sap!te11i, mmus rn11-
dalis ,,. saj1l11'1W<' 1/J/'dialis - caudal branch of
saphenous artery and nerve, caudal branch
of medial saphenous vein
37. 1·. ;aj1hcua /afe/'lllis - lateral saphenous vein

183
Dog. Male. Sex organs in situ from left side. Left pelvic limb removed.
Figure 182
-/
I
I
I. 111. glutens s11/Je1Jicialis - superficial gluteal
muscle
2. 111. mcrocaudalis rl1J1wlis lateralis - lateral dorsal
sacrocaudal muscle
3. 111. i11/ertrm1s1•e1Jari11s cr111dar - intertransverse
muscle of tail
4. a. 1•t 1•. caudalis lateralis - lateral caudal artery
and vein
5. 111. mccx�f'lls (/a/era/is) - coccygeal muscle Oat­
erall
6. 111. lel'alor cwi (111. coccygeus media/is) - levator
ani muscle (medial coccygeal muscle)
7. 111. sj>hi11cler ani ex/emus (porli11 cra11ialis) - exter­
I nal anal sphincter muscle (cranial portion)
8. 111. sj>hincter ani ex/emus (J)(Jrtio rnudalis) - exter­
nal anal sphincter muscle (caudal portion)
9. /1. ischiadirns - ischiatic nerve
I0. 11. g/11/t'ns cm11ialis - cranial gluteal nerve
11. 11. rnlt111e11s fe111()ris mudalis - caudal cutaneous
femoral nerve
12. 11. Jmde11d11s - pudendal nerve
184
-·
13. a. el 1•. Jn11ll'l1da iutema - internal pudenda!
artery and vein
14. a. glutea caudalis - caudal gluteal artery
15. ala 11ssis ili11111 - wing of ilium
16. acetabu/11111 - acetabulum
17. 111. obliq1111s i11/em11s abd()111i11is - internal ob-
lique abdominal muscle
18. /(,; i11g11i11ale - inguinal ligament
19. 111. ilio/Jsoas - iliopsoas muscle
20. n. fe11111rafis - femoral nerve
2 I. a. el ,'. J>mf1111da femoris - deep fem oral artery
and vein
22. a. et,,. fe111ora/is - femoral artery and vein
23., 24. /II. ()b/iq1ms ex/emus abdomi11is - external
oblique abdominal muscle
23. crus latemle - lateral crus
24. ems 111ediale - medial crus
25. a. el l'. Jmde11da ex/ema - external pudenda!
anery and vein
26. caualis i11g11i11alis - inguinal canal
27. /1111ic11/11s sj>er111atims - spermatic cord
28. 111. obt11mlori11s i11tem11s - internal obturator
muscle
29. 11. 1Jb/11m/1Jri11s - obturator nerve
:lO. 111. add11c/1Jr rt 111. gmcilis - adductor and graci-
lis muscles
:l I. 111. b1db1JSj)l)11gios11s - bulbospongiosus muscle
�12. 111. ischiocm•emmus - ischiocavernous muscle
33. co,pus penis - body of penis
34. 111. retracl1Jr penis - retractor muscle of penis
35. a. l'I ,·. d1Jmi/is jJl'l1is, 11. d1J1wlis penis - dorsal
artery, vein and nerve of penis
36. b11fb11s glaudis - buIbus glandis
;37. /Hm t,m.�a glandis - pars longa glandis
38. 111. cre111aster - cremaster muscle
39. /1111ica l'((giualis el fascia spl'lmalica - vaginal
tunic and spermatic fascia
40. ductw deferrns - ductus deferens
41. testis - testis
42. scm/11111 - scrotum
43. J>re/mli11111 - preputium
Dog. Female. Sex organs in situ from left side. Left pelvic limb and left half of pelvis removed.

Figure 183

' '�\
. ,, \.\
·\\·
. (\ '.\ \
' ,.
\ \'

1. ,'<'rtdm, /11111/mlis Ill - third lumbar vertebra

'.L ,•n!(•bm /11111bolis VII - seventh lumbar verte-
bra
:l. ala "ssis mcri - wing of sacrum
4. /ion lo/era/is soai - lateral part of sacrum
5. 111. 1111t!tifid11s l11111bon1111 - multifidus lumbo­
rum muscle
6. 111. s<1cmcaudalis dona/is lotemlis - lateral dorsal
sacrocaudal muscle
7. 111. i11/er/1wm·l'lwri11s rn11dac - intertransverse
muscle of tail
8. 111. coff):�rns (/otemfis) - coccygeal muscle (lat­
eral)
9. 111. h·,•a/or 011i (111. rncyge11s
c
media/is) - levator
ani muscle (medial coccygeal muscle)
I 0. 111. sormwuda/is 1•1•11tralis lo/em/is - lateral ven-
tral sacrocaudal muscle
11. 111. Jmws 111aj"r - psoas major muscle
12. ff/I si11islcr - left kidney
13. 11. ischiodirns, a. ('f ;•. gf11tea cm11ialis - ischiatic
nerve, cranial gluteal artery and vein
14. o. el ,'. gf11tea w11dalis - caudal gluteal artery
and vein
15. r1111p11lla rerli - ampulla of rectum
16. 111. relraclor ani - retractor muscle of anus
17. o. <•I,·. j111de11do i11/er1111, 111. m11s/rir_lor 1ffli - inter­
nal pudenda! artery and vein, constrictor
muscle of recmm
18. 111. sj1hi11cta 011i exlem11s (porlio craniofis) - exter­ :34. cm/111s 11tai - body of uterus
nal anal sphincter muscle (cranial portion) 35. ,•agina - vagina
19. 111. sphincter mli ex/emus (porlio wudalis) - exter­ 36. labi11111 pudendi (1•11/m) - lips of vulva
nal anal sphincter muscle (caudal portion) 37. clitoris, a. et,'. perinea/is 1•e11tralis - clitoris, ven­
20. 111. retrac/orditoridis - retractor muscle of clito­ tral perinea! artery and vein
ris 38. 1nirn 11ri11aria - urinary bladder
21. 111. constrictor Pestibufi el labioru111 - constrictor 39. fig. laterale z·esicae - lateral ligament of blad­
muscle of vestibule and labia der
22. 11iesm•oriu111 - mesovarium 40. fig. 111edia1111111 1•esicae, linea alba abdominis -
23. ouarium dex/ru111 - right ovary middle ligament of bladder, abdominal white
24. aorta, ,•. cam caudalis - aorta, caudal vena line
cava 41. facies sy111j>hysialis ossis mwe - symphyseal sur­
25. a. el,•. ilioca exlema si11istra - left external iliac face of os coxae
artery and vein 42. a. rt i'. p11de11da exlema - external pudenda!
26. o. 11111bi/icalis - umbilical artery artery and vein
27. a. et,'. N1giuafis - vaginal artery and vein 43. 111. adductor - adductor muscle
28. fig. /a/11111 uteri dexlrum - right broad ligament 44. 111. gracilis - gracilis muscle
of uterus 45. /11. i11g11i11afis s11perficiolis - superficial inguinal
29. fig. teres uteri (dextru111) - round ligament of lymph node
uterus (right) 46. 111. lra11s1•ersus abdo111i11is - transverse abdomi­
30. comu uteri dexfr11111 - right horn of uterus nal muscle
31. comu uteri si11istr11111 - left horn of uterus 47. 111. rectus abdo111i11is - straight abdominal
32. fig. /0111111 uteri si11istru111 - left broad ligamem muscle
of uterus 48. ureter si11ister - left ureter
33. fig. teres uteri si11istru111 - left round ligament of 49. mesorec/11111 - mesorectum
uterus 50. rec/11111 - rectum

185
Dog. Dissection of lateral surface of tibia.
Figure 184
6 15
I. 11. jll'l"11111'11S nm11111111is - common peroneal
nerve
2. 11. pno11c11s pm/11111/w - deep peroneal nerve
:l. 11. jJ1'HJ111•11s .wjw,ficio/is - superficial peroneal
nerve
4. 11. r11ta11r•11s mme la/,,,-alis - lateral cutaneous
sural nerve
5. 11. tibia/is - tihia I nerve
G. 11. ,,11•. jl'llumtlis - femoral artery and vein
fi'. o. l'I 1·. Jwj1/itN1 - popliteal artery and vein
186
7. 111. 1·asl11s latcmlis - lateral vastus muscle
8. J1atella - patella
9. nm<()'lus lal<·ntlis rJSSis /('11toris - lateral eondyle
of femur
I 0. /(,;_ j){l/e/1,11· - ligament of patella
I I. 111. r•.\/c11sor digilort1111 lrmgw - long digital ex­
tensor muscle
I '2. li_i:. rollatemle lat,,,-alc - lateral collateral liga­
ment
1:l. 111. tibia/i, l'ranialis - cranial tibial muscle
14. 111. p1·1m11•11s lo11,�11.< - long peroneal muscle
15. 111. mldul'lor - adduclOr muscle
1G. 111. s1·111i11w111/nm1ow.< semimembranous
muscle
17. 111. s1·11iil1'11diiwsu.1 - semitendinous muscle
18. /11. J10JJ/i11·11.1 - popliteal lymph node
19. ,1. cl;•. j<·111oris raudalis - caudal femoral artery
and vein
20. 11. rnlmtr·ris mm1' w11dalis caudal cutaneous
sural nerve
'21. rm1111s rnta111'11.< 11i. tibia/is cutaneous branch
of tibial nerve
'2'2. 111••�wlmnw111iw - gastrocncmius muscle
'2:l. lnulo 111i. lrici/Jili., mn11· - tendon of triceps su­
rae muscle
'24. 111. jlc.rnr digitom111 s11p1•1ficialis - superficial di­
gital riexor muscle
'24'. ln1do 111i. f!,,rnri., di.Jiil11m111 wj11•1fitialis - tendon
of superficial digital flcxor muscle
'25. 111. fl1•1or di_i:iti I lo11g11s, 1w11m ca111/alis ;•. m/1l11•11ac
la/cm/is - long flexor muscle of first digit,
caudal branch of lateral saphcnous vein
'2G. 111. r•t/1•11.wr di_(f1lmw11 /a/em/is - lateral digital
extensor muscle
'27. 111. p1•1w11·11s /nn·is, 1w1111.1 1"ra11ialis 1·. .<a/Jlm1a,, la-
/cm/is short peroneal muscle, cranial
branch of lateral saphenous vein
'28. ;•.. ,oph,,na latnolis -- lateral saphenous vein
'29. 111. c1/1•11.wr digitrm1111 b,n•i.\ - short digital ex­
tensor muscle
:lo. 111. abd11ctor d(i:ili I' - abductor muscle of fifth
digit
'.II. ;•, 111clol<11Jl'(I plantaris IV - plantar metatarsa1
vein IV
Dog. Dissection of medial surface of tibia.

Figure 185

--
---8

il.,��L16

,,22
•,
\
·\ ::::

I. 11. soj1hl'll11S - saphenous nerve
2. "· .wj>//('/u1, 1'• .wj>hnw media/is - saphenous ar­
tery, medial saphenous vein
3. 111. semimembrmwsus - semimembranous
muscle
4. a. l'I ,·. li''l/11.< nl{'diolis - medial artery and vci n
of knee
5. 1°,,111,•r rnudo/is 111i. sor/11,:ii - caudal belly of sar-
torius muscle
6. 111. gmcifis·- gracilis muscle
7. 111 ..wwif,,11di11(}.H/S - semitendinous muscle
8. /l'mfo (lfft•ss(lri11s - accessory tendon
9. ,'. wj>hc11" {af('l'ofis - lateral saphenous vein
I 0. mjml 111ediofc 111i. gaslmmu11ii - medial head of
gastrocnemius muscle
10'. 11,11do 111i. tririj>itis sum<' - tendon of triceps su­
rae muscle
I I. 111. j111j>lil<'m - popliteal muscle
12. 111. )IC\01· d�!.{if{lf'II/Jt fo11g11s - long digital flexor
muscle
J :l. 111. /fc\'111· d(!.{ili 1 f"ngw - Jong flexor muscle of24
first digit
14. 111. tibia/is rnud"lis - caudal tibial muscle
15. ll'lld" 111i. jlc.1flris di_�it"m111 J>mf1111di - tendon of
deep digital flexor muscle
16. 111• .fll'\(/1' digitor11111 .rnj>crfici"lis - superficial di­
gital flexor muscle
16'. 1<-11d11 111i. ffev,ris d(!.{ilflmlll .<11//l'tj,riolis - tendon
of superficial digital flexor muscle
I7. "'· tibia/is m11iiofis - cranial tibial muscle 21. 11. p/011/oris 111rdialis, 11. /1/011/oris 1//{'dialis - medial
I8. m11111.1 ow1iofis a. s11/}lll'IIO<' t'I ,'. .wplt1·11111' 111cdi11fi.1 plantar nerve and arte1·y
- cranial branch of saphenous artery and 22. 11. til,iali.1 - tibial nerve
medial saphenous vein 2:1. 11. p/011/oris folN11lis - lateral plantar nerve
19. a. l'I ,•. pem,u,a - peroneal artery and vein 24. 111. t•rte11s111· d(gilom111 brn•is - short digital ex­
20. rn11111.1 rnudalis a. S(fjJfll'tWt' el 1·. saj>hr,11ar· media/is - tensor muscle
caudal branch of saphenous artery and me­ 25. 111. t'\'/l'//s11r di_t;ili I {fl11gm - long extensor
dial saphenous vein muscle of first digit

187
Dog. Dissection of distal portion of left pelvic limb. Dorsal view.

Figure 186

I. 111. tibia/is U-(111ialis - cranial tibial muscle

2. 111. e\fr11sor dZi:itoru111 /011gw - long digital ex­ 19. 11. d(i;italis dona/is V la/no/is lateral dorsal
tensor muscle digital nerve V
:l. a. libiuli.< cra11ialis, 11. pno11cw pm(//Julw - crani­ 20. 111. ('\//'11.rnr digi/1J1w11 lah•mlis lateral digital
al tibial artery, deep peroneal ner·ve extensor muscle
4. 11. Jwmn('IIS mj1crficialis - superficial peroneal 21. 111. ,·\tensor rl(i:itom111 bH'1'is lataafo lateral
nerve short digital extensor. muscle
5. 111. jJ1To111'11s /1J11g11s - long peroneal muscle 22. 111. nll'llsor d(i;itor11111 brn•is media/is medial
6. ,r/i11arnl/lJ11 1'.rlcmom111 J1m\i111a/1, - proxim<1l ex­ short digital extensor muscle
tensor retinaculum 2:l. 111. <'.ri1'11sor digili I ""'-�us - long extensor
7. 1w11us crn11ialis a. <'I ,'. m/1/muu- (111cdiali.1) - cra­ muscle of first digit
nial branch of saphenous artery and medial 24. /J. digitalis dmwlis jimjirius II lafr,ra/is - lateral
s<1phenous vein proper dorsal digital nerve II
8. m11111s cra11iali.1 11i. saplw11i - crani<1l branch of 25. 11. d(�italis dorsalis Jm1J1ri11s Ill 111cdialis medial
saphenous nerve proper dorsal digital nerve III
9. 1m1111s craniali., ,'. saj!hl'lllle /a11,mlis - cranial 26. 11, dZi:italis dorsalis pmj1ri11s ill latl'lali.\ - later<1l
branch of lateral saphenous vein proper dorsal digital nerve III
10. ;•. larsa1' media/is - medial tarsal vein 27. 11. d(�ilalis dorsalis jimjlrim IV 11/1'dialis medial
1 I. ,'. d(i:itali.r dona/is rn111m1111is Ill - common dor­ proper dorsal digital nerve IV
sal digital vein III 28. n. d(![ilalis dorsalis /m1pri11s IV /a/cm/is - lateral
8 12. d(i:italis dona/is cm11111111,is II, a. rl(i:italis drmalis
11. proper dorsal digital nerve IV
m1111111r11is II - common dorsal digital nerve 29. 11. d(�italis dorsalis Jm1jlri11s V 1111·di11/is - medial
29
and artery II proper dorsal digital nerve V
I :l. ,·. rl(i:italis rlrmalis m11111w11is II - common dor­ 30. 1·. /arse,, /a/em/is - lateral tarsal vein
I sal digital vein II '.11. 11, digitalis dorsal is ((J/11111111,is flI, a. d(�italis d,mali.1
14. n digitalis d1Jrsalis t11111m"11is Ill, a. d(i:italis d1Jrsalis ((J///llll1111s Ill - common dorsal digital nerve

I
m1111111111is Ill - common dorsal digital nerve and artery III
and artery III 32. 11, d(!filalis dorsalis rn1111111111iI II - common dor­
15. ,'. digitalis d1Jmtlis C1J1111111111is Ill - common dor­ sal digital nerve II
,✓•
sal digital vein III 3:l. 11. d(!filalis d,malis co1111111111is IV - common dor­
16. 11. digitalis d1Jrsolis m1111111mis II� o. d(i;ilalis dona/is sal digital nerve IV
co1111111111is IV - common dorsal digital nerve 34. 11. 111elalarsem dorsalis I! - dorsal metatarsal
and artery IV nerve II
17, ,'. d(�italis drmalis cr11111111111is IV - common dor­ 35. 11. 111e/alarse11s dorsalis IV - dorsal metatarsal
sal digital vein IV nerve IV
18. 11. digitalis dorsalis JI "wdiafis - medial dorsal 36. 1·. digitalis dorsalis c111111111111is Ill - common dor­
digital nerve II sal digital vein III

188
 Dog. Dissection of distal portion of right pelvic limb. Plantar view.
Figure 187
I., I'. 111. jll'\f/F di_t[ilrm1111 w
. pnj,ciali.l - superficial
digital flexor muscle
:Z. /n}(/11 111i. jlr·.vois di_�ili I fo11gi - tendon of long
flexor muscle of first digit
:1. i<'nd" 111i. jll'\orix di,�i/fJ/W/1 /011.�i - tendon of
long digital flexor muscle
·1., 4'. tn,d,, 111i. jft..n,ris di,�iffJrtt/11 p,.,!f1111di - tendon
of deep digital flexor muscle
:J. 111. q11odmt11.1 /1/mJ/ar· - quadrate plantar
muscle
Ii. 111. i11t,·mss,·11.1 II - intcrosseous muscle II
7. 111. adductor digiti 11 - adductor muscle of sec
ond digit
B. 111. add11c/11r di_:;iti I' - adductor muscle of l'il'th
digit
!). 111. i11/1'mssr•11s I' - interosseous muscle V
I 0. 11t111. i11t,.r/lf'\'f/rii - interflexor muscles
I 1. 11. pfmwtori.1 fatnafh' - lateral plantar nerve
12. 11. di.:;itafi1 jJ/011/aris I' fotnafi., - lateral plantar
digital nerve V
I :1. a. J>fonloris 11wdiafis, 11. /1/011/arix 11u·dialis - medial
plantar artery and nerve
14. arr11, ,'1'11osm j1/a11taris distafis, 11. di,:;ita{is j1/011/r1ris
11111Nfiafi.1 - distal plantar venous arch, me­
dial plantar digital nerve II
15. l1'11do 111i. tibia{i.< ra11dofi., - tendon of caudal
tibial muscle
IG. 111. pr·m1Ie11s bH','is, m1111I.< m11dafis ,'. .mjlh,·11rw lat­
eralis - short peroneal muscle, caudal branch
of lateral saphenous vein
1 7. 111. /H•m11cw lo11gus - long peroneal muscle
18. 111. ahd11rlor di.liifi V - abductor muscle of fifth
digit
19. /1. di.liitafi.1 pla11/ari., co1111111111i1· If, a. di_:;itafi.1 J1fw1/a•
ris m1111111111i, 1 1 - common plantar digital
nerve and artery II
:ZO. 11. di_�ita!i.1 J>lm1/ar,�· nm11111111is III, ,1. di_:;ita/i.,· p/011/a­
ri.1 w1111111111is III - common plantar digital
nerve and artery III
:Z I. 11. di_i:itafis pla11/ari.1 (01111111//li\ II� "· di,l{itafi.1 pla11ta­
ri., r111111111111i, II' - common plantar digital
nerve and artery IV
:Z:Z. ,'. di,:;itafis pla11tari.1 (01111111111is 11. 11. di,i:itafis plm1/a·
ri.1 CfJ1111111111i., II - common plantar digital vein
and nerve II
2:1. 11. d(�itafi., pla11tari.1 f111111111111is 111, ;•. digitahl J1fr111ta­
ri.1 (l)l/11111111is III - common plantar digital
nerve and vein III
24. 11. 1111•falam·11s pla11/ari.1 III - plantar metatarsal
nerve III
'.25. ,·. d!t;itafi.1 pla11tmi.1 pmpria JI' fat1·1afi.1 lateral
proper plantar digital vein IV
:ZG. 11. di_�itafis /1/011/aris pmprius fl latnali.l - lateral
proper plantar digital nerve II
'.27. 11. di_�italis pla11taris pmprim Ill 11wdialis - medial
proper plantar digital nerve III
'.28. 11. d!�ilafis p/011/oris J1mJ1ri11s Ilf fatcrali.1 - lateral
proper plantar digital nerve III
29. 11. d!t[ilafis jlfm,taris pmj1ri11.1 fl' llli'diafis - medial
proper plantar digital nerve IV
'.lO. 11. digitalis J1fm1toris pmpri11s II' latemlis - lateral
proper plantar digital nerve IV
:l I. 11. di,�itafis plw1foris pm/Jri11s JI 111edia{iJ - medial
proper plantar digital nerve V
:l'.2. ,'. di,�itofis pfm1/aris ro1111111111is V - common
plantar digital vein V
189
Cat. Skeleton of thoracic limb. Medial view.
Figure 188
I. j1JSsa rnbscapularis - subscapular fossa
2. /11berc11lt1111 S11/m1glenoidale - supraglenoid
tubercle
3. process/I.I CtJramid<'lls - coracoid process
4. mpu! !t1111u•ri - head of humerus
5. tuberrn/11111 minm - minor tubercle
5'. tubarn/11111 111aj11s - major tubercle
6. nn/111s /111111eri - body of humerus
7. fora1111•11 supracmuly/are - supracondylar
foramen
8. crmdylus /111111eri - condyle of humerus
9. 1-JJiro11d;·hts media/is - medial epicondylc
l 0. oh·crmtm1 - olecranon
11. rn1jJ11J mdii - body of radius
190
12. co1p11s 11/uae - body of ulna
1 :t /me/ilea radii - trochlea of radius
14. m/ml 11/um· - head of ulna
15., 16. ossa rn1jJi - carpal bones
16. os ClltjJi accessori11111 (os f>isiformf') - accessory
carpal bone (pisiform bone)
I 7. os 1111'1aa11JJa/e 1 - metacarpal bone I
18. os 111daca1jmle II - metacarpal bone II
19. J>halmtges digiti 1 - phalanges of first digit
2.0. os 111c/acmj)//le III - metacarpal bone III
21. os t/1('/acmpale V - metacarpal bone V
22. j>halm1.w·s digiti II - phalanges of second
digit
23. phala11ges digiti III - phalanges of third digit
Cat. Muscles of thoracic limb. Medial view.

Figure 189

I. 111. serra/11.< 1'<'11/ra/is fren•icis cl 1/wmcis) - ven­ I4. 111. brachia/is - brachia! muscle
tral serratus (cervical and thoracic) 15. 111. (IJ/(()1/t'IIS (111i11i11111s) - anconeus muscle
muscle 16. 111. brad1i11radialis - brachioradial mi:iscle
2. 111. H1/>ra.1/1i11a/m - supraspinous muscle 17. 111. t't/1'11sor m,pi mdialis - extensor carpi
:!. 111. s11bsn1j>11/arix - subscapular muscle radialis muscle
4. 111. 1t,,-,,s 11wj11r - teres major muscle III. 111. Jmmalor lt•rt'S - pronator teres muscle
5. 111. lolissi11111s dorsi - latissimus dorsi muscle 19. 111. f/t'.ror Ull1>i radialis - flcxor carpi radi­
6. j>orlio 111it111r 111i. j>t•clomlis j>rof1111di - minor alis muscle
portion of deep pectoral muscle 20. mj>11l mdia/c mi. fll'\oris digitoru111 Jm1f.1111di -
7. 111. rnmc,,brachia/is - coracobrachial muscle radial head of deep digital flexor muscle
8. Jwrlio 111a1r1r 111i. jl('c/oralis proji111di - major 21. 111. abduc/or digili l lm1gus - long abductor
portion of deep pectoral muscle muscle of first digit
9., 9'. 111. /JC'clomlis s11/Jt1ficia/is - superficial 22. 111. fll'\11r d{t{itom111 s11j>t1jicia/is - superficial
pectoral muscle digital flexor muscle
9. 111. J1t•c/11ra/is desc,,ndn,s - descending pec­ 2:l. ra/ml h1111u'ra/e mi. _flt•roris cmpi 11/naris -
toral muscle humeral head of flexor carpi ulnaris
9'. 111. jJl'Clomlis /r(IJ1.«•cn11s - transverse pec- muscle
toral muscle· •· 24. rn/ml 11/11are mi. Jlnoris rn,pi 11l11aris - ulnar
I0. 111. /('J/Sl1r _(asrior a11/tbrad1ii - tensor fasciae head of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
antebrachii muscle 25. rn/ml h111111•rafc 111i. j/f':wris d{l{il11m111 J>mf1111di
I I. rnj>ul l1mg11111 mi. lricij>ilis bmchii - long head - humeral head of deep digital flexor
of triceps brachii muscle muscle
I2. m/ml 111ediale mi. /ricij>ilis bmd,ii - medial 26. 111. nlt•11.wr digi/on,111 co1111111111is - common
head of triceps brachii muscle digital extensor muscle
I :l. 111." biffj>s brad1ii - biceps brachii muscle 27. 111. cleidobmd1iofis - cleidobrachial muscle

191
Cat. Dissection of lateral surface of shoulder and upper arm.
Figure 190
I• .1<0/)/(/0 - scapula
'2. pun th11racim mi. lm/i1·::.ii - thoracic part of tra
pezius muscle
:l. pan cN,•im/is 111i. tmpl'::.ii - cervical part of tra-
pezius lnuscle
4. 111. m/imsjiiuolus - supraspinous muscle
5. 111. iujimpiuotus - infraspinous muscle
6. pan srnp11loris 111i. ddt11idl'i (orip1) - scapular
part of deltoid muscle (origin)
7. pan ocm111iolis 111i. d,,ftflidl'i - acromial part of
deltoid muscle
8. n111111s a. ,·I 1•. circ11111/lern1· smp11/ae - branch of
scapular circumflex artery and vein
192
18. 111. nlt·11.wr di_�il,m1111 f'm11111u11is - common digi­
tal extensor muscle
I!). 111. 1•,tnis11r di_�·it11m111 latnali.< - lateral digital
extensor muscle
'20. 111. mpiiw/11r - supinator muscle
'21. 111. nlnJS11r rn,pi 11l11oris - extensor carpi ulna-
ris muscle
'2'2. 11. 1nillaris - axillary nerve
'2:l. an-11111im1 - acromion
'24. l11bnr11lr1111 11wi11,· !1J1111Ni major tubercle of
humerus
'25. 111. jJfflomlis di·scmd/'11S - descending pectoral
muscle
'26. 111. bmc/1ioc1'jJ/111lirns (111. deid11b,arhiolis). - bra-
chiocephalic muscle (cleidobrachial muscle)
9, 111. leres 111i11or - teres minor muscle '27. dm•iwla - clavicle
Ill. 111. /NI'S 111aj11r - teres major muscle '28. 111. bicl'ps brad,ii - biceps brachii muscle
I I. ///. m1111/m11.11·1•nari11s - omotransverse muscle '29. 111. brachia/is - brachia! muscle
1'2. rn/ml l011g11111 mi. lricij>ilis brae/iii - long head of JO. m11111s pmji111dm 11i. radialis - deep branch of
triceps brachii muscle radial nerve
13. rnJml latem/e 111i. lncijJitis bmchii - lateral head 31. ramus superficialis ni. radialis, v. cephalica - su­
of triceps brachii muscle perficial branch of radial nerve, cephalic
14. mjml occ1•s.wri11111 111i. tricijJilis bmdiii - accessory vein
head of triceps brachii muscle :l2. 1,111111s d,mafis r{//11i <·xtemi 11i. aff1•ss11rii - dorsal
15. 111. ,111co11<'11s (jJ1m•11s) - anconeus muscle branch of external branch of accessory nerve
IG. 111. bmd1i11radialis - brachioradial muscle :i:l. ,·. axilfobmchialis - axillobrachial vein
17. 111. e.,t1·11sor f{///Ji mdiolis - extensor carpi radi­ :14. 11. wla11e11s autebmchii cm11ialis - cranial cuta­
alis muscle neous nerve of forearm
Cat. Skeleton ofpelvic limb. Medial view.

Figure 191

11

I. ala ,mis ili11111 - wing of ilium 15. eris/a tibiae - crest of tibia
2. .fr1ci1·.r 1111rindaris - auricular surface 16. m1Jms tibiae - body of tibia
:l . .forn111e111J/1t11mt11111 - obturator foramen I 7. c111Jms .fi/111/ae - body of fibula
1. tuber isd1iadicu111 - ischiatic tuber 18. 111affe11{11s media/is - medial malleolus
5, fatii's S)'111pl()'.<ialis ossis co.we - symphyseal sur­ 19. ((l/((l11e11s - calcaneus
face of os coxae 20. 1111,lh,/11s fatnafis - lateral mallcolus
6. tmrhm,t,,,- minor 1Jssis .f('ll/1/ris - minor trochan- 21. t11/m - talus
ter of femur 22. /JS tarsi ce11tmle (1Js 11m·irnfare) - central tarsal
7. .fossa tmd1l111t{')"im - trochanteric fossa bone (navicular bone)
B. C//ljJlls ,mis .fn11111·is - body of fcmur 23. /JS tarsafe II (os n1111'if1Jr111r' i11t1'mtNli11111) - tarsal
9. m11<(rlus media/is ,mis .f('//111ris - medial condyle bone II (intermediate cuneiform bone)
of femur 21. m tmwfe Ill (os C1/lll'i.for111e lateralc) - tarsal bone
I 0. aista 111("dialis tmd,leae 1mis .fnnoris - medial II I (lateral cuneiform bone)
crest of trochlea of femur 25. os tarsale I (os rn11ei_/1Jr111/' 111ediale) - tarsal
11. /)(/M/11 - patella bone I (medial cuneiform bone)
12. 11ssr1 S/'sm11oidm mi. gastmrne111ii (/t1bdfru,) - sesa­ 26. flS 111e/11/arsale I - metatarsal bone I
moid bones in gastrocnemius muscle (fabel­ 27. flS 111etatarsale V - metatarsal boneV
lae) 28. os 111et11farsalr fl - metatarsal bone II
13. m11<(rl11s laternlis tibiae - lateral condyle of tibia 29. flS 11wtatamdr Ill - metatarsal bone III
14. conr(r/11s media/is tibiae - medial condyle of ti­ :io. ossa d(1;iti !I - bones of second digit
bia 31. ossr, digiti IV - bones offourth digit

193
Cat. Pelvic organs of male in situ from left. Left pelvic limb and left half of pelvis removed.

Figure 192

'9
-�,,. \
;::;;;�����
-------35-�)
- . i .. - -.----
. . 28 ·' I

i ·. \

i
·i

l. ala ossi.1 ili11111 - wing of ilium
2. 111. g/11/cus 511/}{'lficialis - superficial gluteal
muscle
3. 111. mu:,:�ei/5 - coccygeal muscle
4. 111. sm.,.,w,111dalis d/)rsalis lalnalis lateral dorsal
sacrocaudal muscle
5. 111. i11/erlm11S1'l'IWri11.1 mudrw intertransverse
muscle of tail
6. 111. sj,!tinrtcr ani 1•,1t•m11s - externus anal
sphincter muscle
7. m. 1'l'lrac/(}r j>('//i>· - retractor muscle of penis
8. 111. !rJ11gissim11s lm11b(}r11111 - longissirnus lumbo­
rum muscle
9. 111. iliocosla/is /11111bon1111 - iliocostalis lumbo­
rum muscle
I 0. 111. f/b/iquus i111l'm11s abdm11i11is - internal ob­
lique abdominal muscle
11. i(t.:: i11g11i11a/1• - >nguinal ligament
'/
I
I '.L 111. ili/)psoas - iliopsoas muscle
I :1. 111. reCl1JCOCCJ;t.:t·11s - rectococcygeal muscle
14. amp11/la rffli - ampulla of rectum
15. 111a1go pait,mei - peritoneal margin
16. j>mslalo - prostate
17..�lmu/11/a bulb/)urelhmlis - bulbourethral gland
18. m. 111'/'llm1/is - urethral muscle
19. 111. lmlb1Jsj>o11.i;iosus - bulbospongiosus muscle
20. 111. isd1iocm•cm/)s11s - ischiocavernous muscle
21. 111esomlo11 dr·sc1'11dms - descending mesocolon
22. rnfrJ11 d1•sc1•11dN1s - descending colon
23. ht fall'mfc ,·r·siull' - lateral ligament of blad-
der
24. 11. el,·. /1•stimlaris - testicular artery and vein
25. ure/N si11is/1•r - left ureter
26. ,•1·sica 11ri11aria - urinary bladder
27. lig. 111rdio11w11 ;•esi((W - middle ligament of
bladder
2/l. b111. scrotalr-s - scrotal lymph nodes
29. 11re/1'/' dexter - right ureter
:rn. facir•s S)'111ji!tysialis ossis rnrn1• - symphyseal sur­
face of os coxae
:1 l. 111. adduc/f/r d 111. gml'ilis - adductor and graci­
lis muscles
:12. 111. rec/us abdo111i11is dnler - right straight ab­
dominal muscle
33. 111. rfflils obdm11i11is si11islt·1 - left straight ab-
dominal muscle
34. ,11. rr1'11ws/N si11isln - left crcmaster muscle
:15. lcstis - testis
:16. /1111ira ;•agi11afis 1•/ fascia s/J1'/'l/lltlica (si11islm) - va-
ginal tunic and spermatic fascia Oeft)
37. rmjms j>l'ltis - body of penis
:lB. due/us dtfern1s sinis/1'1' - left ductus deferens
39. ductus defe1nis de1/cr - right ductus deferens

194
Cat. Pelvic organs of female in situ from left side. Left pelvic limb and left half of pelvis removed

Figure 193

I. ola IJ.\.1is ilium - wing of ilium

:Z. t,:i;. i,,_!;ui11a/,, - inguinal ligament
:l. 111. ifiopwas - iliopsoas muscle
4. a. l'i ,'. iliarn nfr•1J1<1 - external iliac arter�· and 19. di/flris - clitoris :l I. nI. g/11tc11.1 .111pcr/i"ciolis - superficial gluteal
vein :ZO. 11'11 .,iuisll'/" - left kidney muscle
5. 111. /1111_1;i.1.1i111w lu111h(l/"/IJI/ - longissimus Jumbo­ :Z I. J1w.,-,,,-,,f"J1 dcsc,·ndl'/JJ - descending mesocolon :12. 111. i11fnlrm1s,•1Tmri11s m11d111· - intertransvcrse
rum muscle 2:Z. ,-,,/w1 11<'.\/"<'l/d('/1.1 - descending colon muscle of tail
G. m. i/ir,nnia/i., h11J1b,m11J1 - iliocostalis Jumbo­ 2:L f(!;. f"ll'mf1, ,·,·.,icac - lateral ligament of blad- :1:l. 111. ("(JffJ'.!;I'//.< (/11/i·ralis) - (lateral) coccvgeal
rum muscle der muscle
7. �JI. ohfiq11w iJ1/f'l1111.1 ahdo111i11i., - internal ob­ 24. 11. 11111/,i/irnli.1 - umbilical artery :14. 111. f1,;•olor 011i (//1. mff_l'.�I•11s ,wdia/i.,) - levator
lique abdominal muscle 25. ;·r·.,irn J1riJ1r11i" - urinary bladder ani muscle (medial coccygeal muscle)
B. (Ji'(IJ"illJII .1i11i.1/mm - left ovary :Z(i. 1m,1hm - urethra :15. 111..,phinctcr 11J1i nt1·mus - external anal sphinc-
9. fig r,mrii Jm,pri11111 - proper ligament of ovary 27. "· ,,1 ,·. Jmd,·nd" nf,,11111, .f<1Cir'.< .<)'111phy.1ia/i., r,.ui., cm- ter muscle
I0. ''""-'"''ari11111 - mesovarium 111• - external pudenda! artery and vein, svm­ :IG. 111. n-,-I,,,·ouy!;''"-' - rectococcygeal muscle
11. tuba 11fNi11u (1J;•id11ct11.1) - uterine tube (oviduct) physcal surface of os coxae :l7. 111m;�" f!/'l"ilolll'i - peritoneal margin
I:Z. f(!;.latJ1111 11/Ni - l..,road ligament of uterus :ZB. fun. in,!;11h10/cs .<11/>1'1}ici11l1·s (s. 1J1a111111orii) - su­ :rn. 0111/mf/11 rl'Cli - ampulla of rectum
I:l. f(�: IN1·.1 uteri - rnund ligament of uterus perficial inguinal lymph nodes (same as :l9. por!io l"ranialis 111i. sj1hin1"ir'ris m1i c,lcmi - cranial
14. m11111 11fl•ri si11i.1/111J11 - left horn of uterus mammary) portion of external anal sphincter muscle
15. crJ1"J11t 11/l'l"i dntm111 - right hon1 of uterus 29. f(!;, 111tdil11111111 ,.,,.1ia11• - middle ligament of 40. 111. n'dl/S 11bdo111i11i.1 dnter - right straight ab­
16. /"(//jJ11.1 11/('J"i - body of uterus bladder dominal muscle
17. t'a_t.{ina - vagina 30. m. sacrocaudalis dorsalis latera{is - dorsal lateral 41. ,u. rffl//S 11bdo111i11is si11isfl'I" - left straight ab­
IB. ;•1·1/i/mf11111 ,'",!;illlw - vestibule of vagina sacrocaudal muscle dominal muscle

195
Cat. Dissection of dorsal portion of pelvic cavity after removal of pelvic organs. Pelvic syrriphysis incised
Ventral view.
Figure 194
1. 111. obliq1111s i11ta1111s abd11111i11is - internal obli-
que abdominal muscle
2. 111. pmas major - psoas major muscle
3. 111. J1soas 111i11or - psoas minor muscle
4. /J//rlio lll<'dialis mi. iliaci - medial portion of
iliac muscle
5. 1•ri1tn cranialis 111i. sar/1Jrii - cranial belly of
sartorius muscle
6. 1•c11/rr mudalis 111i. sart"rii - caudal belly of sar-
torius muscle
7. 111. l'(IS/1/S media/is - medial vastus muscle
8. 111. J>tclinms - pectineu,s muscle
9. 111. gmcifis - gracilis muscle
10., 10'. facies symphysiales ossium coxae - symphy­
sial surfaces of os coxae
I I. 111. adductor - adductor muscle
196
1 2. 111. srn1i111c111/m1111JS11s semimembranous
muscle
13. 111. saaomudafis ,·rntrnfis media/is medial ven-
tral sacrocaudal muscle
14. 111. sacmrnudafis 1·entmfis la/era/is - lateral ven­
tral sacrocaudal muscle
I5. 111. coccygeus (/at,·rolis) - Oaterall coccygcal
muscle
IG. 111. km/or aui (111. C/Jffl'.lfl'IIS 111,•diafis) - levator
ani muscle (medial coccygeal muscle)
17. 111. rfflr1rncc);1ft11s - rectococcygeal muscle
18. aorta - aorta
I9. l'. ca1'0 rnudalis - caudal vena cava
20., 21., 22. /1111. iliaci 111edia/r•s - medial iliac lymph
nodes
2'.l. /11. hyj}()gasfricus - hypogastric lymph node
24. a. 111ese11/Nirn mrulalis - caudal mescnteric ar­
tery
25. a. iliarn e.1/n11a, ,'. iliam co1111111111is external
iliac artery, common iliac vein
26. 11. femoralis - femoral nerve
27. a. ,,1 ,•. iliora i11t,·ma - internal iliac artery and
vein
28. 11. obtura/orius - obturator nerve
29. a. et,'. Jmi1111da fiwori.1 - deep femoral artery
and vein
30. a. rt 1•. fe11111mfis, 11. saj1lw11w - femoral artery
and vein, saphenous nerve
:1 I. a. 11111bilimlis - umbilical artery
]2. a. sacra/is nwdimw - middle sacral artery
:l:l. 11. ischiadims - ischiatic nerve
Cat. Muscles of distal portion ofpelvic limb. Lateral view.
Figure 195
I. tc11d1J 111i. tricij>iti.1 sun"' - tendon of triceps su­
rac muscle
2., 2'., 2". /1'11do mi /k.wris d(�it1Jru111 mp,•1/ifialis -
tendon of superficial digital flexor muscle
:I. 111. f/er1Jr d(�it1Jn1111 brn•is - short digital flexor
muscle
4. 111. .fl<·.rnr d(�iti l lo11.�11s - long flexor muscle of
first digit
5. t/'11d1J 111i. jle.rnris .d(�itom111 J>m/i111di - tendon of
deep digital flexor muscle
fi. 111. pcn111t•11s b1t'i'is - short peroneal muscle
7. 111. fXtl'/ISIJ/' d(l{i/1JT111// latnalis - lateral digital
extensor muscle
8. te11d1J mi. J1e1111u•i /1111gi - tendon of long pero­
neal muscle
<J. 111. e.\ll'lmir d(�·itor11111 /,mg11s - long digital ex­
tensor muscle
I 0. 111. tibia/is crauiafo - cranial tibial muscle
11. rl'fi11ac11/11111 exte11S1J/'IIIII j>nl\i111ale - proximal ex­
tensor retinaculum
12. relinaculum extensorum intermedium - interme-
diate extensor retinaculum
I :t rnlrn11t'IIS - calcaneus
14. tibia - tibia
15. 111. abd11ct1Jr digiti V - abductor muscle of fifth
digit
16. 111. i11temm'11s - interosseous muscle
I 7., 18., 19. 111. exte11s1Jr d(�itor11111 bre,•is - short digi­
tal extensor muscle
20. t1Jrus 111etatarse11s - meta tarsal pad
21., 21 ', tori d(�itales - digital pads
197
Rabbit. Skeleton of thoracic limb. Medial view.
Figure 196
5
8
1. rnrtila_,;,, smjm/111· - canilage of scapula
2. i,.,.fft .wb.,rn/111/ari.1 - subscapular fossa
:1. ttd)(•1 ot! 11111 st1J11 11gk11,,id11ft. - supraglcnoid tu-
bercle
4. jlt11i't•n11.1 nm1roidm.< - coracoid process
!'i. Jnou·nw stt/m1ft11 11wt11.1 - suprahamate process
(i. /1mf'1•.m1.1 ftf//11alt1.1 - hamate process
7. /11/)('lnt/11111 111i1111s l11111wri minor tubercle of
humerus
H. t11IH·1ntl111tt 1 1111i11.1 h1111u·ri major tubercle of
humerus
9. mj>ttl h 1111wri - head of humerus
I 0. f()t/JtH ht/lttt•ri - body of humerus
I 1. tmdtl,·11 ft1111wri - troehlea of humerus
1 :Z. oll'um1,,,1 - olecranon
1 :l. '"1/m.111/ 110(' - body of ulna
14. m1/m1· ,adii - body of radius
198
1 'i. os m1pi 11ff1•.,.vJ1i11111 fo.1 f>i-'i/1J1 11/1) - accessorv
carpal bone (pisiform bone)
I (i. (/.\ «1 1pi mdia/,, fo.1 .,rnplt,,idl'l1111 ) radial carpal
bone (scaphoid bone)
17. "-' rn1pi ittll'mwdi11111 <o, !1111a/11111) - intermediate
carpal bone (lunate bone)
18. w m1/Htfl' II <o., fra/11·:::"id,· 11111) - carpal bone II
(trapezoid bone)
1 CJ. "-' U/1/)ak I{,,; fraj>c�i 11 111 ) - carpal bone I (mul-
tangular bone)
20. 11.1 1111·!11rn1/"1ft. I - metacarpal bone I
21. 11.1 11wlacmj/(/l1' Ill - metacarpal bone [II
22. "·' 111t•/a('{11j1rrlc II - metacarpal bone II
:z:l. 0.1 nu·tacm/Htfc I' - metacarpal bone V
'.24. o.ua d(�iti II - bones of second digit
:Z'i. fJ.1.1a d1:,;iti I - bones of first digit
'.?(i. o.H11 d(�iti I' - bones of fifth digit
Rabbit. Muscles of thoracic limb. Medial view.

Figure 197

I. 111.. 1<·n·a/11, ,•n,tmlis (thomris ,,1 ,-,,,-,•icis) - ventral

scrratus (thoracic and cervical) muscle I 7. 111, biC111S bmd1ii - biceps brachii muscle
2. 111. rnb.1c11p11lari-' - subscapular muscle 18. 111. l'\ll'lls"r m,pi mdialis - extensor carpi radi­
:l. 111. /Ncs ma;r,,- - teres major muscle alis muscle
4. 111. suj>m.1j>i11alm - supraspinous muscle 19. /II. abdwt"r d(�ili I /011g-m - long abductor
5. 111. /u·ctomli.l 111i11or - minor pectoral muscle muscle of first digit
5'. 111. j>1·ctoroli., 111i11or pm(1111dm - deep minor pec­ 20. 111. Jmn111t"r /NI'S - pronator teres muscle
toral muscle 21. 111. flc.wir 1(//1,i mdialis flexor carpi radialis
6. 111. p1·domli>· q1111rlw - pectoralis quartus muscle
muscle 22. 111. fli•ror rn,jli 1i/11aris flexor carpi ulnaris
7. 111.p,-domlis 1111tj",· - major pectoral muscle muscle
8. 111. /Jl'ff()m/is supn /iciali., - superficial pectoral 2:l. 111. _({nor d(1;ilortt111 Jmi/i111d11s - deep digital
muscle flexor muscle
9. j)((rs smpularis 111i. d,,ftoidt•i - scapular part of 23'. ramus mi. flexoris digitorum profundi ad digitum
deltoid muscle V - branch of deep digital flexor muscle to
10. pon dm•irnlari., 111i ddt"idci (111. dl'idolm1d1i11/is) - fifth digit
clavicular part of deltoid muscle (cleidobra­ 24. 111. fle\lir digi/lm1111 wpe1.fici11/is - superficial di­
chial muscle) gital flexor muscle
11. dm•irn/11 - clavicle 25. 111. jle.1or d(�iti 1 briTis - short flexor muscle of
12. 111. lutissi11111s d1mi - latissimus dorsi muscle first digit
I :l. 111. rn/1111c11.1 tnmci - cutaneous muscle of trunk 26. m. extensor digiti I et 11 (ramus ad digitum I) -
14. cu/II/I /"11g11111 mi. tricipitis brad,ii - long head of extensor muscle of digits I and II (branch to
triceps brachii muscle first digit)
J 3. rn/wl 11ccessr1ri11m mi.tricipiti.< bmdiii - accessory 27. 111. abductor d(i:iti I' - abductor muscle of fifth
head of triceps brachii muscle digit_
IG. m/111! Jll(•diole mi. trici/>ilis bmrhii - medial head 28. 111111. intcross1·i - interosseous muscles
of triceps brachii muscle

199
Rabbit. Dissection of medial surface of shoulder and upper arm.

Figure 198

19. 11. 11hwris - ulnar nerve

20. ca/mt affessori11111 mi. lririjiitis bradtii - accessory
head of triceps brachii muscle
21. 11. rnta11e11.1 a11/ebrad1ii rn11dalis - caudal cu­
taneous nerve of forearm
22. mp111 111l'diale 111i. fricij1itis brachii, 11. 11111sotloc11fa-
11e11s - medial head of triceps brachii muscle,
musculocutaneous nerve
2:l. 11. 11wdia1111s - median nerve
24. pan srnjmlaris 111i. ,Mtoidd - scapular part of
deltoid muscle
25. pars clm•irnlaris 111i. delt"idei (,,,. cleidobmchialis) -
clavicular part of deltoid muscle (cleidobra­
chial muscle)
26. dm•imla - clavicle
27. 111. bin,ps bmcltii - biceps brachii muscle
28. a. lra11si•ffsa mbiti - transverse cubi tal artery
29. a. el ,'. coflateralis 11hwris - collateral ulnar ar­
I. rnrtilago sca/mlae - cartilage of scapula I0. 11. lhorac"dorsalis - thoracodorsal nerve tery and vein
2. ,,,_ s11bsrn/mlari.1 - subscapular muscle I I. a. et z•. s11bsrnjmla ris, 11. radialis - subscapular 30. rn/m/ lm1g11111 111i. tricipitis bmcltii - long head of
:l. ,u. Ines major - teres major muscle artery and vein, radial nerve triceps brachii muscle
4. 111. supmsjiiualus - supraspinous muscle I2. 111. /){'Clora/is major - major pectoral muscle 31. 111. nle11.wr cmj,i mdialis - extensor carpi radi­
5. 111. /H'Clora/is 111i11or - minor pectoral muscle 13. a. et 1•. axilfaris - axillary artery and vein alis muscle
5'. 111. /1ec/oralis 111i11or jirof1111d11s - deep minor pec- 14. 111. J11·ctoralis s11J1erficialis - superficial pectoral 32. 111. /mmafor /eres - pronator teres muscle
toral muscle muscle 33. u1. flexor cmj,i radialis - flexor carpi radialis
6. 11. s11pmswp11faris - suprascapular nerve 15. a. et z•, tlwmcodorsalis - thoracodorsal artery muscle
7. 11. subscajmlaris - subscapular nerve and vein 34. 111. ffexor digiton1111 prof1111d11s - deep digital
8., 8'. 1111. J!fflomlt's cmHirLles - cranial pectoral 16. 111. {atissi11111s d"rsi - latissimus dorsi muscle flexor muscle
nerves 17. 111. cutcml'us fru11ci - cutaneous muscle of trunk 35. 111. ffexor rntjii 11l11a ris - flexor carpi ulnaris
9. 11. axillaris - axillary nerve 18. a. et 1•. brachia/is - brachia! artery and vein muscle

200
Rabbit. Skeleton ofpelvic limb. Medial view.

Figure 199

I. a/,1 ossis ilium - wing of ilium

2. /01-ies r111ric11loris - auricular surface 15. cmpus tibiae - body of tibia
:l. .finw1w11 ob/11m/Jm1 •- obturator foramen 16. 11101/mlw 111edi11/is - medial malleolus
4. tubn ischiodirn111 - ischiatic tuber I 7. talus - talus
5. !md1011/t'r 111ajor rmis .fe111oris - major trochanter 18., Ill'. mla111n1s - calcaneus
of femur 19. m loni ce11/m/r• (os 11a1'ic11lare) - central tarsal
6. lmdu111ter 111i11or ,mis fe111oris - minor trochan­ bone (navicular bone)
ter of femur 20. os Iona/,, If (os rn11eif,1ml(' i11/t'nlU'di11111) - tarsal
7. cr11j){(S ossis ./('111oris - body of femur bone II (intermediate cuneiform bone)
ll. cm1dy/11s 11wdiolis r,ssis fmwris - medial condvle 21. ,,s /arso!,, JV fos rnboirf,,11111) - tarsal bone IV
of femur (cuboid bone)
9. osm sesa111,,idm 111i. gaslmme111ii (_/<1bd/11e) - sesa­ 22. os tarsale ff/ (os rnneiforme /alerale) tarsal
moid bones in gastrocnemius muscle (fabel­ bone III Oa,teral cuneiform bone)
lae) 23. ,,s 11wto/11rsale IV - metatarsal bone IV 29
I0. cour�vlw /11/ernlis ossis fi111ori .l - lateral condylc 24. os 111e/olorsalr· Ill - metatarsal bone III
of femur 25. os 11u'/afarsale ff - metatarsal bone II
I I. j){f/ello - patella 26. os sr•st111wide11111 j>111.\i11wfr, - proximal sesamoid
12. w11r�y/11s media/is tibiru' - medial condyle of ti­ bone
bia 2 7. ossa digiti ff - bones of second cligit
13. fibula - fibula 28. ossa digiti IV - bones of fourth digit
14. /11(//go cra11iolis tibiae - cranial margin of tibia 29. ossa sesr1111oidm distalia - distal sesamoid bones

201
Rabbit. Muscles ofpelvic limb. Medial view.
Figure 200
I. ,·1•1/r·hm /11111/,a/is VII - seventh lumbar verte-
bra
2 .. :t m .wu-r11111 - sacru1n
2. ala nssi.\ .wuTi - wing of ,;acn11n
:l. /wn latna/iJ us.<is sacri - lateral pan of sacrum
·I. 111. j>s11m 111i1111r - psoas minor muscle
5. 111. j>.1,,11.111wirn - psoas major muscle
6. j>fJr/i11 11/('diali.< 111i. iliaci - medial portion of
iliac muscle
7. /"m iliam 111i. obt11m/orii i11i<·mi - iliac portion
of internal obturator muscle
B. /111n i1. d1io/)Ubim 111i. ob/J(m/11rii i11//'mi - ischio­
pubic part of internal obturator muscle
<). 111. ((J1'f)'.�1·11s - coccygeal muscle
I 0. 111. ff(/11sjl'l11,,ris - straight femoral muscle
I I. 111. ,·a.,tw 111tdialis - medial vastus muscle
12. 111. /H·rli11('/1s - pectineus muscle
I:l. 111. gml'ili.1 - gracilis muscle
14. 111. addurtrn - adductor muscle
15. 111..\((r/ori11.1 - sartorius muscle
202
I!i. 111. .w111i11u•111lm11111.,ux semimernbranous
muscle
17. 111. -'<'111i1<·11dh111x11x - semitendinous muscle
IH. lr·111/r, aff1•.1.wriw mi. w111itrndh1<1<i - accessorv
tendon of semiten<linous muscle
1 !l. 111• •w1s/mow111iu.1 - gastrocnemius muscle
20. 111. jl1·Hn d!�i/rJm111 "'Jir·r/idali., - superficial di­
gital flexor muscle
21. fl-11do mi. jlr-v,ris d!1;il11m111 1. •uj>1·,:/i,-ia/i.1 - tendon
of superficial digital flexor muscle
.
22. HIIJIJ/j 111i. /kH,ris <h:�i· foruu, s11JH·1/icialis ad d�t.;i•
lu111 II - branch of superficial digital fle:xor
muscle to second digit
'.n. m11111s 111i. jlr-wri, d!�·iton1111 .11tj>l'r(icioli.1 ad df�i­
30 /11111 lll - branch of superficial digital flexor
muscle to thi1·d digit
24. 111. j>,,j>/i//'1/.\ - popliteal muscle
25. 111. /'\/rn.1111 d!�iti If - extensor muscle of se­
coml digit
'.26. 111. 1ihi11/is rnll(/11/i., - caudal tibial muscle
27. 111. jln11r d��iti I !,m.�w - long flexor muscle of
first digit
'.28. /1'111/0 111i. .fln11ri, d(�·1toru111 Jm1/i111di - tendon of
deep digital flexor muscle
29. 111. n/1•11sor digilfJ/'/1111 /r,11gm - long digital ex­
tensor muscle
:lo. 111. i11/l'l'11.1.w·111· II - interosseous muscle II
:l 1. Jwrlio cr,/111/emli., 111i. i11frm.1J1•i 11d d!�itu111 ill
collateral portion of interosseous muscle to
third digit
:12. 111. tibi11/i.1 a1111i11!i.l - cranial tibial muscle
Rabbit. Dissection of medial surface of pelvis and thigh.

Figure 201

I. ,'Nl1·bm fo11i/H,/i, l'Jf - seventh lumbar verte-

bra
L. ala n\.\i.\ .,<1(1t - \Ving of sacru1n
:\. /"", la!t·mli., 11.,.,;, .111< ri - lateral pan of' sacrum
·t, 4'.111. /J11H1.1 111i11111 - psoas minor muscle
5. /ior/ir, 11u·rlii1/i,· 111i. i/ill(i - medial ponion of
iliac muscle
(i. 111. /J.lf,a1 11,ai111 psoas major muscle
7. a. iliam nln11" .,i11i_1/w left external iliac ar-
lCr\-
B. a. iliarn i11/1·11111 ,i11iltm left intern,11 iUac ar-
ten·
!). t'. i/imn r\frnut si11l-\lru, o, i/iaca <'\h·r11<1 dr·\·/n, -
left external iliac vein, right external iliac ar­
tery
I 0. 11. /r'lll11mli.1, ;•. iliarn nlt·mo rl/'\lm - femoral
nerve, right external iliac vein
I I. u..,acmli., 11ll'rlia11a - middle sacral arterv
I2. a. l'I ,'. ilillrn i11/1•ma dnim - right internal iliac IH. 111. l1·11.1or jmcia1· /01111· - tensor fasciae bttac :l(). 111. /.!.r"n/i.r - gracilis ,nuscle
artcrv and vein muscle 27. /iwi,,., >l'll1/1h)'lia/il 1J.\.\i.1 mrn1• - svmphvseal ,u1
I :L 11. obturoforiu.�.ti. ()bf11ruloria abturator nerve ID. 11. rnlr11u·w /i,111,11i1 falr·mli.,, a. 1·/ ,'. rirn,111/lna i/i11111 face of os coxae
and anerv jlm/i111da - lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, 28. 111. .11·111i1111·111bm1111.1w - semimembranous muscle
14. />an iliam 111i. obi11mtorii i11fl-111i iliac part of deep circumflex iliac anerv and vein :2!). 111..wnlmi11., - sartorius 1nuscle
internal obturator muscle 20. 111.l'l'Clos.fl'//wri, - straight femoral muscle :w. 111. 11·111itmdin"·'·11s - semitendinous muscle
14'. /J11n i.1d1ir,p11bim 111i. obtum/orii i11fl-mi - ischio­ 21. 111.1•m/11.1 111uliali., - medial vastus muscle :1 I. 111..�as/mml'l11iw - gastrocnemius muscle
pubic pan of internal ohturator muscle 22. a. 1·/ ,·. jl'lll1Jm/is, 11. 1a/1/1('1111.1 - femoral arterv :12. Ill. f/i,v,r dz�i/1)1//JII .HI/Jl'l_/i'cio/i., - superficial di­
15. 111. mcn:�n,., - coccvgeal muscle and vein, saphenous nerve gital flexor muscle
1(i. 11. l'I ,'. />m/i111rlo _li-1111,ri.1 - deep femoral anen· 2:1. 1/•.\f/j)fw11a. ;•..wjJlll'11a Jll('dia/i., - saphenous ar­ :l:l. 111. /J/Jf!li/1·111 - popliteal muscle
and vein tery, medial saphenous vein ,l4. 111. nfr11.wr digili II - extensor muscle of sec­
I 7. a.l'I 1·. cirrn111/lna /c11u,ri.< lat1·mli1· - lateral cir­ 24. 111.Ju·l'li111'11., - pectineus muscle ond digit
cumflex femoral anerv and vein 25. 111. odd11/'l"r - adductor muscle :Ei. 111.tibia/is rmnialis - cranial tibial muscle

203
Rabbit. Male. External sex organs and inguinal region from left side. Left pelvic limb removed
Figure 202
l. ala os,is ili11111 - wing of ilium
2. atl'f(lb11l11111 - acetabulum
:1. ltdJf'r isr!tiadicttttt - ischiatic tuber
4. ji1.1ci(/ lh11ram/11111ba!is - thoracolumbar fascia
5. os s11cn1111 - sacrum
6. 11. iscltiadicw - ischiatic nerve
7. 111. rnccygeus - coccygeal muscle
8. 111. rdrac/orjm1is - retractor muscle of penis
9. 111. spltinclff a11i e,lemus - external anal sphinc-
ter muscle
I 0. 111. b11/b11s/)()1tgiorns - bulbospongiosus muscle
11. 1u. isd1iom1•t'moS11s - ischiocavernous muscle
12. Jm,is - penis
204
I :l..�landula Jm'Jmlia!is - preputial gland
14. 11111/111lla recli - ampulla of rectum
15. 111.ili11psoas - iliopsoas muscle
16. 11. fe111ornlis - femoral nerve
I 7. inserlio 111i. fisoas 1ui11111is, (/. cl 1•. i/i{(m l'.\ll'/'1/a -
insertion of psoas minor muscle, external
iliac artery and vein
IB. lig. i11g11i11al<· - inguinal ligament
19. 111. obli q1111s nlemtts (/bd11111i11is external
oblique abdominal muscle
20. 111. obli q1111s in/emus abd11111i11is internal
oblique abdominal muscle
21. aj)tl11e11msis 111i. obliqui i11temi ahd11111i11is - apo-
neurosis of internal oblique abdominal
muscle
22. 111. rffltt.1 ubdm11i11is - straight abdominal
muscle
22'. imalio 111i. rffli abdm11i1iis - insertion of
straight abdominal muscle
23. 111. t/"l'tlt{tsfrr siuisler - left cremaster muscle
24. 111. cr,,111asll'r dnta - right cremaster muscle
25. ltcuirn ,·agiua/is l'I J1111irn/11s s/mmaticus si11isfrr
vaginal tunic and left spermatic cord
26. /es/is - testis
27. /II. 11bl11m/11ritcs iulem11s - internal obturator
muscle
Rabbit. Pelvic organs of female in situ from left side. Left half of pelvis and left pelvic limb removed.

Figure 203

J. 111. g/11t1·11s 111l'di11.1 - middle gluteal muscle I:i., 15'. lzi;. /0/11111 llll'ri si11islr11111 - broad ligament 28. 111. rl'Clm abd11111i11is - straight abdominal
2. fJS ili11111 - ilium of left uterus muscle
:l. ()J socmn1 - sacrum I(i. lz�; /11111111 11/ni dl'lln1111 - broad ligament of 28'. i11sertio 111i. rec/i abd11111i11is - insertion of
4. o. l'I ,'. iliorn i11/1'/'llfl si11i.rlm - left internal iliac right uterus straight abdominal muscle
at'lery and vein 1 7. /11b11 11ll'ri11(1 - uterine tube 29. 1·1·.1im 11ri11ari11 - urinary bladder
:i. 1n. gl111!·11s mpnficialis (d1•1/1•r) - right super­ 18. 11mri11m - ovary :lO. fig. latrmlr ,'l'SiC/11' - lateral ligament of bladder
ficial gluteal muscle I 9. 11//'S1JC1Jl1111 r/1·sc1·11d1•11s - descending mesocolon :1 I. 1/t;. 11wdia1111111 ;•1·sim,• - middle ligament of
6. 111. !1J11gi.1Ji11111s /11111bon1111 - longissimus lumbo­ 20. colm1 desa•11dem - descending colon bladder
rum muscle 21. wujm/111 rl'cli - ampulla of rectum :l2. a. 11111hiliwlis - umbilical anery
7. n1. q1u11/ml11s /11111b1Jm111 - quadratus lumborum 22. 111. rnayi:1·11.1 - coccygeal muscle :ti. pl<-111s ;•1•111JS11S ;'llgiiuu· - vaginal venous plexus
muscle 2:1. 1i1. sj>hi11r/1•r cmi 1•1/l'ml/J - external anal sphinc­ :14. «. ,,1 1•. p11dc•111/11 ntn1111 - external pudenda!
8. 111. psoo.1111flj11r - psoas major muscle ter muscle artery and vein
9. 111. /1.wm 111i111Jr - psoas minor muscle 24. ;•1·stilm/11m ;•11gi111w - vestibule of vagina :is. /11. iug11i11alis wj>a(icialis - superficial inguinal
I0. 11. el,·. i/i(ICII nlemfl sinislm - left external iliac 25. 111. w11slrif/or ;•11/ml' - constrictor muscle of lymph node
artery and vein vulva :Hi. 111. s«cmca11da/1s donfllis /11/r•mli.1 - lateral dorsal
I I. /'/'11 si11isln - left kidney 26. dilori.r - clitoris sacrocaudal muscle
12. url'la - ureter 27. 111. obt11rnt11rim i11/1•m11.1, farh•s s1·111j>hrsi11/i.1 11ssi.< :l7. 111. rnrmrmu/11/is Pl'ntmlis /1111-mlis - lateral ven­
13., 1:r. 11/l'rllS drr/1'1' - right uterus m.,1w - internal obcurator muscle, symphy­ tral sacrocaudal muscle
14., 14'. 11/l'm.1 si11isln - left uterus seal surface of os coxae :18. 111, rc•r/ocorrJ:�n,., - rectococcygeal muscle

205