KIT

Qatar University

ELEC321 - Power Systems Analysis

Transmission Line Parameters

Instructor: Professor S. M. Muyeen

FIEAust, CPEng, NER, IEEE Senior Member
Qatar University

Overhead
Transmission Line

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 1
 Non Uniform Current Density
The skin effect is the tendency of high frequency current density to be
highest at the surface of a conductor and then to decay exponentially
toward the center. Skin effect is directly linked to Faraday’s Law and
to inductance.
An alternating current in a conductor produces an alternating
magnetic field in and around the conductor. When the intensity of
current in a conductor changes, the magnetic field also changes. The
change in the magnetic field, in turn, creates an electric field which
opposes the change in current intensity and creates non uniformity in
the current distribution.
This opposing electric field is called “counter-electromotive force”
(counter EMF). The counter EMF is strongest at the center of the
conductor, and forces the conducting electrons to the outside of the
conductor. In general, the skin effect is due to opposing eddy currents
induced by the changing magnetic field resulting from the alternating
current.

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 2
 Non Uniform Current Density
If current density is represented by J, then :
𝐽 = constant for uniform current density
𝐽 = 𝐽0 𝑒 −𝑑Τ𝛿 for skin effect currents
Where, 𝐽0 = current density at the surface of the conductor
𝑒 = base of the natural logarithm
𝑑 = distance measured from the surface toward the center of the
conductor
𝛿 = skin depth
𝛿
Skin depth is defined as the point where the current density is the
current density at the surface 𝐽0 divided by e,
𝛿 = 𝐽0 Τ𝑒
The skin depth defines the effectives cross sectional area of the
conductor
2𝜌
SkinDepth =
𝜔𝜇
Where, 𝜌 is resistivity of conductor, 𝜔 is the angular speed, 𝜇 is the
permeability.
Skin depth is inversely proportional to the square root of the
frequency

Non Uniform Current Density

Fig. 2. An example of current densities for a steady-state current

and for high-frequency current in a conductor

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 3
 Non Uniform Current Density
There are three possible reasons we might care about skin effect.

1. The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to the cross

sectional area of the conductor. If the cross sectional area decreases, the
resistance goes up. The skin effect causes the effective cross sectional area to
decrease. Therefore, the skin effect causes the effective resistance of the
conductor to increase.
2. The skin effect is a function of frequency. Therefore, the skin effect causes
the resistance of a conductor to become a function of frequency (instead of
being constant for all frequencies.) This, in turn, impacts the impedance of
the conductor. If we are concerned about controlled impedance traces and
transmission line considerations, the skin effect causes trace termination
techniques to become much more complicated.
3. If the skin effect causes the effective cross sectional area of a trace to
decrease and its resistance to increase, then the trace will heat faster and to a
higher temperature at higher frequencies for the same level of current.

Corona/Corona Discharge
Corona discharge is an ionization of air adjacent to high voltage conductor. It
is caused by the leakage of current from the conductor into the air. Corona is a
phenomenon associated with all energized transmission lines. Under certain
conditions, the localized electric field near an energized conductor can be
sufficiently concentrated to produce a tiny electric discharge that can ionize
air close to the conductors [1]. This partial discharge of electrical energy is
called corona discharge, or corona.

Fig. 5. Corona discharge in transmission line [2]

See the video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLrP9mck7eM

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 4
 Corona/Corona Discharge
• Electric transmission lines can generate a small amount of sound energy
as a result of corona.
•Corona is a phenomenon associated with all transmission lines. Under
certain conditions, the localized electric field near energized components
and conductors can produce a tiny electric discharge or corona that
causes the surrounding air molecules to ionize, or undergo a slight
localized change of electric charge.
•Utility companies try to reduce the amount of corona because in addition
to the low levels of noise that result, corona results a power loss, and in
extreme cases, it can damage system components over time.
•Corona occurs on all types of transmission lines, but it becomes more
noticeable at higher voltages (345 kV and higher). Under fair weather
conditions, the audible noise from corona is minor and rarely noticed.
•During wet and humid conditions, water drops collect on the conductors
and increase corona activity. Under these conditions, a crackling or
humming sound may be heard in the immediate vicinity of the line.
•Corona results in a power loss. Power losses like corona result in
operating inefficiencies and increase the cost of service for all ratepayers;
a major concern in transmission line design is the reduction of losses.

Corona/Corona Discharge
Sources of Corona:
•The amount of corona produced by a transmission line is a function of the
voltage of the line, the diameter of the conductors, the locations of the
conductors in relation to each other, the elevation of the line above sea level, the
condition of the conductors and hardware, and the local weather conditions.
Power flow does not affect the amount of corona produced by a transmission
line.
•Irregularities (such as nicks and scrapes on the conductor surface or sharp
edges on suspension hardware) concentrate the electric field at these locations
and thus increase the electric field gradient and the resulting corona at these
spots.
•Corona also increases at higher elevations where the density of the atmosphere
is less than at sea level. Audible noise will vary with elevation.
•Raindrops, snow, fog, hoarfrost, and condensation accumulated on the
conductor surface are also sources of surface irregularities that can increase
corona.
•During wet or foul weather conditions, the conductor will produce the greatest
amount of corona noise.

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 5
 Corona/Corona Discharge
Effect of Corona:
•audible noise
• radio
• television and computer monitor interference
• gaseous effluents/discharge
• shock potential
• fuel ignition
Methods to minimize corona effect:
• By minimizing the voltage stress and electric field
gradient
•Surface Treatments
•Homogenous Insulators
•Using Bundled Conductors (by increasing GMR)
•Elimination of sharp points
•Using Corona rings by distributing electric field
gradient
•New Conductor
•By increasing the spacing between the conductors
•By increasing the diameter of the conductor

Overhead Versus Underground Cable

Power is usually transmitted through overhead power lines. Underground
power transmission using underground power cables has a significantly higher
cost and greater operational limitations but is sometimes used in urban areas or
sensitive locations.

Key points:
• Underground cables have lower visibility and are less affected by bad
weather than overhead lines.
• However, costs of insulated cable and excavation are much higher than
overhead construction.
• Faults in buried transmission lines take longer to locate and repair.
• Underground lines are strictly limited by their thermal capacity, which
permits less overload or de-rating than overhead lines.
• Long underground cables have significant capacitance, which may reduce
their ability to provide useful power to loads.

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 6
 Types of Underground Cables
Types of underground cables are given below-
• High-pressure, fluid-filled pipe (HPFF)
• High-pressure, gas-filled pipe (HPGF)
• Self-contained fluid-filled (SCFF)
• Solid cable, cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)

XLPE Cable
An important advantage of
XLPE as insulation for
medium and high voltage
cables is their low dielectric
loss. The dielectric loss factor
is about one decimal power
lower than that of paper
insulated cables and about
two decimal powers lower
than that of PVC (polyvinyl
chloride) -insulated cables.
Since the dielectric constants
is also more favorable the
mutual capacitance of XLPE
cables is also lower, thus
reducing the charging
currents and earth-leakage
currents in networks without
the rigid star-point earthing. Fig. XLPE cables

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 7
 XLPE Cable

(a)

Also used as
sub-marrine
cable

(b)

Fig. (a) single core and (b) 3 core XLPE cables

XLPE Cable

(a) Cables buried directly in trefoil formation (b) Cables buried inside ducts in trefoil formation

(c) Cables directly buried in flat formation (d) Cables buried flat in ducts

Fig. Laying conditions

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 8
 XLPE Cable

Fig. Underground Transmission system

Series Impedance of Transmission Lines

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 9
 Transmission Line Parameters
 A transmission line has 4 parameter as follows-
Resistance
Inductance
Capacitance
Conductance
 Resistance and Inductance uniformly distributed along the
line form the series impedance.
 The conductance and capacitance existing between
conductors of a single phase line or from a conductor to
neutral of a three-phase line form the shunt admittance.
For overhead transmission line, we may neglect it, but not
for underground cable.

Electric and Magnetic Fields

 The lines of magnetic flux form
closed loops linking the circuit.
 The lines of electric flux originate on
the positive charges on one
conductor and terminate on the
negative charges on the other
conductor.
 Any change in the flux linking a
circuit induces a voltage in the circuit
which is proportional to the rate of
change of flux. The inductance of the
circuit relates the voltage induced by
changing flux to the rate of change of
current
 The capacitance which exists
Fig. magnetic and electric field
between the conductors is defined as associated with two wire line
the charges on the conductors per
unit of potential difference between
them.

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 10
 Type of Conductor
 Conductor Types:
 AAC – all-aluminum
conductors
 AAAC – all-aluminum-alloy
conductor
 ACSR – aluminum
conductor, steel reinforced
 ACAR – aluminum
conductor, alloy reinforced Fig. cross section of a steel-
reinforced conductor, 7 steel strands,
and 24 aluminum strands
 Various tensile strength, current
capacities, and conductor sizes
are obtained by using different
combinations of steel and
aluminum.

Resistance
 The effective resistance of a conductor is :

power loss in conductor

𝑅= Ω
𝐼2

 The effective resistance is equal to direct-current (DC) resistance of

the conductor when the distribution of the current throughout the
conductor is uniform.

 Direct-current resistance :
𝜌𝑙
𝑅0 = Ω
𝐴

Where 𝜌 is resistivity of conductor, 𝑙 is length, 𝐴 is cross-sectional area

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 11
 Circular Mill Area
 Circular mil area
Circular mean area (CM area) is unit denoting cross-sectional size of a wire or cable.
1 CM = area of circle with diameter 0.001 (10 -3) inch ≈ 0.7854.10-6 inch2

 MIL:
mil = 1000 x d ; where d = diameter of cable of wire (inch)
Example: Mils of a (1/2) inch wire=1000 x (½in)=500

 Circular Mil
Area of wire or cable equal to its diameter-expressed in mils squared:
CM = mil2  mil = CM1/2
Example: the mil of an circular wire with area 140625 CM can be calculated
as, mil=1406251/2=375 mils
 Square Mil Area
One square mil = (1x10-3)2 = 1x10-6 inch2

Conversion
 Circular Mil to Square Inch
 1 Circular Mil = 0.7854 x 10-6 Square Inch

 Circular Mil to Square Mil

 1 Circular Mil = 0.7854 Square Mil
 1 Square Mil = 1.27 Circular Mil

 Circular Mil to metric units

 1 Circular Mil = 5.066 x 10-10 m2 = 5.066 x 10-6 cm2
 1 m2 = 1.974 x 109 Circular Mil
 1 cm2 = 1.974 x 105 Circular Mil

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 12
 Effect of Temperature on Resistance
 The variance of resistance of
metallic conductor with temperature
is practically linear as shown in
Figure.
From the figure :

𝑅2 𝑇 + 𝑡2
=
𝑅1 𝑇 + 𝑡1
Where 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are the resistance of
the conductor at temperatures 𝑡1 and 𝑡2
Fig. resistance of a metallic conductor
 Values of the constant T in degrees as a function of temperature
Celsius depends on the conductor
materials property, e.g., for annealed
copper of 100% conductivity it is
234.5, but for hard-drawn copper of
97.3% conductivity it is 241

 Because ac current tends to flow towards the surface of a

conductor, the resistance of a line at 60 Hz is slightly higher than
at dc.
 Resistivity and hence line resistance increase as conductor
temperature increases (changes is about 8% between 25C and
50C)
 Because ACSR conductors are stranded, actual resistance,
inductance and capacitance needs to be determined from tables.

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 13
 Variation in Line Resistance Example

Example

Area of a circle (strand) where

diameter, d is expressed in mil
is circular mill (cmill)

2% spiraling effect, so
length increase by 2%

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 14
 Example

Inductance of Conductor Due to Internal Flux

 The inductance of a transmission line is
calculated as the flux linkages per unit current:
𝜆
𝐿=
𝐼
where 𝜆 is phasor

 The mmf equals to the line integral around the

closed path of the component of the magnetic
field intensity tangent to the path and given by:

mmf = ∮ 𝐻 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐼 𝐴𝑡
where 𝐻 is magnetic field intensity, 𝑠 = distance Fig. cross section of a cylindrical
conductor
along path, 𝐼 current enclosed

To obtain an accurate value for the inductance of a transmission line, it is necessary to consider the
Flux inside each conductor as well as the external flux

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 15
 Let the field intensity at a distance x meters form the center of the
conductor be designated Hx. As the field is symmetrical, 𝐻𝑥 is constant,

∮ 𝐻𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐼𝑥 2𝜋𝑥𝐻𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥
where 𝐼𝑥 is the current enclosed.

Assuming uniform current density,

𝜋𝑥 2
𝐼𝑥 = 2 𝐼
𝜋𝑟
Where 𝐼 is the total current in conductor.
 Thus, we obtain
𝑥
𝐻𝑥 = 𝐼 AtΤm
2𝜋𝑟 2
 And the flux density :
𝜇𝑥𝐼
𝐵𝑥 = 𝜇𝐻𝑥 = WbΤm2
2𝜋𝑟 2

 The flux per meter length, considering thickness as dx :

𝜇𝑥𝐼
𝑑𝜙 = 𝑑𝑥 WbΤm2
2𝜋𝑟 2
 The flux linkage per meter of length:
𝜋𝑥 2 𝜇𝐼𝑥 3
𝑑𝜆 = 2
𝑑𝜙 = 𝑑𝑥 WbtΤm
𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑟 4
By integrating, the flux linkage : 𝑟
𝜇𝐼𝑥 3
𝜆𝑖𝑛𝑡 = න 𝑑𝑥
0 2𝜋𝑟 4
𝜇𝐼
= WbtΤm
8𝜋
For relative permeability of 1 (as Cu, Al are non ferromagnetic materials),
𝜇 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 HΤm
𝐼 1
𝜆𝑖𝑛𝑡 = × 10−7 WbtΤm 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑡 = × 10−7 HΤm
2 2
This is the inductance of conductor for flux inside the conductor. Inductance
per unit length is considered simply as inductor.

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 16
 Flux linkage between Two Points External to an Isolated
Conductor
 The magnetic intensity at a tubular element
which is x meters far from the center of the
conductor is assumed as Hx. The mmf around
the element
2𝜋𝑥𝐻𝑥 = 𝐼

 Flux density : D2
𝜇𝐼
𝐵𝑥 = WbtΤm
2𝜋𝑥
 Flux per meter : Fig. A conductor and external points
𝜇𝐼 P1 and P2
𝑑𝜙 = 𝑑𝑥 WbtΤm
2𝜋𝑥
 Flux between P1 and P2 :
𝐷2
𝜇𝐼 𝜇𝐼 𝐷2
𝜆12 = න 𝑑𝑥 = ln WbtΤm
𝐷1 2𝜋𝑥 2𝜋 𝐷1

 with relative permeability of 1 (as Cu, Al are non ferromagnetic materials):

𝐷2
𝜆12 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼 ln WbtΤm
𝐷1

 The inductance due to only the flux included between two external points
P1 and P2:
𝐷2
𝐿12 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼 ln WbtΤm
𝐷1

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 17
 Inductance of A Single-Phase Two-Wire Line
 Inductance due to current in conductor 1:

𝐿1 =Lint +Lext (between r1 and D)

1 𝐷
= + 2 ln × 10−7 HΤm
2 𝑟1

Using ln 𝜀 1Τ4 = 1Τ4,

𝐷
𝐿1 = 2 × 10−7 ln 𝜀 1Τ4 + ln
𝑟1

𝐷 Fig. Conductor of different radii and

𝐿1 = 2 × 10−7 ln the magnetic filed due to current in
𝑟1 𝜀 −1Τ4 conductor 1 only
Substituting 𝑟1 ′ for 𝑟1 𝜀 −1Τ4
𝐷
𝐿1 = 2 × 10−7 ln HΤ m
𝑟1 ′
Where 𝑟1 ′ is the radius of a fictitious conductor
assumed to have no internal flux but the same
inductance as the actual conductor of radius 𝑟1 .
So, 𝑟1 ′=0.7788𝑟1 (𝜀 −1Τ4 = 0.7788)

 Similarly, the inductance due to current in conductor 2:

𝐷
𝐿2 = 2 × 10−7 ln HΤm
𝑟2 ′

 Inductance for the complete circuit:

𝐷
𝐿 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 = 4 × 10−7 ln HΤm
𝑟1 ′𝑟2 ′
 If 𝑟′1 = 𝑟′2 = 𝑟′, thus

𝐷
𝐿 = 4 × 10−7 ln HΤm
𝑟′

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 18
 Flux linkages of one conductor in a group
 For conductors 1,2,3… carry
p
phasor current I1, I2, I3,…In, with
distance D1P, D2P, D3P, DnP 3

 The Flux linkage of conductor 1 2

due to 𝐼1 :
1

𝐼1 𝐷1𝑃 n
𝜆1𝑃1 = + 2𝐼1 ln × 10−7
2 𝑟1
𝐷1𝑃
𝜆1𝑃1 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼1 ln WbtΤm
𝑟1 ′ Fig. Cross-sectional view of group of
n conductors carrying currents whose
sum is zero. Point P is remote from
the conductor

 The Flux linkage of conductor 1 due to 𝐼2 :

𝐷2𝑃
𝜆1𝑃2 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼2 ln WbtΤm
𝐷12

 The flux linkage for conductor 1 due to all conductors is:

𝐷1𝑃 𝐷2𝑃 𝐷𝑛𝑃

𝜆1𝑃 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼1 ln + 𝐼2 ln + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 ln
𝑟1 ′ 𝐷12 𝐷1𝑛

 By expanding

1 1 1
𝜆1𝑃 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼1 ln + 𝐼2 ln + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 ln + 𝐼1 ln 𝐷1𝑃 + 𝐼2 ln 𝐷2𝑃 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 ln 𝐷𝑛𝑃 +
𝑟1 ′ 𝐷12 𝐷1𝑛

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 19
 Since the sum of all current is zero , 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 = 0
And solving for 𝐼𝑛 we obtain 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛−1

Substitute In in the previous equation

1 1 1
𝜆1𝑃 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼1 ln + 𝐼2 ln + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 ln + 𝐼1 ln 𝐷1𝑃 + 𝐼2 ln 𝐷2𝑃 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 ln 𝐷𝑛𝑃 +
𝑟1 ′ 𝐷12 𝐷1𝑛

1 1 1 𝐷1𝑃 𝐷2𝑃 𝐷 𝑛−1 𝑃

𝜆1𝑃 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼1 ln + 𝐼2 ln + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 ln + 𝐼1 ln + 𝐼 ln + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛−1 ln
𝑟1 ′ 𝐷12 𝐷1𝑛 𝐷𝑛𝑝 2 𝐷𝑛𝑝 𝐷𝑛𝑝

 Assuming P is very far, the underlined part becoming zero.

1 1 1
𝜆1 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼1 ln + 𝐼2 ln + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 ln WbtΤm
𝑟1 ′ 𝐷12 𝐷1𝑛

Internal External

Inductance of Composite Conductor Lines

Composite Conductor:
Conductors composed of two or
more elements electrically in
parallel, e.g., stranded conductor.

Parallel filaments are cylindrical

and share the current equally
Cond. X Cond. Y
Conductor X has n number of
Fig. Single-phase line consisting of two
filaments each one is carrying composite conductors
current of I/n

The return circuit Conductor Y

has m number of filaments each
one is carrying current of -I/m

 Flux linkages of filament a of X conductor,

I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1
𝜆𝑎 = 2 × 10−7 ln + ln + ⋯ + ln − 2 × 10−7 ln + ln + ⋯ + ln
𝑛 𝑟𝑎 ′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑛 𝑚 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑚

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 20
 From which
𝑚
−7
𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ ⋯ 𝐷𝑎𝑚
𝜆𝑎 = 2 × 10 𝐼 ln 𝑛
WbtΤm
𝑟𝑎 ′𝐷𝑎𝑏 ⋯ 𝐷𝑎𝑛

 The inductance of filament a:

𝑚
𝜆𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ ⋯ 𝐷𝑎𝑚
𝐿𝑎 = = 2𝑛 × 10−7 ln 𝑛 HΤm
𝐼 Τ𝑛 𝑟𝑎 ′𝐷𝑎𝑏 ⋯ 𝐷𝑎𝑛

 Similarly, inductance on filament b:

𝑚
𝜆𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ ⋯ 𝐷𝑏𝑚
𝐿𝑏 = = 2𝑛 × 10−7 ln 𝑛 HΤm
𝐼Τ𝑛 𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝑟𝑏 ′ ⋯ 𝐷𝑏𝑛

 The average inductances of filaments of conductor X:

𝐿𝑎 + 𝐿𝑏 + ⋯ + 𝐿𝑛
𝐿𝑎𝑣 =
𝑛
 Inductance of conductor X (n filaments are electrically in parallel) :

𝐿𝑎𝑣 𝐿𝑎 + 𝐿𝑏 + ⋯ + 𝐿𝑛
𝐿𝑋 = =
𝑛 𝑛2
 Combines the term:

𝑚𝑛
𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ ⋯ 𝐷𝑎𝑚 𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ ⋯ 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ⋯ 𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ ⋯ 𝐷𝑛𝑚
𝐿𝑋 = 2 × 10−7 ln 𝑛2
HΤm
𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 ⋯ 𝐷𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 ⋯ 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ⋯ 𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 ⋯ 𝐷𝑛𝑛

Where 𝑟𝑎 ′, 𝑟𝑏 ′, and 𝑟𝑛 ′ are replaced with Daa, Dbb,and Dnn.

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 21
 Where
 The numerator, the mn root of the product of the mn distances is
called the geometric mean distance (GMD) between conductor X
and conductor Y. It is abbreviated as Dm and also known as mutual
GMD between two conductors.
 The denominator, the n2 root of these terms is called the self GMD
of conductor X and 𝑟′ is called the self GMD of the filament. Self
GMD is also called geometric mean radius (GMR). It is abbreviated
as Ds

 In terms of 𝐷𝑚 and 𝐷𝑠
𝐷𝑚
𝐿𝑋 = 2 × 10−7 ln HΤm
𝐷𝑠
 The inductance of the line is
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑥 + 𝐿𝑌

Use of Conductor Datasheet

 Inductive reactance of one conductor of a single phase two-
conductor line:
𝐷𝑚
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓 × 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑠
𝐷𝑚
= 4𝜋𝑓 × 10−7 ln ΩΤm
𝐷𝑠
𝐷𝑚
𝑋𝐿 = 2.022 × 10−3 𝑓 ln ΩΤm
𝐷𝑠
 Some table gives values of inductive reactance in addition of GMR.
By expand the algorithm:
1
𝑋𝐿 = 2.022 × 10−3 𝑓 ln + 2.022 × 10−3 𝑓 ln 𝐷𝑚 ΩΤm𝐢
𝐷𝑠

Xa Xd
Xa is the inductive reactance at 1-ft spacing
Xd is the inductive reactance spacing factor

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 22
 Example
Problem
Find the inductive reactance per mile of a single-phase line operating at 60 Hz. The conductor is Partridge,
and spacing is 20 ft between centers.

Inductance of Three-Phase Lines with Equilateral Spacing

 Assume three-balanced phasor
current 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = 0

 The flux at conductor a is

1 1 1
𝜆𝑎 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln + 𝐼𝑏 ln + 𝐼𝑐 ln WbtΤm
𝐷𝑠 𝐷 𝐷

 Since 𝐼𝑎 = − 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐
1 1
𝜆𝑎 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln − 𝐼𝑎 ln
𝐷𝑠 𝐷
𝐷
= 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln WbtΤm
𝐷𝑠

 and
𝐷 Fig. Cross-sectional view of the
𝐿𝑎 = 2 × 10−7 ln HΤm equilaterally spaced conductor of
𝐷𝑠
three-phase line

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 23
 Example
Problem
One circuit of a single-phase transmission line is composed of three solid O.25 cm radius wires. The return
circuit is composed of two O.5 cm radius wires. The arrangement of conductors is shown in Figure below.
Find the inductance due to the current in each side of the line and the inductance of the complete line in
henrys per meter (and in millihenrys per mile).

Figure. Arrangement of the Conductor

Example

In this example, the conductors in parallel on one side of the line are separated by 6m, and the distance
between two sides of the line is 9m. Here the calculation of mutual GMD is important. For stranded
conductors the distance between sides of a line composed of one conductor per side is usually so great that
the mutual GMD can be take as equal to the center-to-center distance with negligible error.

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 24
 Example
Problem

Use of the Table

Example

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 25
 Transmission Tower Configurations
The problem with the line analysis we’ve done so far is we have
assumed a symmetrical tower configuration. Such a tower figuration
is seldom practical.

Therefore in
general Dab 
Dac  Dbc

Unless something
was done this would
Typical Transmission Tower result in unbalanced
Configuration phases

Inductance of Three-Phase Lines With Unsymmetrical

Spacing
1

Fig. Transposition cycle

 When three phases are not spaced equilaterally, the flux linkage and
inductance of each phase are not the same.
 The balanced of the three phase can be restored by exchanging the
positions of the conductors at regular intervals along the line.
 Conductor position exchange called transposition.

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 26
 Line Transposition Example

Line Transposition Example

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 27
  Flux linkages of a in position 1 when b is in position 2 and c is in position 3

1 1 1
𝜆𝑎1 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln + 𝐼𝑏 ln + 𝐼𝑐 ln WbtΤm
𝐷𝑠 𝐷12 𝐷31
 With a in position 2, b in position 3 and c in position 1

1 1 1
𝜆𝑎2 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln + 𝐼𝑏 ln + 𝐼𝑐 ln WbtΤm
𝐷𝑠 𝐷23 𝐷12
 And with a in position 3, b in position 1 and c in position 2

1 1 1
𝜆𝑎3 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln + 𝐼𝑏 ln + 𝐼𝑐 ln WbtΤm
𝐷𝑠 𝐷31 𝐷23

 The average value of the flux of a

𝜆𝑎1 + 𝜆𝑎2 + 𝜆𝑎3
𝜆𝑎 =
3
2×10−7 1 1 1
= 3𝐼𝑎 ln + 𝐼𝑏 ln + 𝐼𝑐 ln
3 𝐷𝑠 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31

 With restriction 𝐼𝑎 = − 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐
2 × 10−7 1 1
𝜆𝑎 = 3𝐼𝑎 ln − 𝐼𝑎 ln
3 𝐷𝑠 𝐷12 𝐷23𝐷31
3
𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
= 2 × 10−7𝐼𝑎 ln WbtΤm
𝐷𝑠
 The average inductance
𝐷𝑒𝑞
𝐿𝑎 = 2 × 10−7 ln HΤm
𝐷𝑠
Where,
3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝐷12 𝐷23𝐷31

Ds is the GMR of the conductor and Deq is the geometric mean of the three
distances of the unsymmetrical line which is the equivalent equilateral spacing.

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 28
 Example
Problem
A single circuit three-phase line operated at 60Hz is arranged, as shown in Figure below. The condutors
are ACSR Drake. Find the inductive reactance per mile per phase.

Figure. Arrangement of the Conductors

Inductance calculations for bundled conductors

Fig. bundle arrangements

 For two strand bundle

4
𝐷𝑠𝑏 = 𝐷𝑠 × 𝑑 2 = 𝐷𝑠 × 𝑑

 For three strand

9 3
𝐷𝑠𝑏 = 𝐷𝑠 × 𝑑 × 𝑑 3 = 𝐷𝑠 × 𝑑 2

 For four strand

16 4 4
𝐷𝑠𝑏 = 𝐷𝑠 × 𝑑 × 𝑑 × 2𝑑 = 1.09 𝐷𝑠 × 𝑑 3

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 29
 Bundled Conductor Pictures

The AEP Wyoming-Jackson

Ferry 765 kV line uses
6-bundle conductors.
Conductors in a bundle are
at the same voltage!
Fig. Bundled Conductor [Photo Source: BPA and American Electric Power]

Capacitance of Transmission Lines

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 30
 Electric Field of A Long, Straight Conductor
 The Capacitance between conductors is the charge on the conductors per
unit of potential difference between them. Capacitance between parallel
conductors is a constant depending on the size and the spacing of the
conductors.
 For short lines (less than 50 mi), the effect of capacitance is small and can
be neglected.
 For long lines of higher voltage, the capacitance becomes increasingly
important.
 An alternating voltage impressed on the line causes the charge on the
conductors at any point to increase and decrease with the instantaneous
change of alternating voltage between the conductors.
 The flow of charge is called charging current of the line
 Charging current flows even if the line is open-circuited because
capacitance is a shunt between conductors.
 Therefore, the charging current affects voltage drop along the line, line
efficiency, line power factor and system stability.

Review of Electric Fields

 To develop a model for line capacitance, we need to
review the electric field concept, more specificly the
Gauss’s law.

q= ‫𝑫 𝑨׬‬. 𝒅𝑨
(Integrate over close surface)

where
D = the electric flux density, coulombs/m2
da = differential area da with normal to surface
A= total closed surface area, m2
q= total charge in coulombs enclosed

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 31
 The electric field, E, is related to the electric flux density, D, by
D = E
where
E = electric field (volts/m)
 = permittivity in farads/m (F/m)
  = o r
o = permittivity of free space (8.85410-12 F/m)
r = relative permittivity or the dielectric constant
(1 for dry air, 2 to 6 for most dielectrics)

Electric Field of A Long, Straight Conductor

 The electric flux density at x meters
from the conductor to the point where
electric flux density is computed can be
expressed as:
𝑞
𝐷𝑓 = CΤm2
2𝜋𝑥

Where q is the charge on the conductor in

coulombs per meter of length.

 The electric field intensity: Fig. Lines of electric flux originating

on the positive charges uniformly
𝑞 distributed over the surface of an
𝐸= VΤm isolated cylindrical conductor
2𝜋𝑥𝑘
Where k is the permittivity.

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 32
 The Potential Difference Between Two Points Due to a
Charge

Fig. Path of integration between two

points external to a cylindrical conductor
having a uniformly distributed positive
charge

 The instantaneous voltage drop between P1 and P2 is

𝐷2 𝐷2
𝑞 𝑞 𝐷2
𝑣12 = න 𝐸 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥 = ln V
𝐷1 𝐷1 2𝜋𝑥𝑘 2𝜋𝑘 𝐷1

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

 Capacitance per unit length of the line

𝑞
𝐶= FΤm
𝑣
For convenience we refer to capacitance
per unit length as capacitance.
 Converting to phasor notation
Fig. cross section of parallel-wire
𝑞𝑎 𝐷 𝑞𝑏 𝑟𝑏 line
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = ln + ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟𝑎 2𝜋𝑘 𝐷
 Since 𝑞𝑎 = −𝑞𝑏

𝑞𝑎 𝐷 𝑟𝑏
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = ln − ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟𝑎 𝐷

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 33
  By combining the logarithmic terms:
𝑞𝑎 𝐷2 a b
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑏
Cab

 The capacitance between conductors is: Fig. representation of line-

to–line capacitance
𝑞𝑎 2𝜋𝑘
𝐶𝑎𝑏 = = FΤm a
𝑉𝑎𝑏 ln 𝐷2 Τ𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑏 n b

 If 𝑟𝑎 = 𝑟𝑏 = 𝑟 Can=2Cab Cbn=2Cab
𝜋𝑘 Fig. representation of line-
𝐶𝑎𝑏 = F Τm
ln 𝐷 Τ𝑟 to–neutral capacitance

 Capacitance to ground, or capacitance to neutral

𝑞𝑎 2𝜋𝑘
𝐶𝑛 = 𝐶𝑎𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏𝑛 = = FΤm to neutral
𝑉𝑎𝑏 Τ2 ln 𝐷Τ𝑟

 Capacitance reactance between one conductor and neutral for

relative permittivity 𝑘𝑟 = 1

1 2.862 𝐷
𝑋𝐶 = = × 109 ln Ω. m to neutral
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝑓 𝑟
 Divided by 1609 to convert to miles

1.779 𝐷
𝑋𝐶 = × 106 ln Ω. mi to neutral
𝑓 𝑟
1.779 1 1.779
𝑋𝐶 = × 106 ln + × 106 ln 𝐷 Ω. mi to neutral
𝑓 𝑟 𝑓

Xa ’ Xd ’
Xa’ is the capacitive reactance at 1-ft spacing
Xd’ is the capacitive reactance spacing factor

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 34
 Example
Problem
Find the capacitive susceptance per mile of a single-phase line operating at 60 Hz. The conductor is
Partridge, and spacing is 20 ft between centers.

Capacitance of three-phase line with equilateral spacing

 Voltage of the three-phase line due only to the

charges on conductor a and b is:
1 𝐷 𝑟
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟 𝐷
 Due only to the charge 𝑞𝑐 , which is zero (c is
equidistant from a and b)
𝑞𝑐 𝐷
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = ln = 0 Fig. cross section of three-
2𝜋𝑘 𝐷 phase line with equilateral
spacing

 For all three charges:

1 𝐷 𝑟 𝐷
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟 𝐷 𝐷
1 𝐷 𝐷 𝑟
𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟 𝐷 𝐷

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 35
 Fig. phasor diagram of the balanced voltages of a three-phase line

 Adding both the equation

1 𝐷 𝑟
𝑉𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 2𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 + 𝑞𝑐 ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟 𝐷
 If no other charges, the sum of charges on three phase is zero, thus:
3𝑞𝑎 𝐷
𝑉𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉𝑎𝑐 = ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟

 From line a to neutral of three-phase circuit:

𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 3𝑉𝑎𝑛 ∠30° = 3𝑉𝑎𝑛 0.866 + 𝑗0.5

𝑉𝑎𝑐 = −𝑉𝑐𝑎 = 3𝑉𝑎𝑛 ∠ − 30° = 3𝑉𝑎𝑛 0.866 − 𝑗0.5
 Adding the above equations:

𝑉𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 3𝑉𝑎𝑛

𝑞𝑎 𝐷
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = ln V
 Capacitance to neutral:
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟

𝑞𝑎 2𝜋𝑘
𝐶𝑛 = = FΤm to neutral
𝑉𝑎𝑛 ln 𝐷Τ𝑟

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 36
  Therefore, it is found that the capacitance to neutral for single-phase
and equilaterally spaced three-phase lines are the same.

 The term charging current is applied to the current associated with

the capacitance of a line.
 For a single – phase circuit the charging current is the product of
the line-to-line susceptance
𝐼𝑐ℎ𝑔 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶𝑎𝑏 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑗𝐵𝑎𝑏 𝑉𝑎𝑏

 For three – phase line the charging current is found by multiplying

the voltage to neutral by the capacitive susceptance to neutral. The
phasor charging current in phase 𝑎

𝐼𝑐ℎ𝑔 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑗𝐵𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑛 AΤmi

 As the rms voltage varies along the line, the charging current is not the
same everywhere.

Capacitance of Three-Phase Line with Unsymmetrical Spacing

2
 In the un-transposed line
the capacitances of each D12
phase to neutral are D23
unequal
1 3
D31
Fig. cross section of three-phase line unsymmetrical spacing

 With phase 𝑎 in position 1, 𝑏 in position 2 and 𝑐 in position 3:

1 𝐷12 𝑟 𝐷23
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷31
 With phase 𝑎 in position 2, 𝑏 in position 3 and 𝐶 in position 1

1 𝐷23 𝑟 𝐷31
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟 𝐷23 𝐷12

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 37
  With phase 𝑎 in position 3, 𝑏 in position 1 and 𝐶 in position 2

1 𝐷31 𝑟 𝐷12
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟 𝐷31 𝐷23

 The average voltage between conductor 𝑎 and 𝑏:

1 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝑟3 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31

𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln
6𝜋𝑘 𝑟3 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
1 𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝑟
= 𝑞 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln
2𝜋𝑘 𝑎 𝑟 𝐷𝑒𝑞
Where

3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31

 Similarly, the average voltage drop form conductor 𝑎 and 𝑐:

1 𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝑟
𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟 𝐷𝑒𝑞
 Voltage to neutral
3𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉𝑎𝑐
1 𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝑟 𝑟
= 2𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟 𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝐷𝑒𝑞
 Since 𝑞𝑎 + 𝑞𝑏 + 𝑞𝑐 = 0
3 𝐷𝑒𝑞
3𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑞𝑎 ln V
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟
𝑞 2𝜋𝑘
 And 𝐶𝑛 = 𝑉 𝑎 = ln FΤm to neutral
𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑒𝑞 Τ𝑟

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 38
 Effect of Earth on The Capacitance of Three-Phase
Transmission Lines
 with conductor 𝑎 in position 1, 𝑏 in
position 2 and 𝑐 in position 3 :

𝑉𝑎𝑏
1 𝐷12 𝐻12
= ൭𝑞 ln − ln
Equipotential surface 2𝜋𝑘 𝑎 𝑟 𝐻1
𝑟 𝐻2
+ 𝑞𝑏 ln − ln
𝐷12 𝐻12

Fictitious conductors

Fig. Three-phase line and its

image

 Knowing the sum of the charges is zero:

2𝜋𝑘
𝐶𝑛 = 3
FΤm
𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝐻12 𝐻23 𝐻31
ln 𝑟 − ln 3
𝐻1 𝐻2 𝐻3
(Earth effect term)
When the conductors are very high above the ground, the effect of
earth effect term becomes negligible.

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 39
 Capacitance Calculations for Bundled Conductor
 If charge on phase 𝑎 is 𝑞𝑎 , each conductors a and 𝑎′ has the charge
𝑞𝑎 Τ2

𝑉𝑎𝑏
1 𝑞𝑎 𝐷12 𝐷12 𝑞𝑏 𝑟 𝑑 𝑞𝑐 𝐷23 𝐷23
= ln + ln + ln + ln + ln + ln
2𝜋𝑘 2 𝑟 𝑑 2 𝐷12 𝐷12 2 𝐷31 𝐷31

 Combining the terms

1 𝐷12 𝑟𝑑 𝐷23
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln
2𝜋𝑘 𝑟𝑑 𝐷12 𝐷31

Fig. Cross section of a bundled-conductor three-phase line

 If consider the line to be transported:

2𝜋𝑘
𝐶𝑛 = FΤm to ne𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝐷𝑒𝑞
ln
𝑟𝑑
𝑏
 If we let 𝐷𝑠𝐶 stand for the modified GMR,

2𝜋𝑘
𝐶𝑛 = 𝐷𝑒𝑞
FΤm to neutral
ln
𝐷𝑏
𝑠𝐶

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 40
  Then, for a two-strand bundle

𝑏 4 2
𝐷𝑠𝐶 = 𝑟×𝑑 = 𝑟𝑑
 For a three-strand bundle

𝑏 9 3
𝐷𝑠𝐶 = 𝑟×𝑑×𝑑 3 = 𝑟𝑑 2
 For a four-strand bundle

𝑏
16 4 4
𝐷𝑠𝐶 = 𝑟×𝑑×𝑑×𝑑× 2 = 1.09 𝑟𝑑 3

Parallel-circuit Three-Phase Lines

Fig. Typical arrangement of conductor of parallel-circuit three-phase line

 Conductors a and a’ are in parallel to compose phase a.

 Phase b and c are similar.
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
 To calculate 𝐷𝑒𝑞 the GMD method requires 𝐷𝑎𝑏 , 𝐷𝑏𝑐 , 𝐷𝑐𝑎
𝑝
 Inductance calculation 𝐷𝑠 replaced by 𝐷𝑠 , which is the geometric
mean of the GMR of the two conductor on position a and a’, then
position b and b’, and finally c and c’

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 41
 Example
Problem
A three-phase double circuit line is composed of 300,000 cmil 26/7 Ostrich conductors arranged as shown
in figure below. Find the 60 Hz inductive reactance and capacitive susceptance in ohms per mile per phase
and siemens per mile per phase, respectively.

Example

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 42
 Example

Example

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 Appendix

Appendix

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 44
 Appendix

Appendix

Dr. S.M.Muyeen 45
 Reference
1. Glover, Sarma and Overbye, "Power System Analysis and Design" 6th Edition, Cengage
Learning, 2017.
2. Hadi Saadat, "Power System Analysis", 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill, 2004.
3. Grainger and Stevension, Jr, “Power System Anslysis”, McGRAW Hill, 1994
4. Stephen J Chapman, “Electric Machinery Fundamentals”, 4th Edition, McGrawHill, 2005

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