2001 - Sanchez - A Synopsis of Paleo-Indian Archaeology in Mexico

Maney Publishing
A Synopsis of Paleo-Indian Archaeology in Mexico

Author(s): M. Guadalupe Sanchez
Source: Kiva, Vol. 67, No. 2 (Winter, 2001), pp. 119-136
Published by: Maney Publishing on behalf of the Arizona Archaeological and Historical
Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30246387
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KIVA, Vol. 67, No. 2, 2001
A SYNOPSIS OF
PALEO-INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY IN MEXICO
M. GUADALUPE SANCHEZ
Department of Anthropology
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona 85721
ABSTRACT
Despite several significant discoveries documenting the presence of early man
along with extinct Pleistocene fauna during the first half of the 20th century, the
Paleo-Indian period in Mexico remains little studied and poorly recognized. This
paper provides a synthesis of the presently known data. These data indicate that
the Clovis tradition is well-represented in the state of Sonora, but evidence
diminishes considerably further to the south. Subsequent Paleo-Indian traditions
are scarce, and their chronological and cultural relationships to other North
American traditions have yet to be established. However scant, these data also
demonstrate their potential for future systematic geoarchaeological research.
RESUMEN
Desde la primera mitad del siglo XX varios descubrimientos significativos
documentaron la presencia del hombre temprano junto con fauna Pleistocenica.
Sin embargo, el periodo Paleoindio en Mexico permanece poco estudiado y mal
conocido. Este trabajo proporciona una sintesis de los datos conocidos hasta la
fecha. Estos datos indican que la tradici6n Clovis esti bien representada en el
estado de Sonora, pero las evidencias se reducen considerablemente hacia el sur.
Las tradiciones Paleoindias subsecuentes a Clovis son escasas, y sus relaciones
culturales y cronol6gicas a las otras tradiciones de Norte America todavia no se
puede establecer. Aunque escasos, estos datos demuestran que hay un gran
potencial para futuras investigaciones sistemaiticas geoarqueol6gicas.
The peopling of the Americas is one of the more fascinating themes in

American archaeology (Stanford 1991; Tankersley 2000). Although almost 75 years
have elapsed since the Folsom discovery demonstrated that humans were in North
America simultaneously with extinct Bison antiquus, the archaeological commu-
nity is still highly divided with respect to the antiquity of many proclaimed early
sites and the timing of the entry of humans into the New World (Dillehay 1989,
1997; Dillehay et al. 1999; Frison 2000; Fiedel 1999b, 2000; Haynes 1999; Kelly
and Todd 1988; Meltzer 1989, 1995; Owen 1984; Stanford 1991; Waters 2000).
Presently, the only consensus is that the first Americans were Homo sapiens and
that they were on the continent by at least 11,500 years ago (Meltzer 1995:1).
The Clovis industry is the oldest universally acknowledged, unequivocal cultural
horizon in the Americas, radiocarbon dated at 11,500 years ago (13,350 cal B.P.)
120 SANCHEZ
(Fiedel 1999a; Haynes 1993, 2000a; Taylor et al. 1996). Several artifacts have
been identified as affiliated with the Clovis tool tradition, but the principal diag-
nostic artifact is the lanceolate, fluted Clovis point (Krieger 1950; Sellards 1952;
Wormington 1957). Specimens of this unique point have been found on the sur-
face of virtually the entire North American continent except in those areas where
the late Wisconsinan ice sheet was present (Collins 1999a; Faught 1996; Anderson
et al. 1998). Following the Clovis complex, the Paleo-Indian chronological frame-
work is difficult to discern due to a wide variety of regional flaking traditions. The
most widespread projectile point traditions in the Great Plains of North America
are Goshen-Plainview, Folsom, Agate Basin, Cody Complex, and Dalton (Frison
1974, 1991, 1996; Gramly 1990; Haynes 1964; Waldorf 1987; Wheat 1972;
Wilmsen and Roberts 1978).
In Mexico, however, the cultural sequence for the earliest periods of human
occupation has not been adequately delineated; currently, the only two sites with
good stratigraphic deposits and associated radiocarbon ages are Cueva de Los Grifos
in Chiapas and Guili Naquitz in Oaxaca. All the other known sites lack radiocarbon
dates, stratigraphic deposits, or unequivocal human evidence of site use.
Consequently, to portray the cultural sequence of the late Pleistocene/early Holocene
occupation in Mexico archaeologists must use the minimum requirements suggested
by Haynes (1969) and Waters (1985:125) for determining early sites; these include
a reliance on diagnostic projectile point types that can be correlated with the North
American Paleo-Indian sequence, along with sites where stone tools have been
found in association with extinct Pleistocene fauna and the few sites where the
relationship between the artifacts and the stratigraphy can be clearly demonstrated
(Table 1 and Figure 1).
THE CLOVIS TRADITION IN MEXICO
Several well-known Clovis sites, including Naco, Lehner, and Murray Springs,
are located along the San Pedro River Valley, in southeastern Arizona (Haury et al.
1953, 1959; Haynes 1966, 1969, 1976, 1982, 1987; Hemmings 1970). They are
among the best understood (including mammoth and bison kill sites, and camp
sites), with an unusually complete record of late Quaternary depositional,
pedological, and erosional events, and a complete series of radiocarbon dates
(Haynes 1991, 1993, 2000a, 2000b; Huckell n.d.; Taylor et al. 1996). These San
Pedro River sites are located but a few kilometers north of the international border
between Arizona and Sonora, Mexico.
Immediately south of the international border, the state of Sonora exhibits a
wide distribution of Clovis points. Robles (1974) reported 11 localities with a total
of 25 Clovis points, all surface finds distributed in the northern half of Sonora. Six
are located near the Gulf of California, with the others distributed along the interior
drainage basins of the Rio Sonora, Rio San Miguel and tributaries, and south to the
PALEO-INDI ARCH IN MEXICO 121
*2
1ElBajio,Snr
2ElAigame,Sonr 3Upanguyms,Soraexi 4ElGram,Son 0ruSainoflCjB,qJ5 6ElBatequi,jCfornSKms 87ocsilaJ,nBuyS-Z 8Oyap,Hidlgo2 9PuntiaNegr,voL
noeLvuN,rdisIaS01 auhiC,nsBcylmS1 albeuP,octyH61 acxO,ztiuqNdlG71 sapihC,ofrGLedvu81
81ocix6Med.E,stafrAhwm5-2 .ocixeMnstadI-lPfgwhp.1eruiF
122 122
Clovis Sonra Sonra SonraJuliMtpescm19 Sonra BajClifornSu BajClifornSu Jalisco Hidalgo Sinalostedf2CvpGur198 ChiuasoltedfnvpDP1965 DurangoisltedfCvpLz1953 TlaxcisotedfnCvGrk1973
.)2fo1egaP(cixMnstSdI-lbT IsolatedFinSTypfRmC-14Agrc
1.ElBajioSte,bnwrd25CvspR974;M8cIy16 2.ElAigameSt,uvrc5-6CospnJB ia198 3.UpanguymsSite,col5-10CvDP9; 4.ElGramSite,cosdunCvpbyhz 5.SanJoqui,sltedfCvpAchm192 6.ElBatequi,sodfnCvpGrzHy1948 7.Zacol-SyuBsin,kehrdbCvptLz1964;A8 8.Oyap,lowertcndvCisb Vquz190;ao8
PALEO-INDI ARCH IN MEXICO 121
FolsmandPivew NuevoLn noeLvuN auhiC PleistocnFauwhArf EstadoeM6xic 7591notgimrWcx6MedasE EstadoeM6xic ocix6MedatsE 189.laterynIcM-SbuP CaveSits )1670-(5U49setad2pihC )46701-P(5U98setad2cxO
Table1.Po-IndiStsMxc(g2f) Sitesand IsolatedFinSTypfRmC-14Agrc
169nietspEomlFadjbrw,gNuP. 169nietspEowvalP4djbr,IS.0 169aryelvAnotipmsFb,BcuS. 6491onalerAstcfihwmxTkL,nape.21 ;3591K-odanlMryevAstcfihwmxTkaL,1onpzI.3 4691aryelvAtdbscfihwomxTkL,2npzI.41 7691,42aryelvA)-M(0/+8stcfihwomxTekaL,nuptA.51 ;189,76smailW-nwrIeotcfhuyvH.61 981,4anecriB-GdmtS)067(5U3opasnlM1iu,evcfrGLdC.7 791htimS)60-(U8opeabrucCv,zqNlG.
124 SANCHEZ
Rio Matape. The Clovis localities of Rancho El Aigame, Las Pefiitas, El Gramal,
Upanguaymas, and El Bajio (Robles 1974; Robles and Manzo 1972) appear to
represent true sites with a wide range of artifacts.
The most significant and extraordinary Clovis site is El Bajio, also known as
Rancho Molina (McIntyre and McIntyre 1976) and El Zanj6n (Montan6 1985,
1988). Over the past three years, I have made several visits to the site and evaluated
the artifact collections curated at the Instituto Nacional de Antropologifa e Historia
(INAH) in Hermosillo, Sonora. I now believe that what were previously interpreted
as isolated loci, instead reflect a more or less continuous distribution of Paleo-
Indian artifacts encompassing an area of approximately 4 square kilometers, likely
making El Bajio the largest Clovis period site in western North America, several
times larger than the Dietz site in Oregon (Fagan 1986; Willig 1990, 1991) and the
Gault Clovis site in Texas (Collins 1999a, 1999b; Waters and Shafer 2001).
Twenty-five Clovis points have been collected from the site surface, along with
a wide variety of Clovis tools, including dozens of Clovis preforms, large bifaces,
blades and polyhedral blade cores, various end and side scrapers, and cutting and
scraping tools made from blades and flakes and gravers. The site also includes a
large quarry of an extremely fine-grained, semi-vitreous basalt. Furthermore, buried
deposits are present at the site. Significantly, a black organic stratum has been
observed in the profile of an arroyo wall; it is almost certainly the so-called "black
mat" representing an abrupt climatic event, characterized by a shift to cooler weather,
that has been documented previously in several Clovis sites in western North
America (Haynes 1991, 1993, 2000a, 2000b; Quade et al. 1998).
Farther to the west, two Clovis points have been reported from the midsection
of the Baja California peninsula. In 1949, Homer Aschmann found a complete
Clovis point of fine basalt in the locality of Rancho San Joaquin (Aschmann 1952).
In 1993, the Proyecto Arte Rupestre found a basal fragment of a Clovis point in the
vicinity of Rancho El Batequi (Guti6rrez and Hyland 1994). X-ray fluorescence
source analysis of this point fragment, manufactured from obsidian, indicates that
it was derived from the Valle de Azufre quarry located 43 km (27 mi) to the northeast
(Gutierrez and Hyland 1994, 1998).
Pleistocene fauna have also been reported from the same general area of these
surface Clovis finds. Mammoth remains have been noted at Rancho El Mezquital,
located 1 km to the southwest of San Joaquin (Gutierrez and Hyland 1994). In
1981 at the El Canal locality, a mammoth was excavated by the local sheriff;
following its excavation, Shelton Applegate, a paleontologist with the Universidad
Nacional Aut6noma de M6xico (UNAM), found chert flakes while removing
sediment from the bones. He visited the site and recovered additional chert flakes
and bifaces from the excavated backdirt (Applegate personal communication 2001).
The Zacoalco-Sayula Basin in Jalisco forms part of the Great Central Lakes of
the Mexican Plateau. The lake deposits of this basin are rich in fossils of extinct
Rancholabrean fauna recovered from the Pleistocene gravels (Aliphat 1988:147).
Paleo-Ilndian Archaeology in Mexico 125
Stone tools associated with extinct fauna have been reported near Atotonilco, located
in the vicinity of the Lake Zacoalco. In 1957, Federico Solorzano found an obsidian
flake with extensive retouch associated with the remains of a semi-articulated
mammoth (Aveleyra 1962, 1964:405). In 1983, during the survey phase of the
Proyecto Zacoalco-Sayula, some very deteriorated large animal bones, together
with a fragment of a "lermoide" or "laurel-leaf' point, were found on the surface
in the same locality described by Solorzano (Aliphat 1988:161). In 1963, Howard
Smith, George Mitchell, and Jose Toscano located two fluted projectile points on
the surface of Cerro del Tecolote, a volcanic hill that separates Zacoalco Lake
from San Marcos Lake; both projectile points are illustrated by Lorenzo (1964).
One is clearly a classic Clovis point, whereas the other has a clear affiliation to the
unfluted lanceolate Great Basin points (Heizer and Hester 1978:38-39; Beck and
Jones 1997:162, 186). Aliphat (1988:161), during a visit to Cerro del Tecolote in
1985, reported another fluted base that he classified as Clovis, although no
illustration was provided.
In the Mezquititlin area in the state of Hidalgo in central Mexico, 12 sites with
Paleo-Indian affiliation (including both open and cave sites) were recorded in an
area described as comprising the southernmost end of the Sierra Madre Occidental
(Cassiano 1998). A basal fragment of a classic Clovis point of white chert was
recovered from a low terrace at the Oyapa site (Cassiano and Vasquez 1990:26).
Numerous additional points and bifaces with a possible Paleo-Indian affiliation
are reported from the other locales (Cassiano 1998). A few of these points resemble
the Cody complex and Plainview series, but the majority appear to be most similar
to the Golondrina, Angostura, and Lerma projectile point styles that remain poorly
known with respect to chronology and affiliation (Faught and Freeman 1998:48;
Hester 1977; Hesse et al. 2000; Holliday 1997:154; MacNeish 1950). No
excavations have been undertaken, so it is unknown if the Oyapa site or any of the
other localities contain stratified deposits.
Isolated surface finds of Clovis-type points diminish considerably to the south
of Sonora. Five isolated Clovis points have been reported in the states of Sinaloa
(Guevara 1989), Chihuahua (Di Peso 1965), Durango (Lorenzo 1953), and Tlaxcala
(Garcia Cook 1973). All of these are either surface finds or points from private
collections with unknown proveniences.
PLAINVIEW AND FOLSOM COMPLEXES IN MEXICO
There are very few Folsom and Plainview points known from Mexico, all found
in the northern states of Chihuahua and Nuevo Leon; none are known to occur
west of the Sierra Madre Occidental. The San Isidro and Puntita Negra sites in
Nuevo Leon were found by a survey carried out by Jeremiah Epstein (1961). The
San Isidro site is situated in a lower bajada and several thermal features are exposed
on the surface. The most abundant tool type at the site are choppers made by a
126 SANCHEZ
crude bifacial flaking technique; a small polyhedral core and nine projectile points
made of chert were also found. The projectile points consist of four Plainview-like
points, two Tortuga points, one Langtry-like point, one point of lanceolate form,
and a nondescript type. A heavy patina covers each of the artifacts. The described
Plainview points are similar to classic Plainview type, except that the basal concavity
is slightly deeper (Epstein 1961). Epstein recovered a fluted point tip from the
Puntita Negra site; the fluting carries through to the tip of the point, prompting its
identification as a Folsom point (Epstein 1961).
Aveleyra (1961) reported the surface find of a classic Folsom point base from
the Salmalayuca Basin near Ciudad Judirez, Chihuahua. Several extinct animal
bones, but no associated artifacts, have also been found in the vicinity.
SITES WITH PLEISTOCENE FAUNA AND ASSOCIATED ARTIFACTS
The northeast limits of Lake Texcoco in the Basin of Mexico provide the setting
for numerous finds of late Pleistocene fauna, especially mammoths, both with and
without associated human artifacts. In December of 1945, workers excavating a
trench at the Tepexpan Hospital in the Basin of Mexico found the skeleton of a
mammoth (Arellano 1946:2). The mammoth was almost complete and showed
evidence of butchering. The skull was overturned and the base smashed, probably
in order to extract the brain; one of the iliacs was missing and the remaining one
was overturned with the femural cavity facing up. The right foreleg was completely
articulated and in an upright vertical position, suggesting that the animal became
trapped, died in the swamp, and was then butchered. A small flake (3 cm long)
made of a white chert was found between the skull and the head of the humerus.
The stratigraphic unit where the mammoth was deposited is a gray-green lacustrian
lime deposit sealed by a caliche paleosol, which apparently corresponded to a
period of desiccation in Lake Texcoco (Arellano 1946).
In July of 1950, while digging an irrigation ditch in the town of Santa Maria
Iztapan located at the northeast edge of Lake Texcoco, workers found fragments of
mammoth bones and tusk (Iztapan 1). In July of 1952, Luis Aveleyra and Arturo
Romano began excavations at the locality, with Manuel Maldonado-Koerdell
responsible for the geostratigraphy. After four days of work, a projectile point was
found lodged between two mammoth ribs. Further work revealed the presence of
five more artifacts associated with the remains. Eighty percent of the skeleton was
recovered. One femur lay more than 1.8 m (6 ft) away from the rest of the skeleton,
suggesting that it was moved during the butchering process (Aveleyra and
Maldonado-Koerdell 1953; Wormington 1957:92-93). The projectile point
associated with the mammoth bears a general resemblance to the Scottsbluff type;
the maximum chronological range for this type is 9900 to 8300 B.P.
In June of 1954, Arturo Romero, under the direction of Luis Aveleyra, excavated
a second mammoth (Iztapan 2) located approximately 1 km from the previous
mammoth, and apparently within the same stratigraphic horizon. The second
skeleton was quite complete and showed clear evidence of butchering. Again, the
skull was overturned and the base smashed. Many other bones showed cut-marks
made by stone tools. Three artifacts were found in direct association with the bones,
one of them a projectile point of lanceolate form with a straight base. It has a broad
overall flaking on both faces and an extremely fine marginal retouch. This point
somewhat resembles an Angostura point, as well as some of the Great Basin
lanceolate Paleo-Indian points, but cannot be directly correlated. A second projectile
point is laurel leaf shaped, pointed at both proximal and distal ends (Aveleyra
1955; Aveleyra and Maldonado-Koerdell 1953); it is similar to the Lerma type
defined by MacNeish (1950) that remains poorly dated.
The Iztapan mammoths were found within the same gray-green lacustrian lime
deposit associated with the Tepexpan mammoth; the organic fraction of the sediments
associated with mammoth kill at Locale 1 yielded a radiocarbon date of about 9000
B.P. Lawrence Kulp, who processed the sample at Columbia University, does not
believe this date to be very dependable, but suggests that it may represent the minimal
reliable age (personal letter from Kulp to Aveleyra, cited in Aveleyra 1964:402).
At San Bartolo Atepehuacain, Colonia Vallejo, situated in the northernmost part
of the Basin of Mexico, an almost complete mammoth lying in lacustrian sedi-
ments was excavated by Arturo Romero in 1957. A utilized obsidian flake and at
least 59 bifacial thinning flakes and chips of obsidian and fine basalt were found
associated with the remains; the mammoth hunters apparently resharpened their
tools while butchering the animal. A radiocarbon sample obtained from the numerous
charcoal flecks dispersed within the stratum provided an age of 9670-+400 B.P.;
however, it is important to note that four sherds were also recovered from this
stratum, suggesting that the charcoal could have been redeposited (Aveleyra
1962:42-43; 1964; 1967:45-46).
At Valsequillo Reservoir, southeast of the Basin of Mexico in the state of Puebla,
the Hueyatlaco locality apparently contains various deposits of Pleistocene fauna
associated with artifacts. In 1962, and again in 1964, Cynthia Irwin-Williams con-
ducted excavations in two outcrops with exposed profiles containing a series of
fine alluvial deposits (Irwin-Williams 1967:338).
The early man evidence is represented in several strata. Unit C contained large
quantities of horse and camel remains and five stone tools, none of which can be
considered diagnostic. Unit E1 contained abundant fossil remains of horse and camel,
along with a few horned antelope and mammoths; a Lerma-like point and a bifacial
tip were found between the ribs and vertebrae of a semi-articulated horse skeleton.
Unit E2 contained a concentration of mastodon bones representing a single indi-
vidual; the mandible was split and a chopping tool was discovered inside it near the
tooth row, while a burin-like tool was recovered from inside the tooth cavity. Unit G
had abundant fossil remains with inclusions of a distinctive volcanic ash; a unifacial
pointed tool was recovered from under a large ungulate rib (Irwin-Williams 1967).
128 SANCHEZ
Although the Hueyatlaco locality appears to be an extraordinary site with

Pleistocene fauna in direct association with artifacts, the deposits have yet to be
adequately dated. The reported uranium series ages of 200,000 years for the ash
deposits are highly controversial (Steen-McIntyre et al. 1981; Irwin-Williams 1981).
Any resolution of the chronological contexts is further complicated as the locality
is currently submerged under the dangerously polluted Valsequillo reservoir.
CAVE SITES WITH STRATIGRAPHY AND C-14 AGES
Cueva de los Grifos is a moderately sized cave measuring 24 m wide by 8 m

deep, and is one of three continuous caves located at Ocozocoautla, Chiapas (Santa-
maria and Garcia-Biircena 1984:7). Excavations were carried out at the cave between
1974 and 1977; the cave contained stratigraphic deposits of at least 1.5 m in depth.
An unfluted lanceolate-shaped chert projectile point, together with denticulate tools,
scrapers, bifacial thinning flakes, and bone fragments were recovered from among
the earliest stratigraphic deposits (Santamaria and Garcia-Baircena 1984, 1989).
Although identified as Clovis (Garcia-Baircena 1979; Santamaria and Garcia-Buircena

1989:76), the point it is not fluted, and the fine collateral pressure flaking and basal
thinning present in this specimen differ from Clovis-type points. The point appears
to be most similar to Milnesand-type points (Sellards 1952; Holliday 1997:141).
Two radiocarbon dates were obtained from combined charcoal flecks; a
radiocarbon age of 8930+150 B.P. (1-10760) is given for the lower stratum containing
the point, whereas an age of 9460U150 B.P. (1-10761) is associated with the unit
lying immediately above (Santamarfa and Garcia-Baircena 1984:13; 1989:99-100).
Guild Naquitz is a small shelter at the base of a large ignimbrite canyon wall located
high above the Tlacolula branch of the Valley of Oaxaca. During 1966 and 1967,
excavations were conducted by Kent V. Flannery (1986) in two caves, Guild Naquitz
and Pefia Blanca. The earliest Naquitz phase (6900-4700 B.P.) was attributed to the
early Archaic period (Flannery 1986:32). However, recent direct AMS dating of a seed
and peduncules of Cucurbita pepo with morphological indications of domestication,
from the lower levels of Guild Naquitz, provided dates of 8990U60 B.P. (P- 100766) and
8910U50 B.P. (P-100764) (Smith 1997:933). One projectile point found in Zone E of
Guild Naquitz (Hole 1986:116) could be assigned to the Paleo-Indian complex. The
point is laurel leaf in outline, diamond shaped in cross section, and was identified as
Lerma; it appears to be similar to the specimens found in association with extinct
Pleistocene fauna at Santa Isabel Iztapan and Hueyatlaco, Puebla.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
This review of the existing record of Paleo-Indian archaeology in Mexico readily

demonstrates the presence of late Pleistocene/early Holocene occupations. The
available data are few and fraught with a lack of controlled stratigraphic
Paleo-Indian Archaeology in Mexico 129
investigation. Unfortunately, in the 55 years since the Tepexpan mammoth clearly

demonstrated an association between early human inhabitants and extinct
Pleistocene fauna in the Basin of Mexico, no systematic research with a careful
documentation of the stratigraphic and geochronological record of the known early
sites has been conducted.
Unquestionably, the Paleo-Indian sequence established for North America can
be traced southward into northern Mexico. The Clovis tradition is very well
represented in Sonora, but proceeding farther to the south, artifacts become
increasingly scarce, although isolated points have been reported as far south as
Costa Rica. The North American Paleo-Indian traditions following Clovis appear
to have a regional distribution and only a very few examples of Folsom and
Plainview points are found in the eastern Mexican borderland states. Mexican
collections reveal only a very few examples of the numerous varieties of late Paleo-
Indian projectile point types affiliated with the Great Plains tradition.
On the other hand, the Mexican collections reflect projectile point types
apparently related to the late Paleo-Indian complexes of western North America
for which the cultural affiliations and chronology are not well understood. Projectile
points such as the lanceolate forms, including unstemmed and stemmed/shouldered
types of the Great Basin and Southwest (Beck and Jones 1997:187; Faught and
Freeman 1998:46; Willig 1990, 1991:101), Angostura points (similar to Agate Basin
and Hell Gap points) that have been found in the Great Plains, especially in Texas
(Faught and Freeman 1998:48; Holliday 1997:156), and Golondrina points from
Texas (Holliday 1997:154) are present in many of the Mexican sites. Unfortunately,
the lack of chronological and stratigraphic association prohibits a discussion of
possible correlations.
Lerma points, bifaces with a lanceolate shape and concave bases, have been
identified in several sites throughout eastern and central Mexico. MacNeish
(1950:72) assigned the name of Lerma presumably because the point was found in
association with his Lerma horizon (dated to approximately 9200 B.P.) at a cave in
southern Tamaulipas, Mexico. The points, however, were not found in dated
contexts, but were derived from undated deposits from another cave presumed to
be associated with the Lerma horizon (Wormington 1957:202). Alternatively, I
suspect that the Lerma bifaces do not represent a chronologically diagnostic type,
but likely reflect a general biface form exhibiting varying degrees of technological
skill with a widespread chronological and spatial range.
In the Central Mexican Plateau, the Pleistocene-Holocene transition appears to
be distinct from that observed in the United States. The extensive lake systems present
in the Mexican Plateau apparently provided an oasis-like environment for the
Pleistocene fauna. The evidence is very puzzling for sites where mammoth, mastodon,
bison, camel, extinct deer, and horse were trapped and butchered by human groups
using a great variety of tool kits. In the United States, only Clovis materials have
been found in association with mammoth remains. Following 11,000 B.P., mammoths,
130 SANCHEZ
horses, and camels disappear from the deposits, and only the extinct Bison antiquus
survived to 8000 B.P. On the Mexican Plateau, however, a great variety of non-
fluted projectile points and tools are found in association with mammoths. A
projectile point bearing a resemblance to the Scottsbluff points from the Cody
complex was found lodged between the ribs of the first mammoth at Iztapan, and
points resembling the Angostura type were found associated with horse ribs at
Hueyatlaco and with the second mammoth at Iztapan, possibly suggesting that the
Rancholabrean fauna persisted for some one to two thousand years longer on the
Mexican Plateau than in U.S. Great Basin or Plains.
It should be noted that various claims for pre-Clovis sites have also been reported
for Mexico. For many years, Julian Hayden (1956, 1967, 1976, 1987) argued that
his Malpais complex of crude, heavily patinated/varnished, unifacially-flaked
chopping and scraping tools found among the desert pavement of the Sierra Pinacate,
in northwestern Sonora, dated to as early as 37,000 B.P. The dating of the Malpais
complex is based upon the degree of patination evident and is correlated with a
handful of radiocarbon ages obtained from marine shell found on the surface of
the desert pavement at some distance from the Gulf of California and, therefore,
presumed to be cultural. Although certainly representing manuports, these shells
may have been obtained from relic Pleistocene beaches in much more recent
prehistoric times. Still, the degree of patination present on Malpais assemblages is
striking when compared with later Archaic artifacts, and a late Pleistocene/early
Holocene age cannot be discounted.
Along the margins of ancient Lake Chalco, at Tlapacoya, in the southeastern
comer of the Basin of Mexico, Jose Luis Lorenzo (Lorenzo and Mirambell 1986:10,
31; Mirambell 1994:194) argued that two loci, one with three cleared circles, each
measuring 1.15 m in diameter, with artifacts and charcoal, and the other represented
by a burned log overlying a prismatic obsidian blade, dated from 24,000 to 22,000
B.P. Both loci, however, are problematical. The cleared circular features associated
with the first locus may likely represent bear "beds"; with regard to the second
locus, the prismatic obsidian blade is clearly an intrusive artifact associated with
the overlying ceramic period occupations, perhaps as a result of a large fissure
which was clearly visible in the profile (cf. Haynes 1967; Haynes personal
communication 1997).
Seven radiocarbon dates ranging between approximately 38,000-21,000 B.P.
have been reported for the Rancho La Amapola site, at El Cedral, San Luis Potosi
(Lorenzo and Mirambell 1985; Mirambell 1994). These radiocarbon ages were
obtained from numerous ash and carbon lenses which were interpreted as "hearths"
dispersed among the remains of mammoth, camel, horse, and tapir (Mirambell
1994:192-193). A possible scraper represents the sole artifact reportedly associated
with these features. Contextual problems, however, are again presented by the
lack of clear stratigraphic relationships due to the nature of the thoroughly mixed
travertine spring sediments.
In conclusion, the scarce and confusing Paleo-Indian records available for

Mexico appear to correlate approximately with the complexes established for the
U.S. Great Plains and Great Basin. The presence of domesticated Cucurbita during
the late Paleo-Indian period 8500 B.P. appears to indicate that decreasing mobility
commenced very early in the cultural history of the human occupation of Mexico.
I propose that an active program of radiocarbon dating and stratigraphic trenching
be implemented in the potentially significant sites excavated before 1980, following
the strategy undertaken in the 1970s by C. Vance Haynes, Jr. in evaluating Paleo-
Indian contexts in the United States. Additionally, a geoarchaeological research
program investigating the peopling of Mexico should be developed. Only then we
will truly be able to discuss the chronological and cultural sequences for the Mexican
Paleo-Indian groups.
Acknowledgments. This paper is dedicated to Julian Hayden with fond memories of the many evenings
spent with copitas discussing the archaeological potential for early man sites in Mexico. I am indebted
to C. Vance Haynes, Jr. for his scholarship and guidance in expanding my Paleo-Indian horizons. The
Centro INAH Sonora, and especially Elisa Villalpando and Julio Montan6, have been instrumental in
supporting my research and providing access to their collections. This paper has benefited from com-
ments from several individuals, including John Carpenter, C. Vance Haynes, Jr., Ron Towner, and Elisa
Villalpando. Lastly, but by no means least, I wish to express my gratitude to the Julian D. Hayden
Student Paper Competition and the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society.
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A Synopsis of Paleo-Indian Archaeology in Mexico

The peopling of the Americas is one of the more fascinating themes in

THE CLOVIS TRADITION IN MEXICO

noeLvuN,rdisIaS01 auhiC,nsBcylmS1 albeuP,octyH61 acxO,ztiuqNdlG71 sapihC,ofrGLedvu81

PLAINVIEW AND FOLSOM COMPLEXES IN MEXICO

SITES WITH PLEISTOCENE FAUNA AND ASSOCIATED ARTIFACTS

Although the Hueyatlaco locality appears to be an extraordinary site with

CAVE SITES WITH STRATIGRAPHY AND C-14 AGES

Cueva de los Grifos is a moderately sized cave measuring 24 m wide by 8 m

Although identified as Clovis (Garcia-Baircena 1979; Santamaria and Garcia-Buircena

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

This review of the existing record of Paleo-Indian archaeology in Mexico readily

investigation. Unfortunately, in the 55 years since the Tepexpan mammoth clearly

In conclusion, the scarce and confusing Paleo-Indian records available for

Aliphat Fernandez, Mario

1962 Antigiiedad del Hombre en Mexico y Centroamerica; Catdlogo Razonado de Localidades

1982 Archaeological Investigations at the Lehner Site, Arizona, 1974-1975. National

Steen-McIntyre, Virginia, Roald Fryxell, and Harold E. Malde

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