Understanding Society, Culture,

and Politics

Module 6
 Objectives;
Analyze economic organizations and their
impacts on the lives of people the society.
Evaluate how functions of education affect
the lives of people in society.
Respect different belief system and religion.
Institutions are society’s building blocks. These
formal organization defined the
purpose and established by people, constitute
the very foundation of society. The five
primary social institutions include;
1. Family
2. Government 3. Economy 4. Education
5. Religion
ECONOMY
 What is economy?
An economy is an area of the production,
distribution and trade, as well as consumption
of goods and services. In general, it is defined
as a social domain that emphasize the
practices, discourses, and material expressions
associated with the production, use, and
management of scarce resources.
Some other Functions of
Institutions

Economic Institutions

• Reciprocity (Cultural Anthropology)

• Transfer
• Redistribution (Cultural Anthropology)
• Market Transaction
• Market
• State

 Reciprocity
In cultural anthropology,
reciprocity refers to the non-
market exchange of goods or
labour ranging from direct
barter to forms of gift exchange
where a return is eventually
expected as in the exchange of
birthday gifts.
 Example;
A salesperson giving a
freebie to a potential
customer, hoping that it
will lead them to return
the favor by purchasing
something.
 Transfer
to move to a different place, region, or situation
especially : to withdraw from one educational
institution to enroll at another. 2 : to change
from one vehicle or transportation line to
another.
 example;
transfer a
money
 Redistribution
In cultural anthropology and sociology,
redistribution refers to a system of economic
exchange involving the centralized collection
of goods from members of a group followed by
the redivision of those goods among those
members. It is a form of reciprocity.
example;
 Market transaction
A market transaction may involve goods,
services, information, currency, or any
combination of these that pass from one party to
another. In short, markets are arenas in which
buyers and sellers can gather and interact. Two
parties are generally needed to make a trade.
 Example;
the seller offers the customer a
product that initially, they have no
intention to purchase. Their job is to
convince the customer to buy the product
by assuring its utility and price.
Example;
 Market
market, a means by which the exchange of
goods and services takes place as a result of
buyers and sellers being in contact with one
another, either directly or through
mediating agents or institutions.
Example;
 Example:
For example, clothing stores that
advertise new fashions and garments
that customers can purchase
immediately in their stores can be
classified as business-to-consumer
companies.
 banks &
corporation
 What is bank?

Banks - A bank is an institution that

deals in money and its substitutes
(checkbooks, credit cards, debit
cards, etc.)

two major types of bank

1. Commercial banks
2. Central Banks
Commercial bank
Typically private and profit
oriented.
Examples:
 Central Banks
Public sector institution dealing mainly
with national governments, with other
commercial banks, and other central
banks .
Example:
Examples:
Education
 What is Education?
Educational institution keep
children and youth occupied and
out of labor force.
Education in the Philippines
 1945-2011 the basic education system was
composed of:
• elementary education - 6 years
• High school education - 4 years
• further education

In the 1987 constitution the elementary education was

compulsory.
In 2011 started a k-12 educational system
elementary
High School
K to 12
 Functions education in a society:
According to Sharma (2012), education develops the
holistic attributes of the individuals:

1. Development of inborn potentialities

2. Modifying behaviour
3. All-round development
4. Preparing for the future
5. Development personality
6. Helping for adjustability
 Self actualization
The key to social
well being is to
live a
comfortable
life.
Abraham
Maslow's
 Primary education
as a human right
Primary education as a human right education is
not anymore a privilege for the few.

UNESCO States that the education is a fundamental

human right and essential for the exercise of all other
human rights.
 Primary education
as a human right
Primary education as a human right education is
not anymore a privilege for the few.

UNESCO States that the education is a fundamental

human right and essential for the exercise of all other
human rights.
RELIGION
 What is Religion?
Religion is a collection of cultural systems,
belief systems, and worldviews that relate
humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to
moral values. Many religions have narratives,
symbols, traditions and sacred histories that
are intended to give meaning to life or to
explain the origin of life or the universe.
TYPES OF RELIGION
Judaism which
originated in
West Asia in
one of the
oldest religions
in the world.
 It is centered on the
beliefs that there is
only one God called
Yahweh who made
agreement with his
people which was
symbolized by the ark
of the Covenant.
 Christianity -
based on the life
and teaching of
Jesus Christ as
chronicled in the
new Testament of
the Holy Bible.
 Islam Is
originated in
Saudi Arabia in
West Asia or
Middle East.
 Prophet
Muhammad
 Buddhism one
oc the oldest,
most
established
religion's in the
world.
Buddha
 Hinduism
Hinduism it is deeply rooted in
the culture of India as it
predates back the recorded
history of the country and even
the rest of the world.
TRIMUTRI
 Confucianism
centered on the
teaching of
Confucius or
Kong Zi who is a
Chinese
philosopher.
 Jainism - an
Indian religion
founded by a
wealthy prince
named
Mahavira.
 Shinto - the
oldest surviving
religion in
Japan.
 Sikhism - a
religion which
originated in
Northern India
and founded by
Nanak.
Taoism - a Chinese philosophy
of the way of life as preached
by a man named Lao Zi or the
old master; that ruled the
world, and beyond.
Greek Mythology - a polytheistic
belief in multiple Gods in the
world particularly in Africa.
Ecumenism and Interfaith
dialogue
 Ecumenism
refers to the movement oe tendency which
emphasizes worldwide Christian unity and
university.
 Derived from Greek words
oikoumene which means "the
inhabited world and oikos which
means "house"
 Interfaith Dialogue
promotes the idea that despite
the diversity of religious beliefs
systems in the world today, a
peaceful co-existence can be
achieved.