PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENTS & CIRCULATION

PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION MUST BE OF HIGHEST PRIORITY

WHEN IT COMES TO DESIGNING A VIBRANT AND WELCOMING PLACE
THAT IS ACCESSIBLE BY ALL. THIS MEANS THAT ABOVE ALL,
PEDESTRIAN ACTIVITY AND THE WALKING EXPERIENCE WITHIN THE
CAMPUS IS ENHANCED AND IMPROVED FOR UTILITARIAN, LEISURE,
AND RECREATIONAL PURPOSES. IT IS A MEANS OF FOSTERING
HEALTHY LIFESTYLES FOR BOTH THE UNIVERSITY’S POPULATION AS
WELL AS THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITY AND FOR CREATING AN
ENVIRONMENT THAT IS CONTINUOUSLY ANIMATED.
INCREASED KNOWLEDGE OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION IS A CRITICAL NECESSITY IN BUILDING
PLANNING AND DESIGN. AN UNDERSTANDING OF PEDESTRIAN
MOVEMENT CHARACTERISTICS IN THE VARIOUS COMPONENT PARTS
THAT COMPRISE A BUILDING CIRCULATION SYSTEM IS THE KEY TO
EFFECTIVE PLANNING AND DESIGN. HOWEVER, MOVEMENT
CHARACTERISTICS FOR ONE COMPONENT TYPE, THE RAMP, HAVE
ESCAPED DETAILED RESEARCH STUDY.
PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION SYSTEMS ARE MADE UP OF VERTICAL,
HORIZONTAL, TRANSITIONAL, AND INDICATIVE COMPONENTS. THE
VERTICAL COMPONENTS ARE THOSE THAT ARE SPECIFICALLY
DESIGNED, LOCATED, AND USED FOR CHANGES IN ELEVATION OR
LEVEL (ELEVATORS, STAIRS, RAMPS, ETC.) THE HORIZONTAL
COMPONENTS ARE THOSE THAT ARE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED,
LOCATED, AND USED FOR MOVEMENT ON A SPECIFIC ELEVATION OR
LEVEL (CORRIDORS, AISLES, WALKWAYS, ETC.). THE TRANSITIONAL
COM- PONENTS ARE THOSE THAT ARE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED,
LOCATED, AND USED TO CONTROL ACCESS TO, MOVEMENT
THROUGH, AND EGRESS FROM THE CIRCULATION SYSTEM (DOORS,
GATES, TURNSTILES, ETC.). FINALLY, THE INDICATIVE COMPONENTS
ARE THOSE THAT ARE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED, LOCATED, AND USED
FOR DISPLAYING INFORMATION, INDICATING DIRECTION, AND
IDENTIFYING ELEMENTS THROUGHOUT THE CIRCULATION SYSTEM.
1. PRIORITY SIGNS

A. STOP SIGN
-DRIVER MUST STOP AT DESIGNATED STOP LINE. NO
PARKING WITHIN 6 METERS.

B. GIVE WAY SIGN

-YIELD TO THE VEHICLES ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE
INTERSECTION.

C. LEFT TURNER MUST GIVE WAY

2. DIRECTION SIGNS
-THESE SIGNS INDICATE THE ONLY
DIRECTIONS IN WHICH THE
MOTORIST IS OBLIGED TO
FOLLOW.

3. PROHIBITIVE/RESTRICTION SIGNS
-THESE SIGNS INDICATE THE
ONLY DIRECTIONS IN WHICH
THE MOTORIST IS OBLIGED TO
FOLLOW.

NO ENTRY FOR ALL TYPES OF VEHICLES

A. NO PEDESTRIAN CROSSING
PEDESTRIANS ARE NOT ALLOWED TO CROSS THE
ROAD

B. USE OVERPASS
PEDESTRIANS MUST USE AN OVERPASS OR
PEDESTRIAN CROSSING.

C. NO RIGHT TURN OR NO LEFT TURN VEHICLES

ARE NOT ALLOWED TO TURN LEFT OR RIGHT

D. NO U TURN
-VEHICLES ARE NOT ALLOWED TO MAKE A U-TURN

E. BE AWARE OF CHILDREN CROSSING

F. BE AWARE OF PERSONS WITH DISSABILITIES

CROSSING
GUIDELINES ABOUT SIDEWALKS
SIDEWALKS PLAY A VITAL ROLE IN CITY LIFE. AS CONDUITS FOR
PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT AND ACCESS, THEY ENHANCE
CONNECTIVITY AND PROMOTE WALKING. AS PUBLIC SPACES,
SIDEWALKS SERVE AS THE FRONT STEPS TO THE CITY, ACTIVATING
STREETS SOCIALLY AND ECONOMICALLY. SAFE, ACCESSIBLE, AND
WELL-MAINTAINED SIDEWALKS ARE A FUNDAMENTAL AND
NECESSARY INVESTMENT FOR CITIES AND HAVE BEEN FOUND TO
ENHANCE GENERAL PUBLIC HEALTH AND MAXIMIZE SOCIAL
CAPITAL.
MINIMUM WIDTH OF SIDEWALKS
SIDEWALKS REQUIRE A MINIMUM WIDTH OF 5.0 FEET IF SET
BACK FROM THE CURB OR 6.0 FEET IF AT THE CURB FACE. ANY WIDTH
LESS THAN THIS DOES NOT MEET THE MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR
PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES. WALKING IS A SOCIAL ACTIVITY. 5.0 FEET
OF SPACE IS THE BARE MINIMUM FOR ANY TWO PEOPLE TO WALK
TOGETHER. IN SOME AREAS, SUCH AS NEAR SCHOOLS, SPORTING
COMPLEXES, SOME PARKS, AND MANY SHOPPING DISTRICTS, THE
MINIMUM WIDTH FOR A SIDEWALK IS 8.0 FEET. THUS, ANY EXISTING
4.0-FOOT-WIDE SIDEWALKS (PERMITTED AS AN AASHTO MINIMUM)
OFTEN FORCE PEDESTRIANS INTO THE ROADWAY FHWA COURSE ON
BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN TRANSPORTATION FHWA 13 - 2
WALKWAYS, SIDEWALKS, AND PUBLIC SPACES IN ORDER TO TALK.
EVEN CHILDREN WALKING TO SCHOOL FIND THAT A 4.0- FOOT
WIDTH IS NOT ADEQUATE. DESIRABLE SIDEWALK WIDTH.
SIDEWALKS HAVE A DESIRED MINIMUM THROUGH ZONE OF 6
FEET AND AN ABSOLUTE MINIMUM OF 5 FEET. WHERE A SIDEWALK IS
DIRECTLY ADJACENT TO MOVING TRAFFIC, THE DESIRED MINIMUM IS
8 FEET, PROVIDING A MINIMUM 2-FOOT BUFFER FOR STREET
FURNITURE AND UTILITIES.
SIDEWALKS SHOULD BE KEPT AS LEVEL AS POSSIBLE AND PROVIDED
WITH SLIP-RESISTANT MATERIAL;
o WHENEVER AND WHEREVER POSSIBLE, SIDEWALKS SHOULD
HAVE A GRADIENT OF NO MORE THAN 1:20 OR 5%
o SIDEWALKS SHOULD HAVE A MAXIMUM CROSS GRADIENT OF
1:100;
o SIDEWALKS SHOULD HAVE A MINIMUM WIDTH OF 1.20 METERS;
o IF POSSIBLE, GRATINGS SHOULD NEVER BE LOCATED ALONG
SIDEWALKS; WHEN OCCURRING ALONG SIDEWALKS, GRATING
OPENINGS SHOULD HAVE A MAXIMUM DIMENSIONS OF 13mm X
13mm AND SHALL NOT PROJECT MORE THAN 6.5mm ABOVE OR
BELOW THE LEVEL OF THE SIDEWALK;
o SIDEWALKS SHOULD HAVE A CONTINUING SURFACE WITHOUT
ABRUPT PITCHES IN ANGLE OR INTERRUPTIONS BY CRACKS OR
BREAKS CREATING EDGES ABOVE 6.5mm;
o IN LENGTHY OR BUSY SIDEWALKS, SPACES SHOULD BE PROVIDED
AT SOME POINT ALONG THE ROUTE SO THAT A WHEELCHAIR
MAY PASS ANOTHER OR TURN AROUND; THESE SPACES SHOULD
HAVE A MINIMUM DIMENSION OF 1.5 METERS AND SHOULD BE
SPACED AT A MAXIMUM DISTANCE OF 12.00 METERS BETWEEN
STOPS;
VEHICULAR MOVEMENTS & CIRCULATIONS
CIRCULATION OBJECTIVES
THE GOAL OF THE CIRCULATION SYSTEM ON THE INSTALLATION
IS TO ESTABLISH A SUSTAINABLE SYSTEM THAT PROMOTES AESTHETIC
APPEAL, ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION, AND ENERGY
CONSERVATION WHILE PROVIDING SAFE AND EFFICIENT
CIRCULATION. THE OBJECTIVES BELOW SHOULD BE FOLLOWED TO
ACHIEVE A SUSTAINABLE CIRCULATION SYSTEM:
• PROVIDE CIRCULATION THAT MEETS ANTITERRORISM AND
SECURITY REQUIREMENTS AND PROMOTES AND ENHANCES PUBLIC
HEALTH AND SAFETY.
• PROVIDE A SYSTEM OF CIRCULATION THAT INCLUDES ALL
FORMS OF VEHICULAR AND PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION. IT IS ALSO
DESIRABLE TO SEPARATE PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE CIRCULATION
SYSTEMS.
• PROVIDE A SYSTEM THAT INCLUDES HIERARCHIES OF
VEHICULAR AND PEDESTRIAN FLOW
• ADAPT THE CIRCULATION SYSTEM TO THE NATURAL
CONDITIONS OF THE SITE.
• IMPROVE THE EXISTING CIRCULATION NETWORK FOR
EXPANSION, SAFETY, WAYFINDING, AND APPEARANCE.
• PROMOTE MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF EXISTING AND
PROPOSED CIRCULATION SYSTEMS.

TYPES OF PARKING
1. PARALLEL PARKING MEANS PARKING YOUR CAR IN LINE WITH
THE OTHER CARS PARALLEL TO THE CURB, FRONT BUMPER TO
REAR BUMPER.
2. PERPENDICULAR CAR PARKING MEANS PARKING THE CARS SIDE
BY SIDE, PERPENDICULAR TO A WALL, CURB, OR SOMETHING
ELSE. YOU SEE THIS TYPE OF PARKING MOSTLY IN PARKING BAYS
AND GARAGES BECAUSE YOU CAN PARK MANY CARS IN
LIMITED SPACE.
3. ANGLE PARKING IS SIMILAR TO PERPENDICULAR PARKING,
EXCEPT THE CARS ARE ALIGNED AT AN ANGLE.
4. DOUBLE PARKING MEANS THAT SOMEONE HAS PARKED THEIR
CAR IN A CERTAIN WAY THAT PREVENTS ANOTHER CAR FROM
DEPARTING.
TURNING RADIUS OF VEHICLES
THE TURNING RADIUS, OR TURNING PATH, OF A VEHICLE IS THE
SMALLEST CIRCULAR TURN THAT IT CAN MAKE. MEASURING THE
DIAMETERS, AND COMMONLY THE RADII, OF THE INNER AND OUTER
CIRCULAR GEOMETRIES THAT A VEHICLE IS CAPABLE OF TURNING
WITHIN, THE TURNING PATHS OF VARIOUS VEHICLES ARE
CALCULATED AS STANDARDS USED WHEN DESIGNING ROADS,
PARKING LAYOUTS, LOADING, AND PUBLIC SERVICE AREAS. TURNING
CIRCLES ARE USED TO EVALUATE HOW EASILY A SPECIFIC CAR CAN
MAKE A U-TURN OR PARK.
o WHAT CAR HAS THE SMALLEST TURNING RADIUS?
THE SMART FORTWO (2016) HAS THE SMALLEST TURNING RADIUS OF A
PASSENGER VEHICLE AT A RADIUS OF 22’10” | 6.9 M.

o WHAT IS A TYPICAL TURNING CIRCLE FOR A PASSENGER
CAR?
A TURNING RADIUS OF 34’-35’ | 10.4-10.7 M IS COMMON FOR
PASSENGER CARS TODAY.
THE TURNING PATH OF A MEDIUM-SIZED SEMI TRUCK
MEASURES THE MINIMUM POSSIBLE TURNING RADIUS NECESSARY FOR
PERFORMING A U-TURN IN A VEHICLE WITH A 40’ (12.2 M)
WHEELBASE.