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Overall expectation 1: I can demonstrate an understanding of the laws that explain the
behaviour of gases.
1.
a) Compare a solid and a gas with respect to the arrangement of their molecules. Use this
comparison to explain how solids exert pressure and how gases exert pressure.
In solid , the molecules are closely packed together in a regular pattern . The attractive force
between them is great . In contrast , the gas molecules are very distant from each other because
the attractive force is weak . Because of its molecular arrangement , solid is hard and rigid . It
only exerts pressure downward on the surface of the container due to gravity . In the case of
gasses , it exerts pressure when the molecules move faster and collide with each other to create a
force . Gas pressure is created when the gas molecules hit the walls of the container . The more
the collisions happen , the greater the pressure .
TVO ILC
SCH3U Learning Activity 22
Assessment for feedback and grade: Gases and atmospheric
b) Describe condensation (the change from gas to liquid) in terms of the kinetic
molecular theory (KMT).
According to the kinetic molecular theory , when the temperature decreases , the speed of the
gas molecules will also decrease ; this is how condensation takes place . The intermolecular
forces between molecules will increase , and result in the molecules coming closer to each other ,
but they can still move from place to place . When the gas molecules are closer to each other ,
they start to become liquid .
c) Explain, using the KMT, why a gas is compressible and a liquid is not.
The KMT states that gasses are compressible because there is a lot of empty space between each
individual molecule . The volume of a gas is determined by its container , while a liquid has its
own volume . Since the volume of a gas is composed of large amounts of empty space , that 's
what makes it compressible . In their natural state , the gas molecules can still come closer
together when the pressure increases , while liquid molecules are not greatly affected by
pressure .
2. Driving a car causes the tires to get hot from friction. If you want to check to see if your
tires need air, the service manual of your car warns you against checking the tire
pressure when the tire is hot. Explain why, using your understanding of KMT.
With my understanding of KMT , I know that the speed of the molecules increases when
the temperature increases . In this case , when the tire is hot , that means the
molecules are moving very quickly inside the tire . They are not stable . Not only the
speed is great , the pressure also increases when the molecules collide with each
other . As a result , when you check the pressure when the tire is hot , it will not give
you the accurate reading . It is better when you wait for it to cool down and then check
the pressure .
3. Explain how and why the number of moles of gas affects the volume of that gas,
assuming that the container volume can change. Is the relationship between number of
moles and volume direct or indirect?
4. Explain how the molar volume of a gas would change as the temperature increases.
The molar volume of a gas would increase as the temperature increases . The molar volume is
the volume of one mole of gas at a specific temperature and pressure . When the gas is heated up
, the molecules move faster and spread out to increase the volume of gas in general . Since the
volume of gas increases , the molar volume will also increase as a part of the general volume .
Overall expectation 2: I can investigate gas laws that explain the behaviour of gases, and
solve related problems.
1. A steel container of compressed gas with an initial pressure of 369 kPa is heated from
15.0°C to 42.5°C because of storage in a sunny area. Calculate the new pressure in
the container. Remember that temperature needs to be in Kelvin when working with the
gas laws!
𝑃1 = 369 𝑘𝑃𝑎
◦
𝑇115. 0 = 15 + 273 = 288 𝐾
◦
𝑇2 = 42. 5 = 42. 5 + 273 = 315. 5 𝐾
𝑃2 = ?
𝑃1 𝑃2
𝑇1
= 𝑇2
𝑃1
𝑃2 = 𝑇1
× 𝑇2
369
𝑃2 = 288
× 315. 5 = 404 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 404 𝑘𝑃𝑎
TVO ILC
SCH3U Learning Activity 22
Assessment for feedback and grade: Gases and atmospheric
2. What would the volume of air inside a 40.0 L tire under 218 kPa of pressure occupy if it
all escaped into a balloon at 101.3 kPa?
𝑃1 = 218 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃2 = 101. 3 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉1 = 40. 0 𝐿
𝑉2 = ?
𝑃1𝑉1 = 𝑃 − 22𝑉2
𝑉2 = 𝑃1𝑉1/𝑃2
𝑉2 = 218 × 40/101. 3 = 86. 1𝐿
In conclusion: the volume of air inside a 40.0L tire under 218 kPa of pressure would
occupy 86.1 L if it all escaped into a balloon at 101.3 kPa
3. As a car is driven, the tires heat up and the volume and the pressure change. Calculate
the new pressure of a 30.0 L tire initially at 255 kPa that expands to 32.3 L when it
heats up from 17.0°C to 41.0°C.
𝑃1 = 255 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉1 = 30. 0 𝐿
𝑉2 = 32. 3 𝐿
◦
𝑇1 = 17. 0 = 17 + 273 = 290 𝐾
◦
𝑇2 = 41. 0 𝐶 = 41 + 273 = 314𝐾
𝑃2 = ?
𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃2𝑉2
𝑛1𝑇1
= 𝑛2𝑇2
𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃2𝑉2
𝑇1
= 𝑇2
𝑃1𝑉1𝑇2 = 𝑃2𝑉2𝑇1
𝑃2 = 𝑃1𝑉1𝑇2/𝑉2𝑇1 = 255 × 30. 0 × 314/32. 3 × 290 = 256 𝑘𝑃𝑎
TVO ILC
SCH3U Learning Activity 22
Assessment for feedback and grade: Gases and atmospheric
In conclusion:the new pressure of a 30.0 L tire initially at 255 kPa that expands to 32.3
L when it heats up from 17.0°C to 41.0°C is 256 kPa
4. Calculate the partial pressure of oxygen in the air at 100 kPa if nitrogen has a partial
pressure of 82 kPa and carbon dioxide and water combined have a partial pressure
of 0.77 kPa.
𝐼𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑡 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑖𝑠 17 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃 = 2250 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉 = 15. 0𝐿
◦
𝑇 = 24. 5 𝐶 = 24. 5 + 273 = 297. 5𝐾
𝑅 = 8. 31 𝑘𝑃𝑎 · 𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑙 · 𝐾
𝑛 =?
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
6. Determine the volume of oxygen gas required to completely combust 5.5 mol of propane
(C3H8) in a barbecue at 101.3 kPa and 28.0°C.
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝑃 = 101. 3 𝑘𝑃𝑎
◦
𝑇: 28. 0
𝐶 = 304. 15 𝐾
𝑘𝑃𝑎·𝐿
𝑅 = 8. 31 𝑚𝑜𝑙·𝐿
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑛𝑂2𝑅𝑇
𝑉𝑂2 = 𝑃
𝑘𝑃𝑎·𝐿
(27.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙)(8.31 𝑚𝑜𝑙·𝑘 )(301.15𝐾)
𝑉𝑂2 = 101.3𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉𝑂2 = 679. 2 𝐿
𝑉𝑂2 = 679 𝐿
7. What mass of helium would be required to fill a balloon to 6.8 L at 100 kPa and 25°C?
𝑉 = 6. 8𝐿
𝑃 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎
◦
𝑇 = 25 𝐶 = 25 + 273 = 298 𝐾
𝑅 = 8. 31 𝑘𝑃𝑎 · 𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑙 · 𝑘
𝑛𝐻𝑒 = ?
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑛ℎ𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎𝑉? 𝑅𝑇 = 100 × 6. 8/8. 31 × 298 = 0. 27𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝐻𝑒 = 𝑛 × 𝑚 = 0. 27 × 4. 003 = 1. 1𝑔
Overall expectation 3: I can analyze the cumulative effects of human activities and
technologies on air quality, and describe some Canadian initiatives to reduce air pollution,
including ways to reduce my own carbon footprint.
1. During this unit you learned about some of the actions that governments have taken to
help reduce the negative impact of human activity on the atmosphere. The Montreal
Protocol and the Paris Agreement are two examples of global initiatives related to
humans’ influence on the atmosphere.
a) For each global initiative, briefly summarize the problem being addressed, the
resulting actions that governments have taken, and the consequent effects on
individuals.
Global Major Actions that Effect of global initiative
initiative atmospheric governments and on individuals (like you!)
problem being industry have taken
addressed
Montreal Ozone hold (or 1. Government banned The Montreal Protocol has a
Protocol ozone depletion) the use of CFCs (the tremendous effect on
chemicals that individuals because the ozone
contribute to ozone layer is essential for life on
depletion) from all Earth. It protects us from the
products and processes radiation from the sun. Since
that used them by the the ozone layer is getting
end of 1995 thinner, the UVB radiation will
easily get through and
damage our skin; that is why
we need sunscreen to protect
2. Industries now use us from the sun rays. The
the new refrigerants Montreal Protocol states that
when manufacturing car the ozone laven will recover
air conditioners and by 2050. When this happens,
refrigerators. The new the skin cancer rate will
refrigerants are called reduce. We will experience
HFC-134a. They are less sunburn and suntan.
eco-friendly because
they don't contain
chloride like the old
refrigerants Freon
(CCLF)
b) Some people argue that global issues like this are things that individuals do not
have the power to change. Do you think that the actions of individuals can create
meaningful change? Choose a position and defend it. Your response should be no
more than three sentences long.
Even though global issues are hard to solve as an individual , actions of individuals can create
meaningful change . We can help with a global issue like climate change by driving less , using
less electricity , planting more trees , and reducing reliance on fossil fuels . These actions
would contribute to reducing the amount of greenhouse gasses being released into the
atmosphere .
c) Make a list of five actions that an individual (like you!) could take to reduce CO2
emissions.
TVO ILC
SCH3U Learning Activity 22
Assessment for feedback and grade: Gases and atmospheric
d) Consider the actions you listed in part (c). Rank them from 1 to 5: 1 is for the action
you would personally be most likely to take, while 5 is for the action you would be least
likely to take.
Rank :
e) For the action you would be most likely to take, write a brief statement explaining
the reasons why it is an attractive option for you.
Planting more trees in the garden is the action that I would be most likely to take because I am
in love with nature. I inherited the passion to plant trees from my grandfather. He is a
wonderful woman, and his garden is always colorful and beautiful. He has taught me so many
gardening techniques since I was a child .
2. The Air Quality Health Index is used to inform Canadian citizens about potential health
threats related to the current conditions of the air. There are many people who are not
aware of, or have little interest in, consulting the AQHI, but as you can see in the following
table, even healthy individuals should pay attention to these health advisories.
TVO ILC
SCH3U Learning Activity 22
Assessment for feedback and grade: Gases and atmospheric
Low 1-3 Enjoy your usual outdoor Ideal air quality for outdoor activities.
activities.
(Source: https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/air-quality-health-index/understanding-messages.
html)
a) The AQHI takes into account three major pollutants: ground-level ozone (O 3),
nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and fine particulate matter (which may include sulphate
and nitrate particles, elemental and organic carbon, and soil). Some sources of
these pollutants are listed in the following table.
Pollutant Common sources
ground-level ozone (O )3 Formed when nitrogen oxides (from coal or gasoline burning)
react with volatile organic compounds (from combustion of
gasoline and wood or the evaporation of liquid fuels and
solvents) in the sunlight.
organic carbon Burning of biomass (for example, wood, brush) and fossil fuels.
Using the information in the table above, evaluate the relative risk for poor outside air quality
TVO ILC
SCH3U Learning Activity 22
Assessment for feedback and grade: Gases and atmospheric
for the following pairs of locations in terms of the pollutant sources. Which one do you think
would have better air quality? Why?
A small village will have better air quality than a large city . In small villages , people do not rely
on cars , trucks , and buses for transportation a lot as in large cities . Therefore , less nitrogen
dioxide will be produced in small villages . Moreover , large cities have many industries that use
fossil fuels . The combustion of these fuels will emit a great amount of sulfate dioxide , nitrogen
dioxide , and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere . Also , there are more trees in small villages ,
so more oxygen will be available to perform complete combustion . In large cities , covered with
buildings , incomplete combustion can happen and produce carbon monoxide that can worsen
the air quality .
ii) cabin in a forest with a wood-burning stove vs. farmhouse in the middle of the
prairies
A cabin in a forest with a wood - burning stove will have better air quality than a
farmhouse in the middle of the prairies . Because there are many trees in the forest , they
will help by taking in carbon dioxide from the air and soil and release oxygen by
performing photosynthesis . The trees will help to clean the carbon dioxide that is released
by the wood - burning stove . In contrast , a farmhouse in the middle of the prairies will
have bad air quality because the livestock will release carbon dioxide and methane into the
atmosphere . There will be no trees around to help clean the air . Moreover , due to
agricultural activity , soil pollution will also affect the air quality .
b) A family with small children lives in an area where the AQHI is 7 or greater for most of
the year. The family is aware of the risks and follows the government’s advice
regarding outside activity during these times. What implications does following these
guidelines have for the children’s health? What advice would you give the family
about their children’s long-term health?
By following the government 's guidelines , the children can avoid being exposed to toxic air . If
the AQGI is 7 or greater for most of the year , it can cause serious problems like lung disease and
TVO ILC
SCH3U Learning Activity 22
Assessment for feedback and grade: Gases and atmospheric
other respiratory problems . Not as adults , children are more sensitive to air pollution and they
spend most of their time outdoors . If they do not reduce strenuous activities outdoors , they will
take into their bodies a lot of polluted air and it could result in cancer and death . If I could give
the family some advice , I would tell them to move to a different area with better air quality . It is
for the sake of their children because they might not be able to live until the air in their area
improves .
Rubric
Before submitting your tasks, review the rubric below to self-assess. Look at each criterion
that your teacher will follow to assess your work. Using the description, which level is your
work meeting? What can you do to improve your work? Take the time now to make any
improvements to your work before submitting it. Review this Rubric Deconstruction for help
understanding rubrics or levels.
Overall expectation 1: I can demonstrate an understanding of the laws that explain the
behaviour of gases.
Success criteria Related questions Level assigned Comments
L4: 80–100 High
degree L3: 70–79
Considerable L2:
60–69 Some
L1: 50–59 Limited
Less than 50
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TVO ILC chemistry
SCH3U Learning Activity 22
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TVO ILC chemistry
SCH3U Learning Activity 22
Overall expectation 2: I can investigate gas laws that explain the behaviour of gases, and
TVO ILC
SCH3U Learning Activity 22
Assessment for feedback and grade: Gases and atmospheric
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TVO ILC chemistry
SCH3U Learning Activity 22
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Overall expectation 3: I can analyze the cumulative effects of human activities and
technologies on air quality, and describe some Canadian initiatives to reduce air pollution,
including ways to reduce my own carbon footprint.
Success criteria Related questions Level assigned Comments
L4: 80–100
High degree
L3: 70–79
Considerable
L2: 60–69
Some L1:
50–59 Limited
Less than 50
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TVO ILC chemistry
SCH3U Learning Activity 22
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