Continuous Time and Discrete Time Systems

• Physical system in the broadest sense are an interconnection of

components, devices or subsystems.
• A system can be viewed as a process in which input signals are
transformed by the system resulting in other signals as output.
• Examples:
 Hi-Fi system (takes a recorded audio signal and reproduced the signals
with better quality.)
 Electrical system
 Automobile system
 An image transformed system which can produce an image with
desired properties such as high contrast.

Source: AV Oppenheim, Signals and Systems

 Continuous Time and Discrete Time Systems
• A continuous time system takes a continuous time signal as an input and
produce a continuous time signal as an output.

• A discrete time system transforms discrete time inputs into discrete time
outputs.

Source: AV Oppenheim, Signals and Systems

Simple Examples of Continuous time Systems

Source: AV Oppenheim, Signals and Systems

Simple Examples of Discrete-time Systems

Source: AV Oppenheim, Signals and Systems

 Interconnections of Systems

• Many real systems are built as interconnections of several

subsystems.
• Example: An audio system, involves the interconnection of radio
receiver with an amplifier or more speakers.
• Another examples: Many amplifiers are interconnections of
different types of amplifier with different gains.

Source: AV Oppenheim, Signals and Systems

 Interconnections of Systems

• Output of System 1 becomes input of System 2.

• Eg. Radio receiver followed by an amplifier.

Here, same input is applied to System 1 and 2, and

outputistheadditionoftheoutputsofSystem1and2.

• Here, we combine both cascaded and parallel

connections. Source: AV Oppenheim, Signals and Systems
 Interconnections of Systems

Feedback interconnection

Source: AV Oppenheim, Signals and Systems