@kgbs y Jbn`r 

 
@cservbjmúk? (Irup` 3), Z`n` rebnmzbr`k en trbcbo` n`s bnudk`s
dekjm`kbg`s bcbo`, n`s `tr`s g`s gen irup` p`r dâs que se nes
dbkg` j`rre`, se nes esjrmcmú bn YlbtsBpp k` ekvmbr`k kmkiukb
res`nujmúk ge n`s tedbs que nes j`rresp`kgäbk, perougmjbkg`
p erougmjbkg` en
trbcbo` irupbn.

 Bnudk`s
•   Omddy Z. Jâjeres Bneire
•   Oesÿs Jbtbò` Q`z`

Wbnner @rmektbg` Z12- Z13

J`kversmúk ge Ukmgbges y Bkânmsms Gmdeksm`kbn 
2. J`dpnetbr nb smiumekte tbcnb?
Dbikmtug  Gehmkmjmúk  Húrdunb Ukmgbges ek 
Gmdeksm`kbn  en ZM 
N`kimtug Expresb nb gmstbkjmb ektre g`s N Detr`
pukt`s. 
Dbsb Mkgmjb nb jbktmgbg ge dbtermb. D Fmn`irbd`

Wmedp` Dmge nb gurbjmúk ge W Zeiukg`

bj`ktejmdmekt`s.
Wedperbturb Dmge en jbn`r ge uk juerp`.   Fenvmk

Jbktmgbg ge Kÿder` ge bniukb ektmgbg K D`n

sustbkjmb. enedektbn.
Mkteksmgbg ge Jbrib eníjtrmjb que pbsb ek ukb M Bdpere
j`rrmekte ukmgbg ge tmedp`.
Mkteksmgbg Q`tekjmb perjmcmgb. O Jbkgenb
nudmk`sb
This website stores data such as
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X`nudek Exteksmúk ek tres gmdeksm`kes. Detr` jucmj`
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2 
 

@kgbs y Jbn`r 

 
Xen`jmgbg Xen`jmgbg ge uk juerp` ek ukb
Nmkebn rejtb.  ∓  Detr`s/seiukg
`
Xen`jmgbg Dmge nb ven`jmgbg ge r`tbjmúk.  ∓ 
Bkiunbr Sbgmbkes/seiu
kg`
Bjenerbjmúk Dmge nb vbrmbjmúk ge nb
ven`jmgbg.  ∓  Detr`/seiukg`
bn jubgrbg`
Huerzb Jbpbjmgbg ge pr`gujmr jbdcm`. Kewt`k
 ∓ 
Ekeriäb ‚ Jbktmgbg ge trbcbo` (pr`gujmr O`une
Wrbcbo` - d`vmdmekt`).   ∓ 
Jbn`r
Q`tekjmb Jbktmgbg ge trbcbo` que se Xbtm`
rebnmzb.   ∓ 
Qresmúk Dmge nb pr`yejjmúk ge nb huerzb. Qbsjbn
∓ ∓ 
Hrejuekjmb Kÿder` ge repetmjmúk p`r Lertz
ukmgbg ge tmedp`.  ∓ 
J`kversmúk ge Ukmgbges
3.  Zup`kib que nnekbr uk tbkque ge ibs`nmkb ge :1,1 ibn`kes tbrgb 9,11 dmk.
b.  Jbnjune nb rbpmgez b nb jubn en tbkque se nnekb ek ibn`kes p`r seiukg`.
(rbpmgez4v`nudek /tmedp`)
c.  Jbnjune nb rbpmgez b nb jubn
j ubn en tbkque se nnekb ek detr`s jÿcmj`s p`r seiukg`.

•   Sbpmgez ge nnekbg` ek ibn`kes/sei

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dmk 4data
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as :1/731 4 1,19 ibn / s  
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•  Sbpmgez ek detr`s jÿcmj`s p`r seiukg`
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:1 ibn x :,9= nts/ ibn x 2 dº/ 2111 nts 4 1,22:9 dº

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3 
 

@kgbs y Jbn`r 

 
:.  Ukb pmrâdmge tmeke ukb bnturb ge 7<2 pme y su cbse
jucre uk âreb ge 2:,1 bjres (hmiurb). En v`nudek ge
ukb pmrâdmge estâ gbg` p`r nb expresmúk ,
g`kge C? es en âreb ge nb cbse y l? es nb bnturb ge nb
pmrâdmge. Jbnjune en v`nudek ge nb pmrâdmge ek detr`s
jÿcmj`s. (2 bjre47:581 pme3)

Qbsed`s b ukmgbges dítrmjbs.

7<2 ht . 1,:17< d/ht 4 278,8 d

2 bjre 4 73,3 ârebs . 211 d³ / âreb 4 7331 d³

2: bjres . 7331 d³/bjres 57<81 d³

En v`nudek ge ukb pmrâdmge es X 4 2/: Z L

X 4 2/: . 57<81 d³ . 278,8 d ≌ 38<1111 dº  

7.  Uk ibnúk ge pmkturb (v`nudek 4:,9<x21 -:  d:) jucre uk âreb ge 35,1 d3. °Juân es en
ir`s`r ge nb pmkturb hresjb s`cre nb pbreg

Zm teked`s uk v`nudek ge pmkturb ge :.9<21∓ y jucrmd`s 35  ge pbreg, p`ged`s

geterdmkbr en espes`r ge nb jbpb ge pmkturb b pbrtmr gen bkânmsms gmdeksm`kbn?

 
 4 .. ↓  4  4  .  
    4 .
 . ∓ d 

5.  Nb presmúk btd`shírmjb vbräb j`k nb bntmtug b kmven gen dbr. Ukb expresmúk que k`s
perdmte jbnjunbr ge dbkerb bpr`xmdbgb nb presmúk btd`shírmjb es?

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and analytics. 
gen dbr degmgb ek detr`s y   es nb tedperbturb gen bmre degmgb ek fenvmk.
f envmk.
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ekjuektrb b :35= d s`cre en kmven gen dbr y nb tedperbturb gen bmre es 21,1 ±J. ( 2  
42,12: Ù 215  4 98,1 )
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: 
 

@kgbs y Jbn`r 

 Bkânmsms Gmdeksm`kbn
8.  Nb smiumekte expresmúk es gmdeksm`kbndekte j`rrejtb y l`d`iíkeb?  4 3 g`kge?
d? dbsb, H? huerzb, X? ven`jmgbg. °Ruí dbikmtug represektb F0

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sitehúrdunb es gmdeksm`kbndekte j`rrejtb y l`d`iíkeb? E 4 BY 3 + CX 3 + JQ.
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E 4 ekeriäb, Y 4 ven`jmgbg bkiunbr, X 4 ven`jmgbg nmkebn, Q 4 presmúk.
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7 
 

@kgbs y Jbn`r 

 
<.  Ze sbce que nb trbksherekjmb ge jbn`r ` hnuo` jbn`rähmj` L  se
 se dmge ek en ZM O/s y se jbnjunb
p`r degm` ge nb smiumekte renbjmúk dbtedâtmjb?

,
g`kge, B? âreb, Wj y Wh  s`k
 s`k tedperbturbs, N? espes`r. Geterdmkbr? VfT 

=.  Nb húrdunb que geterdmkb nb bnturb dâxmdb „l— bnjbkzbgb p`r ukb pbrtäjunb, que es
nbkzbgb vertmjbndekte lbjmb brrmcb j`k ukb ven`jmgbg mkmjmbn 1 tmeke nb smiumekte h`rdb?
. Zmekg`? 4bjenerbjmúk ge nb irbvegbg. Jbnjunbr nb húrdunb häsmjb j`rrejtb.

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5 
 

@kgbs y Jbn`r 

 
21. °Ruí vbn`r tmeke (x-y), sm nb smiumekte ejubjmúk es gmdeksm`kbndekte l`d`iíkeb   4 
330 Gúkge? h4 hrejuekjmb, n4n`kimtug, i4irbvegbg, f4jte kudírmjb.

22. Ek nb smiumekte expresmúk geterdmkbr nbs ukmgbges ge „—  ek en ZM, sm nb ejubjmúk es

gmdeksm`kbndekte j`rrejtb y l`d`iíkeb . G`kge, d? dbsb, X?
ven`jmgbg, S? rbgm` ge jurvbturb

23. Jbnjunbr nb gmdeksmúk ge VB/CT , sm nb ejubjmúk es gmdeksm`kbndekte j`rrejtb y

l`d`iíkeb . G`kge, X4v`nudek, H4huerzb

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8 
 

@kgbs y Jbn`r 

 
Werd`deträb
Eoerjmjm`s
2.  Nb tedperbturb ge husmúk gen lmerr` es 3<11 ¿H. °Juân es nb tedperbturb
j`rresp`kgmekte ek ¿J y F0

•   Qbrb j`kvertmr b irbg`s Fenvmk usbd`s nb húrdunb

F 4 (y ±H + 75=,89) x 5/=
F 4 (3<11 ±H + 75=.89) x 5/= 4 2<21.=: ±F

•   Qbrb j`kvertmr b irbg`s Fenvmk usbd`s nb húrdunb

F 4 (y ±H ‚ :3) x 5/= + 39:.25

F 4 (3<11 ±H - :3) x 5/= 4 25:9.< ±J

3.  Nb tedperbturb ge ecunnmjmúk gen derjurm` es 8:1 F. °Juân es nb tedperbturb

j`rresp`kgmekte ek ¿J y ¿H0

•   Qbrb j`kvertmr ±F b ±J usbd`s nb

n b húrdunb

±J4f-39:.25
±J4 8:1f-39:.254 :58.<5

•   Qbrb j`kvertmr ±F b ±H usbd`s

u sbd`s nb húrdunb 

± 4 
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(  
.
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± 4 (.)
5   + :3 4 89
897.:
7.::: ± 
:.  Ukb pmezb ge detbn es extrbägb ge uk l`rk` que estbcb hukjm`kbkg` b 251 ±J, nuei`
se mktr`guje bn biub gurbkte 21 dmkut`s nuei` gen jubn se vermhmjb que nb tedperbturb
This website storeshue =1,1
data such±J.
as Geterdmke nb vbrmbjmúk ge nb tedperbturb ge nb pmezb ge detbn ek ±H y F.
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  Gbt`s
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W4251at ±j
any time
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W4=1±J
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251±J-=1±J481±J
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81±J b ±H y ±F
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9 
 

@kgbs y Jbn`r 

 
 4 V V (±)T +  4 (±) 4
(±) 4  4 V V ±
±TT + 4271H
W(F)4W(±J)+39:4 W(F)4W(81)+39:4 :::F

7.  Uk estugmbkte sbne ge su jbsb b nbs sems ge nb dbòbkb y bn pbsbr p`r ukb bvekmgb
`cservb que en terdúdetr` reimstrb 5=±H, bn ret`rkbr b su jbsb bn degm` gäb `cservb
que nb tedperbturb es 95,3 ±H. Geterdmkbr en jbdcm` ek nb tedperbturb ek ±J y F.

Qr`cnedb 2

Nb terd`jnmkb es bquennb jbpb ge biub ek n`s `jíbk`s, g`kge nb tedperbturb gen biub
gmsdmkuye râpmgbdekte. Ze gmje que este jbdcm` es ge bpr`xmdbgbdekte 31,1 ± J jbgb
251 d. °Juân es en jbdcm` ge nb tedperbturb
tedperbturb ek ±H jbgb 211 d0

Qr`cnedb 3

Nb tedperbturb ge uk `coet` degmgb ek irbg`s Jensmus y ek irbg`s Hblreklemt, reimstrbk

en dmsd` vbn`r kudírmj`. Geterdmke nb tedperbturb gen `coet` ek fenvmk.

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Ze tmeke ukb esjbnb terd`dítrmjb bcs`nutb \, y se sbce que en biub lmerve b 978¿\.
b) °Ruí es ukb esjbnb terd`dítrmjb bcs`nutb0
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< 
 

@kgbs y Jbn`r 

 
•   reh erekjmb en jer` bcs`nut`. Esjbnb Fenvmk
Z`k bquennbs que tmekek j`d` pukt` ge reherekjmb
(F)? Estbcnejmgb p`r N`rg Fenvmk, ek g`kge en budekt` ge 2F equmvbne bn budekt`
ge 2¿J. Ze ne j`k`je j`d` esjbnb dítrmjb bcs`nutb.

c)  °Juân es nb rbzúk ge pr`p`rjm`kbnmgbg ektre ∈ 

    y ∈ 0

j)  °Juân es nb húrdunb ge trbksh`rdbjmúk ge uk vbn`r ge irbg`s \ ek Jensmus0

g)  °B juâkt`s irbg`s \ lmerve en jbnjm`, sm su pukt` ge ecunnmjmúk es 27<1¿J0

•  

Qr`cnedb 7

Ze jreb ukb kuevb esjbnb terd`dítrmjb ge k`dmkbgb „Zmnver— g`kge nb tedperbturb ge

husmúk gen biub es -21,1± Z, bgedâs se `cservb que :1,1 ±J equmvbne b 31,1 ±Z. Geterdmkb
nb tedperbturb
tedperbturb ge ecunnmjmúk gen biub ek nb esjbnb „Zmnver—.

Husmúk ge biub ? -21±Z

:1±J 4 31±Z
Wedperbturb ge ecunnmjmúk ge biub

W4 211±J 4 211±J(31±Z/:1) 4 311±Z/: 4 88.8 ±Z

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= 
 

@kgbs y Jbn`r 

 
Qr`cnedb 5

Uk nbgrmnn` es extrbäg` ge uk l`rk`, reimstrâkg`se nb tedperbturb ek g`s esjbnbs gmstmktbs

±J y ±H. Zm nb gmherekjmb ektre n`s vbn`res ge tedperbturb `ctekmg`s es 231. Geterdmke nb
tedperbturb reimstrbgb ek ukmgbges ZM.

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2  
 

@kgbs y Jbn`r 

 
Gmnbtbjmúk Wírdmjb
Eoerjmjm`s 
2:. Uk puekte ge vmibs ge lmerr` tmeke 2<,1 d ge n`kimtug. Hue j`kstrumg` ek mkvmerk`
jubkg` nb tedperbturb erb ge :1,1 ¿H. °Ruí bkjlurb lb ge teker ukb ouktb ge gmnbtbjmúk
que se tmeke que geobr pbrb que en puekte s`p`rte tedperbturbs ge lbstb 213 ¿H0.
( LMESS@ 4 23,1x21-8 ¿J-2)

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2  
 

@kgbs y Jbn`r 

 
27. Uk dbtrbz ge vmgrm` resmstekte bn jbn`r se jbnmcrb pbrb uk nnekbg` exbjt` ge 211 jd : b
31¿J. °Juân serâ nb jbpbjmgbg b 231¿J0 XMGSM@ 4 :x21-8 ¿J-2.

25. Ze tmeke uk br` ge :1,1 jd ge gmâdetr` b 25,1 ¿J y en gmâdetr` mkterm`r ge nb nnbktb ge

bjer` es 3=,=8 jd. Ze pmge jbnjunbr nb tedperbturb b nb jubn gece jbnektbrse nb nnbktb
pbrb que puegb ektrbr ek nb ruegb.
rueg b. BJES@ 4 23,1x21-8 ¿J-2 

GBW@Z
W` 4 25¿J

G 4 :1jd
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3=.=8jd site
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4 0analytics. You
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β 4 23.21⁶⁸¿J⁶½ 

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2  
 

@kgbs y Jbn`r 

 
ΗN 4 N`*β*ΗW 

ΗW 4 ΗN / N`*β  

ΗW 4 1.17jd / 3=.=8jd * 23x21⁶⁸¿J⁶½ 

ΗW 4 222.38¿J

ΗW 4 Wh - W`

Wh 4 ΗW - W`

Wh 4 222.38¿J - 25¿J

Wh 4 =8.38¿J

28. °Juân es en jbdcm` ge tedperbturb que lb `jbsm`kbg` uk budekt` ge 1,:1 jd ge

n`kimtug ek ukb vbrmnnb, sm se sbce que bn budektbr su tedperbturb ek 25,1 ¿J bgmjm`k
bgmjm`kbnes
bnes
se `ctmeke ukb gmnbtbjmúk t`tbn ge 1,<1 jd0  
GBW@Z
ΗW2 4 0 jbdcm` mkmjmbn ge tedperbturb.  
tedperbturb.
ΗN 4 1.: jd
ΗW 4 ΗW2 + 25 ¿J
ΗN t`tbn 41.< jd

Z@NUJMÚK
Qbrb res`nver en eoerjmjm` se bpnmjb nb húrdunb ge gmnbtbjmúk nmkebn

Nh 4 N` * ( 2 + β * ( Wh - W`))

Nh
Nh 4
4 N`
N` *+ (N`*
2 +β*ΗW
β*ΗW )
Nh - N` 4 N`*β *ΗW
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ΗN 4 N`*β*
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1.< jd -You
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2  
 

@kgbs y Jbn`r 

 
29. Ukb nâdmkb ( NBDMKB 4 3,1x21-7 ¿J-2) p`see uk biuoer` ge 51 dd ge gmâdetr`, y geseb
lbjer pbsbr ukb esherb ge 53 dd ge gmâdetr` p`r este biuoer`. °Juâkt` gece
mkjredektbrse nb tedperbturb ge nb nâdmkb pbrb que se n`ire en `coetmv` gesebg`0

Qr`cnedb 2?

Ukb vbrmnnb ge j`cre ge : d ge n`kimtug,

n`kim tug, suoetb p`r uk`s extred`s y bp`ybgb s`cre r`gmnn`s
ge uk jd ge gmâdetr` se jbnmektb p`r bjjmúk ge nb j`rrmekte gesge 31±J b 331 ±J, n` jubn
lbje imrbr n`s r`gmnn`s. °Juâkt` imrb en ÿntmd` r`gmnn`0(J`ehmjmekte ge gmnbtbjmúk gen j`cre
1,111129 ±J-2)
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@kgbs y Jbn`r 

 
Qr`cnedb 3?

Ek nb hmiurb, X2 es ukb vbrmnnb ge bjer` ge 7,11 d ge n`kimtug y X 3 es ukb vbrmnnb ge pnbtmk`
ge 3,11 d ge n`kimtug. En smstedb se ekjuektrb b 1 ¿J. °B
quí tedperbturb, ek ¿J, se ouktbk bdcbs vbrmnnbs0 (En 7 
j`ehmjmekte ge gmnbtbjmúk nmkebn gen bjer` es 23,1 Ù 218 
±2 y en gen pnbtmk` es =,11 Ù 218 ±2).
X   
2 X   
3

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@kgbs y Jbn`r 

 
Qr`cnedb 7? 

Ek nb hmiurb se duestrb ukb bnbrdb j`ktrb

mkjekgm`s, geterdmke en mkjredekt`
   
3N 2    BNB SD  
ge tedperbturb (ek ¿J) pbrb que nbs  B  

cbrrbs lbibk j`ktbjt`, mkstbkte ek en jubn

ju bn
hukjm`kb nb
nb bnbrdb. J`ksmgere?
   
:N 3  
2 4 2,51 Ù 217 ±2   3

4 3,11 Ù 217 ±2 

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