Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

ACTIVITY 3
THE INTEGUMENT

I. Introduction

The integumentary system is composed of the skin (integument), nails, hairs,

glands and associated muscles and neurons (nerve cells).

The integument can be divided into two layers, the dermis (dermis = Gr. skin)
and epidermis (epi = Gr. upon). The dermis is composed of connective tissues
containing blood vessels, nerve cells and glands. The superficial 20% of the dermis is
the papillary layer because of the bumps or papillae which characterize the surface of
the region. The reticular layer accounts for the deeper four-fifths of the dermis.

Some of the dermal papillae contain Meissner’s corpuscles which are nerve
endings sensitive to touch. The reticular layer contains nerve endings called Pacinian
corpuscles that are sensitive to pressure.

The epidermis can be divided into four or five layers or strata (sing, stratum).
These are the stratum basale, stratus spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum
and stratum corneum. Since the superficial cells of the stratum corneum are squamous,
the epidermis is a stratified, squamous epithelial tissue which covers the body. The
stratum lucidum occurs only in the palms and soles.

Deep to the dermis is the hypodermis (hypo = Gr. under) which attaches the skin
to the underlying structures. It is composed of adipose tissues but is not considered a
part of the skin.

II. Objectives
At the end of this activity, students should be able to:
1. Describe the integumentary system and the role it plays in homeostasis.
2. Identify the layers of the epidermis and dermis in a thick and thin skin and the
functions of each layer.
3. Describe the accessory structures of the skin and the functions of each.
4. Describe the changes that occur in the integumentary system during the aging
process.
5. Discuss several common diseases, disorders, and injuries that affect the
integumentary system.
6. Explain treatments for some common diseases, disorders, and injuries of the
integumentary system.

1|Page
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

III. Learning Platforms

Supplementary materials for the study of the human skin:

• The Human Skin

https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/skin.htmlhttps://www.onlinemathlearning.
com/skin.html
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01ine8N07Uo
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5VnOS9Ke3g
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01ine8N07Uo

Virtual exercise on histology of the skin:

• https://histologyguide.com/slidebox/11-skin.html
• Epidermis
https://histologyslides.med.umich.edu/Histology/EMsmallCharts/3%20Image
%20Scope%20finals/065%20-%20Epidermis_001.htm

Pre-lab Activity:

1. Watch the different videos suggested on this activity.

2. Work on the virtual activity in examining details of the epidermis by zooming the
view.
3. Finding fingerprints

Finding Fingerprints

Dust for clues: Learn how a little chemistry can help you uncover hidden fingerprints all
around you! Source: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/finding-fingerprints/

This is a simple activity of collecting our own fingerprints as we leave them on

surfaces that we touched. Detecting invincible fingerprints is an important task in
forensic science, a branch of science that helps criminal investigations by collecting and
analyzing evidence from crime scenes.

One of the amazing things in the study of the human skin is the unique fingerprint
pattern that each specific person has, and therefore a very reliable way of identifying the
person, or a suspect in the case of crime investigations.

What are the different types of fingerprints that one can leave behind?
2|Page
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

 Latent – invisible to the naked eye; it consists of buildup of sweat and oil from
the surface of the skin; basic powder techniques are essential in processing this
kind of fingerprint.
 Patent – easily visible to the naked eye; it is made up of blood, grease, ink, or
dirt.
 Plastic – easily visible to the naked eye; these are 3D impressions made by
stamping or pressing of the fingers into materials like fresh paint, wax, soap, or
tar.

This activity will be showing the easiest way of collecting the invisible fingerprint
– a simple method called dusting.

Materials (Pre-lab)
• A glass or smooth metal surface
• 5-10 grams raw cacao powder if your test surface is light; baby powder if dark
• White paper if your test surface is light; black paper if it is dark
• A small bowl, clear tape, dust cloth, water, soap, hand lotion
• A fine brush with soft bristles, such as a makeup brush

Preparation
• Pour a little of the cacao or baby powder into a small bowl.
• Wipe the smooth glass or metal surface that you are using for your
experiment very thoroughly with the dust cloth.
• Be sure to take picture of your collected fingerprints.

Procedure
• Press one finger firmly onto the clean, smooth surface. Remember where you
put it on the surface.
• Dip your brush carefully into the cacao or baby powder. (If your fingerprint is
on a dark surface, use the baby powder; if on a light one, cacao). Only the
tips of the bristles should be covered with powder. Then, tap the brush to
remove any excess powder.
• Gently sweep the brush carefully over the area where you put your fingerprint.
Make sure to not apply too much pressure so that you do not wipe the print
away. If necessary, add more powder to the brush, but be careful not to add
too much. What happens when you apply the powder to the surface? Can
you see a fingerprint developing?
• When you are done, gently blow off excess powder from the surface and
check your result. Did you get a visible fingerprint? How well can you see the
print? Can you make out the fingerprint pattern?

3|Page
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

• Use a piece of clear tape and carefully press the tape down onto the surface
on top of the developed fingerprint. Peel the tape off and transfer the
fingerprint onto a piece of paper. (If you used dark cacao, use white paper; for
baby powder, use black). Did you successfully transfer your fingerprint? Does
it still look the same on the paper compared with your glass or metal surface?
• Wash your hands thoroughly with warm water and soap. Then, repeat the
steps with the same finger you chose before. Did you get a fingerprint again?
How does it look compared with the first one? Can you still see lots of
details?
• Finally, apply some hand lotion and repeat the fingerprint steps again. How
does this fingerprint compare with the previous ones? Is it easier or more
difficult to detect?

Show the pictures of your original fingerprints and the collected ones here.

c.
a. b.

Fig. 3.1. Fingerprints collected. (a) normal, unwashed hand/finger, (b) washed
hand/finger, and (c) finger with lotion

• Once you have transferred all your fingerprints onto a piece of paper,
compare your results. Do they all look the same? Which one can you see the
best, the least? Can you explain your results?
Both the fingerprints from the unwashed finger and the finger with lotion was
prominent but the most visible fingerprint would be the one when the finger was dipped
in lotion while the fingerprint from the washed finger had the least visible fingerprint.
The washed finger barely had prints on it due to the finger being rid of dirt, sweat,
and oil. However, the lotion has oils and fats in its ingredient which had caused the print
to be more visible and more adhered to the powder.

4|Page
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

IV. Materials

• Drawing and coloring pens

• Laptop

V. Procedure

A. The Structure of the Human Skin

Know the parts of the human skin.

Fig. 3.2. The parts and structures of the human skin.

B. Histology of the Skin

1. On your web browser proceed to https://histologyguide.com/slidebox/11-skin.html

2. You can now explore the Chapter on the Human Skin at your own pace. Read
the short introduction about the human skin.

5|Page
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

3. Click every picture to reveal the complete view of the skin tissues and its
structures – thick and thin skin, pigmented skin, hair follicles, scalp, the Meissner
and Pacinian Corpuscles.

4. To explore the structures of the skin, click the name of the part (in blue) found on
the right side of the pane. This will direct you can help you see the actual
structure in a magnified view.

5. Continue on, until you have examined all structures.

6. Complete your laboratory sheet.

6|Page
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

Histology of the Skin

Using your virtual activity in the identification of the structure of the skin, work on
the following.
1. Identify and label the following structures in the THICK SKIN: epidermis, stratum
basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, dermis,
papillary layer, dermal papillae, papillary capillaries, reticular layer, eccrine sweat
glands, and hypodermis.

Fig. 3.3. Thick skin (>5 mm).

2. Identify and label the following structures in the THICK skin: epidermis, stratum
basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, dermis,
papillary layer, papillary capillaries, and reticular layer.

Fig. 3.4. Thick Skin 60x OIO.

7|Page
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

3. Identify and label epidermis, stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum

granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, dermis, dermal papillae, eccrine
sweat glands.

Fig. 3.5. Thick skin (>5 mm).

8|Page
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

4. Identify and label the following parts of the THIN SKIN: epidermis, stratum
basale, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, dermis, dermal papillae, eccrine
sweat gland, hair follicle.

Fig. 3.6. Thin Skin (1-2mm).

5. Identify and label the following parts of the THIN SKIN: epidermis, dermis,
papillary layer, reticular layer

Fig. 3.7. Thin Skin (stained).

9|Page
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

6. Identify and label the structures of a PIGMENTED SKIN: (Thick skin)

melanocytes, stratum basale, stratum spinosum; (Thin skin) melanocytes, stratum
basale, sweat gland. Hair follicle and sebaceous glands.

Fig. 3.8. Thin and Thick Skin with Melanin.

7. Identify and label the following structures from a THIN SKIN with melanin:
epidermis, melanocytes, stratum basale, startum spinosum, dermis, papillary
layer, reticular layer, eccrine sweat glands.

Fig. 3.9. Thin skin with melanin

10 | P a g
e
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

8. Identify and label the following structures in the HAIR FOLLICLE: epidermis,
dermis, hair shaft, internal root sheath, external root sheath, glassy membrane,
sebaceous glands, eccrine glands, arrector pili muscles, hypodermis

Fig. 3.10. Thin Skin containing hair follicles and sebaceous glands.

Fig. 3.11. Hair Follicles from a Thin Skin Fig. 3.12. Hair X-section
(x-section)

9. Identify and label the following structures from the Scalp: Hair follicles, hair shaft,
external root sheath, internal root sheath, hair bulb, glassy membrane.

11 | P a g
e
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

Fig. 3.13. Scalp (longitudinal section)

Fig. 3.14. Hair follicle (l.s)

10. Identify and label the Meissner and Pacinian Corpuscles.

Fig. 3.15. Cross-section of the Skin showing Mechanoreceptors

11. Identify and label the parts of the human nails:

12 | P a g
e
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

Fig. 3.16. Longitudinal view of the nail.

A. Nail body
B. Lunula
C. Nail root
D. Germinal matrix
E. Nail matrix
F. Nail bed
G. Hyponychium
H. Free edge

VI. Guide Questions

1. What is the role of the skin in maintaining homeostasis in the body?
The skin is the main organ and structure of the integumentary system and it
plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis in the body by coordinating with the
other organ systems:
 Skeletal System: The skin protects the bone and helps provide vitamin D for
calcium absorption while the bones provide support for the skin.
 Muscular system: Skin removes surplus heat from the body while muscle
contraction offers protection and conserves heat produced by muscular
contraction to warm the skin.
 Nervous system: Skin protects neurons, aids in body temperature regulation,
and skin receptors provide sensory information to the brain while the brain
communicates nerve impulses to the skin. It also regulates the size of cutaneous
blood vessels, activates sweat glands, and contracts the arrector pili muscles.
 Endocrine system: Skin protects endocrine glands while androgens stimulate

13 | P a g
e
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

sebaceous glands and assist control hair growth.

 Cardiovascular system: Skin prevents water loss, helps regulate body
temperature, and protects the heart and blood vessels, while blood vessels give
nutrition and oxygen to the skin while also transporting wastes and blood clots if
the skin is damaged.
 Lymphatic system: The skin acts as a barrier to pathogen invasion, shields
lymphatic vessels, and langerhans cells phagocytize pathogens, while lymphatic
vessels absorb excess tissue fluid and the immune system defends against skin
infections.
 Respiratory system: Skin protects respiratory organs, whereas gas exchange in
the lungs delivers oxygen to the skin and removes carbon dioxide from the body.
 Digestive system: The skin protects the digestive organs and supplies vitamin D
for calcium absorption, whereas the digestive tract gives the nutrients that the
skin need.
 Urinary system: Skin aids in water regulation and sweat glands carry out some
excretion, while the kidneys compensate for sweating and activate vitamin D
precursor produced by the skin.
 Reproductive system: Skin receptors respond to touch, mammary glands
create milk, and the skin extends to make room.
 Androgens activate oil glands in the developing embryo, whereas sex hormones
drive fat deposition and influence hair distribution in both males and females.

2. Fill in the table below:

Table 3.1.1. Layers of the skin.
Layers of
Description
the Skin
It is avascular, has tightly packed
cells, consists of stratified
squamous epithelium divided into
5 layers: stratum basale, stratum
Epidermis
spinosum, stratum granulosum,
stratum lucidum, and stratum
corneum. It is superficial and
thinner region of the skin
It is composed of dense irregular
connective tissue. It is the deeper
and thicker region of the skin. It
Dermis contains collagen and elastic
fibers. It also contains blood
vessels that supply oxygen and
nutrients to the skin.
Table 3.1.2. Accessory structures of the skin.
Function/s
The keratinized layers
located at the top of the skin
allows the skin to have water
repellent properties. It
provides adequate
protection against gashes,
abrasions, and UV radiation.
Collagen fiber prevents the
skin from being torn by
being flexible—which allows
resistance to overstretching.
Elastic fibers allow the
movement of muscles and
joints underneath.

14 | P a g
e
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

Accessory
Description Function/s
Structures
It is composed of epithelial and Hair shields the skin
connective tissues that forms a from radiation/UV rays.
Hair follicles single hair. It is derived from It is also involved in
epithelial columns thermoregulation of the
body.
These are thick sheets of keratinized These protect the
epidermal cells found recessed deep supposedly exposed
to the level of the surrounding dorsal surface tips of
Nails epithelium and is bounded on either the fingers and toes.
side by grooves and ridges. Prevents the distortion
of fingers or toes when
in movement.
Groups of cells which produce and These glands assist in
secrete substance into ducts. thermoregulation,
Sweat glands or sudoriferous excrete wastes and
Exocrine glands – present in all regions of the lubricate the dermis.
glands skin, Tubule is coiled within the
dermis Sebaceous glands –
associated with hair follicle, secretes
oily substance called sebum.

3. Discuss the different receptor cells found in the skin.

 Mechanoreceptors are receptors that send information about an organism's
surroundings to the brain. It may transmit information about the skin's
pressure, movement, and tension. They detect the presence of a tactile
sensation on the tips of our fingers. They're also linked to social engagement,
exploration of the surroundings, and tactile discrimination (Boundless n.d.)
 Thermoreceptors are receptors that can detect environmental temperature.
It is further divided into two types: one that detects cold and the other that
detects warmth. Cold receptors have C-fibers and thin myelinated A delta
fibers, whereas warm receptors have unmyelinated C-fibers.
 Nociceptors are pain-receiving receptors in the brain. They are a component
of the integument's pain receiving system. They alert the body to any
potential environmental injury to the body's tissue. These are the body's pain
receptors in a nutshell.
 Chemoreceptors are receptors that are interested in chemical changes in
the body. These chemical changes might occur as a result of a shortage of
oxygen or an increase in oxygen.

4. Beyond goosebumps, what is the role of the arrector pili muscle in human

15 | P a g
e
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

thermoregulation?
Arrector pili muscle conducts thermoregulation by erecting hair follicles in hot
weather and leaving them flaccid in cold weather. Although it may appear inefficient,
especially for humans who don’t normally have thick body hair, convection occurs in the
surface; just the folding of the hair follicles during cold seasons helps reduce heat loss
from the body and the erecting of the hair follicles during hot seasons gives the skin
more air and allows it to breathe better.

5. What is the function of the epidermal ridges and the dermal papillae?
The main function of these parts is to increase surface area for attachment that
binds the epidermis and dermis tightly in a region of high mechanical stress. It therefore
increases the grip of the hand or foot as it increases friction. In addition to the increased
surface area, there is also an increase in the number of corpuscles of touch, thus also
increases tactile sensitivity. Because of this attachment of the epidermal ridges and the
dermal papillae, the overlying epidermis is able to acquire nutrition and oxygen as the
extensive network of blood vessels reaches towards it. (Derrickson & Tortora, 2017)

VII. Clinical Applications

1. What are the changes that occur in the human skin during the ageing process?
Aging is inevitable and affects all of the structures in the integument. The
following are the major structural and functional changes observed as humans age:
 Altered hair and fat distribution – gender variations in hair distribution and
body fat distribution begin to diminish as sex hormone levels decline with age.
 Decreased perspiration – older folks can't dissipate heat as quickly as younger
ones because their eccrine sweat glands become less active. As a result, the
elderly in hot situations, are more likely to overheat.
 Diminished immune response – the number of dendritic (Langerhans) cells
falls to around half of what it was at maturity (roughly age 21). This decline might
make the immune system less sensitive, which could lead to more skin injury and
infection.
 Drier epidermis - The secretion of the sebaceous glands reduces. The skin gets
dry and scaly as a result.
 Fewer active follicles – hair follicles either cease to function or create finer,
thinner hairs. These hairs become gray or white due to a decrease in melanocyte
activity.
 Fewer melanocytes – melanocyte activity decreases, and the skin of light-
skinned persons becomes very pale. People who have less melanin in their skin
are more vulnerable to sun exposure.
 Reduced blood supply – a decrease in dermal blood flow cools the skin,

16 | P a g
e
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

stimulating thermoreceptors and making a person feel chilly even in a warm

environment. The elderly's reduced circulation and sweat gland activity reduces
their capacity to dissipate body heat, allowing body temperatures to become
dangerously high during overexertion.
 Slower skin repair – repairs to the skin take longer. In a young adult, repairing
an untreated blister may take 3 to 4 weeks, while around the age of 65–75, the
same repairs could take 6 to 8 weeks.
 Thinning dermis – the integument weakens and becomes less robust when the
dermis thins and contains fewer elastic fibers. Sagging and wrinkling are
particularly noticeable in body areas that are exposed to the sun the most.
 Thinning of the epidermis – wherein the basal activity, metabolic activity, and
vitamin D3 declines, which leads to muscle weakness and brittle bones.

2. How do the regenerative properties of the skin help protect the body from the
external environment?
The skin can regenerate itself after damage. The process begins with bleeding
and includes four phases: inflammation, migration, proliferation, and scarring (Martini et
al., 2018). The skin's healing ability prevents any future complications from being
caused by the external environment. It can swiftly close the wound hole by repairing the
damaged skin, preventing any infectious materials or germs from entering the wound.
When it comes to repairing the body, speed is important. Increased wound healing after
a skin break can dramatically lower the risk of infection from external items. When a
deep incision reaches the dermis, the basal membrane generates cells to swiftly fill in
the space, preventing further injury and infection. Deep wounds take longer to heal
since the tissues are damaged. If the basal membrane is damaged, regeneration takes
longer.

3. How do the following human activities affect the skin?

a. Body tattooing – it is a method of permanently coloring the skin by injecting a
foreign pigment into macrophages in the dermis using a needle. They're
made by injecting ink into the dermis using a needle that punctures the
epidermis and travels between 50 and 3000 times per minute. Tattoos are
permanent because the dermis is stable (unlike the epidermis, which sheds
every four to six weeks). Infections are one of the dangers of tattoos with
staph, impetigo, and cellulitis being the most common.
b. Body piercing – in here, accessories are pierced into the skin using a needle.
Infections, allergic reactions, and anatomical damage are all possible side
effects of body piercing (such as nerve damage or cartilage deformation).
Furthermore, body piercing jewelry has the potential to cause infection.
Certain medical treatments, such as resuscitation masks, airway

17 | P a g
e
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

management techniques, urine catheterization, radiography, and childbirth,

may be hampered.
c. Cosmetics/make up - Improper make-up application can result in a variety of
problems, ranging from skin cancer to plugged pores. It can cause premature
aging, blocked pores, and eye infections, depending on how it's used.
Clogged pores can make it difficult for the skin to breathe, especially if they
are left untreated overnight. Skin cancer caused by cosmetics is an
uncommon occurrence, but it does occur. Another thing to keep an eye out
for when using make-up is allergens. Your body may grow sensitive to it,
develop an allergy to it, and get rashes and pimples as a result.

4. What are the common symptoms of a bacterial skin infection?

 The presence of pus or fluid leakage in the afflicted region.
 Blisters appear on the skin.
 A wound that hasn't healed in at least ten days.
 The appearance of lengthy red streaks on the skin.
Various foreign items, as well as bites and piercings, might induce the
aforementioned symptoms. The skin responds to various reasons in different
ways. Some may cause blisters and fevers, while others may not. The condition
can manifest itself on the skin's surface or, in rare cases, deep beneath the skin.

5. What are the risk factors for skin cancer? What are the reducing factors for skin
cancer?
A variety of variables, such as family history, can influence the likelihood of
developing cancer. If both parents have a history of cancer, the odds of an offspring
developing cancer later in life are greatly enhanced. Cancer cells that are not inhibited
by the body's failing immune system proliferate as people become older. If a person is
exposed to the sun's UV radiation for an extended period of time, they can cause
cancer. Additionally, skin type can influence the development of cancer, and a
weakened immune system can lead to skin cancer even at birth.
To lower the risk of skin cancer, one must constantly avoid extremes, such as
continuous sun exposure. Sunscreen can help to reduce the damaging effects of the
sun on your skin. Another is to avoid indoor tanning, which has the same impact as sun
tanning.

6. What do fingernails tell us about our health? How do fingernails looks like with:
a. Anemia – anemic patients tend to experience the disappearance of visible
lunula or “half-moons” at the bottom of the nails. The nails are brittle
compared to normal and will curve upward, making the depression on the
sides look more prominent. This is due to the lack of hemoglobin present in

18 | P a g
e
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

the blood.
b. Liver disease – nails are white or jaundiced-looking (symptoms of what’s
called the Terry’s nails). White lines underneath are observed as well.
c. Thyroid problems – nails appear to be brittle or yellow. Signs of Beau’s lines
are evident as well where there are horizontal ridges seen on the nails (if
observed in all 20 nails, thyroid disorder could be present).
d. Vitamin deficiency – Nails are weak and therefore prone to peeling and
breakage (bending before snapping).

7. Discuss at least five common diseases, disorders, and injuries that affect the
integumentary system and explain their diagnosis and treatment. Use the table
below:
Table 3.2. Common diseases, disorders, and injuries of the integument.
Skin Description/
Illustration Diagnosis Treatment
Disease Cause
Clogged nose Easily There is no cure
pores and skin diagnosed for this disease
pores can lead with children but it can be
to black head,
undergoing prevented and
white heads
and pimple. It puberty. be taken care of
comes with Observation of but the
Acne puberty and prominent persistence of
affects all whitehead, their
ages. Can pimples and appearance will
have bumps bumps can be not be stopped
filled with
easily by any
liquid.
diagnosed as procedures.
acne.
Blisters These are Discovery of Prevention is
liquid filled fluid within the cure, keep the
bubbles that bubbles is are clean and
form under enough to prevent any
your skin. diagnose that friction on the
These are the person is part of the skin.
caused by inflicted with Never pop the
friction from blisters. blisters as it
the skin and may lead to
from a surface other infections.
or from
contact with a

19 | P a g
e
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

hot surface..
These are Fever, loss of Get vaccinated.
bump of red appetite, head Stay away from
that multiply ache and people
very fast on initial suspected of
the skin. It can appearances being sick from
Chicken be itchy and of rashes the disease
pox very irritating could be a
as the disease sign that it is
progresses. chicken pox
Causes by the
varicella
zoster virus.
Herpes Initial There are no
simplex virus observation of treatments for
causes these the formed this disease, the
blisters and blisters maybe body is able to
can be enough to give cure itself after 1
transmitted via the patient the or 2 weeks after
kissing or diagnosis but initial infection.
Cold
other sexual there are
sore
actions. These times where
are blisters the doctors
that form on swabs it and
the infected tests the fluid
area that are for more
itchy and fluid accurate
filled. diagnosis
Rosacea These are Can easily be There is no cure
swelling of the mistaken for but left alone for
cheeks acne but upon a week to a
causing further month and the
blushing or observation disease will
reddish color coupled with slowly recede
of the skin. burning and be cured by
External sensation and the body by
factors such visible veins itself.
as wind, heat, on the skin, it
and spicy can be easily
foods can differentiated

20 | P a g
e
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

induce it. from acne.

VIII. Conclusion
Study on the integumentary system paves the way for further knowledge on
one’s anatomy and physiology. Through the given activity, the students were able to
classify the function and location of each part and accessory structures of the skin.
Despite having a tough learning condition during the online setting, technologies such
as the use of simulation sites with histology slides prove to be useful in getting familiar
with the unique structures of the integument.
This activity also opened the minds of the students in the application of studying
the integument in our daily lives such as the effect of having tattoos, piercings or make
up in the skin and diseases our condition a skin could have. Overall, the study of the
integumentary system is a good starting point of learning when it comes to studying the
different body organ systems.

IX. Documentation

Fig. 3.17. The materials for the fingerprint Fig. 3.18. Ms. Barbosa poses with the
collecting activity. materials for the fingerprint collecting activity.

Fig. 3.19. Ms. Barbosa conducts the activity.

21 | P a g
e
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

Fig. 3.20. Ms. Barbosa colors and labels the Fig. 3.21. Ms. Barbosa studies and inspects
skin illustration. the histology slides from histologyguide.com.

Fig. 3.22. Ms. Barbosa identifies and labels Fig. 3.23. Ms. Barbosa answers the guide
each slide. questions and clinical application items.

X. References
 8 side effects of everyday makeup and what you can do about it. SkinKraft.

(2022, January 21). Retrieved March 13, 2022, from

https://skinkraft.com/blogs/articles/side-effects-of-wearing-makeup-everyday

 Adcox, M. (2018, March 27). What Does It Mean to Have Half Moons on Your

Nails? Healthline. Retrieved March 14, 2022, from

https://www.healthline.com/health/half-moon-nails

 Crime Museum, LLC. (2021, June 24). Fingerprints. Crime Museum. Retrieved

March 14, 2022, from https://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/forensic-

investigation/fingerprints/

22 | P a g
e
Barbosa, Azenith Vincent Diaz BMD 3201L-2

MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY - GALLARDO

 Longenbaker, S. (2019). Mader’s Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology

(10th ed.) [E-book]. McGraw Hill.

 Martini, F., Ober, W., Nath, J., Bartholomew, E., & Petti, K. (2018). Visual

Anatomy & Physiology (3rd ed.) [E-book]. Pearson.

 Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of Anatomy & Physiology (15th ed.)
[E-book]. Wiley.

 What Your Nail Health Can Tell You: Don’t Ignore These 5 Signs. (2019, January

7). Penn Medicine. Retrieved March 14, 2022, from

https://www.pennmedicine.org/updates/blogs/health-and-wellness/2019/january/

nail-health

23 | P a g
e