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Lean Green Belt


:
“Pull”
Material
Management
Systems
‫نظم التحكم فى المواد‬

Principle 4: Pull Systems


• Objectives:
2. Value
1. VTC
Stream To make parts only to replenish what has
People
been consumed by the customer

• Tools:
Replicate Profit 3. Flow
– JIT Systems

– Kanban Systems

– Future state mapping


5.
4. Pull
Perfection

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Objectives
• To gain an understanding of the origins of kanban systems

Kanban ‫• فهم أصل نظام الـ‬

• Understand what a kanban is

Kanban ‫• فهم ما هو نظام الـ‬

• Recognise the different types of kanban

Kanban ‫• معرفة اﻻنواع المختلفة للـ‬

• Understand potential pitfalls of kanban systems

Kanban ‫• معرفة اﻻخطاء الشائعة عند تطبيق نظام الـ‬

Who developed the concept?

 The concept of kanban systems was developed


by Taiichi Ohno
Kanban ‫أنشأ تاييشى اونو مبدأ الـ‬
 He first began to think about the process in 1956
when he visited the US
‫ عند زيارتة للوﻻ يات المتحدة اﻻمريكية‬1956 ‫بدأ التفكير به عام‬
 The idea came from his fascination of the US
supermarket
‫جائت الفكرة من فكرة السوبر ماركت‬
 The concept came from America not Japan
‫المبدأ امريكى المنشاء وليس يابانى‬

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Were did it originate from?

 Supermarkets are driven and geared to meet


consumer demand
‫السوبر ماركت يتم تنظيمة وتنسيقة لتلبية مطالب العميل‬
 Consumers only buy what they need when
they need it
‫يشترى العميل ما يريد وقت احتياجه له فقط‬
 Consumers “go shopping” to collect what
they need
‫يذهب العمﻼء للتسوق لجمع ما يريدون‬
 This methodology contrasted significantly
from Japanese methods of hawking and
peddling

Running in Reverse
Push System ‫نظام الدفع‬

Pull System ‫نظام السحب‬

Instead of up stream processes pushing finished goods to down stream processes there should be a
complete reversal were down stream processes goes shopping for product and the upstream processes
only manufacture replenishments

‫ اصبح اﻻن المرحلة تسحب من‬. ‫بدﻻ من ان تدفع المرحلة اﻻولى المنتج للمرحلة التى تليها بدون طلب من المرحلة التالية‬
(‫المرحلة السابقة ماتحتاجة فقط وبالتالى كل مرحلة تنتج فقط ما تحتاجة المرحلة التى تليها )العميل‬

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What are the Benefits?

In a push environment there is no incentive to stop producing


so “overproduction” is inevitable with all of its associated
costs
‫ )انتاج‬Overproduction ‫فى نظام الدفع ﻻ توجد دوافع ﻻيقاف اﻻنتاج لذا يحدث دائما‬
‫زائد(ومما ينتج عنة تكلفة زائدة وفاقد‬

In a pull environment the down stream process controls the


flow by pulling only what it requires. The process inventory
stays with the upstream process
‫فقط‬ ‫فى نظام السحب يتم التحكم فى السريان عن طريق سحب ما يوجد حاجة اليه‬
\ ‫بواسطة المرحلة النهائية \التالية \ المرحلة العميلة والمخزون يظل فى المرحلة السابقة‬
. ‫المرحلة اﻻولى‬

Kanban Rules Six Golden Rules


1. Down stream process always drives the required materials from the of Kanban
up stream process
‫العملية التالية تأخذ المواد التى تحتاجها فقط من المرحلة التى تسبقها‬ ‫القواعد الستة الذهبية‬
2. Up stream process only produces in the quantity and the sequence
dictated by the down stream process
‫العملية السابقة تنتج فقط الكمية بالترتيب الذى تطلبه العملية التالية لها‬
3. No product is manufactured or transported without the issuing of a
kanban instruction
Kanban ‫ﻻ يتم نقل او انتاج منتج بدون اتباع تعليمات الـ‬
4. Kanban instruction is always attached to the goods

‫ دائما ما ترفق بالمواد‬kanban ‫تعليمات‬


5. Defective goods are not shipped on to the downstream process ‫شحن‬
‫ﻻيتم المواد المعيبة للمرحلة التالية‬
6. Progressive reduction in the number of kanban is the ultimate aim
‫ باالتدريج هو هدف نهائى‬Kanban ‫تقليل كمية‬

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Objectives
The kanban is a method of communication that provides pick up
Objective of
1.
and transportation information to the up stream process the Kanban
‫ طريقة لﻼتصال لنقل معلومات الى المرحلة السابقة‬Kanban ‫الـ‬
Rules
2. Provides production requirements information
‫تعطى معلومات عن احتياجات اﻻنتاج‬

3. Prevents over production and excessive transportation ‫تمنع اﻻنتاج الزائد‬


‫و النقل الزائد‬

4. Acts as a work order attached to the goods


‫تعمل مثل امر الشغل المرفق بالبضائع‬
5. Prevents defective products being passed down the line by
identifying the producing process
‫تمنع مرور المنتجات المعيبة عن طريق تحديد عملية اﻻنتاج‬

6. Strives to drive down inventory


‫تهدف الى تقليل المخزون‬

Kanban Definition

! Kanban = WIP = ‫مخزون تحت التشغيل‬


Definition:
It is a signal, but not always a card, authorizing production (MAKE) or delivery
of required materials (MOVE), and is initiated by consumption.
‫هو اﻻشارة التى تسمح لﻼنتاج بالتصنيع او نقل المواد المطلوبة )ليس بالضرورة كارت( واﻻشارة تحدث نتيجة‬
‫استهﻼك فعلى للمنتجات‬

Key information ‫معلومات اساسية‬


• Part Identification ‫تعريف الجزء‬
• Quantity associated to the card or to the container ‫كمية‬
‫الجزء فى الصندوق‬
• Place of delivery of the part ‫مكان تسليم الجزء‬
• Origin of the part ‫مكان تصنيع او خروج الجزء‬

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Many forms of Kanban

‫اضاءة‬ ‫كارت‬
‫صندوق نمطى او موصف‬
Lights Cards
Standard Container
K an b an C a r d ID R ef 1 o f 4 P ro d u c ti o n U n i t - H o b b i n g S e c ti o n 3 C re a t i o n D a t e - 0 7 /0 9 / 0 1
K a n b a n C a rd ID R e f 1 o f 4 P r o d u c t i o n U n i t - H o b b i n g S e c ti o n 3 C r e a t i o n D a te - 0 7 / 0 9 / 0 1
P art N um b er P a rt D e s c r ip t io n R e f e r e n c e D ra w in g N u m b e r
P art N um b er P a rt D e s c rip t io n R e f e r e n c e D ra w in g N u m b e r

645 6-5678 R in g G e a r R e v is io n A A
6 4 5 6 -5 6 7 8 R in g G e a r R e v is io n A A

K a n b a n Q u a n t i ty C o n ta in e r T y p e N o t e s & S p e c i a l I n s tr u c t i o n s
K a n b a n Q u a n t i ty C o n ta i n e r T y p e N o t e s & S p e c i a l I n s t ru c t i o n s
G re y 3 0 0 m m x 3 0 0 m m
300 p cs
300 pc s P laGs tre
ic yt o3te
0 0bminm t yxp e
3 0203m4 5
m
P la s t ic t o t e b in ty p e 2 3 4 5
D i s t ri b u t i o n I n fo rm a t i o n
D i s t ri b u t io n I n f o rm a t i o n
S u p p ly P o in t - M a c h in e S h o p 6 U s a g e P o in t - M a c h in e S h o p 4
S u p p ly C
Po e in t -roMuapc 3h in e S h o p 6
ll G U s aCgeell G
P or oinutp- 4MRa ac ch kin 3e BS h o p 4
C e ll G ro u p 3 C e ll G r o u p 4 R a c k 3 B
B a r C o d e D a ta
B a r C od e D ata

‫عﻼمات على اﻻرضيات‬ ‫فاكس‬


‫رفوف‬
Floor & Table Fax (ban)
Shelving
marks

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2 Types of Kanban
1. In-Process (Production) Kanban
(MAKE) ‫اﻻنتاج‬ In-Process OPER OPER OPER
a visual signal to pace the Kanban A B C
movement of products in a flow
production process
‫اشارة بصرية للسماح بمرور منتج جديد فى العملية‬ RAW MATERIALS FINISHED
GOODS

Kan ban C ard ID Ref 1 of 4 P ro d uction U n it - H ob b in g S ection 3 Creatio n D ate - 07/09/01


P art Num ber P art D escription Reference D rawing N um ber
2. Material (Withdrawal)
6456-5678 R ing G ear Rev ision A A
Kanban (MOVE) ‫نقل المواد‬
a visual signal to replenish K an b an Q uan tity C on tain er T yp e No tes & S p ecial In stru ctio n s

G rey 300m m x 300m m


materials consumed in the 300 pcs
P lastic tote bin type 2345

production process D istribu tio n In fo rm ation

Supply Point - M achine S hop 6 U sage P oint - M achine S hop 4


‫اشارة بصرية لتحريك او نقل المواد المستهلكة‬ C ell G roup 3 C ell G roup 4 Rack 3B

Bar C ode D ata

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Two Bin System


‫نظام السلتان‬

Two Bin system for the small parts that are low in cost.
‫يستخدم لﻼجزاء القليلة التكلفة واﻻجزاء صغيرة الحجم‬

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Kanban Specific - One Card


(‫نظام الكارت المحدد)الواحد‬
• Repetitive production ‫لﻼنتاج المتكرر‬
• High Volume. ‫اﻻعداد الكبيرة‬
• Low Complexity / Constant ‫ بساطة المنتج‬/ ‫الثبات‬
• A card is transferred to the supplying cell with the quantity required.
‫• يتم نقل الكارت الى الخلية المغذية بالكمية المطلوبة‬
• This card authorises Make and Move. ‫هذا الكارت يمنح السلطة لﻼنتاج و النقل‬
Customer Cell Supplier cell
‫الخلية المستهلكة‬ ‫الخلية المغذية‬

K a n b a n C a r d ID R e f 1 o f 4 P r o d u c t io n U n it - H o b b in g S e c tio n 3 C r e a t io n D a t e - 0 7 /0 9 /0 1
P a rt N u m b e r P a r t D e s c ri p ti o n R e f e re n c e D r a w i n g N u m b e r

6456- 5678 R ing G ear R e v is i o n A A

K a n b a n Q u a n t ity C o n t a in e r T y p e N o t e s & S p e c ia l In s tr u c tio n s

G re y 3 0 0 m m x 3 0 0 m m
300 pc s
P l a s ti c to t e b i n typ e 2 3 4 5

D is tr ib u t io n In fo r m a t io n

S u p p l y Po i n t - M a c h i n e S h o p 6 U s a g e P o i n t - M a ch i n e S h o p 4
C e l l G ro u p 3 C e l l G ro u p 4 R a c k 3 B

B a r C o d e D a ta

K a n b a n C a rd ID R e f 1 o f 4 P ro d u c ti o n U n it - H o b b in g S e c ti o n 3 C re a t io n D a te - 0 7 /0 9 /0 1
Pa r t N u m b e r P a rt D e sc r ip t io n R e fe re n c e D r a w i n g N u m b e r

6456- 5678 R in g Ge a r R e v i si o n A A

K a n b a n Q u a n tit y C o n ta in e r T y p e N o te s & Sp e c ia l In s t ru c tio n s

G rey 300m m x 300m m


300 pc s
P l a sti c to te b i n ty p e 2 3 4 5

D is tr ib u t io n In fo rm a tio n

S upply P oint - M ac hine S hop 6 U sa g e P o i n t - M a c h i n e S h o p 4


C ell Gr ou p 3 Cell G r oup 4 Rac k 3B

B a r C o d e D a ta

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Kanban Generic - one card


‫نظام الكارت العام‬
• Also known as ‘capacity’. ‫يعرف ايضا باسم السعة او الطاقة اﻻنتاجية‬
• Kanban authorises MOVE, but not a specific part.
‫• يمنح السلطة بالنقل بدون تحديد الجزء‬
• The part to made is via a ‘broadcast’ or manifest. ‫يتم التصنيع بناء على وثيقة او اﻻذاعة‬
• Utilised for high variety, small volumes, similar routings and similar work content. ‫يستخدم‬
‫للمنتجات عالية التنوع بكميات صغيرة ومسارات متماثلة وتصنيع متماثل‬
• Based on planning (FIFO), the order is fixed FIFO ‫يتم التعامل مع اﻻوامر بنظام‬
• Limits the stocks ‫يقلل ويحدد المخزون‬
.
Withdrawal
(MOVE) Kanban
Supply
Planning Cell
Using Cell
Out

In

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Kanban Specific – Two Cards


(‫ – الكارتان)الكارت المحدد‬Kanban ‫نظام الـ‬
• When the variety varies too much a system of two cards is introduced ‫عندما يكون هناك تنوع كبير‬
• 2 Cards are attached to each product. ‫يرفق كارتان مع كل منتج‬
• The first is the withdrawal Kanban (MOVE), which authorises the transfer of material,
‫• اﻻول هو كارت الحركة الذى يفوض انتقال المواد‬
• The second is the production Kanban (MAKE), which signals to production to commence its activity. ‫الثانى كارت اﻻنتاج و الذى يعطى اﻻشارة لﻼنتاج لتبدأ‬
‫عملية اﻻنتاج والتصنيع‬
• Kanban stay in the work station area. ‫تظل الكروت فى منطقة العمل‬
• Batches can be split (MOVE can be smaller than MAKE) batch .‫يمكن تقسيم كميات المنتج او‬
• Tighter form of a pull system ‫شكل من اشكال نظم السحب ولكن اكثر إحكاما‬

4. MAKE kanban returned to workstation


1. Collect MOVE kanban from mailbox
Production (MAKE)
5. Work starts on the batch Kanban ‫كارت الحركة‬ Withdrawal (MOVE)
Supply
Kanban ‫الخلية المستهلكة‬
Cell
Using Cell
‫فصل كارت التصنيع‬-2
Out Product ‫من الصندوق الممتلى‬
‫الخلية المغذية‬
6. Place MAKE on the container Product
Supermarket
‫وضع كارت على‬ ‫منتج‬
In ‫لصق او وضع كارت الحركة‬-3
‫الصندوق الممتلى‬ 2. Remove MAKE from full container
‫على الصندوق الممتلى‬
3. Attach MOVE kanban to container

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Supplier (or changeover/changing priorities) Kanban

‫المورد‬
‫العميل‬
Supplier 1 2 3 4 5
Customer
1 K an b a n C a rd I D R ef 1 o f 4 P ro d u ct i o n U n i t - H o b b i n g S ec ti o n 3 C r ea ti o n Da te - 0 7/ 0 9 /0 1
P a rt N u m b e r P a rt De s c rip t i on R ef e re n c e Dr aw in g N um b er

6 45 6 -5 67 8 R in g G e ar R ev i sio n A A

K a n b a n Q u a n ti ty C o n ta i n e r T y p e No te s & S p e c i al I n s tr u c ti o n s

G re y 3 0 0m m x 3 00 m m
3 0 0 p cs
P l as t ic t o t e bi n t y pe 2 34 5

‫ورشة او ماكينة‬
Di s tr i b u ti o n I n f o rm a ti o n

S u p pl y P oi n t - M a c h i ne S h o p 6 U s a ge P o in t - M ac hi n e S ho p 4
C el l G ro up 3 C el l G ro up 4 R a c k 3 B

2
B a r C o de D at a

K an b an Ca r d I D R e f 1 o f 4 P ro d u c ti o n U n i t - H o b b i n g S ec ti o n 3 C re a ti o n D a te - 07 / 0 9/ 0 1

7
P ar t Nu m b er P a rt D e scri p t io n R e f er en ce D ra wi n g N u m be r

6
6 4 5 6- 56 7 8 R ing Gea r R e vi si o n A A

K a n b a n Q u an t i ty C o n t ai n e r T y p e N o te s & S p e ci a l I n s tru ct io n s

G re y 3 0 0 m m x 30 0 m m
30 0 p cs
P l a st ic t ot e b in t yp e 23 4 5

D i s tr ib u ti o n I n f o rm a ti o n

S up p ly P o in t - M ac h in e S h op 6 U sa ge P oi n t - M a ch i ne S ho p 4
C e l l G r ou p 3 C e ll G ro u p 4 R ac k 3 B

B a r C o de D a t a

Workshop Workshop
or machine 3 or machine
5
8 9
4

TRANSPORT
‫النقل‬

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Process Step 1
‫الخطوة اﻻولى‬

When the pallet is empty, I put the Kanban card in the Kanban box
Kanban‫ ضع الكارت فى صندوق الـ‬Pallet ‫عندما تخلو الـ‬

Customer ‫العميل‬
Kanban
Box K an b a n C a rd I D R ef 1 o f 4
P a rt N u m b e r

6 45 6 -5 67 8
P ro d u ct i o n U n i t - H o b b i n g S ec ti o n 3
P a rt De s c rip t i on

R in g G e ar
6
C r ea ti o n Da te - 0 7/ 0 9 /0 1
R ef e re n c e Dr aw in g N um b er

R ev i sio n A A

K a n b a n Q u a n ti ty C o n ta i n e r T y p e No te s & S p e c i al I n s tr u c ti o n s

G re y 3 0 0m m x 3 00 m m
3 0 0 p cs
P l as t ic t o t e bi n t y pe 2 34 5

Di s tr i b u ti o n I n f o rm a ti o n

S u p pl y P oi n t - M a c h i ne S h o p 6 U s a ge P o in t - M ac hi n e S ho p 4
C el l G ro up 3 C el l G ro up 4 R a c k 3 B

Workshop Workshop
B a r C o de D at a

or machine K a n b a n Ca r d ID Re f 1 o f 4
P a rt N u m b e r
P ro d u c tio n U n it - Ho b b in g Se c t io n 3
P a rt D e s cr ip t io n
Cr e a tio n Da te - 0 7 /0 9 /0 1
Re fe r e n ce Dra w i n g N u m b e r
or machine
6 4 5 6 -5 6 7 8 R ing G ear R e v i si o n A A

K a n b a n Q u a n tit y C o n ta in e r T y p e N o te s & S p e c ia l In s t ru c t io n s

G r ey 300 m m x 300m m
3 0 0 p cs Pl a s ti c to te b i n ty p e 2 3 4 5

Dis t rib u tio n In fo rm a tio n

S u p p l y Po i n t - M a ch in e S h o p 6 U sa g e P o i n t - M a c h i n e S h o p 4
C e l l G ro u p 3 Ce l l G ro u p 4 R a c k 3 B

Ba r Co d e D a ta

‫ورشة او ماكينة‬ ‫ورشة او ماكينة‬

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Process Step 2
‫الخطوة الثانية من العملية‬
Of the cards I receive from the customer, I
‫ لوحة‬kanban put them on the Kanban Board , starting
from the top
Kanban Board
‫عندما استلم الكروت من العميل اضعهم على اللوحة ابتداء من‬
‫اﻻعلى‬
1 2 3 4 5

Critical
K an b a n C a rd I D R ef 1 o f 4 P ro d u ct i o n U n i t - H o b b i n g S ec ti o n 3 C r ea ti o n Da te - 0 7/ 0 9 /0 1
P a rt N u m b e r P a rt De s c rip t i on R ef e re n c e Dr aw in g N um b er

6 45 6 -5 67 8 R in g G e ar R ev i sio n A A

K a n b a n Q u a n ti ty C o n ta i n e r T y p e No te s & S p e c i al I n s tr u c ti o n s

G re y 3 0 0m m x 3 00 m m
3 0 0 p cs
P l as t ic t o t e bi n t y pe 2 34 5

Di s tr i b u ti o n I n f o rm a ti o n

S u p pl y P oi n t - M a c h i ne S h o p 6 U s a ge P o in t - M ac hi n e S ho p 4
C el l G ro up 3 C el l G ro up 4 R a c k 3 B

B a r C o de D at a

Supplier
‫خط الكمية الحرجة‬ ‫المورد‬

Customer

‫العميل‬

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Utilisation of the Kanban Board


REFERENCE XX1

‫منطقة خضراء‬
GREEN ZONE
Maximum Batch Formation
WIP Batch ‫تصنيع‬
‫الكمية القصوى للمخزون‬ RED ZONE
Out of Stock
‫تحت التشغيل‬
1 2 3 4 5
‫قراءة اللوحة يساعد على‬
Reading the board allows you to know :

a) a) the real consumption of the client


‫معرفة اﻻستهﻼك الحقيقى للعميل‬

b) in process available

b) ‫معرفة الكمية الجاهزة بينك وبين العميل‬

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Process Step 3
‫الخطوة الثالثة من العملية‬

‫المورد‬
1 2 3 4 5

Supplier

To determine what part I should manufacture next, I take


the Kanban cards which are either approaching the red
zone or are in the red zone. From this board my priority
is: PRODUCT NO: 5
‫ اخذ الكروت التى قاربت على الوصول للمنطقة‬،‫لمعرفة اى اﻻجزاء يجب ان اصنع‬
5 :‫ المنتج رقم‬:‫ من هذه اللوحة اﻻولوية عندى هى‬.‫الحمراء او بداخلها‬

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Process Step 4
‫الخطوة الرابعة من العملية‬

When I have finished filling the pallet I take the Kanban card from the board and attach it to the pallet. ‫عندما‬
. ‫انتهى من تصنيع البالتة اخذ الكارت من اللوحة واضعه عى البالتة‬
If the card comes from the red area, then I check with the client by telephone to see if they are out of
stock, if so I ask for a forklift to transport it immediately
‫اتصل بالعميل تليفونيا ﻻعرف ان كانوا ليس عندهم اى مخزون لنقل اليهم المنتج فورا‬،‫اذا كان الكارت من المنطقة الحمراء‬

Kanban Board
1 2 3 4 5
2

Workshop
or machine K a nb an C a rd ID R ef 1 o f 4
Pa rt N um ber

645 6-5 678

K an ba n Q ua nt ity

3 00 pc s
P r o du ct ion U n it - H ob bi ng S ec tio n 3
P ar t D e s c rip tion

R ing G ea r

C on t ain er T yp e

G rey 300 m m x 30 0m m
P la s tic t ote bin ty pe 234 5

D ist ri bu tio n In fo r ma tio n


C rea tio n D at e - 07 /09 /01
R ef er enc e D ra w ing N um ber

R ev is ion A A

N ot es & S pe cial In st ru ct ion s

Supplier
S u pply Po int - M ac h ine S h op 6 U s ag e P o int - M ac hin e S ho p 4
C ell G rou p 3 C ell G rou p 4 R ac k 3B

B ar C od e D a ta

‫المورد‬

22

11
8/26/2019

Process Step 5
‫الخطوة الخامسة من العملية‬

If there is a full pallet with a card attached, I deliver it to the customer


‫ ارسلها الى العميل‬،‫إذا كان عندى بالتة ممتلئة مرفق بها كارت‬

Fork Lift Driver


‫سائق الرافعة الشوكة‬

Workshop Workshop
Ka n b a n C a rd ID R e f 1 o f 4 Pr o d u c t io n Un i t - Ho b b in g Se c t i o n 3 C re a t i o n D a te - 0 7 /0 9 / 0 1

Pa r t Nu m b e r Pa r t De s c r ip ti o n R e fe r e n c e D ra w in g Nu mb e r

6456- 5678 R in g Ge a r Re v is i o n A A

Ka n b a n Q u a n t it y Co n t a i n e r T y p e N o te s & Sp e c i a l In s t r u c ti o n s

Gr e y 3 0 0 mm x 3 0 0 mm
300 pc s
Pl a s ti c t o te b in ty p e 2 3 4 5

Di s tr ib u ti o n In f o r ma t i o n

Su p p ly Po i n t - Ma c h i n e Sh o p 6 Us a g e Po i n t - Ma c h i n e S h o p 4
Ce l l Gr o u p 3 Ce l G ro u p 4 R a c k 3 B

B a r Co d e D a ta

or machine Ka n b a n C a rd ID R e f 1 o f

Pa r t Nu m b e r
4 Pr o d u c t io n Un i t - Ho b b in g Se c t i o n 3

Pa r t De s c r ip ti o n
C re a t i o n D a te - 0 7 /0 9 / 0 1

R e fe r e n c e D ra w in g Nu mb e r
Ka n b a n C a rd ID R e f 1 o f

Pa r t Nu m b e r

6456- 5678
4 Pr o d u c t io n Un i t - Ho b b in g Se c t i o n 3

Pa r t De s c r ip ti o n

R in g Ge a r
C re a t i o n D a te - 0 7 /0 9 / 0 1

R e fe r e n c e D ra w in g Nu mb e r

Re v is i o n A A
or machine
Ka n b a n C a rd ID R e f 1 o f 4 Pr o d u c t io n Un i t - Ho b b in g Se c t i o n 3 C re a t i o n D a te - 0 7 /0 9 / 0 1
6456- 5678 R in g Ge a r Re v is i o n A A Ka n b a n Q u a n t it y Co n t a i n e r T y p e N o te s & Sp e c i a l In s t r u c ti o n s
Pa r t Nu m b e r Pa r t De s c r ip ti o n R e fe r e n c e D ra w in g Nu mb e r
Gr e y 3 0 0 mm x 3 0 0 mm
Ka n b a n Q u a n t it y Co n t a i n e r T y p e N o te s & Sp e c i a l In s t r u c ti o n s 300 pc s
Pl a s ti c t o te b in ty p e 2 3 4 5 6456- 5678 R in g Ge a r Re v is i o n A A
Gr e y 3 0 0 mm x 3 0 0 mm
300 pc s Di s tr ib u ti o n In f o r ma t i o n
Pl a s ti c t o te b in ty p e 2 3 4 5 Ka n b a n Q u a n t it y Co n t a i n e r T y p e N o te s & Sp e c i a l In s t r u c ti o n s
Su p p ly Po i n t - Ma c h i n e Sh o p 6 Us a g e Po i n t - Ma c h i n e S h o p 4
Di s tr ib u ti o n In f o r ma t i o n Gr e y 3 0 0 mm x 3 0 0 mm
Ce l l Gr o u p 3 Ce l G ro u p 4 R a c k 3 B 300 pc s
Pl a s ti c t o te b in ty p e 2 3 4 5
Su p p ly Po i n t - Ma c h i n e Sh o p 6 Us a g e Po i n t - Ma c h i n e S h o p 4 B a r Co d e D a ta
Ce l l Gr o u p 3 Ce l G ro u p 4 R a c k 3 B Di s tr ib u ti o n In f o r ma t i o n

B a r Co d e D a ta
Su p p ly Po i n t - Ma c h i n e Sh o p 6 Us a g e Po i n t - Ma c h i n e S h o p 4
Ce l l Gr o u p 3 Ce l G ro u p 4 R a c k 3 B

B a r Co d e D a ta

TRANSPORT

23

Process Step 6
‫الخطوة السادسة من العملية‬
If there is a pallet empty in front of my work place. I replace it for a full pallet. When I don ’t have
any more full pallets, I inform the operator of the supplying process
‫اذا وجدت بالتة خالية موجودة امام منطقة عملى ابدلها باخرى ممتلئة وإذا لم اجد بالتات ممتلئة ابلغ المسؤل عن العملية المغذية‬

Fork Lift Driver

Workshop Workshop
or machine Ka n b a n C a rd ID R e f 1 o f

Pa r t Nu m b e r

6456- 5678

Ka n b a n Q u a n t it y

300 pc s

Ce l l Gr o u p 3
4 Pr o d u c t io n Un i t - Ho b b in g Se c t i o n 3

Pa r t De s c r ip ti o n

R in g Ge a r

Co n t a i n e r T y p e

Gr e y 3 0 0 mm x 3 0 0 mm
Pl a s ti c t o te b in ty p e 2 3 4 5

Di s tr ib u ti o n In f o r ma t i o n

Su p p ly Po i n t - Ma c h i n e Sh o p 6 Us a g e Po i n t - Ma c h i n e S h o p 4

B a r Co d e D a ta
Ce l G ro u p 4 R a c k 3 B
C re a t i o n D a te - 0 7 /0 9 / 0 1

R e fe r e n c e D ra w in g Nu mb e r

Re v is i o n A A

N o te s & Sp e c i a l In s t r u c ti o n s
Ka n b a n C a rd ID R e f 1 o f

Pa r t Nu m b e r

6456- 5678

Ka n b a n Q u a n t it y

300 pc s
4 Pr o d u c t io n Un i t - Ho b b in g Se c t i o n 3

Pa r t De s c r ip ti o n

R in g Ge a r

Co n t a i n e r T y p e

Gr e y 3 0 0 mm x 3 0 0 mm
Pl a s ti c t o te b in ty p e 2 3 4 5

Di s tr ib u ti o n In f o r ma t i o n

Su p p ly Po i n t - Ma c h i n e Sh o p 6
Ce l l Gr o u p 3
Us a g e Po i n t - Ma c h i n e S h o p 4

B a r Co d e D a ta
Ce l G ro u p 4 R a c k 3 B
C re a t i o n D a te - 0 7 /0 9 / 0 1

R e fe r e n c e D ra w in g Nu mb e r

Re v is i o n A A

N o te s & Sp e c i a l In s t r u c ti o n s
Ka n b a n C a rd ID R e f 1 o f

Pa r t Nu m b e r

6456- 5678

Ka n b a n Q u a n t it y

300 pc s
4

Su p p ly Po i n t - Ma c h i n e Sh o p 6
Ce l l Gr o u p 3
Pr o d u c t io n Un i t - Ho b b in g Se c t i o n 3

Pa r t De s c r ip ti o n

R in g Ge a r

Co n t a i n e r T y p e

Gr e y 3 0 0 mm x 3 0 0 mm
Pl a s ti c t o te b in ty p e 2 3 4 5

Di s tr ib u ti o n In f o r ma t i o n

Us a g e Po i n t - Ma c h i n e S h o p 4

B a r Co d e D a ta
Ce l G ro u p 4 R a c k 3 B
C re a t i o n D a te - 0 7 /0 9 / 0 1

R e fe r e n c e D ra w in g Nu mb e r

Re v is i o n A A

N o te s & Sp e c i a l In s t r u c ti o n s

or machine
KB

TRANSPORT

‫نقل‬ ‫ورشة او ماكينة‬


‫ورشة او ماكينة‬

24

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Kanban Calculations
Kanban ‫حسابات الـ‬
The objective is to create an output buffer between operations to
K a n b a n C a r d ID R e f 1 o f 4 P ro d u c t io n U n it - H o b b i n g S e c ti o n 3 C re a ti o n D a te - 0 7 /0 9 /0 1
P art N um ber P a rt D e sc ri p ti o n R e f e re n c e D r a w in g N u m b e r

provide the “Supermarket Approach”


645 6-567 8 R in g G e a r R e v i si o n A A

K a n b a n Q u a n ti ty C o n tain er T y p e N o t e s & S p e c i a l In s tr u c ti o n s

3 00 pcs
G rey 30 0m m x 3 00m m
P l a s ti c t o t e b in ty p e 2 3 4 5

D i s t ri b u ti o n In f o rm a ti o n
‫الهدف هو انشاء مخزون مؤقت بين العمليات للوصول ﻻسلوب السوبرماركت‬
S u p p l y P o in t - M a c h i n e S h o p 6 U s a g e P o in t - M a c h i n e S h o p 4
C e ll G ro u p 3 C e ll G ro u p 4 R a c k 3 B

B a r C o d e D a ta

Reorder Point = Average Daily Demand x Replenishment Time x (1+Safety factor)

# Kanbans = Average Daily Demand x Replenishment Time x (1+ Safety factor)


Standard Container Quantity
Kanban Calculation
Product
Average Highest
Replenshment Container # The safety factor is calculated by
Daily Daily
Number Time (Days) Size kanbans
Demand Demand
A 100 200 2 50 8 Highest Daily Demand – Average Daily Demand
B 200 210 4 50 17
C 150 170 1.5 100 3 Average Daily Demand
D 1000 1250 2 250 10
E 500 510 0.5 100 3

Demand Profiles
Volumes
Customers
Products Click Here

Lead times

25

Improved Kanban Methods

Kanban implementation can significantly improve inventory


levels in processes and facilitate pull systems
– What is its biggest pitfall
– How can this pitfall be overcome

26

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Hybrid Control

Cards detached from


FG are passed to first
machine not last

Circulate cards Buffer size defined by


between machine and number of cards
buffer

1. CONWIP can create a bow wave of inventory in the process.


2. Hybrid control introduces control mechanisms over the early process nodes controlling
what enters the process but still allowing intermediate processes to utilise kanban
control.
3. Analysis of this method has suggested that in long process chains this method can result
in a further 25% inventory reduction over standard Kanban methods

27

Kanban Considerations
Kanban ‫إعتبارات الـ‬

1. General rule should be ‘less than last time’.


‫القواعد العامة يجب ان يكون ”الكميات فى المخزون كل مرة اقل‬
2. Start loose with generous amounts of safety stock.
‫تبدأ بكميات مخزون امان عالية‬
3. Gradually move to a tight kanban, but steadily.
‫تتحرك لنظام محكم بانتظام للوصول لﻼتزان‬

31

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Summary
• Kanban is a control mechanism to support pull systems
‫ هو نظام تحكم لتطبيق نظام السحب‬Kanban •
• It is not difficult to implement but can be extremely difficult to control
‫• سهل فى التطبيق ولكن صعب فى التنظيم والمتابعة‬
• It requires rigid compliance with a set of rules to support the control
‫• يتطلب التزام عالى يالقواعد لتحقيق النظام‬
• There are other improvements above and beyond kanban
KANBAN ‫• يوجد دائما تطوير وتحسين لنظام‬
• Don’t try to march until you can walk
‫• ﻻ تتسرع وتحاول الجرى قبل ان تتعلم المشى‬

33

33

Lean Green Belt


:
“Pull”
Inventory
Management
‫مبادىء ادارة المخزون‬

34

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‫اﻷهداف‬

‫* تحديد اﻻنواع الرئيسية والهدف من المخزون ‪.‬‬


‫* تحديد دﻻئل مؤشرات اﻻداء لسلسلة اﻻمداد ﻻدارة المخزون ‪.‬‬
‫* توضح تحليل ‪ABC‬وتأثيرها على ادارة المخزون ‪.‬‬
‫* فرق بين حساب الفترة وحساب الدوره ووضح فوائدهم ‪.‬‬
‫* توضح السبب من استخدام العملية اﻷساسية والفروض اﻻساسية للكمية الثابت للطلبية ‪ ،‬ونموذج الكية‬
‫اﻹقتصادية للطلب ‪ ،‬ونماذج نقطة الطلب ‪.‬‬

‫‪35‬‬

‫‪35‬‬

‫‪Inventory Management‬‬ ‫إدارة المخزون‬

‫يعتبر الجزء الرئيسي من استثمار سلسلة اﻻمداد موجه بنسبة )‪ %40‬إلى ‪ (%50‬إلى المخزون ‪ ،‬والتى‬

‫تغطى كل من الخامات واﻷجزاء والمنتجات المخزونة فى مكان ما أو فى مرحلة انتقال الى المرحله‬

‫التالية فى السلسلة ‪.‬‬

‫‪36‬‬

‫‪36‬‬

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‫أساسيات المخزون ‪Inventory basics‬‬

‫* المخزون هو التشحيم لتبقى سلسلة اﻻمداد مرنة ‪ .‬وتوجد فى عدة اشكال‪ ،‬مصنفة طبقا ً إلى مكان‬
‫المخزون في السلسلة‪.‬‬

‫* كل نوع يخدم وظيفة محددة كل منها يضيف الى السلسلة المرونة ‪.‬‬

‫* المفهوم اﻻساسى للمخزون يعتمد على معرفة انواع المخزون و الوظيفة المطلوبة من كل نوع ‪.‬‬

‫‪37‬‬

‫‪37‬‬

‫?‪Why have inventory‬‬ ‫لماذا يوجد مخزون؟‬

‫‪• To meet future demand‬‬


‫• لتنفيذ الطلبيات المستقبلية فى ميعادها ‪.‬‬

‫‪• To cover fluctuations in supply or‬‬ ‫• للتعامل مع التذبذب و عدم اﻻستقرار في العرض او الطلب‬

‫‪demand‬‬ ‫• ﻻكمال اﻻمداد المستمر‬

‫‪• To fill the pipeline‬‬


‫• للحماية من التذبذب في اﻻسعار صعودا ٌ وهبوطا ٌ ‪.‬‬

‫‪• To hedge against price fluctuations‬‬

‫لﻼستفاده من اقتصاديات التشغيل في الكميات الكبيره‬ ‫•‬


‫‪• For economies of scale‬‬

‫‪38‬‬

‫‪38‬‬

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‫‪Four types of inventory‬‬ ‫اﻷنواع اﻷربعة للمخزون‬

‫‪• Raw materials inventory‬‬


‫* مخزون الخامات ‪.‬‬
‫‪• Work-in-process (WIP) inventory‬‬
‫* مخزون ‪ WIP‬تحت التشغيل‬
‫‪• Finished goods inventory‬‬
‫* مخزون المنتج النهائى ‪.‬‬
‫)‪• MRO (Maintenance/ repair/ operations‬‬
‫* مخزون ‪) MRO‬الصيانة ‪ ،‬اﻻصﻼح ‪،‬‬
‫‪inventory‬‬
‫العمليات(‬

‫‪39‬‬

‫‪39‬‬

‫‪Managing Inventory‬‬ ‫إدارة المخزون‬

‫إدارة المخزون بنجاح يرتبط بمنهج منظم وبدقة التسجيﻼت‬

‫‪ ‬تنظيم وترتيب‬
‫‪ ‬الجرد‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫‪40‬‬

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‫تحليل المخزون ‪ABC‬‬


‫* تقسيم الخزون الى فئات ‪ C،B،A‬هو تطبيق مبدأ )باريتو(‬
‫تطبيقات ‪ ABC‬بقاعدة ‪ 80/20‬تعمل هكذا ‪:‬‬ ‫*‬
‫‪Class A items‬‬

‫فئة المخزون ‪A‬هى اﻻعلى قيمة سنويا ٌ ‪ .‬قد تكون حوالى ‪ %15‬من المخزون ولكن تشكل من ‪ 70‬الى ‪ %80‬من العائد السنوى‬ ‫*‬
‫‪Class B items‬‬

‫• فى المدى المتوسط فى القيمة هى المجموعة ‪ ،B‬والتى تشكل ‪ %30‬من المخزون ومن ‪10‬الى ‪ %20‬من العائد السنوى‬

‫‪Class C items‬‬

‫* هى حوالى ‪ %5‬من العائد السنوى ‪ ،‬والتى تشكل أكثر من ‪ %55‬من المخزون الكلى ‪‬‬

‫‪41‬‬

‫‪41‬‬

‫)‪ABC inventory analysis (cont.‬‬

‫‪42‬‬

‫‪42‬‬

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‫‪Policies depend on ABC analysis‬‬


‫‪ABC‬سياسات تعتمد على تحليل‬
‫* يمكن استخدامها كأساس ﻻى من السياسات اﻻتية ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬وضع وقت أكثر ‪ ،‬مجهود ‪ ،‬سيولة ماليه لتنمية العﻼقة مع الموردين لعناصر الفئة ‪) A‬وﻻ شىء للفئة‬
‫‪(C‬‬
‫‪ ‬مخازن عناصر الفئة ‪ A‬هى أكثر مكان مؤمن فى المصنع ‪ ،‬له عناية خاصة فى النقل ‪) :‬يتم التعامل‬
‫معهم بالتعامل الملكى( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬تعامل مع تنبؤ الطلب الخاص بعناصر المجموعة ‪ A‬بتشدد أكثر من التنبؤات اﻻخرى ‪.‬‬

‫ليست كل عناصر المخزون متساويين ويجب ان تنعكس المبادىء والسياسات على هذه الحقيقة ‪.‬‬

‫‪43‬‬

‫‪43‬‬

‫كيف يتم الجرد ‪How you count, counts‬‬

‫لو لم تعرف كمية ما لديك ‪ ،‬إذا ٌ انت ﻻ تعرف ما هى الكمية ومتى يجب طلب هذه الطلبية‬

‫* هناك إعتباران اساسيان فى الجرد ‪:‬‬

‫الترتيب والعناية بالمساحة التخزينية ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫طريقة الجرد ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫‪44‬‬

‫‪44‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
‫‪8/26/2019‬‬

‫‪Make counting easier‬‬ ‫جعل الجرد أسهل‬

‫هنا القليل من المبادىء عن الحفاظ على مساحة تخزينية آمنة و التى تجعل الجرد أسهل ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬احتفظ بها آمنة ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬احتفظ بها مرتبة ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬ضع لوحات تعريف مرئية لكل شىء ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬استخدم علب تخزين وترتيب المساحات لجعل الجرد أسهل ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬تعامل مع عناصر ‪ ABC‬بطريقة مناسبة ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬اجعل الـتكنولوجيا صديقك ‪.‬‬

‫‪45‬‬

‫‪45‬‬

‫‪Counting‬‬ ‫الجرد‬
‫* هناك طريقتان للحفاظ على سجﻼت المخزون ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬الجرد المحدد الزمني لكل العناصر‬

‫‪ .2‬الجرد المستمر الدوري لجرد عناصر معينة ‪.‬‬

‫يعتبر الجرد الدورى هو الفن والمهارة ولكن الجرد المحدد الزمن له مكانته الباقية ‪.‬‬

‫• الجرد الزمني‬

‫• الجرد الدوري‬

‫‪46‬‬

‫‪46‬‬

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‫‪Periodic counting‬‬ ‫الجرد المحدد الزمن‬

‫* هو المتعارف عليه وله زمن محدد للجرد ‪.‬‬


‫* اغﻼق المؤسسة مرة فى السنة وارسال عدد كبير من العاملين لجرد كل العناصر وحساب قيمة العناصر‬
‫الموجودة فى المخزون ‪.‬‬
‫* مزعج ‪.‬‬
‫* مكلف ‪.‬‬
‫* عادة ليس ذو دقة عاليه بسبب قلة خبرات العاملين فى الجرد ‪.‬‬

‫‪47‬‬

‫‪47‬‬

‫‪Cycle counting‬‬ ‫الجرد الدوري‬

‫هو الجرد الذى يمكن اﻻعتماد عليه ﻻيجاد قيمة المخزون ويخدم التكلفة ‪ ،‬والترتيب الزمنى والتى تقدم احسن خدمه‬
‫عمﻼء يمكن اﻻعتماد عليها وهنا نوضح كيفية عمله‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬بعض العناصر تجرد كل يوم لمراجعة السجﻼت و حصر أي اختﻼف ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬كل العناصر يتم جردها سنويا ٌ عناصر ‪ A‬تجرد على فترات متقاربه )شهريا ٌ( يبنما ‪ B ، C‬يتم جردها أقل عادةٌ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬الجرد الدورى ﻻ يتطلب اغﻼق المخزن او المؤسسة ‪ ،‬لذلك هناك القليل من اوﻻ يوجد اى ازعاج للعمل ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬يمنع اﻻحتياج الى التعديل للمخزون السنوي ‪.‬‬

‫‪48‬‬

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‫)‪Cycle counting (example‬‬ ‫مثال على الجرد الدوري‬


‫تمتلك إحدى المستشفيات مخزون من ‪ 10000‬صنف والتي تصنف كالتالي ‪ 1000‬من عناصر الفئة ‪ 3500 ،A‬من عناصر الفئة‬
‫‪ 5500 ،B‬من عناصر الفئة ‪ .C‬سياسة الجرد الدوري هي جرد عناصر الفئة ‪ A‬مرة كل شهر )‪ 20‬يوم عمل(‪ ،‬وعناصر الفئة‬
‫‪ B‬مرة كل ربع سنة )‪ 60‬يوم عمل(‪ ،‬وعناصر الفئة ‪ C‬مرة كل نصف السنة )‪ 120‬يوم عمل(‪ .‬سيتم الجرد بطريقة متساوية‬
‫على طول هذه اﻷيام‪.‬‬

‫الفئة‬ ‫الكمية‬ ‫سياسة الجرد الدوري‬ ‫عدد العناصر التي‬


‫يتم جردها كل يوم‬

‫مرة كل شهر‬

‫مرة كل ربع سنة‬

‫مرة كل نصف سنة‬

‫‪49‬‬

‫‪49‬‬

‫‪Inventory models‬‬ ‫نماذج المخزون‬

‫* ادارة المخزون تركز على تقليل التكلفة بدون التضحية بخدمة العمﻼء‪ .‬نماذج المخزون تخبرك ماذا تفعل‬
‫بإيجاد شيئان ‪:‬‬
‫• الكمية لطلبها ‪.‬‬
‫• متى )كل فتره( لطلبها ‪.‬‬
‫* قبل شرح مختارات من اهم النماذج يجب ان نغطى نقطتان اساسيتان ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬راجع الطلبيات المستقلة والمعتمدة )ﻻن النماذج مختلفة للنوعان( ‪.‬‬


‫‪ -2‬تكلفة المخزون اﻻساسية والتى ترغب ادارة المخزون فى تقليله )ثابتة مع مستوى الخدمة( ‪.‬‬

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‫الطلب المستقل وغير المستقل )اﻻعتمادي(‬


‫‪Independent vs. dependent demand‬‬

‫* نماذج المخزون موجودة فى اتجاهين ‪ :‬بعضها للطلب المستقل ‪ ،‬والبعض للطلب اﻻعتمادى ‪.‬‬

‫* الطلب المستقل هو الطلب للمنتج المستقل ‪ ،‬مثل الموتوسيكﻼت والسيارات والمكانس الكهربائية ‪ ....‬إلخ‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫* الطلب اﻻعتمادى يوجد فقط لوجود الطلب لشىء آخر ‪ ،‬مثل طلب المكونات اﻻزمة لتجميع السيارة والتي‬
‫تعتمد على وجود طلب على السيارات‪.‬‬

‫‪51‬‬

‫‪51‬‬

‫‪Inventory costs‬‬ ‫تكلفة المخزون‬

‫عدد من التكلفات المحدده مرتبطة بالمخزون ‪ ،‬تتضمن اﻵتى ‪:‬‬

‫• التكلفة الفعلية )‪ (carrying costs‬لتسكين المخزون‬

‫• تكلفة طلب الشراء‪.‬‬

‫• تكلفة التجهيز الناتجة من تجهيز الخامات للدخول لﻼنتاج‬

‫• الطلبيات المرتجعة ‪ ،‬ضياع فرص المبيعات ‪ ،‬ضياع عمﻼء ‪.‬‬

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‫‪Holding (Carrying) costs‬‬ ‫تكلفة المخزون الفعلى‬

‫* تكلفة المخزون تشمل كل التكاليف المشاركة فى تسكين المخزون ‪ .‬مثل اﻻتى ‪-:‬‬

‫• ايجار‪ ،‬إهﻼك ‪ ،‬تكلفة العمليات ‪ ،‬ضرائب ‪ ،‬تأمين ‪.‬‬

‫• تكلفة تحميل الخامات وتشمل القيمة إيجار المعدات ‪ ،‬الطاقة ‪.‬‬

‫• تكلفة العمالة ‪.‬‬

‫• تكلفة اﻻستثمار وتشمل فوائد القروض ‪ ،‬ضرائب المخزون ‪ ،‬ودفعات تأمين المخزون‬

‫• السرقة ‪ ،‬اﻻهﻼك ‪ ،‬اﻻجزاء المنتهية الصﻼحية او المنتهية الموديل‪.‬‬

‫‪53‬‬

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‫‪Ordering costs‬‬ ‫تكلفة الشراء‬

‫* وتشمل كل المواد والعمال المشتركين فى عملية الشراء ‪ ،‬وتتضمن ‪-:‬‬


‫• لوازم مكتبية‬
‫• موظف مكتبي‬
‫• نماذج طباعة‬
‫• العمل على تنفيذ أمر الشراء‬

‫* استخدام النماذج اﻻلكترونية والدفع بالنقل من حساب الى حساب يمكن تقليل تكلفة الشراء ‪.‬‬

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‫‪54‬‬

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‫‪Type of orders‬‬ ‫أنواع الطلبيات‬

‫* الكمية الثابتة للطلب‬

‫* الكمية اﻻقتصادية للطلب‬

‫‪• Fixed order quantity‬‬

‫)‪• Economic order quantity (EOQ‬‬

‫‪55‬‬

‫‪55‬‬

‫الكمية الثابتة للطلب ‪Fixed order quantity‬‬

‫* الطريقة اﻻسهل واﻻرخص لتقديم النظام فى عمليه الشراء هو شراء نفس الكمية كل مرة ‪ .‬ثبات الكمية‬
‫يمكن ايجاده ﻻكمال حاوية شحن ولتكمله نسبة الخصم على الحاوية الكامل‪.‬‬
‫* الطريقة هى ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -‬بسيطة واضحة ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬غير غالية التكلفة ‪.‬‬
‫اﻻ فى حالة ان‬ ‫‪ -‬تحكم أكثر ولكن لن ينتج عنها نتيجة مرضية – حتى لو كانت اوتوماتيكية‬
‫تكون طلبيات العميل ثابته جدا ٌ لفترات طويلة ‪.‬‬

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‫)‪Economic order quantity (EOQ‬‬ ‫الكمية اﻻقتصادية للطلب‬

‫* نموذج اكثر تعقيدا ولكنة اكثر شيوعا‬

‫* تتضمن حسابات التكلفة ‪.‬‬

‫* يمكن تعريفها على أنها حجم الطلبية والتى تعطى أقل تكلفة كلية )التخزين ‪ ،‬الشراء ‪ ،‬التجهيز(‬

‫‪57‬‬

‫‪57‬‬

‫‪Determining the EOQ‬‬ ‫حساب الكمية اﻻقتصادية للطلب‬

‫التكلفة السنوية‬

‫التكلفة الكلية للتخزين وطلب الشراء‬

‫أقل تكلفة إجمالية‬ ‫تكلفة تسكين المخزون‬

‫تكلفة التجهيز أو طلب الشراء‬

‫الكمية المطلوبة‬

‫الكمية اﻷمثل للطلب‬

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‫‪EOQ assumptions‬‬ ‫افتراضات الكمية اﻹقصادية للطلب‬

‫• الكمية اﻻقتصادية للطلب )‪ (EOQ‬هى معقدة اكثر من الطلب ثابت الكمية ‪ ،‬هى طلب ثابت الكمية ولكن تعتمد على‬
‫اﻻفتراضات اﻻتية ‪-:‬‬
‫الطلب ثابت ومعروف ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫• الوقت بين وقت اصدار امر الشراء الى وصولها )‪ (Lead Time‬ثابت ومعروف‪.‬‬
‫• الكميات المطلوبة تصل على دفعة واحدة وليس على مراحل‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ يوجد خصم للكميات ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫التردد فى التكلفة محدود )تكلفة المخزون وتكلفة تجهيزه وتكلفة شراءه( ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫لن يكون هناك اى نفاذ فى اﻻصناف اذا اصدرت الطلبات فى مواعيدها ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫هذه الفرضيات قد تبدو غير واقعية لسلسلة اﻻمداد‪.‬‬

‫‪59‬‬

‫‪EOQ‬‬ ‫الكمية اﻹقتصادية للطلب‬


‫* ﻻيجاد كمية الطلب اﻻقتصادية والتى تقلل تكلفة اﻻنتاج ﻻقل ما يمكن ‪. ،‬‬

‫التكلفة‬

‫حجم الطلب‬
‫‪Where:‬‬ ‫‪Q = Lot Size‬‬
‫تكلفة تسكين المخزون‬
‫‪H = Holding Costs‬‬
‫‪D = Demand‬‬ ‫طلب العميل‬
‫‪K = Set Up Costs‬‬ ‫تكلفة طلب الشراء‬

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‫‪EOQ‬‬ ‫الكمية اﻹقتصادية للطلب‬

‫‪• From calculus, if we differentiate this equation of production costs we get:-‬‬

‫‪Where:‬‬ ‫‪H = Holding Costs‬‬


‫تكلفة تسكين المخزون‬
‫‪D = Demand‬‬ ‫طلب العميل‬

‫‪K = Set Up Costs‬‬ ‫تكلفة طلب الشراء‬

‫‪61‬‬

‫مثال على الكمية اﻹقتصادية للطلب‬

‫• يعمل مصنع على إنتاج ‪ 60‬جزء اسبوعيا ٌ بتكلفة ‪ 12‬جنيه لكل قطعة ‪.‬‬
‫• اﻻدارة تقدر تكلفة المخزون سنويا ‪ %40‬من القيمة الكلية للجزء ‪.‬‬
‫• تكلفة تجهيز الماكينات لﻼنتاج تكلف المصنع ‪ 80‬جنيه‪.‬‬
‫• ما هو الكمية اﻹقتصادية للطلب ‪ EOQ‬لهذا المنتج ‪.‬‬

‫‪62‬‬

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‫مثال على الكمية اﻹقتصادية للطلب‬

‫‪• We know this:-‬‬


‫‪H = Holding Costs = 0.40 x £12 = 4.80 LE‬‬ ‫تكلفة تسكين المخزون‬
‫‪D = Demand = 60 upw x 52 wks = 3120 units‬‬
‫طلب العميل‬
‫‪K = Set Up Costs‬‬ ‫‪= 80 LE‬‬
‫تكلفة طلب الشراء‬
‫‪• Using EOQ Formula:-‬‬

‫‪2DK‬‬ ‫‪2x3120x80‬‬
‫‪EOQ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪322 units‬‬
‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪4.80‬‬

‫‪63‬‬

‫‪Order point models‬‬ ‫نموذج حد الطلب‬


‫• باﻻضافة الى اختيار كمية الطلب ‪ ،‬يجب أيضا ٌ تحديد وقت الطلب‪ .‬هناك طرق عديده لعملها‬
‫• الطلب فى ترتيب زمنى ثابت ‪.‬‬
‫• نظام الفترات الثابتة يعمل أفضل عند ثبات كل شيء – المبيعات ‪،‬وقت التوريد ‪ ،‬تكلفة اﻻنتاج ‪ ،‬الخ ‪.‬‬
‫• التغير فى مواعيد الطلبات على حسب مستوى المخزون بوضع المستوى )أقل مخزون( والطلب عند‬
‫وصول المخزون الى هذه النقطة ‪.‬‬

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Uncertainty in Lead Time ‫زمن التوريد غير ثابت‬


A garage selling accessories for cars offers the following information:-
‫جراج يبيع إكسسوارات السيارات عنده المعلومات التالية‬
Demand rate for batteries, r ‫ = إستهﻼك البطاريات‬4500/mth (Constant)
Ordering Cost, Cs ‫تكلفة طلب الشراء‬ = £150 per order
Stock Holding Cost, C1 ‫ = تكلفة تسكين المخزون‬£3.75 per item/year
Avg Replenishment LT ‫ = متوسط وقت التوريد‬1 month

Std Dev of Replenishment LT = 0.2 months ‫الحيود في وقت التوريد‬

Service level ‫ = مستوى الخدمة‬95%

Determine the:-

(1) Reorder Quantity ‫كمية الطلب‬ 2Csr


(2) Reorder Level ‫حد الطلب‬ Q =
C1
Using:-

65

Uncertainty in Lead Time ‫زمن التوريد غير ثابت‬

(1) Reorder Quantity

2Csr 2(150)(4500)
Q = Q =
C1 3.75 / 12

Q = 2078 items

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31
8/26/2019

Uncertainty in Lead Time


‫زمن التوريد غير ثابت‬

(2) Reorder Level = Avg LT Demand + Safety Stock


‫ المخزون اﻹحتياطي‬+ ‫حد الطلب= متوسط الطلب في متوسط زمن التوريد‬

Safety Stock = (normal distribution and equivalent to 95% service level) x Standard
Deviation of Lead Time Demand = 1.64 x (0.2 x 4500)=1476

Reorder Level = (4500 x 1) + (1.64 x (0.2 x 4500))


= 5976 batteries

So, reorder 2078 items when a level of 5976 items has been reached

67

NISSAN Production System

68

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8/26/2019

Warehousing
‫المخزن‬
Benefits: ‫مميزات‬
Provides a place to store and protect inventory ‫مكان للتخزين والحماية‬
Reduces transportation costs ‫تقليل مصاريف النقل‬
Improves customer service levels ‫تحسين مستوى خدمة العميل‬

Objectives: ‫اﻻهداف‬
To provide timely customer service ‫منح خدمة جيدة للعميل‬
To keep track of items ‫تتبع الوحدات‬
To minimize cost ‫تقليل التكلفة‬
To provide communication links with customers ‫فتح قنوات اتصال مع العميل‬

69

Warehousing
‫المخزن‬
Activities include… ‫اﻻعمال تتضمن‬
• Receive, identify, and store goods ‫استﻼم وتحديد وتخزين البضائع‬
• Pick, group, and load goods for shipment ‫تجميع وتحميل المنتجات للشحن‬
• Dispatch the shipment ‫تجهيز الشحنات‬
• Operate an information system ‫تفعيل نظم المعلومات‬
Complexity depends on… ‫التعقيد يعتمد على‬
• Number of stock keeping units (SKUs) ‫عدد المنتجات‬
• Quantity of each SKU ‫كمية كل منتج‬
• Number and frequency of receipts and shipments ‫عدد وتكرار استﻼم‬
‫الشحنات‬

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Warehousing Objectives
‫أهداف المخزن‬
1. Optimize use of space ‫الحصول على استخدام امثل للمساحة‬
2. Make effective use of labour and equipment ‫اﻻستخدام اﻻمثل لﻼدوات‬
‫والعمال‬
3. Select the best mix of labour and equipment ‫اختيار افضل خليط من اﻻدوات‬
‫والعمال‬
4. Provide ready access to all items ‫تمنح استخدام جاهز لكل العناصر‬
5. Perform efficient movement of goods ‫نقل كفء للمنتجات‬

These efforts depend on… ‫تعتمد هذه المجهودات على‬


1. Stock location ‫مكان المخزن‬
2. Order picking and assembly ‫اختيار وتجميع اﻻمر‬
3. Packaging ‫التغليف‬

71

DOTWIMP - Muda in the Warehouse


‫الفواقد السبعة في المخزن‬
Defects •picking errors, incorrect order quantities, misplaced stock to shipping on the wrong carrier ،‫اخطاء فى الجمع‬
‫المعيب‬ ‫ وسائل النقل‬،‫ اماكن التخزين‬،‫الكمية‬
•additional resources, often 2 or 3 times the original, are usually needed to correct the error. ‫ الى‬2 ‫نحتاج من‬
‫ اضعاف العناصر لتصحيح الخطأ‬3

Over -production "just in case" or Murphy stock as a hedge against unplanned demand.
‫انتاج زائد‬ ‫كمية كبيرة فى المخزون اﻻحتياطى‬
Money, time, people, physical assets, the environment have all been tied up for something that isn’t
needed. ‫فلوس ووقت وافراد مسخرة الى مخزون ﻻ نحتاجه‬

Transportation ‫نقل‬ the unnecessary movement of product can occur both within the warehouse and throughout the entire
supply chain. ‫نقل كثير للمنتج‬
Too many steps, too many stops, ‫الكثير من الخطوات والتوقفات‬
Waiting ‫انتظار‬ •the ‘hurry up and wait’ of trucks sitting idle or drivers killing time awaiting their turn at the dock, ‫الوقت فى‬
‫انتظار الدور للتحميل‬
•workers or lifts standing by waiting for tools, instructions, materials to arrive or to be taken away. ‫انتظار‬
‫ المواد‬،‫ التعليمات‬،‫اﻻدوات‬
•Waiting comes from poor layout, lumpy demand, system batching.
‫اﻹنتظار يأتي من التخطيط السيء واﻹستﻼك المتغير ونظام الدفعات‬

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DOTWIMP - Muda in the Warehouse


‫الفواقد السبعة في المخزن‬
Ineffective •creates waste a several levels. ‫يخلق مستويات عديدة من اﻻهﻼك‬
Inventory •Excess inventory based on bad inventory data diverts limited capital into creation and maintenance of waste. ‫المخزون الزائد بناء على‬
Control ‫معلومات خاطئة‬
‫التحكم الغير فعال‬ •Excess inventory results in consuming valuable storage space to hold unnecessary goods. ‫استهﻼك مساحة التخزين فى تخزين بضائع غير‬
‫فى المخزون‬ ‫مهمة‬
•A scarcity of items, on the other hand, results in stock outs, expediting, or lost orders. ‫عدم تواجد المنتجات والخدمات المطلوبة مما يضيع فرص‬
‫البيع‬
Unnecessary •in the warehouse an enormous percentage of people’s time is devoted to movement, such as picking, put-away, and
Motion replenishment.
‫حركة‬ ‫وقت اﻻفراد ضائع فى ترتيب واعادة توزيع ما بداخل المخزن‬
•If a facility isn’t well laid out with easy access to "A" items an enormous amount of time can be wasted in traveling empty.
‫عندما ﻻ تكون المنتجات اﻻكثر استخدما فى مكان سهل الوصل الية فى مخزون يضيع وقت كثير فى الحركة‬
•When goods aren’t where they’re supposed to be the movement to the wrong location is both a defect and a waste of human
motion
‫عندما يكون المنتجات مخزنة فى غير اماكنها يضيع وقت كتير فى الحركة ويزيد نسبة المعيب‬

Over- •redundant approvals, ‫امضاءات كثيرة‬


processing •pick/pack/ship audits, cycle counting?‫الجرد والتفتيش على عمليات التغليف والشحن‬
‫عمليات زائدة‬ •The failure to rationalize the supply base and concentrate relationship management on a few top-tier suppliers. ‫الفشل في إدارة قاعدة‬
‫الموردين والتركيز على أهمهم‬
•What about rationalizing the carriers? Both result in inefficient duplication of resources, decisions, and communications. ‫الفشل في‬
‫التعامل مع شركات النقل‬

73

7-Storage Techniques
‫الطرق السبعة للتخزين‬
1. Group similar parts together. ‫جمع العناصر المتشابهة معا‬
2. Store parts vertically ‫تخزين اﻻجزاء رأسيا‬
3. Store parts within easy reach. ‫التخزين فى اماكن سهلة الوصول‬
4. Store heavy parts down low, or at middle level.
‫تخزين اﻻشياء الثقيلة فى اﻷسفل أو فى مستوى الوسط‬
5. Establish a separate location for each part number.
‫الفصل بين اماكن تخزين كل جزء‬
6. Irregularity control - by visual means
‫استخدام وسائل مرئية لضبط المخز‬
7. Store parts according to moving class.
‫تخزين اﻻجزاء بناء على مستويات نقلها‬

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‫‪Objectives of 7 Storage Techniques :‬‬


‫اهداف طرق التخزين السبعة‬
‫‪• Improve stock organization and control‬‬
‫تحسين تنظيم المخزن وضبطه‬
‫‪• Shorten binning and picking time‬‬
‫تقليل زمن البحث والحمل‬
‫‪• Improve manpower productivity‬‬
‫تحسين إنتاجية اﻷفراد‬
‫‪• Improve space efficiency‬‬ ‫تحسين كفاءة استغﻼل المكان‬
‫‪• Safety‬‬ ‫اﻷمان والسﻼمة‬

‫‪75‬‬

‫‪1. Group Similar Parts Together‬‬


‫)‪Zoning Layout ( Based on Size‬‬ ‫تخزين اﻷجزاء المتماثلة حسب الحجم‬
‫حجم متوسط‬ ‫أجزاء طويلة‬ ‫أجزاء كبيرة‬ ‫حجم متوسط‬ ‫حجم صغير‬ ‫حجم متوسط‬

‫‪BEFORE‬‬
‫قبل‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪C A‬‬
‫مسار طويل وضع اﻷجزاء في صناديق ‪Long binning routes‬‬

‫‪AFTER‬‬
‫بعد‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪Reduce‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪Space‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫صغير‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫كبير‬
‫‪C A‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫تقليل المساحة‬

‫مسار قصير لوضع اﻷجزاء في صناديق ‪Shorten binning routes‬‬

‫‪76‬‬

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1. Group similar parts together


‫تخزين اﻷجزاء المتماثلة‬

SMALL PARTS MEDIUM PARTS


‫اﻷجزاء الصغيرة‬ ‫أجزاء متوسطة‬

LARGE PARTS
‫أجزاء كبيرة‬

77

1. Group similar parts together


‫تخزين اﻷجزاء المتماثلة‬

Batteries Rubber
‫بطاريات‬ ‫مطاط‬

Chemicals
‫كيماويات‬

78

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1. Group Similar Parts Together


Zoning Layout ( Based on Size & Movement )

• Large-heavy size located nearest to binning route base and Small-light


size located nearest to picking route base
• Fast moving types are located nearest to picking route base
• Slow moving types located together will be easy to control (phase-in
phase-out )
• Enables proper utilization of equipment, shelf and bin dimensions

79

Benefits of Group Similar Parts Together


‫فوائد تخزين اﻷجزاء المتماثلة‬
• Reduction of wasted space ‫تقليل اهدار المساحات‬
• Minimized binning and picking routes ‫تقليل مسافات الحمل‬
• Prevents parts damage and maintains quality ‫منع تدمير المنتج‬
• Optimizes operational efficiency ‫تحسين كفاءة العملية‬

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2. Store parts vertically


ً ‫تخزين اﻷجزاء رأسيا‬
• Long or Flat Parts should be stored Vertically. This reduces their
Foot-Print and frees up space for other parts.
.‫• يتم تخزين اﻷجزاء الطويلة والمسطحة رأسيا ً مما يساعد على تقليل المساحات‬
• Reduces Possible Damage due to stacking
‫• تقليل اﻻهﻼك الناتج عن التخزين‬

Store horizontally Store vertically

81

2. Store parts vertically


ً ‫تخزين اﻷجزاء رأسيا‬

82

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Benefits of Storing Parts Vertically


‫فوائد التخزين الرأسي‬

• Improves picking and binning efficiency‫تحسين كفاءة البحث والحمل‬


• Prevents parts damage ‫منع دمار اﻻجزاء‬
• Reduces wasted space. ‫تقليل اهدار المساحات‬

83

3. Store Within Easy Reach


‫التخزين فى أماكن سهلة الوصول اليها‬
• All parts storage bins should be within easy reach for binning and picking.
‫يجب تخزين اﻻشياء فى اماكن سهلة الوصول اليها‬
• Searching, reaching, bending down activities should be reduced.
‫يجب تقليل زمن البحث و الوصول لﻼشياء‬
• Provides the fastest possible access for fast moving parts.
‫تمنح أسرع طريقة للوصول لﻼجزاء‬

EASY PICK & BIN AREAS

Parts not easy to reach Parts stored easy reach


‫أجزاء صعب الوصول إليها‬ ‫أجزاء سهل الوصول إليها‬

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Benefits of Storing parts within easy reach


‫فوائد التخزين فى أماكن سهلة الوصول اليها‬

• Increase binning and picking efficiency ‫زيادة كفاءة عملية البحث والحمل‬
• Provide safe working environment for the staff. ‫خلق مناخ آمن للعمل‬

85

4. Store heavy parts low, or at waist level


‫تخزين اﻻجزاء الثقيلة فى مستوى منخفض أو مستوى الوسط‬
• Heavy Parts should not be placed up high to reduce need for special equipment & possibility of
accidents.
‫• اﻷجزاء الثقيلة يجب أﻻ توضع في مستوى عالي مما يقلل من استخدام المعدات الخاصة والحوادث‬
• Storage at waist level makes binning and picking safer.
‫• التخزين في مستوى الوسط يساعد على التحميل والوضع في صناديق بسهولة‬

20kg

Waist level
20kg 20kg
20kg

‫التخزين تحت مستوى الوسط‬ Stored below waist level


‫التخزين فوق مستوى الوسط‬ Stored above waist level

86

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4. Store heavy parts low, or at waist level


‫تخزين اﻻجزاء الثقيلة فى مستوى منخفض أو مستوى الوسط‬

87

Benefits of Storing heavy parts down low, or at waist level


‫تخزين اﻻجزاء الثقيلة فى مستوى منخفض أو مستوى الوسط‬

• Easy binning and picking ‫سهولة التحميل‬


• Safe working environment for staff by eliminating dangerous working conditions. ‫بيئة‬
‫عمل اكثر امانا‬

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5. Bin parts with separate location number ( not in part


number sequence)
(‫تخزين كل جزء في رقم مكان منفصل )ليس رقم تتابع‬
C01 C02
4 4
• Each location shows only one part number. 3‫كل مكان يحمل رقم منتج واحد‬ 3
• Do not store different part numbers in the same location. ‫ﻻتخزن منتجات مختلفة فى مكان واحد‬
2
• If one location is not adequate to store all standard quantities , use several (max 3 ) locations 2
making sure to mark them appropriately.
B01 1 B02 1
4 ‫يكفى مكان واحد للتخزين استخدم على اﻻكثر ثﻼث اماكن لنفس رقم المنتج‬
4 ‫إذا لم‬
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
3 3
2 Shelf A 02
2
Zone A
Shelf number 02
A01 1 A02 1
4 Sub shelf number 2 4
5 4 3 2 1 5
Location 4number 43 2 1
A0135 3 3

2 A0224 2 Sub-shelf 2

1 1
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
Location 4

89

Advantages Using Location Numbers instead of Part Number


sequences
‫مميزات استخدام رقم المكان بدﻻ من رقم التتابع‬
Difficult to find location if there is new xxxxx-xxxx8
P/N New P/N
‫من الصعب إيجاد مكان لو كان هناك جزء جديد‬

xxxxx-xxxx1 xxxxx-xxxx2 xxxxx-xxxx3 xxxxx-xxxx4 xxxxx-xxxx5


‫أرقام اﻷجزاء‬
EMPTY

If there is a new P/N, can use any


empty location xxxxx-xxxx8
‫لو وجد جزء جديد إذن يمكن استخدام أي مكان فارغ‬ New P/N

‫رقم المكان‬ A0121 A0122 A0123 A0124 A0125


xxxxx-xxxx1 xxxxx-xxxx3 xxxxx-xxx20 EMPTY xxxxx-xxx00

90

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Advantages Using Locations Number against Part Number sequences


‫مميزات استخدام رقم المكان بدﻻ ً من رقم التتابع‬
Part Number possible to have different xxxxx-xxxx3
size and weight Big Size
‫أي منتج يمكن أن يكون مختلف في الحجم والوزن‬
xxxxx-xxxx1 xxxxx-xxxx2 xxxxx-xxxx3 xxxxx-xxxx4 xxxxx-xxxx5
‫أرقام اﻷجزاء‬ xxxxx-xxxx3
Big Size

Parts is located based on size and weight to attain efficient space utilization
‫اﻷجزاء يتم وضعها بناءا ً على الحجم والوزن للحصول على افضل استغﻼل للمساحة‬

xxxxx-xxxx3
Big Size
‫رقم المكان‬

91

Advantages of Using Location Numbers instead of Part Number


sequences
‫مميزات استخدام رقم المكان بدﻻ من رقم التتابع‬

17801-21030 B01611
10 Digits 6 Digits

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‫‪93‬‬

‫‪6. Visual Irregularity Control‬‬


‫التحكم في اﻷوضاع غير الصحيحة بصورة مرئية‬
‫من الصعب تحديد حالة‬
‫المخزون‬

‫التحكم في الوضع الغير صحيح‬


‫من السهل تحديد حالة‬
‫المخزون‬

‫‪94‬‬

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6. Visual Irregularity Control


‫التحكم في اﻷوضاع غير الصحيحة بصورة مرئية‬

95

Benefits of visual Irregularity control


‫فوائد استخدام وسائل بصرية لضبط المخزون‬

• At-a-glance visual checking is facilitated.


‫تسهيل فحص المخزون‬
• Easy to recognize irregularities in stock.
‫سهولة مﻼحظة اﻻشياء المخالفة‬
• Ensure that irregularities are handled correctly to prevent the recurrence of problems.
‫التأكد من وضع اﻻشياء المخالفة فى أماكنها الطبيعية‬

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7. Store parts according to moving class


‫تخزين اﻷجزاء حسب حركة الصرف‬
Fast Fast
Moving Moving

Fast Fast Fast


Moving Moving Moving

Fast Fast Fast


Moving Moving Moving

Fast Fast Fast Fast Fast Fast


Moving Moving Moving Moving Moving Moving

‫التخزين غير مرتب حسب‬ ‫التخزين مرتب حسب‬


‫حركة الصرف‬ ‫حركة الصرف‬

‫أماكن سهل الوصول‬


‫إليها‬

97

Product Quantity Analysis


‫تحليل كمية المنتج‬
Annual
demand
(Units)
Product Quantity Analysis Culm %

250000 120.00%

A B C

100.00%
200000

80.00%

150000
Annual Volume

Culm

60.00%

100000

40.00%

50000
20.00%

0 0.00%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

Part Numbers

98

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Benefits of Storing parts according to moving class


‫فوائد التخزين حسب حركة الصرف‬
• Short picking and binning routes
‫تقصير طرق التحميل‬
• Creates the most efficient operations for fast moving parts class.
‫تصميم عمليات أاكثر كفاءة فى نقل المنتجات‬

99

Create a warehouse Blueprint

101

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Lean Green Belt


:
“Pull”
Future State
Mapping
‫رسم خريطة التدفق‬
‫المستقبلية‬

102

Icons

Q
Supplier or Customer Inter-Company Physical Flow Quality Check Point

Receive
order
Var
0.5
hr

Work Station and Timing Information Flow Electronic Flow Inventory Point

26 Production Lead-Time
hrs
VA hours

Physical Flow Timing Box

103

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Icons

Bin
Pull 20

Supermarket Withdrawal Signal Kanban Kanban arriving in


Kanban batches

20
OXOX
Push
Buffer Kanban Post / Mailbox
or Safety Production Kanban
Load Levelling
Stock

104

Vital Statistics ‫دراسة حالة‬


They produces parts for vehicle assembly.
This case concerns one product family, a steel instrument panel bracket subassembly in
two types; Left Hand and Right Hand versions.
These parts are sent to ‘The Car Company’ who is the customer.
‫مصنع يقوم بانتاج جزء للتوريد و التجميع في مصنع سيارات‬
‫الجزء منة موديﻼن شمال ويمين‬

Production Process ‫عملية اﻻنتاج‬

Process involves:- ‫تشمل‬


1. Stamping a metal part ‫كبس جزء معدني‬
2. Welding the part ‫لحام‬
3. Assembly ‫تجميع‬
4. Staged and shipped to The Car Company on a daily basis ‫تجهيز و شحن لشركة السيارات كل يوم‬

Changeovers from LH to RH bracket requires 1 hour in stamping and 10


minutes fixture change in welding.
.‫ دقائق في اللحام‬10 ‫ ساعة في المكابس و‬1 ‫التغيير من شمال الى يمين يستغرق‬

Steel coils are supplied by ‘The Steel Company’ and arrive on Tuesdays and Thursdays.
‫لفات الصاج تصل الي المصنع يومي الثﻼثاء و الخميس‬

105

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Vital Statistics
Customer Requirement ‫متتطلبات العميل‬

18,400 pieces per month ‫قطعة فى الشهر‬


12,000 Left Hand ‫شمال‬
6,400 Right Hand ‫يمين‬

Customer operates 2 shifts ‫العميل يعمل ورديتان‬

Palletised returnable packaging with 20 brackets in a tray and up to 10 trays per pallet.

Customer orders multiples of trays

One daily shipment to The Car Company by truck


‫شحنة واحدة يوميا الي شركة السيارات‬

106

Vital Statistics
Work Time ‫اوقات العمل‬
20 days per month ‫ يوم في الشهر‬20
2 shifts in all areas ‫ورديتان في كل المصنع‬
8 hours every shift, with overtime if necessary ‫ وقت اضافي لو لزم‬+ ‫ ساعات في الوردية‬8
Two 10 minute breaks during each shift. ‫ دقائق راحة في كل وردية‬10
Production Control Department ‫ادرة مراقبة اﻻنتاج‬
Receives forecasts 30/60/90 and enters them into MRP
‫ يوم القادمين‬90\60\30 ‫يصل لها تنبؤ باحتياجات العميل لل‬
Issues 6 weeks forecast to The Steel Company via MRP
‫ يوم القادمين‬90\60\30 ‫تصدر تنبؤ باحتياجات المصنع من الصاج للمورد لل‬
Secures Steel by weekly FAXed order release to The Steel Company
‫تقوم بعمل فاكس اسبوعيا بالطلبيات لمورد الصاج‬
Receives daily firm order from The Car Company
‫تستلم الطلبيات الﻼزمة يوميا من العميل‬
Generates MRP-based weekly departmental requirements based upon customer order,
‫تقوم بعمل تخطيط لﻼحتياجات اسبوعيا بناء علي احتياج العميل‬
WIP inventory levels, Finished Goods inventory levels, and anticipated scrap and
downtime.
Issues weekly build schedules to stamping, welding and assembly processes.
‫تصدر خطة العمل اسبوعيا لكل مرحلة من مراحل اﻻنتاج علي حدة‬
Issues daily shipping schedule to Shipping Department
‫تصدر خطة السحن اسبوعيا ﻻدارة الشحن‬

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Vital Statistics
Stamping
Cycle Time - 1 second
Operators -1
Changeover Time - 1 hour
Machine Reliability - 85%
Inventory - 5 days of coil before this process
- 4,600 pieces of LH finished stamping
- 2,400 pieces of RH finished stamping
Welding Stn 1
Cycle Time - 39 seconds
Operators -1
Changeover Time - 10 minutes
Machine Reliability - 100%
Inventory - 1,100 pieces LH
- 600 pieces RH

Welding Stn 2
Cycle Time - 46 seconds
Operators -1
Changeover Time - 10 minutes
Machine Reliability - 80%
Inventory - 1,600 pieces LH
- 850 pieces RH

108

Vital Statistics
Assembly stn 1
Cycle Time - 62 seconds
Operators -1
Changeover Time - N/A
Machine Reliability - 100%
Inventory - 1,200 pieces LH
- 640 pieces RH

Assembly Stn 2
Cycle Time - 40 seconds
Operators -1
Changeover Time - N/A
Machine Reliability - 100%
Inventory - 2,700 pieces LH
- 1,440 pieces RH

Shipping
Removes parts from finished goods warehouse and stages them for truck shipments to customer

109

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Lean Measurements
CT
Cycle Time (CT)
How often a part is actually completed by a process.

VCT
Value Creating Time (VCT)
The part of the work content which actually creates a
function/feature that the customer is willing to pay
for.

LT
Lead Time (LT)
The time for a part to progress throughout the entire
process.
Usually: VCT < CT < LT

110

Lean Measurements

Available Time
Capacity = X Uptime
Cycle Time

27,600 seconds
= X 100%
39 seconds

= 708 units in available time

(excluding changeover impact)

111

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Lean Measurements

Inventory
Days of Stock =
Daily demand

4600
= = 7.67 Days
600

112

Current State Map


90/60/30 day
6 Wk
Forecast The Car Company
Forecast
(Customer)
Production
Control
The Steel Company 18,400 per month
(Supplier) MRP
Wkly Daily
12,000 LH / 6400 RH
Fax Order
Tray = 20 units

2 shifts

Weekly Schedule
Tuesday Daily
Thursday Daily
Ship
Schedule

I I I I I
Stamping Weld stn 1 Weld stn 2 Assy stn 1 Assy stn 2 Shipping
4600 LH 1100 LH 1600 LH 1200 LH 2700 LH
5 1 off 2400 RH 1 off 1 off 1 off 640 RH 1 off
600 RH 850 RH 1440 RH
days Staging

CT = 1s CT = 39s CT = 46s CT = 62s CT = 40s

C/O = 1 hour C/O =10 mins C/O =10 mins C/O = N/A C/O = N/A

Uptime=85% Uptime=100% Uptime=80% Uptime=100% Uptime=100%

27,600s avail 27,600s avail 27,600s avail 27,600s avail 27,600s avail

2 Shifts 2 Shifts 2 Shifts 2 Shifts 2 Shifts


LT = 23.6 days
5d 7.6 d 1.9 d 2.7 d 2d 4.5 d
PT = 188s
1s 39s 46s 62s 40s 113

113

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Learning to See Exercise


Future State Mapping

114

7 Future State Questions


• What is the takt time?
TAKT time? ‫ما هو ال‬
• Will you build to a finished goods supermarket from which the customer pulls, or directly to
shipping?
‫ ام مباشرة للشحن‬supermarket ‫هل سننتج ل‬
• Where can you implement continuous flow processing?
Continuous flow? ‫اين يمكننا تطبيق التدفق المستمر‬
• Where will you need to use supermarket pull systems in order to control production of upstream
processes?
supermarket ? ‫اين سنحتاج‬
• At what single point in the production chain (pacemaker process) will you schedule production?
‫عند اي نقطة في اﻻنتاج سنقوم بجدولة اﻻنتاج؟‬
• 6. What increment of work will you consistently release and take away at the pacemaker process?
(pacemaker process)‫ما هي كمية اﻻنتاج النمطية التي سنقوم بعملها عند نقطة جدولة اﻻنتاج‬
• 7. What process improvements will be necessary for the value stream to flow as your future-state
design specifies?
‫ما هي نقاط التحسين الﻼزمة للوصول لمخطط التدفق المستقبلي؟‬

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1. What is the Takt time for the product family?

Available Time
Takt =
Demand

28,800 secs (8 hrs) – (2 x 10 min breaks) = 27,600 secs


Takt =
460 units per shift

Takt = 60 seconds. This means a bracket must be produced every


60secs
This does not allow for changeovers,
breakdowns or quality issues

116

2. Build to FG Supermarket (Service Buffer) or Direct

• Parts are easy to store

• There are only 2 types of parts

• Demand is variable and difficult to predict

Strategy 1. Make to Supermarket


2. Later move to direct shipping

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2. Build to FG Supermarket (Service Buffer) or Direct


• Can use customers 30 day forecast to determine capacity needs

Capacity = Available Time x Uptime%


Cycle Time

• Actual production determined by kanban coming back from supermarket to weld/assembly cell
from FG supermarket

• Customer buys in multiples 20-bracket trays, this can be the kanban size. That is, each tray of 20
LH or RH brackets in the FG supermarket has on it 1 production kanban.

• As shipping dept withdraws trays from the supermarket to stage them for deliver, the kanban
from those trays are sent back to assembly. This says ‘the customer has just consumed 20 LH (or RH)
brackets, please make another 20’

118

2. Build to FG Supermarket (Service Buffer) or Direct

Example A : Build to a supermarket (supermarket schedules production)

Assembly Shipping

4 2 1

1. Customer truck withdraws parts.


2. This triggers a pull signal from the supermarket.
3. This pull signal is sent from the supermarket to the assembly.
4. This signal is a MAKE signal

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2. Build to FG Supermarket (Service Buffer) or Direct


Example B : Build to a shipping (production control schedules production)

Customer
1
Requirement

Assembly Shipping

2 3 4

1. Customer requirements sent to production control


2. Production control issue a production kanban (MAKE) to Assembly
3. Assembly produce and send to shipping
4. Customer withdraws from shipping

120

3. Where can continuous flow be introduced?

1. Stamping is very fast cycle time (1s) and changes over to serve various product lines. Difficult to integrate into
continuous flow.
2. This would mean slowing it down and dedicating to steering brackets – not practical.
3. This would be under-utilised and need to buy another press – expensive.
4. Run stamping as a batch production but link its production with a supermarket-based pull system.

80

60

40

20

0
A s s e m b ly A s s e m b ly
S t a m p in g W e ld S t n 1 W e ld S t n 2
S tn 1 S tn 2
C y c le T im e 1 39 46 62 40
Ta k t 60 60 60 60 60

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3. Where can continuous flow be introduced?

1. Assembly station cycle times are quite similar and near to takt.
2. These are already dedicated to steering brackets, so continuous flow is possible.
3. This is also true for the 2 welding stations.
4. What stops continuous flow between welding and assembly?
• Nothing
• Reconfigure them close to each other
• Rebalance line so work content is below takt

80

60

40

20

0
A s s e m b ly A s s e m b ly
S t a m p in g W e ld S t n 1 W e l d S t n 2
S tn 1 S tn 2
C y c le T im e 1 39 46 62 40
Ta k t 60 60 60 60 60

122

3. Where can continuous flow be introduced?

1. The total work content is 187seconds.


2. TWC / Takt = 187 / 60 = 3.12 operators required.
3. 4 operators would be under-utilised, but re-balancing does not negate the need for the 4th operator.
4. Next option is to reduce sources of waste to bring TWC to less than 180 seconds to only need 3 operators.
Perhaps to 55 seconds per operator.
5. If this fails then use overtime.

80

60

40

20

0
W e ld S t n 1 + W e ld S t n 2 + A s s e m b ly S t n A s s e m b ly S t n
W e ld S t n 2 A s s e m b ly S t n 1 2
C y c le T im e 58 58 58 13
Ta k t 60 60 60 60

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3. Where can continuous flow be introduced?

1. Welding changeover would need to be reduced from 10 minutes as it will cause imbalance and flow constraints.
2. Welding stn 2 reliability needs to be improved.
3. These change the theoretical cycle to an increased effective cycle

Weld 1 Weld 2 Assembly 1 Assembly 2


Available Time 27600 27600 27600 27600
Cycle Time 39 46 60 40
Uptime 100% 80% 100% 100%

Capacity 708 480 460 690

c/o Time 600 600


c/o Frequency 2 2
Loss (Secs) 1200 1200

Demand upd 920 920


Loss /Demand 1.30 1.30

Effective Cycle Time 40 47

124

Future State Map

The Car Company


The four welding and assembly processes have been combined into one (Customer)

process box to indicate continuous flow. 18,400 per month

12,000 LH / 6400 RH

Tray = 20 units

2 shifts

Daily

20

Weld + Assembly Shipping


LH
RH Staging

Takt = 60s
C/T = 55s
C/O =0
Uptime = 100%
2 shifts

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4. Where will supermarket pulls be needed?

• The Company has decided to produce steering brackets to a FG supermarket

• 1 for stamped parts

• 1 for steel coils

Stamped Parts

• Ideal small stamping machine dedicated to steering brackets – ‘right sized tool’ and incorporate into
welding and assembly continuous flow cell

• So we need a supermarket and use withdrawals from that supermarket (pull) to control stamping
production of LH / RH parts.

126

4. Where will supermarket pulls be needed?

Stamped Parts Pull System – Step 1

1. Customer requirements - weld and assembly is the customer


2. 600LH / 320 RH upd
3. Use small production containers and keep within production cell
4. Each container can hold 60 parts or 1 hour of production with a Withdrawal Kanban

When the pallet is empty, I put the Kanban card in the Kanban box

Kanban
Box Customer
Welding
K an b a n C a rd I D R ef 1 o f 4 P ro d u ct i o n U n i t - H o b b i n g S ec ti o n 3 C r ea ti o n Da te - 0 7/ 0 9 /0 1
P a rt N u m b e r P a rt De sc rip t i on R ef e re n ce Dr aw in g N um b er

6 45 6 -5 67 8 R in g G e ar R ev i sio n A A

K a n b a n Q u a n ti ty C o n ta i n e r T y p e No te s & S p e c i al I n s tr u c ti o n s

G re y 3 0 0m m x 3 00 m m

Stamping
3 0 0 p cs
P l as t ic t o t e bi n t y pe 2 34 5

and
Di s tr i b u ti o n I n f o rm a ti o n

S u p pl y P oi n t - M a ch i ne S h o p 6 U sa ge P o in t - M ac hi n e S ho p 4
C el l G ro up 3 C el l G ro up 4 R a ck 3 B

B a r C o de D at a

Assembly
K a n b a n Ca r d ID Re f 1 o f 4 P ro d u c tio n Un it - H o b b in g S e c tio n 3 Cr e a tio n Da t e - 0 7 /0 9 /0 1
P a rt N u m b e r Pa r t De s c ri p ti o n Re f e re n c e Dr a wi n g N u m b e r

6 4 5 6 -5 6 7 8 Ri n g G e a r R e v i s i o n AA

K a n b a n Q u a n tity C o n ta in e r T y p e No t e s & S p e c ia l In s tru c tio n s

G re y 3 0 0 m m x 3 0 0 m m
300 pc s P l a sti c to te b i n ty p e 2 3 4 5

Dis tr ib u t io n In fo r m a tio n

S u p p l y Po i n t - M a c h i n e S h o p 6 Us a g e Po i n t - M a c h i n e Sh o p 4
C e l l G ro u p 3 C e l l Gr o u p 4 Ra c k 3 B

Ba r C o d e D a ta

127

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Process Step 2

Of the cards I receive from the customer, I


put them on the Kanban Board , starting
Kanban Board from the top
1 2 3 4 5

Critical
K an b a n C a rd I D R ef 1 o f 4 P ro d u ct i o n U n i t - H o b b i n g S ec ti o n 3 C r ea ti o n Da te - 0 7/ 0 9 /0 1
P a rt N u m b e r P a rt De s c rip t i on R ef e re n c e Dr aw in g N um b er

6 45 6 -5 67 8 R in g G e ar R ev i sio n A A

K a n b a n Q u a n ti ty C o n ta i n e r T y p e No te s & S p e c i al I n s tr u c ti o n s

G re y 3 0 0m m x 3 00 m m
3 0 0 p cs
P l as t ic t o t e bi n t y pe 2 34 5

Di s tr i b u ti o n I n f o rm a ti o n

S u p pl y P oi n t - M a c h i ne S h o p 6 U s a ge P o in t - M ac hi n e S ho p 4
C el l G ro up 3 C el l G ro up 4 R a c k 3 B

B a r C o de D at a

Stamping

Welding and Assembly

128

Utilisation of the Kanban Board


REFERENCE XX1

GREEN ZONE
Maximum Batch Formation
WIP
RED ZONE
Out of Stock
1 2 3 4 5

Reading the board allows you to know :


a)
a) the real consumption of the client
b) in process available

b)

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Process Step 3

1 2 3 4 5

Stamping

To determine what part I should manufacture next, I take


the Kanban cards which are either approaching the red
zone or are in the red zone. From this board my priority
is: PRODUCT NO: 5

130

Process Step 4

When I have finished filling the pallet I take the Kanban card from the board and attach it to the pallet.
.

If the card comes from the red area, then I check with the client by telephone to see if they are out of stock, if
so I ask for a forklift to transport it immediately

Kanban Board
1 2 3 4 5
2

Stamping K a nb an C a rd ID R ef 1 o f 4
Pa rt N um ber
P r o du ct ion U n it - H ob bi ng S ec tio n 3
P ar t D e s c rip tion
C rea tio n D at e - 07 /09 /01
R ef er enc e D ra w ing N um ber

645 6-5 678 R ing G ea r R ev is ion A A

K an ba n Q ua nt ity C on t ain er T yp e N ot es & S pe cial In st ru ct ion s

G rey 300 m m x 30 0m m
3 00 pc s
P la s tic t ote bin ty pe 234 5

D ist ri bu tio n In fo r ma tio n

Stamping
S u pply Po int - M ac h ine S h op 6 U s ag e P o int - M ac hin e S ho p 4
C ell G rou p 3 C ell G rou p 4 R ac k 3B

B ar C od e D a ta

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Process Step 5

If there is a full pallet with a card attached, I deliver it to the customer

Fork Lift Driver

Ka n b a n C a rd ID R e f 1 o f

Pa r t Nu m b e r

6456- 5678
4 Pr o d u c t io n Un i t - Ho b b in g Se c t i o n 3

Pa r t De s c r ip ti o n

R in g Ge a r
C re a t i o n D a te - 0 7 /0 9 / 0 1

R e fe r e n c e D ra w in g Nu mb e r

Re v is i o n A A
Weld
Stamping And
Ka n b a n Q u a n t it y Co n t a i n e r T y p e N o te s & Sp e c i a l In s t r u c ti o n s

Gr e y 3 0 0 mm x 3 0 0 mm
300 pc s
Pl a s ti c t o te b in ty p e 2 3 4 5

Di s tr ib u ti o n In f o r ma t i o n

Su p p ly Po i n t - Ma c h i n e Sh o p 6 Us a g e Po i n t - Ma c h i n e S h o p 4
Ce l l Gr o u p 3 Ce l G ro u p 4 R a c k 3 B

B a r Co d e D a ta

Ka n b a n C a rd ID R e f 1 o f

Pa r t Nu m b e r

6456- 5678

Ka n b a n Q u a n t it y

300 pc s
4

Su p p ly Po i n t - Ma c h i n e Sh o p 6
Ce l l Gr o u p 3
Pr o d u c t io n Un i t - Ho b b in g Se c t i o n 3

Pa r t De s c r ip ti o n

R in g Ge a r

Co n t a i n e r T y p e

Gr e y 3 0 0 mm x 3 0 0 mm
Pl a s ti c t o te b in ty p e 2 3 4 5

Di s tr ib u ti o n In f o r ma t i o n

Us a g e Po i n t - Ma c h i n e S h o p 4

B a r Co d e D a ta
Ce l G ro u p 4 R a c k 3 B
C re a t i o n D a te - 0 7 /0 9 / 0 1

R e fe r e n c e D ra w in g Nu mb e r

Re v is i o n A A

N o te s & Sp e c i a l In s t r u c ti o n s
Ka n b a n C a rd ID R e f 1 o f

Pa r t Nu m b e r

6456- 5678

Ka n b a n Q u a n t it y

300 pc s

Ce l l Gr o u p 3
4 Pr o d u c t io n Un i t - Ho b b in g Se c t i o n 3

B a r Co d e D a ta
Pa r t De s c r ip ti o n

R in g Ge a r

Co n t a i n e r T y p e

Gr e y 3 0 0 mm x 3 0 0 mm
Pl a s ti c t o te b in ty p e 2 3 4 5

Di s tr ib u ti o n In f o r ma t i o n

Su p p ly Po i n t - Ma c h i n e Sh o p 6 Us a g e Po i n t - Ma c h i n e S h o p 4
Ce l G ro u p 4 R a c k 3 B
C re a t i o n D a te - 0 7 /0 9 / 0 1

R e fe r e n c e D ra w in g Nu mb e r

Re v is i o n A A

N o te s & Sp e c i a l In s t r u c ti o n s
Ka n b a n C a rd ID R e f 1 o f

Pa r t Nu m b e r

6456- 5678

Ka n b a n Q u a n t it y

300 pc s
4 Pr o d u c t io n Un i t - Ho b b in g Se c t i o n 3

Pa r t De s c r ip ti o n

R in g Ge a r

Co n t a i n e r T y p e

Gr e y 3 0 0 mm x 3 0 0 mm
Pl a s ti c t o te b in ty p e 2 3 4 5

Di s tr ib u ti o n In f o r ma t i o n

Su p p ly Po i n t - Ma c h i n e Sh o p 6
Ce l l Gr o u p 3
Us a g e Po i n t - Ma c h i n e S h o p 4

B a r Co d e D a ta
Ce l G ro u p 4 R a c k 3 B
C re a t i o n D a te - 0 7 /0 9 / 0 1

R e fe r e n c e D ra w in g Nu mb e r

Re v is i o n A A

N o te s & Sp e c i a l In s t r u c ti o n s
Assembly

TRANSPORT

132

Process Step 6

If there is a pallet empty in front of my work place. I replace it for a full pallet. When I don ’t have any
more full pallets, I inform the operator of the supplying process

Fork Lift Driver

Workshop Workshop
or machine Ka n b a n C a rd ID R e f 1 o f

Pa r t Nu m b e r

6456- 5678

Ka n b a n Q u a n t it y

300 pc s

Ce l l Gr o u p 3
4 Pr o d u c t io n Un i t - Ho b b in g Se c t i o n 3

Pa r t De s c r ip ti o n

R in g Ge a r

Co n t a i n e r T y p e

Gr e y 3 0 0 mm x 3 0 0 mm
Pl a s ti c t o te b in ty p e 2 3 4 5

Di s tr ib u ti o n In f o r ma t i o n

Su p p ly Po i n t - Ma c h i n e Sh o p 6 Us a g e Po i n t - Ma c h i n e S h o p 4

B a r Co d e D a ta
Ce l G ro u p 4 R a c k 3 B
C re a t i o n D a te - 0 7 /0 9 / 0 1

R e fe r e n c e D ra w in g Nu mb e r

Re v is i o n A A

N o te s & Sp e c i a l In s t r u c ti o n s
Ka n b a n C a rd ID R e f 1 o f

Pa r t Nu m b e r

6456- 5678

Ka n b a n Q u a n t it y

300 pc s
4 Pr o d u c t io n Un i t - Ho b b in g Se c t i o n 3

Pa r t De s c r ip ti o n

R in g Ge a r

Co n t a i n e r T y p e

Gr e y 3 0 0 mm x 3 0 0 mm
Pl a s ti c t o te b in ty p e 2 3 4 5

Di s tr ib u ti o n In f o r ma t i o n

Su p p ly Po i n t - Ma c h i n e Sh o p 6
Ce l l Gr o u p 3
Us a g e Po i n t - Ma c h i n e S h o p 4

B a r Co d e D a ta
Ce l G ro u p 4 R a c k 3 B
C re a t i o n D a te - 0 7 /0 9 / 0 1

R e fe r e n c e D ra w in g Nu mb e r

Re v is i o n A A

N o te s & Sp e c i a l In s t r u c ti o n s
Ka n b a n C a rd ID R e f 1 o f

Pa r t Nu m b e r

6456- 5678

Ka n b a n Q u a n t it y

300 pc s
4

Su p p ly Po i n t - Ma c h i n e Sh o p 6
Ce l l Gr o u p 3
Pr o d u c t io n Un i t - Ho b b in g Se c t i o n 3

Pa r t De s c r ip ti o n

R in g Ge a r

Co n t a i n e r T y p e

Gr e y 3 0 0 mm x 3 0 0 mm
Pl a s ti c t o te b in ty p e 2 3 4 5

Di s tr ib u ti o n In f o r ma t i o n

Us a g e Po i n t - Ma c h i n e S h o p 4

B a r Co d e D a ta
Ce l G ro u p 4 R a c k 3 B
C re a t i o n D a te - 0 7 /0 9 / 0 1

R e fe r e n c e D ra w in g Nu mb e r

Re v is i o n A A

N o te s & Sp e c i a l In s t r u c ti o n s

or machine
KB

TRANSPORT

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4. Where will supermarket pulls be needed?


Kanban flows Production Kanban (MAKE) Withdrawal Kanban (MOVE)

60 60

Stamping Weld + Assembly


LH
RH
Every 60 Every 60
pieces pieces

Stamping no longer receives a schedule from production control.


Stamping has 1 second cycle time and 1 hour changeover! Replenishing on a bin-for-bin basis is not practical
Due to changeover times, stamping need to run larger batches than 60 pieces
Goal is ‘run every part every day’, stamping batch size would be 600 LH and 320 RH – stamping will keep 1.5 days of
inventory in supermarket (0.5 day extra for replenishment delays and stamping problems)

134

4. Where will supermarket pulls be needed?

Signal Kanban
Allows batches to be produced and indicates changeover required

60

Stamping Weld + Assembly


LH
RH
Every 600 LH Every 60
and 320 RH pieces
pieces

Use a Signal Kanban to schedule Stamping

This Triangle is brought to the press when the minimum stock level has been triggered – this
schedules a changeover

Kanban flows

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4. Where will supermarket pulls be needed?

Coils

• Supermarket at receiving bay for coils of steel

• Steel supplier is not ready for Kanban, but this does not stop the company using Kanban
internally

• Attach withdrawal Kanban to every coil and send those to Production Control

• Production Control can order the coils based upon consumption instead of MRP (MRP still
used for longer capacity planning and forecasting)

• When Production Control have made the day’s order for coils, the corresponding Kanban can
be placed in Kanban slots at the receiving bay – this indicates when the coils should arrive.

• Change steel runs to daily through milk runs with other customers

136

Future State Map


6 Wk
Forecast Production Control
The Car Company
(Customer)
The Steel Company
(Supplier) Wkly
Fax 18,400 per month
Coil

12,000 LH / 6400 RH

Daily Tray = 20 units

Coil 2 shifts

Daily

60
20

Stamping LH Weld + Assembly Shipping


Coil LH
Coil RH
Every 600 LH Every 60 RH Staging
and 320 RH pieces
pieces
Takt = 60s
C/T = 55s
C/O =0
Uptime = 100%
2 shifts

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5. Where should production be scheduled?

 All steps downstream of constraint need to occur in flow

 Scheduling for this company will be at the weld/assembly process

 Not possible to schedule upstream (stamping process) as there is to be a pull system


between stamping and weld/assembly

 This single scheduling point will regulate the entire steering bracket value stream

138

6. What consistent increment of work is required at the


constraint?
1. How can we provide a takt image to weld/assembly cell?

 Returning 46 kanban (2 shifts worth) to the cell at once would provide no takt image to
the cell.
 Batching the volume of work instruction like this must be avoided.
 A natural increment of welding/assembly work is the
60s takt x 20 pieces = 20mins.
 This is the steering bracket pitch

2. How frequently will it check production there?

 The pitch will control release of work instruction


 Load Levelling box will facilitate this.

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Heijunka

• Determine the sequence of production (Load Plan)


• Create the carousel mechanism
• Introduce a closed loop kanban
• Apply the kanban rules strictly
• Follow the box sequence with no exceptions

140

Heijunka Box

Shift 1 7.00 7.20 7.40 8.00 8.20

4.00 5.00 5.20


Each column represents a 20 minute pitch.
Shift 2 4.20 4.40

The two rows are designated for LH and


RH Kanbans.
LEFT
HAND
Every 20 minutes a material handler
brings the next Kanban to the
weld/assembly cell and moves the just-
finished tray of brackets to the FG area.
RIGHT
HAND If a tray is not finished at the 20 minute
pitch, then a production problems exists.

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8. What improvements are necessary to achieve flow?

1. Reduction in changeover time and batch sizes at the stamping press, to allow faster response to
downstream usage. The goals are ‘every part every day’ and the ‘every part every shift’. 10 minute
reduction would give the customer demand.

2. Elimination of the long time (10 minutes) required to change between LH and RH fixtures in welding, to
make possible continuous flow and mixed production from welding through assembly.

3. Improvement in on-demand uptime of the second spot welding machine, as it will now be tied to other
processes in a continuous flow.

4. Elimination of waste in the weld/assembly cell, to reduce total work content down to 165 seconds or less.
(This allows 3 operators at the current demand level).

These are shown on the future state map as

142

Future State Map


90/60/30
6 Wk 6 Wk
Production Control Day
Forecast Forecast
Forecast
The Car Company
Daily (Customer)
The Steel Company
(Supplier) Wkly
Daily Order
Order
Fax 18,400 per month
Coil

Daily Order 12,000 LH / 6400 RH

Daily Tray = 20 units


Milk Run Coil 20
20 2 shifts
20
Daily
OXOX
Batch
Bin
20 20

Stamping LH Weld + Assembly Shipping


Coil LH
Coil C/O RH
1.5 days Every 60 RH Staging
At the pieces
press
2 days

Weld Weld Takt = 60s


uptime c/o C/T = 55s Total Work
</= 165s
C/O =0
Uptime = 100%
2 shifts

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Future State Map

Stamped Weld/Assy Inventory


Coils FG Lead Time
Parts WIP Turns

Before 5 days 7.6 days 6.5 days 4.5 days 23.6 days 10

Pull/Flow 2 days 1.5 days N/A 4.5 days 8 days 30

Levelling 1.5 days 1 day N/A 2 days 4.5 days 53

144

Breaking it into Loops


6 Wk 90/60/30
Forecast 6 Wk
Production Control Day
Forecast
Forecast
The Car Company
Daily (Customer)
The Steel Company
(Supplier)
Daily
Wkly Order
Order
Fax 18,400 per month
Coil

Daily Order 12,000 LH / 6400 RH

Daily Tray = 20 units


Milk Run Coil 20
20 2 shifts
20
Daily
OXOX
Batch
Bin
20 20

Stamping LH Weld + Assembly Shipping


Coil LH
Coil C/O RH
1.5 days Every 60 RH Staging
At the pieces
press
2 days
Takt = 60s
Weld C/T = 55s Total Work
c/o C/O =0 </= 165s
Weld Uptime = 100%
2 shifts
uptime

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Loops

Pacemaker Loop

1. Objectives
• Develop continuous flow from weld through to assembly
• Kaizen work elements to reduce total cycle time to 165 secs
• Eliminate weld-fixture changeover time
• Improve uptime on welder # 2 to 100%
• Develop a pull system with FG supermarket
• Develop material handler routes between the supermarkets and the cell

2. Goals

• Only 2 days of FG inventory in supermarket


• Minimal inventory between workstations
• Operate the cell with 3 people (at current demand)

146

Breaking it into Loops


66Wk
Wk 90/60/30
Forecast 6 Wk
Forecast Production Control Day
Forecast
Forecast
The Car Company
Daily (Customer)
The Steel Company
(Supplier)
Daily
Wkly Order
Order
Fax 18,400 per month
Coil

Daily Order 12,000 LH / 6400 RH

Daily Tray = 20 units


Milk Run Coil 20
20 2 shifts
20
Daily
OXOX
Batch
Bin
20 20

Stamping LH Weld + Assembly Shipping


Coil LH
Coil C/O RH
1.5 days Every 60 RH Staging
At the pieces
press
2 days
Takt = 60s
Weld C/T = 55s Total Work
c/o C/O =0 </= 165s
Weld Uptime = 100%
2 shifts
uptime

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Loops

Stamping Loop

1. Objectives
• Establish pull system with stamped-parts supermarket (eliminate stamping schedule)
• Reduce stamping batch sizes to 300 (LH) and 160 (RH)
• Reduce stamping changeover time to less than 10 minutes

2. Goals

• Only 1 day of stamped-bracket inventory in supermarket


• Batch sizes of 300 and 160 pieces between changeover

148

Breaking it into Loops


66Wk
Wk 90/60/30
Forecast 6 Wk
Forecast Production Control Day
Forecast
Forecast
The Car Company
Daily (Customer)
The Steel Company
(Supplier)
Daily
Wkly Order
Order
Fax 18,400 per month
Coil

Daily Order 12,000 LH / 6400 RH

Daily Tray = 20 units


Milk Run Coil 20
20 2 shifts
20
Daily
OXOX
Batch
Bin
20 20

Stamping LH Weld + Assembly Shipping


Coil LH
Coil C/O RH
1.5 days Every 60 RH Staging
At the pieces
press
2 days
Takt = 60s
Weld C/T = 55s Total Work
c/o C/O =0 </= 165s
Weld Uptime = 100%
2 shifts
uptime

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Loops

Supplier Loop

1. Objectives
• Develop pull system with supplier supermarket
• Introduce daily coil delivery

2. Goals

• Only 1.5 days of coil inventory in supermarket

150

VSM Manufacturing Insights Master

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Summary

• We have demonstrated how we can use the Lean tools and techniques to impact substantially the
DOTWIMP wastes in a complete business process

• We have shown how deployment of lean think can have an enormous impact on lead time to customer

• We have illustrated that lean needs to be a full deployment, including the supply chain, to ensure that
real benefits are achieved and sustained

152

Lean Green Belt


:
“Pull” 40
Lean
Deliverables

153

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Pratt and Whitney

Business Overview Implementation Scope Results


1. Aircraft engine – tight tolerance 1. Lean Cells 1. Sales Growth +11%
machining/sheet metal • 36 set-up
fabrication/rings/seals/ducts/fan • 687 machine moves 2. Productivity +150%
s/blades/rotors. • 69% floor space reduction
3. On Time Deliveryfrom 40%
2. $300 mil sales 2. 45% workforce reduction to > 94%

3. 60% Military / 40% Civilian 3. Organisation Redesign 4. Defects -45%


• Engineering link
4. Global customer base • Self contained business teams 5. Inventory -81%

5. 10,000 part numbers 4. Growth 6. Savings $71 Mil


• Extended competencies to auto /
6. 1000 employees mechanical equipment 7. Op Income Imp $24 Mil
• In sourced activities

154

InterTurbine

Business Overview Implementation Scope Results


1. Aircraft repair and overhaul. 1. Product Cells 1. Sales Growth +23%
• 250 machine moves
2. $120 mil sales • 55% floor space reduction 2. Productivity +40%

3. 260 employees 2. Organisation Redesign 3. On Time Deliveryfrom 65%


• Design Teams to 100%
4. Disassembly / Troubleshooting /
Machining / Testing 3. Metric Deployment 4. Defects -45%

4. Sales/Marketing Integration
5. Inventory -42%

155

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Wiremold

Business Overview Implementation Scope Results


1. Power Conditioning, Data 1. Process Redesign 1. Sales Growth +300%
Connectivity Equipment • Product Cells
• Batch to Flow 2. Productivity +260%
2. $200 Mil sales
2. Organisation Redesign 3. Inventory -50%
3. 925 people • Hierarchy reduction
• Product Teams • Lead Time -95%
4. Design, manufacture of • Design Teams
electrical equipment for • Floor Space -40%
telecoms 3. New Product Development Process
• Cash Freed $19 Mil
4. Sales/Marketing Links
• Margin Increase +11%

156

AlliedSignal

Business Overview Implementation Scope Results


1. Turbochargers and thermal 1. Manufacturing Improvement 1. Sales Growth +18%
systems • Cycle Time
• Flow 2. Productivity +36%
2. 4 sites – global • Quality
3. Inventory -15%
3. $750 mil sales 2. Reorganisation
• Customer teams • Delivery >94%
4. 4200 employees
3. Supply Chain • Defects -41%
5. Manufacturing and Assembly • Material Mgmt
• Logistics • Savings $44 Mil
• Capacity Planning
• Op Income Imp +37 Mil

157

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Exxon Chemicals

Business Overview Implementation Scope Results


1. Speciality Chemicals, oil 1. Manufacturing Improvement 1. Productivity +95%
additive products • Demand Segmentation
• Production Cells 2. Inventory 100 DOS
2. $40 mil sales • Closed Loop Control Processes to 3 DOS

3. 80 employees 2. Reorganisation 3. Delivery 99%


• Customer teams
4. Connected to refinery operations • Defects 30% to
3. Supply Chain 1%
• Inventory Policy
• Logistics • Lead Time 2 wks to 2
• Planning & Scheduling days

• Savings $12 Mil

158

Typical Lean Deliverables


1. Productivity units produced / unit input of resource

2. Inventory total inventory / total demand (Days of Stock)

inventory turns

inventory value

3. Delivery number of deliveries at the right time

number of deliveries at the right time and right quantity

number of misses

4. Floor Space total reduced area (m2)

total productive area made available

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Typical Lean Deliverables


5. Defects internal ppm

external ppm

% internal

% external

6. Lead Time order placement from customer to order fulfilment into


customer

order on plant floor to product into shipment bay

order placement from customer to cash received from


customer for order

7. Capacity amount of units capacity liberated

amount of units capacity that can be sold

160

Typical Lean Deliverables


8. Labour Content # of employees reduced

# of employees redeployed

# of employees avoiding recruitment

standard minute value reduced per part

9. Changeovers mean time to change over

# of changeovers

10. Constraints number of constraint operations

constraint OEE

process OEE

increase in productive capacity

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So why does it work?

Flow…..

• Generates cash quickly (reduces work in progress and working


capital) ‫التوليد السريع للمال‬

• Exposes variation and constraints ‫التخلى عن التغير و المعوقات‬

• Eliminates constraints ‫إزالة المعوقات‬

Creates a visible and powerful system


‫تخلق نظام قوى مرئى‬

162

How do you get results?

X1 Do the right stuff ‫افعل اﻻمر الصحيح‬ (Lean Six Sigma)

X2 In the right places ‫( فى المكان الصحيح‬focused priorities)

X3 In the right way ‫(بالطريقة الصحيحة‬disciplined standard


approach)

X4 With the right resources ‫(بالموارد الصحيحة‬trained Green


and Black Belts)

Follow a simple formula Y = f (x)


Y=f (X) ‫اتبع الصيغة البسيطة‬

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Summary

5 Lean Principles are applicable in all environments


‫يمكن تطبيق المبادىء الخمسة فى كل البيئات‬
7 deadly wastes exists everywhere and are often justified in the name of
business culture
‫السبع اشكال من المهمﻼت موجودة فى كل مكان ويمكن تقليلهم باسم ثقافة العمل‬
There are many tools that can be used to eliminate waste ‫هناك الكثير من اﻻدوات‬
‫للقضاء على المهمﻼت‬
The change management aspects of lean cannot be underestimated ‫التغير فى‬
‫اﻻدارة المطلوب ﻻ يمكن اﻻستخفاف به‬

164

Lean Green Belt


:
“Pull”
Lean Business
Systems and
Culture

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Lean Application
Lean ‫تطبيقات الـ‬

Consciousness
‫وعى‬
Conscious
Conscious
Incompetence Apply / Train / Facilitate
‫ تبسيط‬/ ‫ تدريب‬/ ‫تطبيق‬ Competence
‫إدراك بﻼ تمكن‬

Educate Systemise
‫علم‬ ‫نظم‬

Competence
‫تمكن‬

Unconscious Unconscious
Incompetence Competence

Today Future

166

Rate of Business Change


‫معدل التغير فى العمل‬

Impact
upon productivity
‫التأثير على اﻻنتاجية‬ Applied Lean
Mfg Strategy Self
Company-Wide Development
‫على نطاق‬Lean ‫تطبيق مبدأ الـ‬ ‫التطوير الشخصى‬
‫الشركة‬

Process
Kaizen
‫تطوير العملية‬
Potential for Manufacturing
Only Activity
‫الجهد للعمليات اﻻنتاجية‬

Time
Pilot More Manufacturing
Projects Projects
‫المشروع القائد‬ ‫مشاريع اكثر‬

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Knowledge & Responsibility Transfer ‫نقل المعرفة و المسؤليات‬

Effectiveness within
the Company ‫التأثير‬ Company
‫على الشركة‬

Expert Group

Knowledge & Responsibility


Project work
Transfer
Self Development Time

168

Approach ‫المنهج‬

Now Future

Existing process ‫العمليات الموجودة‬ Business infrastructure addresses


re-design ‫إعادة تصميم‬ major enablers of lean enterprise

Facilitated improvement ‫التطويرات المبسطة‬ Lean Enterprise is “business as


usual”

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Spheres of Influence ‫دوائر التأثير‬

Product & Lean Business Processes &


Process Design Infrastructure Systems

Design & Engineering Operations

Manufacturing
Manuf’g Engineering
New Projects
Logistics
Personnel

Time

170

What do you need to do


‫ماذا تحتاج لتفعل؟‬
– Company-wide Lean Strategy ‫ على نطاق الشركة‬Lean‫استراتيجيات الـ‬
– Co-ordinated Revision of Business Systems
‫تنسيق و مراجعة نظم العمل‬
– Lean Business Plans Lean ‫خطط عمل الـ‬
– Lean Business Measures Lean ‫مقاييس العمل فى الـ‬
– Application of the “Lean Business Infrastructure”
Lean Business Infrastructure ‫تطبيق الـ‬

171

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Lean Green Belt


:
“Pull” 41
Lean High
Performance
Work Teams

172

Lean High Performance Work Teams


‫فرق العمل ذات الكفاءة المرتفعة‬
1. Organised around a process ‫منظمة للعملية‬

2. Accountable for the process ‫مسؤولة عن العملية‬

3. Coordinating their work ‫تنسيق اﻻعمال‬

4. Improving the process ‫تطوير العملية‬

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1. Organised around a process


‫منظمة حول عملية‬
1. Define process ‫تحديد العملية‬
2. Align employees around a process‫تجميع الموظفين حول العملية‬
3. Integrate close-in support functions where practical ‫انشاء وظائف‬
‫داعمة‬
4. Broaden job scope and responsibility ‫وظيفة ذات نطاق و مسؤليات‬
‫كبيرة‬

Create a meaningful piece of the business for the team to run

174

1.2. Accountable for the process


2. ‫مسؤولة عن العملية‬

1. Traditional (person/job) ‫الوظيفة العادية‬


2. Individual accountability for unit results ‫المسؤلية الفردية‬
‫عن النتائج‬
3. Create greater interdependence ‫تخلق ترابط كبير بين اﻻفراد على‬
‫بعض‬

Common goals are the ‘glue’ for teamwork

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3. Coordinating their work


‫تنظيم عملهم‬
1. Tracking, posting, reviewing daily results
‫تتبع و مراجعة النتائج اليومية‬
2. Empowered - greater responsibility for planning, coordinating and
administering the day-to-day work ‫تنظيم العمل يوميا‬
3. Weekly team meetings to review and decide improvement actions and
activities
‫اجتماعات اسبوعية لتقرير اﻻعمال الﻼزمة للتطوير‬
4. Focused on customer needs ‫مهتمة بأحتياجات العميل‬

Make sure people can work with empowerment

176

4. Improving the process


‫تطوير العملية‬
1. Employees are trained in problem solving and process
improvement tools‫الموظفين مدربين على ادوات حل المشكﻼت و تطوير العمليات‬
2. Employees are allowed to dedicate time to utilise the
tools ‫مسموح بأفساح الوقت ﻻستخدام هذه اﻻدوات‬
3. There is access to resources to help them implement their
ideas ‫هناك مصادر متاح استخدامها لتطبيق اﻻفكار‬

The goal is breakthroughs in current performance levels

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Empowered Team Maturity


‫نضج الفريق‬
1. Team has been trained in basic team skills and
problem solving processes. They have begun to apply
them on the job. ‫تم التدريب على المهارات اﻻساسية للفريق‬ 3 levels of
2. Team has demonstrated consistent application over a maturity
period of time. They have critiqued and improved ‫هناك ثﻼث مستويات‬
skills/processes and shown some results. ‫تم اظهار‬
‫المهارات عن طريق تطبيق متماسك‬ ‫للنضج‬
3. Team has mastered its skills/processes and integrated
them as part of the ‘way we work’. Team has
demonstrated significant results.
‫ اظهر نتائج كافية‬.‫الفريق بارع فى العمليات و طبقهم كجزء من العمل‬

178

Supervisor’s Role for Team Development but . ..


‫دور المشرف فى تطوير الفريق‬
High

Supervisor
Empowerment
Levels

Team

Low
Traditional Team Based
Team Development

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Supervisor’s Critical for Team Development but


‫اﻻشراف هام لتنمية الفريق‬ New Roles/Coach,
Mentor, Boundary Leader

Supervisor’s Role Bridge


Builder
Empowerment
Level Coach
Three Performance
Breakthrough Leader Team Proactively
Develops Relationships
With Outside Groups

Team Developer

Level Team Makes Decisions on


Two Work They Perform
Change Initiator

Team Members Focus


on Key Performance

Level
One Team Learning to Work Team
Together
Team Formed Around A Lean
Process Development
Traditional Work Group High-Performance

180

Team Segmentation

Team
Empowered Empowered Teams
Self Directed
Work Groups

Training &
Coaching
• Cells
Traditional • Product Organisation
• Business Units
Supervisor
Control

Traditional Team Based


Principles Principles
(i.e., Specialisation) Redesign (i.e., Multi-skilled)

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High Performance Work Organization


‫المؤسسة ذات اﻻداء العالى‬

The Workplace
Aligned Structures
& Systems

The Work Itself The Workforce


Lean, Error Free Empowered Teams
Processes

182

Lean Green Belt


:
“Pull”

Summary

183

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Summary

• Team structure is critical to the success of the project


• Ensure the mix of the team is balanced and is constructive rather than destructive
• You need to understand where your team is emotionally and drive them forward
• Clear goals and targets are critical

184

Material Management Systems

185

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Lean Culture

186

High Performance Work Teams

187

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Lean Green Belt


:
“Pull”

Quiz

188

Pull Phase Checklist


If you can respond ‘yes’ to each statement below, you are doing well and are ready to move into the
next phase.

For our project we have……..

There is a clear understanding of the replenishment conditions involved in the process YES NO
A system of replenishment signalling has been determined and implemented
YES NO
A plan to pilot has been agreed which includes nominated area, personnel trained,
visual management in place and failure modes and effects analysis completed.
YES NO
A further roll out consideration has been made based upon the expected success of the
pilot programme

YES NO

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Review Questions
1. True/False: What is the UK translation for Kanban?

2. True/False: Where was Kanban invented?

3. True/False: Kanban is a form of the pull system

4. True/False: Production is only allowed when the customer requires replenishment

5. True/False: The object is to keep as much inventory in the system as will allow

6. True/False: The kanban board displays very limited information to save confusion

7. True/False: The kanban calculation is based on historical demand only

190

Review Questions

1. The Lean transformation can only really be applied to manufacturing

2. True/False: Most of the lean tools and techniques are impractical in a transactional or service
environment

3. True/False: Changing the culture on the shop floor is the real way to ensure sustainability of
the transformation process

4. Lean is best deployed within your own “four walls”

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Review Questions

1. Why are HPWT better suited focussed on processes and not functions?

2. True/False: Ensuring that the team members achieve their own, individual objectives is the trick for
HPWT

3. True/False: As with traditional approaches are HPWT really expected to own and improve their
processes?

4. True/False: Once the HPWT is established usual positions like team leaders are defunct?

192

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