SECTION B – Technical Part

5.12 Start-up diagram & Load changes

Nevis Biomass NAB 050719

SECTION B – Technical Part

5.12 Start-up Diagram & Load Changes

18.06.2012
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 SECTION B – Technical Part

5.12 Start-up diagram & Load changes

Nevis Biomass NAB 050719

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

1. START-UP DIAGRAM ..................................................................................................... 3

1.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE START-UP DIAGRAM ........................................................................3

1.2 START-UP CONDITIONS ....................................................................................................4
1.3 START-UP DIAGRAM .........................................................................................................5

2. LOAD CHANGES............................................................................................................ 7

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 SECTION B – Technical Part

5.12 Start-up diagram & Load changes

Nevis Biomass NAB 050719

1. Start-up Diagram

1.1 Description of the Start-up Diagram

The start-up diagram is used for selection of parameters Tmin, t1 and Np for turbine start-up
from any given temperature condition. The deciding factor for selection of the required
parameters is the mean integral temperature of the rotor TR before turbine start-up.
TR Mean integral temperature of the rotor before turbine start-up.
Tmin Minimum steam temperature before the turbine stop valve required for
acceleration to speed. Steam must be superheated at least to 50°C above
saturation temperature.
Np Initial load after the unit is synchronized to the grid. The rate of load
increase for reaching the initial load is 1 MW/sec.
dN Average rate of load increase from the initial load up to nominal load. The
value is for information only. The actual rate of load increase is determined
by the turbine control system so that the thermal stress of the rotor does
not exceed allowable limit.
In this diagram dN is only specified for start-up (not for load changes).
t1 Minimum dwell duration at warming speed. During this period the turbine
preheating by condensation is finished.
tstart-up Time to reach nominal load after the control valves have been opened.
tshut-down Assumed cool down curve.

Lifetime consumption is a variable and its values for individual types of start and for load
changes can be adjusted. The values of lifetime consumption for different types of start
influence the start-up times (curve tstart-up). The value of lifetime consumption for load
changes influences the number of allowable load changes and the maximum allowable ramp
for load changes during operation. The sum of lifetime consumption for hot, warm and cold
start and for load changes must not exceed 100%.

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 SECTION B – Technical Part

5.12 Start-up diagram & Load changes

Nevis Biomass NAB 050719

1.2 Start-up Conditions

For turbine start-up it is necessary to fulfil the following conditions (preliminary) :
1) The turbine can be run up to warming speed if the following conditions are fulfilled :
a) steam temperature Tmin is reached as per the start-up diagram,
b) other conditions to be specified in the operating instructions.

2) The turbine can be run up to nominal speed at a rate of 1000 rpm/min if the following
conditions are fulfilled :
a) dwell time t1 at warming speed as per the start-up diagram has passed,
b) instantaneous temperature of the casing is above xxx °C.

3) For synchronization and for reaching the initial load the following inequality must be
fulfilled. Temperature differences between steam in front of the turbine and metal
temperature of the turbine casing must be lower than xxx °C.

Exact values xxx will be specified in the operating instructions.

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 Tp101534-D
Nevis Biomass - selection of parameters for start-up 07-Jun-2012
( refer to start-up conditions ) Ing.Jícha
520 26 104 169
1.3
168h
L IFE TIME CO NSU MPTI ON
480 24 96 156
c old sta rts : 10 %
w arm sta rts : 20 %
95min h ot star ts: 20 %
o utp ut c han ges : 50 %
440 22 88 143

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Tm i n [°C]
400 20 80 130

360 18 72 117
68min

320 16 64 104

ts t a r t - u p [min]
Start-up diagram

280 ts h u t - d o w n [hours] 14 56 91

240 12 48 78
72h

Tmin [°C]
43min
tstart-up [min]

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200 10 40 65
dN [MW/min], Np [MW]

160 48h 8 32 52
tshut-down [hours], t1 [min]
SECTION B – Technical Part

Nevis Biomass NAB 050719

120 dN [MW/min] 6 24 39
5.12 Start-up diagram & Load changes

t1 [min]
80 4 16 26
12min

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18.06.2012
40 2 8 13
8h
Np [MW]
76°C 176°C
240°C 418°C
0 0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
mean integral temperature of the rotor before turbine start-up T R [°C]

cold start (250) warm start (500) hot start (1000)

TR < 180°C 180°C <= TR < 400°C 400°C <= TR

type of the start (assumed number of starts during service life)

 100
Nevis Biomass - start-up time as a function of outage time

95min
90

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80

70

68min
60

50

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43min

tstart-up [min]
40
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Nevis Biomass NAB 050719

5.12 Start-up diagram & Load changes

30

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20

10
12min

8h 48h 72h 168h

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
outage time t shut-do wn [hours]
 SECTION B – Technical Part

5.12 Start-up diagram & Load changes

Nevis Biomass NAB 050719

2. Load changes
From the point of view of thermal stress in the rotor it is assumed that service life
consumption by load changes is 50%. The remaining 50% of service life is reserved for
start-ups.

Legend : presumed nominal steam quantity at turbine inlet….... Q = 192.36 t / h

Load changes are permitted in range of 40 – 100 % Q.
Note : If the steam quantity in extractions does not change during the load change, then
the change of steam quantity at turbine inlet matches the load change, i.e.
nominal steam quantity at turbine inlet Q = 192.36 t / h can be replaced by
nominal load N = 52.38 MW.

Pressure and temperature conditions :

The turbine is operated with fixed inlet steam pressure in the 50 % - 100 % Q range and
with sliding pressure in the 40 % - 50 % Q range. Turbine inlet temperature is constant
during load changes with a tolerance of ± 8°C.

Limitations on load changes :

load range
absolute
in which maximum rate number of load
size of load
the change of load change changes
change
is performed
0 ÷ 18% Q 40 ÷ 100 % Q 10 % Q / min without limitation
40 ÷ 80 % Q 4 % Q / min without limitation
18 ÷ 40 % Q 1.5 % Q / min without limitation
80 ÷ 100 % Q
4 % Q / min L1
0.9 % Q / min without limitation
40 ÷ 60 % Q 40 ÷ 100 % Q
4 % Q / min L2
L1 ≤ 8000 load changes in service life
L2 ≤ 2000 load changes in service life

Repeated load changes :

Multiple load changes in the same direction must be separated by an adequate time
delay to ensure that the temperature field in the rotor stabilizes, otherwise these load
changes must be regarded as single load change.

Notice : The text above describes the capability of the turbine to accept main steam flow
(output) changes. The acceptance of main steam flow (output) changes means that
the thermal stress in the turbine due to main steam flow (output) changes will not
reduce the turbine design lifetime. If the conditions written above are fulfilled, the
allowable limits of the thermal stress will not be exceeded during normal operation.

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