Structured Questions-

1. Ai. What are nucleic acids?

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ii. Write the differences between the chromosomal DNA of bacterial cells and eukaryotic
cells.
Bacteria Eukaryotes
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iii. Write a chemical difference between the cell wall of bacteria and archaebacteria.
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iv. How does cell division of prokaryotes differ from that of eukaryotes?
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v. What is mitosis?
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vi. Define meiosis

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vii. Make a comparison between mitosis and meiosis under the following features.

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 mitosis meiosis

Number of nuclear divisions

Synapsis of homologous
chromosomes

Ploidy level of daughter cells

Genetic constitution of the

daughter cells

vii. Write the stage at which meiosis takes place in the following organisms.

a. Mucor -…………………………………………. b. Pogonatum…………………………………………………..

v. Write the substages of M phase and Interphase.

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M phase-
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Interphase- …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

vi. What is understood by G0 phase?

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vii. Name a cell in the human body that is in G0 phase………………………………………………………………….
viii. Write the number of DNA molecules you expect to find in a human embryonic cell during
the G1 , M and G2 phases.
G1- …………………………………………………………………
M - ………………………………………………………………….
G2 - ………………………………………………………………….

A B C

D E F

ix. Identify the stages of cell division of the cell above.

A- B- C- D

E- F-

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x. Label the unlabeled parts in the diagram

2. Write the main contributions of the following scientists toward the formation of cell theory.

i. M. Schleiden-………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

ii. T. Schwann-………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

iii. Rudolf Virchow-………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

iv. How does photosynthetic membranes of plants differ from those of prokaryotes?

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v. Name an intracellular structure of animal cell that helps in maintaining the shape of the cell.

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vi. Write 3 functions of the structure other than maintaining shape .

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vii. What is microevolution?

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ix. What is the difference between the origin of variations according to the ideas of Lamarck and
Darwin?

Lamarck
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Darwin………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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 Vi. What is the main difference between the natural classification and artificial classification?

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vii. What are the contributions made by the following scientists toward classification of organisms?

a. Ernest Haeckel-
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b. R.H. Whittaker-
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viii. Give the biological definition of a

species………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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ix. What is a taxon?

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x. What is considered as the most natural taxon? ………………………………………………………………………………….

xi. Name the kingdom in the present classification system to which each of the following organisms
belongs.

Organism Kingdom

Pogonatum- ……………………………………………..
Escherichia coli- …………………………………………….
Saccharomyces- ………………………………………………
Chitridium- ……………………………………………
Planaria- ……………………………………………..
Halobacteria ………………………………………………..

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 xii. What is the area of Biology that provides new information on the evolutionary relationships
of organisms? -------------------------------------------

xiii. Write two features of bryophytes that can be used to differentiate them from other groups of land
plants……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

xiv. Write the phyla informally named as bryophytes.

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xv. Which one of the above phyla has closer relationship to the vascular plants. ……………………………………..

xvi. State the time during the following events took place in the evolution of land plants.

a. Origin of land plants from ancestral alga-………………………………………….

b. Origin of vascular plants- ……………………………………..
c. Origin of extant seed plants-………………………………….

3. A.i. Explain briefly what is understood by the following terms related to life cycles of plant.

a) Sporophyte-
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b) spore-
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c) ovule-
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d) pollen grain-
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e) Sorus- …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

f) heterospory-
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3. Answer the questions based on the following diagram.

i. Identify the above diagram.

ii. Name the parts indicated by the arrows in order and Write the functions.

Part function

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 E

Essay- 1.a. What is understood by the term respiration?

b. What are the major steps of aerobic respiration?

c. Explain the major bio-chemical reactions that take place in each of the steps you
mentioned and how energy is produced in the form of ATP when one molecule of glucose is
subjected to aerobic respiration.

• Cellular respiration is the process by which chemical energy in organic molecules such as
carbohydrates is released by stepwise oxidative process, catalyzed by enzymes and made
available in living cells in the form of ATP.
• The process of synthesize ATP from the respiratory substrates such as glucose in the presence
of molecular oxygen (O2 ) and using molecular oxygen as oxidizing agent is known as aerobic
respiration.
• This process consists three main steps. They are;
• a) Glycolysis
• b) Pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
• c) oxidative phosphorylation (Electron transport chain
• Glucose is found to be the major respiratory substrate in living cells.

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• The aerobic respiration of glucose molecules can be represented by the following balanced
chemical equation. C6 H12O6 + 6O2 (g)→ 6CO2 (g) + 6H2 O + Energy (ATP+ heat)
• Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol of the cell, because all enzymes that catalyze reactions of
the glycolysis are found in the cytosol of the cell.
• This process does not depend on O2 .
• During the above process a six carbon (6C) glucose molecule is broken down step by step into
two three-carbon (3C) pyruvate molecules.
• Two ATP molecules are used up to initiate the process.
• Four hydrogen ions and electrons released from glucose breakdown reduce two NAD+ and
produce two NADH.
• At the end of glycolysis there will be four ATP molecules produced by substrate level
phosphorylation.
• Since two ATP molecules were used up for the initiative step, the net yield will be two ATP
molecules.
• Only when O2 is present, the pyruvate molecules will enter the mitochondria and further
steps will take place.
• Oxidation of Pyruvate/ Link reaction- These two pyruvate molecules enter mitochondrion by
active transport through the membrane.
• In the matrix of mitochondria, Pyruvate is converted to acetyl group by releasing two CO2
molecules. Then this acetyl group combines with co-enzyme A to produce Acetyl co-A.
• In this reaction two NAD+ is converted to two NADH molecules.
• Therefore this step can be represented as follows.
• 2C3 H4 O3 + 2CoA + 2NAD+→ 2 Acetyl Co-A + 2CO2 + 2 NADH
• Acetyl Co-A will feed its acetyl group for citric acid cycle.
• Citric acid cycle- This takes place in the matrix of mitochondria using specific enzymes.
• As the first product of this cyclic pathway is citric acid, it is known as citric acid cycle.
• In the citric acid cycle 4 C compound oxalo acetate combines with 2 C compound acetyl Co -A
to form 6 C compound, citric acid.
• Then citric acid undergoes a series of reactions to regenerate oxaloacetate by releasing two
CO2 molecules by decarboxylation reaction.
• One ATP molecule is produced by substrate level phosphorylation.
• One FADH2 and three NADH will be generated as a result of oxidation reactions.
• These are the products of a single acetyl group fed into citric acid cycle and hence these
numbers should double when the yield for a glucose molecule is considered for 2 cycles.
• Electron transport chain takes place across the inner membrane (cristae) of mitochondria.
• The folding of cristae increases surface area for oxidative phosphorylation and
• composed of series of protein and non-protein molecules involving in the movement of
electrons and protons across cristae.
• NADH and FADH2 products in the early stages of aerobic respiration are oxidized by
transferring electrons, through the electron transport chain and finally to molecular oxygen
(O2 ) forming water.
• Therefore, molecular oxygen(O2 )is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.
• In the electron transport chain, ATP is synthesized by oxidative phosphorylation.

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• In this electron transport chain, energy is released progressively from NADH and FADH2 and
that energy is used to synthesize ATP.
• When one molecule of NADH is oxidized in the electron transport chain, 2.5 molecules of ATP
in average are generated due to oxidative phosphorylation.
• When one molecule of FADH2 is oxidized 1.5 molecules of ATP in average are produced due
to oxidative phosphorylation.
• Total number of ATP that is produced in this step is 28.
• Total number of ATP molecules produced from one molecule of glucose, during aerobic
respiration can be calculated as follows
• In glycolysis; 2ATP From substrate level phosphorylation
• 2NADH →5ATP (oxidative phosphorylation)
• In pyruvate oxidation; From 2NADH→ 5ATP (oxidative phosphorylation)
• In Citric acid cycle; 2ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)
• From 6NADH →15ATP (oxidative phosphorylation)
• From 2 FADH2→ 3ATP ( oxidative phosphorylation)
• Total Number of ATP = 32 ATP
• This is true in the active cells such as liver cells and cardiac muscle cells but not in other cells
where two ATP produced in glycolysis is used to transport 2NADH from cytosol to
mitochondrial matrix. In those cells total number of ATP produced by one molecule of glucose
is (32-2) = 30 ATP.

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MCQ – paper 16
1)The cells specialized for their functions display their efficiency by having sub cellular
components in large amounts for the respective function. Which one of the following cells of
human is not a correct match ?
1. neutrophil - lysosomes
2.Chief cell of gastric mucosa – rough endoplasmic reticulum.
3.B lymphocytes – ribosomes
4.Mature red blood cell – mitochondria
5.Enterocyte of duodenum- smooth endoplasmic reticulum

2) Which one is false about the compartmentalization of cells?

1. Eukaryotic cells have extensive internal membranes that divide the cell into compartments.
2. It is useful to the cell in providing different local environment that support specific function.
3. Incompatible processes can take place simultaneously in a single cell.
4. Many enzymes involved in the metabolic function are built right into the membrane.
5. Although the different compartments have their unique set of proteins, lipid composition is
the same .

3) Which statement does not describe correctly about the bio-molecules?

1. Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material.
2. Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules.
3. Proteins are the most diverse in structure and function.
4. Starch is a storage polysaccharide occur as granules in the cytoplasm of plant cells.
5. Nucleic acids store, transmit and help express hereditary information.

4) What is incorrect about vacuoles?

1. The vacuoles are not a part of endomembrane system.
2. Perform a variety of functions in different kinds of cells.
3. Plant vacuoles can have a protective function against herbivores.
4. Water soluble pigments can be stored within plant vacuoles.
5. Certain vacuoles in fungi carry out enzymatic hydrolysis.

5) What is incorrect about smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

1. Involved in synthesis of membrane phospholipids and proteins.
2. Enzymes of SER help detoxify drugs.
3. Drugs may induce proliferation of SER in liver cells.
4. The membrane of smooth ER in muscle cells can pump calcium ions from the cytosol to the
ER lumen.
5. Important sites of metabolism of carbohydrates.

6) Which one is incorrect about the membrane carbohydrates?

1. Is important in sorting of cells into tissues.
2. Are usually short branched chains of fewer sugar units.
3. Some are covalently bonded to lipids forming glycolipids.

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4. Most of them are attached to proteins.
5. Although the chemical composition of them vary among individual of the same species, it is
identical among cells of the same individual.

7, 8 questions are based on the following diagram . D,E,F,G are the 4 daughter cells
produced when cell A undergoes meiosis as shown.

cell A

cell B cell C

cell D cell E cell F cell G

7) If no crossing over has occurred, which cells listed below, if any are genetically
identical?
1. cells B and C 2. Cells A and D 3. Cells D, E, F, G 4. Cells D & E, cells F & G 5. No
two cells.

8) If crossing over takes place between the non-sister chromatids of all pairs of
homologous chromosomes which daughter cells if any are genetically identical?
1. Cells B& C 2. Cells D & E 3. Cells F, G, D, E 4. Cells A, B 5. No two cells.

9) Which process is most unlikely to produce genetic variation within a population of

sexually reproducing organisms?
1. segregation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase 1.
2. independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis 1.
3. crossing over during prophase 1.
4. replication of chromosomes before meiosis 1.
5. movement of homologous pair of chromosomes to the same pole during anaphase

10) Which one is not a method of asexual reproduction?

1.Fissioning and regeneration of Planaria
2.Budding of yeast
3.Formation of conidia in Aspergillus.
4.Binary fission of Amoeba
5.Basidiospore formation in Agaricus.

11) A human cell contains 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is a

1. sperm 2. Zygote 3. Egg 4. Red blood cell 5. Cardiac muscle cell.

12) Which one of the following processes will be expected to occur in a cell to which
cyanide is applied?

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1.speeds up Krebs cycle
2.Electrons and H+ cannot flow from NADH to oxygen.
3.2.5 ATPs are produced for every pair of electrons donated by NADH.
4.Water production increased.
5.Glycolysis is inhibited.

13) Which one is the nonmatching pair?

1. chlorophyll d ---- Gelidium
2. alginic acid ---- Sargassum
3. chlorophyll c ---- Ulva
4. glycogen ---- Agaricus
5. silica ----- Diatom

14) Which structure does not contain chromosomes as pairs of homologous?

1. leaf parenchyma of Nephrolepis
2. Cells of Marchantia thallus
3. Microspore mother cells of Selaginella
4. Meristem of Cocos
5. Root cells of Cycas

15) Which one of the following cell type cannot be expected in a leaf of Hibiscus plant?
1. epidermal cell 2. Trachied 3. Parenchyma 4. Collenchyma 5. Cork cambium

16) A flower has 9 stamens, 3 fused carpels, 3 ovules. Its diploid chromosome number
is 48. Which one of the following can be correct regarding this plant?
1. 3 fruits can be produced from a single flower.
2. Each fruit will have 3 seeds.
3. Pollen carried directly to the micropyle of ovule.
4. All cells of pericarp will contain 2 x 48 chromosomes.
5. All cells of seed will have 48 chromosomes.

17) Which one of the following is not found in Basidiomycota?

1. A mycelium 2. Basidium 3. Fruiting body 4. Complete septa in mycelium 5. 2
separate haploid nuclei in each cell.

18) Annelids differ from nematode worms in that,

1. annelids have a digestive tract with 2 openings whereas nematodes do not.
2. annelids have circular muscles whereas nematodes have only longitudinal muscles.
3. annelids are exclusively free living whereas nematodes are exclusively parasitic.
4. annelids have a pseudocoelom whereas nematodes are acoelomates

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5. annelids have a mouth derived from the blastopore whereas nematodes have an
anus derived from the blastopore.

19)Which one of the following arthropod characteristics was probably the most
important adaptation for the land environment?
1.Hemocoel 2. Segmentation 3. Complete digestive tract 4. Exoskeleton 5. Compound eyes

20)A major evolutionary advance seen in members of Platyhelminthes but not in

Cnidaria is
1.Gastrovascular cavity 2.A body cavity 3.Bilateral symmetry 4.Mesogloea 5. Endoderm

21) Skeletal muscle tissue is

1. found in the small intestine
2) innervated by the autonomic nervous system
3. shows rhythmic movements
4. Have sarcomeres
5. not under voluntary control

22) neuroglia
1. type of cell in the cardiac muscle tissue.
2. capable of transmitting electrical impulse.
3. can differentiate into a neuron if stimulated.
4. less abundant than neurons in nervous tissue.
5. involve in forming the myelin sheath of neurons

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