TORSION OF CIRCULAR SHAFTS

Objectives:
• To explain the "torque" and "torsional
deformation" of a circular shaft
• To explain the "torsional formula" for
shear stress developing in a circular shaft
under torsional effect
 TORQUE (T)

• "Torque" is a moment (T) that tends to

twist a member about its longitudinal axis.

• The torque action is called the "torsion".

 TORSIONAL DEFORMATION OF A CIRCULAR SHAFT

A typical example of torsional failure:

Alternative Symbol for the Torque
 ANGLE OF TWIST ()
Fixed end,
 =0

Free end,
 = max
 THE TORSION FORMULA
• "Torsion formula" is the formula for the shear stress (τ)
developed in a shaft subjected to a torque (T).
• Expression for τ may be derived by considering an element
of area dA, located at ρ, as shown in the following figure:

dT = dF

Torsion Formula
 POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA (j) FOR
SOLID AND HOLLOW CIRCULAR SHAFTS

• For solid circular shaft

• For hollow circular shaft

 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM TORSIONAL STRESS
• If a shaft is subjected to a series of external torques, or the
radius changes, or both then the τmax within the shaft will
be different at different locations along the length

• For such cases, different segments, along the length of

shaft, should be considered

• For each segment, the internal torque (T) should be

determined by applying ΣM = 0 to the F.B.D.

• For each segment, τmax has to be calculated using the

torsional formula: τmax = Tc/J

• Absolute τmax = highest of τmax values of different segments

 PROBLEM # 1

The solid 30-mm diameter shaft is used to transmit the

torque applied to the gears, as shown above. Determine
the absolute maximum shear stress in the shaft
 PROBLEM # 1
Calculation of internal torques (T) for different segments:-

Mabout A = 0
 300 + TAC = 0  TAC = –300 N-m

Mabout A = 0
+ 300 – 500 +TCD = 0  TCD = 200 N-m

cAC=cCD= cDB= c=d/2=15 mm

Mabout A = 0
 + 300 – 500 – 200 + TDB = 0
 TDB = 400 N-m
 PROBLEM # 1---contd.

Maximum Shear Stress for each segment

c.TAC 15  300  103

( max ) AC    56.588 N / mm 2

J 79.5215  103
c.TCD 15  200  103
( max )CD    37.72 N / mm 2

J 79.5215  103
c.TBD 15  400  103
( max ) DB    75.45 N / mm 2

J 79.5215  103
( max ) absolute  Maximum of ( max ) AC , ( max )CD and ( max ) DB
 75.45 N/mm 2 Ans.
 PROBLEM # 2

The pipe, as shown above, has an outer diameter of 2.5 in and

inner diameter of 2.3 in. and subjected to the uniformly
distributed torque along its entire length. Determine the
absolute maximum shear stress in the pipe.
 PROBLEM # 2
Torque about C ,
lb  ft  12  9  4 
TC  125   ft 
ft  12 
 260.4166 lb - ft
 260.4166 x 12
 3125 lb-in.
(TC )cO
 max 
J

2.5 
co   1.25 in, 
2   4 
 J   c  c 4
  1.25 4
 1.15 4
  1.0876 in 4

2  2 
o i
2.30 
ci   1.15 in.
2 
3125  1.25
  max   3591.559 psi  3.591 ksi Ans.
1.0876
POWER TRANSMISSION THROUGH SHAFTS & GEARS

Objectives:
• To explain the "power transmission"
through shafts and gears
 POWER TRANSMISSION THROUGH
SHAFTS AND GEARS
• Shafts, tubes, and gears having circular cross-
sections are often used to transmit power developed
in machines

• Shafts, tubes, and gears, transmitting the power (P)

generated by the machine, are subjected to torques (T)

• Power (P) and resulting torque (T) in the shaft, are

related as: =

P=Tω=T×2πf=2πfT
where, ω = shafts angular velocity = dθ/dt;
f = frequency of shaft rotation (number of
revolutions or cycles the shaft makes per
second)
2
 POWER TRANSMISSION THROUGH
SHAFTS AND GEARS
Unit of Power (P)
• In SI system, P is expressed in “Watts” when T is
measured in (N-m) and ω in (radians/s)
1 Watt = 1 N-m/s
• In FPS system, P is expressed in “horsepower (hp)”
when T is measured in (lb-ft) and ω in (radians/s)
1 hp = 550 lb-ft/s = 746 Watts = 746 N-m/s
Unit of Frequency (f)
• f is expressed in “hertz (Hz)”
1 Hz = 1 revolution or cycle/s

3
DESIGN OF SHAFTS USED FOR
POWER TRANSMISSION

4
 PROBLEM # 1

The gear motor as shown above can develop 1/10

hp when it turns at 80 rev/min. If τallow = 4 ksi,
determine the smallest diameter of the shaft to the
nearest 1/8 inch that can be used.
 PROBLEM # 1
1 1
P hp   550  55 lb-ft/s
10 10
80
f  80 rev/ min   1.33 rev/s
60

Let the diameter of the shaft = d

 4   d  d4
4
d
C  , J c    
2 2 22 32
Tc 6.565  2
d
 max     allow  4000
J d4
32
1
 6.565  32  3
d   0.2029 in
 4000  2 
Next higher multiple of 1/8 in. is 1/4 , therefore d = 0.25 in. Ans….
 PROBLEM # 2

The pump as shown above operates using the motor

that has a power of 85 W. If the impeller at B is
turning at 150 rev/min, determine the maximum
shear stress developed in the 20 mm diameter
transmission shaft at A.
 PROBLEM # 2

P  85 Watts  85 N-m/s
150
f  150 rev./min.   2.5 rev./s
60
P 85
T    5.4112 N-m
2 f 2  2.5
d  20 mm,  c  10 mm
 
J c4  10   15.7079 103 mm4
4

2 2
T .c 5.4112 10
 max    3.444N/mm 2
 MPa  Ans....
J 15.7079 10 3
 PROBLEM # 3

A steel tube as shown above having an outer

diameter of d1 = 2.5 in. is used to transmit 35 hp
when turning at 2700 rev/min. Determine the inner
diameter d2 to the nearest 1/8 in. if the τallow = 10
ksi.
 PROBLEM # 3

d1 d
d1  2.5 in,  c1   1.025 in; c2  2  0.5d 2
2 2

J 1.25   0.5d 2    3.83495  0.098174d 24
4 4

2 
lb-ft
P  35 hp  35  550  19250
s
2700
f  2700 rev./ min .   45 rev./s
60
P 19250
 T   68.0829 lb-ft  816.9953 lb-in
2 f 2  45
Tc 816.9953 1.25
 max  1   allow   10  1000
J 3.83495  0.098174d 24
 d 2  2.4831 in.
Next lower multiple of 18 in is 2.375
 d 2  2.375in  2 83 in Ans....
 PROBLEM # 4

The motor A as shown above develops a power of

300 W and turns its connected pulley at 90 rev/min.
Determine the required diameters of the steel
shafts on the pulleys at A and B if the τallow = 85
MPa.
 PROBLEM # 4
N-m
P  300 W  300
s
90
f  90 rev./min   1.5 rev./s
60
P 300
T    31.8309N-m  31830.988 N-mm
2 f 2 1.5
Let dA and dB are the diameters of the steel shafts on the pulleys at A and B respectively.

TA  A
 A   allow 
JA
  d A4
TA  31830.988,  A  0.5d A and J A  (0.5d A ) 
4

2 32
31830.988  0.5d A
 85 
 d A4
32
 d A  12.401 mm Ans.....
 PROBLEM # 4----contd.

T cBB
 B   Allow 
JB
  dB   d B4
4

cBB  0.5d B and J B    

2 2  32
TA TB

60 150
 TB  2.5TA  2.5  31830.988  79577.47 N-mm
79577.47  0.5 d B
 85 
 d B4
32
 d B  16.831 mm Ans.

13
PROBLEM # 5
PROBLEM # 5----contd.
END OF LECTURE
 ANGLE OF TWIST

Objectives:
• To explain the formula for determining the
"angle of twist (ø)" of one end of a shaft
with respect to its other end
 ANGLE OF TWIST (Ø)

(ii) Constant Torque and Cross-Sectional Area:

T x dx
L

0
GJ x 
TL

JG
 ANGLE OF TWIST (Ø)
For determining the G value for a material, measure the
torque applied (T) and resulting angle of twist (Ø) though
testing the specimen of length (L) and polar moment of
inertia (J), using a torsion test machine, as shown below:

TL

JG

TL
G 
J
 ANGLE OF TWIST (Ø)
(iii) Several Different T or J or G (i.e. Composite Shafts):
• Consider the different segments of the shaft and
calculate T for each segment by applying
equilibrium conditions to the FBD of each
segment.

• Calculate angle of twist separately for each

segment.

• Finally add all Ø values algebraically to get total

angle of twist, as follows:

TL
 
JG
 ANGLE OF TWIST (Ø)
While determining the T, adopt the following sign
convention:
 ANGLE OF TWIST (Ø)
Example:

A D 
 80N-m  LAB  70N-m  LBC  10N-m  LCD
 
JG JG JG
 PROBLEM # 1

The shaft as shown above is made of 2014-T6 aluminum and

consists of a solid portion AB and a tube BD which is fixed to
the wall at D. determine A/C . Section AB has a diameter of 25
mm and BD has an inner diameter of 40 mm and an outer
diameter of 50 mm.
 PROBLEM # 1
For 2014 – T6 aluminum: G = 27  103 MPa (N/mm2)

25
c AB   12.5 mm
2
 
 J AB   12.5  38350 mm 4
4 4
c AB
2 2
50 40
coBD   25 mm, ciBD   20 mm
2 2
 
 J BD  co4BD  ci4BD    254  204   362235 mm 4  J BC
2 2
TAB & TBC (Proceeding from left end towards right)
M about A = 0
- 30 + TAB = 0
 TAB = 30 N-m

M about A = 0
 - 30 +40 + TBC = 0
 TBC =- 10 N-m
 PROBLEM # 2

The tubular drive shaft for the propeller of a hovercraft is 6 m

long. If the motor delivers 4 MW of power to the shaft at 25
rad/s, determine the required inner diameter of the shaft if the
outer diameter is 250 mm.
What is the  of the shaft when it is operating? Take τallow =
90 MPa and G = 75 GPa.
 PROBLEM # 2
Data given:
G  75 GPa  75 103 MPa;  allow  90 MPa
250
co   125 mm; ci  ?
2
N-m
L  6 m  6000 mm; P  4 Mw  4 106 w  4 106
s
w  25 rad / s  2 f
25
 f  rev./ s
2
4 106P
P  2 fT  T    1.60 105 N-m  1.60 108 N-mm
2 f 2  25
2
 
J co4  ci4   1254  ci4 
2 2
Tc 1.60 108 125
 max  o   allow   90  1254  ci4  141471060
J 
1254  ci4 
2
 ci  1.02669  106 
14
 ci4  1.02669 106  100.66 mm
 Required inner diameter of the shaft, di  2ci = 201.32 mm Ans.
 PROBLEM # 2---contd.

Angle of twist, 

J 1254  100.664   2.222 108 mm4
2
TL 1.60 108  6000
   0.0576 rad  3.3o
Ans....
JG 75 10  2.222 10
3 8
 PROBLEM # 3

The 20-mm diameter A-36 steel shaft is subjected to the

torques as shown above. Determine the angle of twist of the
end B.
 PROBLEM # 3
For A-36 Steel: G  75 GPa  75 103 MPa
d  20 mm  c  20 mm
 
J  c4  10   1.5708 104 mm 4
4

2 2
LBC  800 mm, LCD  600 mm, LDA  200 mm

TBC, TCD and TDA (Proceeding from Left end towards Right)
PROBLEM # 4
PROBLEM # 4
Calculation of internal torques (T) for different segments:-

Mabout A = 0
 300 + TAC = 0  TAC = –300 N-m

Mabout A = 0
+ 300 – 500 +TCD = 0  TCD = 200 N-m

Mabout A = 0
 + 300 – 500 – 200 + TDB = 0
 TDB = 400 N-m
 PROBLEM # 4---contd.

Angle of twist of end B with respect to end A

PROBLEM # 5
PROBLEM # 5
PROBLEM # 6
PROBLEM # 6
PROBLEM # 6
END OF LECTURE
PROBLEM # 7
PROBLEM # 7
PROBLEM # 7
 4 16 CHAPTER 8 COMBINED LOADINGS

8.2 State of Stress Caused by

Combined Loadings
In previous chapters we developed methods for determining the stress
distributions in a member subjected to either an internal axial force, a
shear force, a bending moment, or a torsional moment. Most often,
however, the cross section of a member is subjected to several of these
loadings simultaneously. When this occurs, the method of superposition
can be used to determine the resultant stress distribution. Recall from
Sec. 4.3 that the principle of superposition can be used for this purpose
provided a linear relationship exists between the stress and the loads.
Also, the geometry of the member should not undergo significant change
when the loads are applied. These conditions are necessary in order to
ensure that the stress produced by one load is not related to the stress
produced by any other load.

This chimney is subjected to the combined

loading of wind and weight. It is important to Procedure for Analysis
investigate the tensile stress in the chimney
since masonry is weak in tension.
The following procedure provides a general means for establishing
the normal and shear stress components at a point in a member
when the member is subjected to several different types of loadings
simultaneously. It is assumed that the material is homogeneous and
behaves in a linear elastic manner. Also, Saint-Venant’s principle
requires that the point where the stress is to be determined is far
removed from any discontinuities in the cross section or points of
applied load.

8 Internal Loading.
• Section the member perpendicular to its axis at the point where
the stress is to be determined and obtain the resultant internal
normal and shear force components and the bending and
torsional moment components.
• The force components should act through the centroid of the
cross section, and the moment components should be computed
about centroidal axes, which represent the principal axes of
inertia for the cross section.
Stress Components.
• Determine the stress component associated with each internal
loading. For each case, represent the effect either as a distribution
of stress acting over the entire cross-sectional area, or show the
stress on an element of the material located at a specified point
on the cross section.
 8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED LOADINGS 417

Normal Force.
• The internal normal force is developed by a uniform normal-stress
distribution determined from s = P>A .
Shear Force.
• The internal shear force in a member is developed by a shear-
stress distribution determined from the shear formula, t = V Q>It.
Special care, however, must be exercised when applying this
equation, as noted in Sec. 7.2.
Bending Moment.
• For straight members the internal bending moment is developed
by a normal-stress distribution that varies linearly from zero at the
neutral axis to a maximum at the outer boundary of the member.
F B
This stress distribution is determined from the flexure formula, A
s = -My >I. If the member is curved, the stress distribution is M
nonlinear and is determined from s = My >[A e(R - y)].
Torsional Moment.
• For circular shafts and tubes the internal torsional moment is F F
developed by a shear-stress distribution that varies linearly from
zero at the central axis of the shaft to a maximum at the shaft’s
outer boundary. This stress distribution is determined from the
torsional formula, t = Tr>J. When a pretension force F is developed in
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels. the blade of this coping saw, it will produce
both a compressive force F and bending
• If the vessel is a thin-walled cylinder, the internal pressure p will moment M in the region AB of the frame.
cause a biaxial state of stress in the material such that the hoop or The material must therefore resist the normal
circumferential stress component is s1 = pr>t and the longitudinal stress produced by both of these loadings.
stress component is s2 = pr>2t. If the vessel is a thin-walled
sphere, then the biaxial state of stress is represented by two
equivalent components, each having a magnitude of s2 = pr>2t. 8

Superposition.
• Once the normal and shear stress components for each loading
have been calculated, use the principle of superposition and
determine the resultant normal and shear stress components.
• Represent the results on an element of material located at the
point, or show the results as a distribution of stress acting over
the member’s cross-sectional area.

Problems in this section, which involve combined loadings, serve as a

basic review of the application of the stress equations mentioned above.
A thorough understanding of how these equations are applied, as
indicated in the previous chapters, is necessary if one is to successfully
solve the problems at the end of this section. The following examples
should be carefully studied before proceeding to solve the problems.
 4 18 CHAPTER 8 COMBINED LOADINGS

EXAMPLE 8.2
150 lb A force of 150 lb is applied to the edge of the member shown in
5 in. 5 in. Fig. 8–3a. Neglect the weight of the member and determine the
2 in. state of stress at points B and C.
2 in.
SOLUTION
Internal Loadings. The member is sectioned through B and C. For
equilibrium at the section there must be an axial force of 150 lb
acting through the centroid and a bending moment of 750 lb # in.
C
B
about the centroidal principal axis, Fig. 8–3b.
Stress Components.
Normal Force. The uniform normal-stress distribution due to the
normal force is shown in Fig. 8–3c. Here
P 150 lb
s = = = 3.75 psi
(a) A (10 in.)(4 in)
Fig. 8–3 Bending Moment. The normal-stress distribution due to the
bending moment is shown in Fig. 8–3d. The maximum stress is
150 lb Mc 750 lb # in. (5 in.)
smax = = 1 3
= 11.25 psi
I 12 (4 in.) (10 in.)

Superposition. If the above normal-stress distributions are added

algebraically, the resultant stress distribution is shown in Fig. 8–3e.
C
B
Elements of material at B and C are subjected only to normal or
750 lb!in. uniaxial stress as shown in Fig. 8–3f and 8–3g. Hence,
150 lb
(b) P Mc
sB = - + = -3.75 psi + 11.25 psi = 7.5 psi (tension) Ans.
A I
P Mc
sC = - - = -3.75 psi - 11.25 psi = -15 psi (compression)
8 A I Ans.
Although it is not needed here, the location of the line of zero stress
can be determined by proportional triangles; i.e.,
7.5 psi 15 psi
= ; x 5 3.33 in.
x 10 in. - x

! "
C C C
B B B
3.75 psi 7.5 psi 15 psi
3.75 psi
11.25 psi 11.25 psi x B
(10 in. ! x) C
Normal Force Bending Moment Combined Loading 7.5 psi 15 psi
(c) (d) (e) (f) (g)
 8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED LOADINGS 419

EXAMPLE 8.3
The tank in Fig. 8–4a has an inner radius of 24 in. and a thickness of
t ! 0.5 in.
0.5 in. It is filled to the top with water having a specific weight
of gw = 62.4 lb>ft3. If it is made of steel having a specific weight of r ! 24 in.
gst = 490 lb>ft 3, determine the state of stress at point A. The tank is
open at the top. 3 ft

SOLUTION A
Internal Loadings. The free-body diagram of the section of both the
tank and the water above point A is shown in Fig. 8–4b. Notice that
the weight of the water is supported by the water surface just below the
section, not by the walls of the tank. In the vertical direction, the walls
simply hold up the weight of the tank. This weight is

2 2
24.5 24 (a)
W st = gstV st = (490 lb>ft3) c pa ft b - pa ft b d (3 ft)
12 12
= 777.7 lb
Ww " Wst
The stress in the circumferential direction is developed by the water
pressure at level A. To obtain this (gauge) pressure we must use
p = gwz , which gives the pressure at a point located a depth z in the
water. Consequently, the pressure on the tank at level A is 3 ft

p = gwz = (62.4 lb>ft3 ) (3 ft ) = 187.2 lb>ft2 = 1.30 psi

A

Stress Components.
s2 p
Circumferential Stress. Since r>t = 24 in.>0.5 in. = 48 7 10, the (b)
tank is a thin-walled vessel. Applying Eq. 8–1, using the inner radius
8
r = 24 in., we have
10.2 psi
pr 1.30 lb>in2 (24 in.)
s1 = = = 62.4 psi Ans.
t 0.5 in.
62.4 psi
A
Longitudinal Stress. Since the weight of the tank is supported
uniformly by the walls, we have
(c)
W st 777.7 lb Fig. 8–4
s2 = = = 10.2 psi Ans.
A st p[(24.5 in.)2 - (24 in.)2]

NOTE: Eq. 8–2, s2 = pr>2t, does not apply here, since the tank is
open at the top and therefore, as stated previously, the water cannot
develop a loading on the walls in the longitudinal direction.
Point A is therefore subjected to the biaxial stress shown in Fig. 8–4c.
 4 20 CHAPTER 8 COMBINED LOADINGS

EXAMPLE 8.4
The member shown in Fig. 8–5a has a rectangular cross section.
Determine the state of stress that the loading produces at point C.

C 1.5 m
C
250 mm 2.5 m
A
125 mm
1.5 m
50 mm
50 kN/m
B
4m 2m
(a)

4m
125 kN
16.45 kN 5 4
3

21.93 kN
1.25 m

1.25 m
5 4
3
97.59 kN
(b)

1.5 m
V
8 C
16.45 kN N
M

21.93 kN
(c)

Fig. 8–5

SOLUTION
Internal Loadings. The support reactions on the member have
been determined and are shown in Fig. 8–5b. If the left segment AC of
the member is considered, Fig. 8–5c, the resultant internal loadings
at the section consist of a normal force, a shear force, and a bending
moment. Solving,
N = 16.45 kN V = 21.93 kN M = 32.89 kN # m
 8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED LOADINGS 421

sC ! 1.32 MPa tC ! 0 sC ! 63.16 MPa

C C C

! !

Normal Force Shear Force Bending Moment

(d) (e) (f)
Fig. 8–5 (cont.)

Stress Components.
Normal Force. The uniform normal-stress distribution acting over
the cross section is produced by the normal force, Fig. 8–5d. At point C,

P 16.45(103) N
sC = = = 1.32 MPa
A (0.050 m) (0.250 m)

Shear Force. Here the area A! = 0, since point C is located at

the top of the member. Thus Q = y!A! = 0 and for C, Fig. 8–5e, the
shear stress

tC = 0 8

Bending Moment. Point C is located at y = c = 0.125 m from the

neutral axis, so the normal stress at C, Fig. 8–5f, is

Mc (32.89(103) N # m)(0.125 m)
sC = = = 63.16 MPa
I 3 121 (0.050 m) (0.250 m3) 4

Superposition. The shear stress is zero. Adding the normal stresses

determined above gives a compressive stress at C having a value of
64.5 MPa

s C = 1.32 MPa + 63.16 MPa = 64.5 MPa Ans. (g)

This result, acting on an element at C, is shown in Fig. 8–5g.

 4 22 CHAPTER 8 COMBINED LOADINGS

EXAMPLE 8.5
The solid rod shown in Fig. 8–6a has a radius of 0.75 in. If it is subjected
z to the force of 500 lb, determine the state of stress at point A.
SOLUTION
Internal Loadings. The rod is sectioned
through point A. Using the free-body
C diagram of segment AB, Fig. 8–6b, the
8 in.
resultant internal loadings are determined
from the equations of equilibrium. Verify
A 10 in. these results. In order to better “visualize”
x the stress distributions due to these loadings,
we can consider the equal but opposite
resultants acting on segment AC, Fig. 8–6c.
14 in. y Stress Components.
B Normal Force. The normal-stress distri-
500 lb bution is shown in Fig. 8–6d. For point A,
we have
z (a)
P 500 lb
(sA )y = = = 283 psi = 0.283 ksi
500 lb A p(0.75 in.)2
Bending Moment. For the moment, c = 0.75 in., so the
10 in. normal stress at point A, Fig. 8–6e, is
x

500 lb (14 in.) ! 7000 lb"in. Mc 7000 lb # in.(0.75 in.)

(sA )y = =
I 3 14p(0.75 in.)4 4
y
14 in.
= 21,126 psi = 21.13 ksi
8 500 lb
Superposition. When the above results are superimposed,
(b) it is seen that an element of material at A is subjected to the
normal stress
7000 lb"in.
(sA )y = 0.283 ksi + 21.13 ksi = 21.4 ksi Ans.

" A ! A
500 lb

0.283 ksi 21.13 ksi

Normal force Bending moment

(500 lb) (7000 lb"in.)

(c) (d) (e)

Fig. 8–6
 8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED LOADINGS 423

EXAMPLE 8.6
The solid rod shown in Fig. 8–7a has a radius of 0.75 in. If it is subjected z
to the force of 800 lb, determine the state of stress at point A.
SOLUTION
Internal Loadings. The rod is sectioned through point A.
Using the free-body diagram of segment AB, Fig. 8–7b,
C
the resultant internal loadings are determined from 8 in.
the six equations of equilibrium. Verify these
results. The equal but opposite resultants are
A 10 in.
shown acting on segment AC, Fig. 8–7c. x
Stress Components. 800 lb
Shear Force. The shear-stress distribution is
shown in Fig. 8–7d. For point A, Q is determined 14 in. y
from the shaded semi-circular area. Using the table
on the inside front cover, we have B

4(0.75 in.) 1
Q = y!A! = c p(0.75 in.)2 d = 0.2813 in3
3p 2 (a)
so that
z
VQ 800 lb(0.2813 in3)
(tyz)A = =
It 3 14p(0.75 in.)4 4 2(0.75 in.) 800 lb (14 in.) ! 11 200 lb"in. 800 lb
= 604 psi = 0.604 ksi
Bending Moment. Since point A lies on the 800 lb (10 in.) ! 8000 lb"in. 10 in.
neutral axis, Fig. 8–7e, the normal stress is
x
sA = 0
Torque. At point A, rA = c = 0.75 in., Fig. 8–7f. Thus the shear 800 lb y
stress is 14 in.
11 200 lb # in.(0.75 in.)
8
Tc
(tyz)A = = = 16 901 psi = 16.90 ksi
J 3 21 p(0.75 in.)4 4
Superposition. Here the element of material at A is subjected only (b)
to a shear stress component, where
Fig. 8–7
(tyz)A = 0.604 ksi + 16.90 ksi = 17.5 ksi Ans.
8000 lb"in.
A¿

! A " A " A

800 lb 11 200 lb"in.

0.604 ksi 16.90 ksi

Shear force Bending moment Torsional moment

(800 lb) (8000 lb"in.) (11 200 lb"in.)

(c) (d) (e) (f)

 4 24 CHAPTER 8 COMBINED LOADINGS

EXAMPLE 8.7
z A rectangular block has a negligible weight and is subjected to a
vertical force P, Fig. 8–8a. (a) Determine the range of values for the
P
eccentricity ey of the load along the y axis so that it does not cause any
y
h tensile stress in the block. (b) Specify the region on the cross section
y where P may be applied without causing a tensile stress in the block.
ey
SOLUTION
b Part (a). When P is moved to the centroid of the cross section,
x
Fig. 8–8b, it is necessary to add a couple moment M x = Pey in order to
maintain a statically equivalent loading. The combined normal stress
at any coordinate location y on the cross section caused by these two
loadings is
(a) (Pey)y A ey y
P P
s = - - = - ¢1 + ≤
A Ix A Ix
!

P
C y P Here the negative sign indicates compressive
stress. For positive ey , Fig. 8–7a, the smallest
y
Mx ! Pe y D
E G compressive stress will occur along edge AB,
A
where y = -h>2, Fig. 8–8b. (By inspection, P
H h
A b F causes compression there, but Mx causes
h x 6
y!" 6 h tension.) Hence,
B 2 x
b 6
P A ey h
6 smin = - ¢ 1 - ≤
A 2Ix
This stress will remain negative, i.e.,
compressive, provided the term in parentheses
(b) (c)
is positive; i.e.,
Fig. 8–8 A ey h
8 1 7
2Ix
1
Since A = bh and I x = 12 bh3, then
6ey 1
1 7 or ey 6 h Ans.
h 6
In other words, if - 61 h … ey … 61 h, the stress in the block along
edge AB or CD will be zero or remain compressive.
NOTE: This is sometimes referred to as the “middle-third rule.” It is
very important to keep this rule in mind when loading columns or
arches having a rectangular cross section and made of material such
as stone or concrete, which can support little or no tensile stress. We
can extend this analysis in the same way by placing P along the x axis
in Fig. 8–8. The result will produce a shaded parallelogram shown in
Fig. 8–8c. This region is referred to as the core or kern of the section.
Here is an example of where combined When P is applied within the kern, the normal stress at the corners of
axial and bending stress can occur. the cross section will be compressive.
 8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED LOADINGS 425

PRELIMINARY PROBLEMS

P8–1. In each case, determine the internal loadings that act 200 N
on the indicated section. Show the results on the left segment.
300 N
500 N

2m

1m 1m

(d)
500 N
0.2 m
P8–1

0.2 m
200 N
P8–2. The internal loadings act on the section. Show the
(a) stress that each of these loads produce on differential
elements located at point A and point B.

200 N
B
V T
2m M
100 N
300 N A
P 8
(b)

(a)

M
0.4 m
A B
V
200 N
T
0.4 m

0.2 m

300 N (b)

(c) P8–2
 4 26 CHAPTER 8 COMBINED LOADINGS

FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS

F8–1. Determine the normal stress developed at corners F8–3. Determine the state of stress at point A on the cross
A and B of the column. section of the beam at section a–a. Show the results in a
differential element at the point.

z
500 kN
30 kN
300 kN
100 mm
100 mm a
A
50 mm 100 mm
150 mm 150 mm a
B
150 mm 150 mm y 2m
x 0.5 m 0.5 m

100 mm
10 mm
50 mm
A
180 mm
10 mm
10 mm

F8–1 Section a–a

F8–3

F8–2. Determine the state of stress at point A on the cross

section at section a–a of the cantilever beam. Show the results F8–4. Determine the magnitude of the load P that will
in a differential element at the point. cause a maximum normal stress of smax = 30 ksi in the link
along section a–a.
8
400 kN

a 2 in.
0.5 m P
a a 0.5 in.
2 in.
300 mm
A P
100 mm

100 mm
Section a–a

F8–2 F8–4
 8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED LOADINGS 427

F8–5. The beam has a rectangular cross section and is F8–7. Determine the state of stress at point A on the cross
subjected to the loading shown. Determine the state of section of the pipe at section a–a. Show the results in a
stress at point B. Show the results in a differential element differential element at the point.
at the point.

y
a
z 300 mm

x
A
400 lb
300 mm
B
x a
1 in.
2 in.
50 mm 6 kN
500 lb
2 in. y
10 in. A
40 mm
1.5 in.
1.5 in.
Section a – a
F8–5
F8–7

F8–6. Determine the state of stress at point A on the cross

section of the pipe assembly at section a–a. Show the results F8–8. Determine the state of stress at point A on the cross
in a differential element at the point. section of the shaft at section a–a. Show the results in a
differential element at the point.

8
z
z
300 mm

100 mm
400 mm
100 mm a
600 mm
200 mm a A
A 1500 N a 400 mm
a 300 N
x y x
900 N
20 mm 1000 N
300 N 25 mm
900 N A

y
20 mm 100 mm
A
Section a – a Section a – a

F8–6 F8–8
 4 28 CHAPTER 8 COMBINED LOADINGS

PROBLEMS

8–18. The vertical force P acts on the bottom of the plate
having a negligible weight. Determine the shortest distance d
to the edge of the plate at which it can be applied so that it
produces no compressive stresses on the plate at section a–a.
The plate has a thickness of 10 mm and P acts along the
center line of this thickness.
8–21. If the load has a weight of 600 lb, determine the
maximum normal stress developed on the cross section of
the supporting member at section a–a. Also, plot the normal
stress distribution over the cross-section.

1.5 ft
a a 1 in.

300 mm

a a Section a – a

200 mm 500 mm

P
Prob. 8–21
Prob. 8–18 8–22. The clamp is made from members AB and AC,
which are pin connected at A. If it exerts a compressive
8–19. Determine the maximum and minimum normal force at C and B of 180 N, determine the maximum
stress in the bracket at section a–a when the load is applied compressive stress in the clamp at section a–a. The screw EF
at x = 0. is subjected only to a tensile force along its axis.

*8–20. Determine the maximum and minimum normal 8–23. The clamp is made from members AB and AC,
stress in the bracket at section a–a when the load is applied which are pin connected at A. If it exerts a compressive
8
at x = 300 mm. force at C and B of 180 N, sketch the stress distribution
acting over section a–a. The screw EF is subjected only to
a tensile force along its axis.
100 kN
15 mm 30 mm 40 mm
x
15 mm
F
200 mm
150 mm
C 180 N
15 mm
a a a a
15 mm B 180 N
Section a – a
A
E

Probs. 8–19/20 Probs. 8–22/23

 TRANSFORMATION OF PLANE-STRESS COMPONENTS
PRINCIPAL NORMAL STRESSES & MAX. SHEAR STRESS

Objectives:
• To define the state of plane-stress
• To explain how to transform the plane-stress
components from one orientation of an element to an
element having a different orientation, by applying
the equations of force equilibrium
• To explain the general equations of plane-stress
transformation
• To explain the equations used for determination of
principal normal stresses (σ1 and σ2) and maximum
in-plane shear stress (τmax, in plane)