MECHATRONI

CSPREVI
OUSQUESTI
ONSANDANSWERS cont
rol
syst
emsandmi
cropr
ocessorsy
stems

3.Nameanyt
womechat
roni
csdev
ices[
Oct2018]

MODULEI  Comput
ernumer
ical
cont
rol
(CNC)machi
nes

2mar
kquest
ions  I
ndust
ri
alr
obot
s

1.Def
ineaut
omat
ion.[
Apr
il2018,
Oct2018,
Apr
il2019,
Oct 6mar
k,7mar
kand8mar
kQuest
ions
2019]
1.Di
scussf
utur
echal
l
engesi
naut
omat
ion[
Apr
il2018]
 I
tist
heuseofcont
rol
syst
ems.
 I
ntel
l
igentt
echni
cal
syst
ems
 I
tis used t
o cont
roli
ndust
ri
almachi
ner
y and
 Saf
etymoni
tor
ing
pr
ocesses.
 Mai
ntenance and r
epai
r di
agnost
ics (
stat
us
 I
treducest
heneedf
orhumansensor
yandment
al
moni
tor
ingf
ail
ureet
c)
r
equi
rement
s.
 Er
rordet
ect
ionandr
ecov
ery
.
 Pr
ocessesandsy
stemscanal
sobeaut
omat
ed
2.Di
scusst
headv
ant
agesofaut
omat
ion[
Apr
il2018,Oct
2.Def
ineMechat
roni
cs[
Apr
il2018]
2018,
Oct2019]
 Thet
erm mechat
roni
csi
susedf
ort
hei
ntegr
ati
on
 I
treduceshumansensor
yandment
alr
equi
rement
s
of mi
cropr
ocessor cont
rol sy
stems,el
ect
ri
cal
 I
tal
sor
educeshumani
nvol
vement
sy
stemsandmechani
cal
syst
ems.
 Hi
gherpr
oduct
ionr
ate
 A mechat
roni
csy
stem i
snotj
ustar
elat
ionshi
p  I
ncr
easespr
oduct
ivi
ty
bet
weenel
ect
ri
calandmechani
calsy
stemsand
 Mor
eef
fi
cientuseofmat
eri
als
mor
ethancont
rol
syst
ems
 Bet
terpr
oductqual
i
ty
 Mechat
roni
cs br
ings ar
eas i
nvol
vi
ng sensor
s,  I
mpr
ovedsaf
ety
3.Expl
aindi
ff
erentt
ypesofaut
omat
ion[
Apr
il2018,Oct equi
pmenti
sdesi
gnedwi
tht
hecapabi
l
ityt
ochanget
he
2018,
Oct2019] sequence of oper
ati
ons t
o accommodat
e di
ff
erent
Ther
ear
emai
nlyf
ourt
ypesofaut
omat
ion. pr
oduct conf
igur
ati
ons. The oper
ati
on sequence i
s
1.Fi
xedaut
omat
ion cont
rol
l
edbyapr
ogr
am.Newpr
ogr
amscanbepr
epar
ed
2.Pr
ogr
ammabl
eaut
omat
ion andent
eredi
ntot
heequi
pmentt
opr
oducenewpr
oduct
s.
3.Fl
exi
bleaut
omat
ion Adv
ant
ages:
4.I
ntegr
atedaut
omat
ion
 Fl
exi
blet
odeal
wit
hdesi
gnv
ari
ati
ons.

FI
XEDAUTOMATI
ON  Sui
tabl
eforbat
chpr
oduct
ion

I
tisf
orhi
ghv
olumemasspr
oduct
ion.I
tisusedt
o Di
sadv
ant
ages:
achi
evel
ow costand hi
ghpr
oduct
ivi
ty.I
tisr
elat
ivel
y
 Hi
gh i
nvest
ment i
n gener
al pur
pose
di
ff
icul
ttoaccommodat
echangesi
nthepr
oductdesi
gn.
equi
pment
Thi
siscal
l
edhar
daut
omat
ion.
Adv
ant
ages:  Lower pr
oduct
ion r
ate t
han f
ixed
aut
omat
ion.
 Lowuni
tcost
FLEXI
BLEAUTOMATI
ON(
Sof
taut
omat
ion)
: 
 .Aut
omat
edmat
eri
alhandl
i
ng
Fl
exi
ble aut
omat
ion i
s an ext
ensi
on of
 .Hi
ghpr
oduct
ionr
ate.
pr
ogr
ammabl
eaut
omat
ion.Af
lexi
bleaut
omat
ionsy
stem
Di
sadv
ant
ages: i
scapabl
eofpr
oduci
ngav
ari
etyofpar
tswi
thnot
ime

 Hi
ghi
nit
ial
Inv
est
ment l
ostf
orchangeov
ersf
rom onepar
tst
ylet
othenext
.
Ther
eisnol
ostpr
oduct
iont
imewhi
l
erepr
ogr
ammi
ngt
he
 Rel
ati
vel
y i
nfl
exi
ble i
n accommodat
ing
sy
stem andal
ter
ingt
hephy
sical
setup.
pr
oductchanges
Adv
ant
ages:
PROGRAMMABLEAUTOMATI
ON
 Cont
inuouspr
oduct
ionofv
ari
abl
emi
xtur
esof
I
n pr
ogr
ammabl
e aut
omat
ion, t
he pr
oduct
ion
 pr
oduct
.  Easymai
ntenance compar
ati
vel
y

 Fl
exi
blet
odeal
wit
hpr
oductdesi
gnv
ari
ati
on.  Less cost
lyt
han a  Per
for
ms accur
atel
y

Di
sadv
ant
ages: cl
osedl
oopsy
stem ev
eni
nthepr
esence
ofnonl
i
near
it
ies
 Medi
um pr
oduct
ionr
ate  Nost
abi
l
itypr
obl
em
 Change i
n sy
stem
 Hi
ghi
nvest
ment
.
component i
s
 Hi
gh‘
uni
tcostr
elat
ivet
ofi
xedaut
omat
ion. aut
omat
ical
l
y t
ake
pl
ace
I
NTEGRATEDAUTOMATI
ON

I
tinv
olv
est
hel
ogi
calor
gani
zat
ionofdesi
gn,mar
ket
ing,  Theuseoff
eedback

and di
str
ibut
ion f
unct
ions i
nto a comput
eri
nter
graded sy
stem r
esponse i
s

sy
stem.Thi
sfaci
l
itat
es t
he i
ntegr
ati
on ofal
lphases of r
elat
ivel
yinsensi
ti
ve

manuf
act
uri
ng f
rom pr
oduct concept
ion and pl
anni
ng t
o ext
ernal

t
hroughsl
i
ppi
ng.I
tinv
olv
est
hehi
gherl
evelofi
ntegr
ati
on di
stur
bances and

amongt
hev
ari
ousmanuf
act
uri
ngf
unct
ionsoft
hef
ir
m. i
nter
nalv
ari
ati
onsi
n
sy
stem par
amet
ers
4.Adv
ant
agesandl
i
mit
ati
onsofopenl
oopandcl
osedl
oop
cont
rol
syst
ems[
Apr
il
2018]

Di
sadv
ant
ages Di
sadv
ant
ages

Openl
oopcont
rol
syst
ems Cl
osed l
oop cont
rol  Si
ncet
hesy
stem i
s  Gener
all
y

sy
stems af
fect
ed byi
nter
nal compl
i
cat
ed i
n
and ext
ernal const
ruct
ion
Adv
ant
ages Adv
ant
ages
di
stur
bances, t
he
 Gener
all
y hi
gher i
n
 Si
mpl
econst
ruct
ion  Mor
e accur
ate out
put may di
ff
er
costandpower
f
rom t
he desi
red
 v
alue  Maybecomeunst
abl
e  Powert
odr
ivepr
ocessi
tsel
f
att
ime
 Thi
s sy
stem needs  Tol
oadandunl
oadt
hewor
kuni
t
f
requent and car
eful
 Tr
anspor
tbet
weenoper
ati
ons
cal
i
brat
ions t
o get
accur
ater
esul
ts  Cont
rol
l
eruni
t

 Toact
uat
econt
rol
signal
s

5.Expl
ainbasi
cel
ement
sofanaut
omat
edsy
stems[
Apr
il  El
ect
ri
ci
tyi
sthemai
npowersour
ce
2018]
PROGRAM OFI
NSTRUCTI
ONS

 Setofcommandst
hatspeci
fyt
hesequenceofst
epsi
n
wor
kcy
cleanddet
ail
sofeachst
ep.
(eg.CNCpr
ogr
am )

 Theact
ionsper
for
med byan aut
omat
ed pr
ocessar
e
def
inedbyapr
ogr
am ofi
nst
ruct
ions

Anaut
omat
edsy
stem consi
stsoft
hreebasi
cel
ement
s:  Thepr
ogr
am ofi
nst
ruct
ionsi
srepeat
edeachwor
kcy
cle
wi
thoutdev
iat
ion.
(
1) 
Power
 t
o accompl
i
sh t
he pr
ocess and oper
atet
he
sy
stem.
  CONTROLSYSTEM

(
2) 
 Pr
ogr
am ofi
nst
ruct
ions 
todi
rectt
hepr
ocess,  Cont
rolel
ementoft
heaut
omat
edsy
stem execut
est
he
pr
ogr
am i
nst
ruct
ions.
(
3)A 
cont
rol
sy em 
st toact
uat
ethei
nst
ruct
ions

POWER  Thecont
rolsy
stem causest
hepr
ocesst
oaccompl
i
shi
ts
def
ined f
unct
ion,t
o car
ry out some manuf
act
uri
ng
 Toaccompl
i
shaut
omat
edpr
ocess oper
ati
ons
 Cont
rolsy
stemsar
eoft
wot
ypes,openl
oopandcl
osed Openl
oopcont
rol
syst
em Cl
osel
oopcont
rol
syst
em
l
oopcont
rol
syst
ems
I
ts oper
ati
on i
s degr
aded i
f I
tsoper
ati
oni
snoti
ndepe
nonl
i
near
it
yispr
esent
. condi
ti
ons.
6.Compar
etr
adi
ti
onal
andmechat
roni
csdesi
gn[
Apr
il2018,
Oct2018,
Apr
il2019,
Oct2019] Cont
rolsy
stem i
nwhi
cht
h
Acont
rolsy
stem i
nwhi
cht
he hasanef
fectont
hei
nput
Tr
adi
ti
onal
syst
em Mechat
roni
csy
stem cont
rol act
ion i
s t
otal
l
y i
n such a mannert
hatt

Bul
kysy
stem Compact i
ndependentofout
putoft
he quant
it
ywi
l
ladj
usti
tsel
fb
sy
stem t
heni
tiscal
l
ed 
open t
he out
put gener
at
Compl
exmechani
sms Si
mpl
i
fiedmechani
sms l
oopcont
rol
syst
em. cal
l
ed 
closedl
oopcont
rol
s

Non adj
ust
abl
e Pr
ogr
ammabl
e
Theopenl
oopcont
rolsy
stem Thecl
osel
oopcont
rols
mov
ementcy
cle mov
ement
s
i
smor
esensi
ti
vet
onoi
se. l
esssensi
ti
vet
onoi
se.

Const
antspeeddr
ives Var
iabl
espeeddr
ives

Mechani
cal El
ect
roni
c
I
tissi
mpl
eandeconomi
cal
. I
tiscompl
exandcost
li
er.
sy
nchr
oni
zat
ion sy
nchr
oni
zat
ion
Open l
oop does notr
equi
re Cl
osel
oopr
equi
resf
eedb
Ri
gidheav
yst
ruct
ures Li
ght
erst
ruct
ures
f
eedbackpat
hel
ement
. el
ement
.
Manual
cont
rol Aut
omat
ic and
I
tismor
est
abl
e. I
tisl
essst
abl
e.
pr
ogr
ammabl
econt
rol
I
tiseasi
ert
oconst
ruct
. I
tiscompl
i
cat
edt
oconst
ru

I
thaspooraccur
acy
. I
thasbet
teraccur
acy
.
7.Di
ff
erent
iat
ebet
weenopenl
oopandcl
osedl
oopcont
rol
sy
stems[
Oct2018,
Apr
il2019,
Oct2019] Openl
oophassl
owr
esponse. Cl
osel
oophasf
astr
espon
 8.Expl
ainadv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesofmechat
roni
cs  Unpr
edi
ctabl
e dev
elopmentcost
.The r
esear
ch
[
Oct2018,
Apr
il2019,
Oct2019] anddev
elopmentcostofaut
omat
ingpr
ocessi
s
di
ff
icul
ttopr
edi
ctaccur
atel
y
Adv
ant
ages
 I
nit
ialcost
sar
erel
ati
vel
yhi
gh.Theaut
omat
ionof
pl
antr
equi
resagr
eati
nvest
ment

10.
Expl
ainbasi
cel
ement
sofmechat
roni
cssy
stemswi
tha
neatsket
ch.
[Apr
il2019,
Oct2019]

BLOCKDI
AGRAM OFMECHATRONI
CS

Di
sadv
ant
ages

 Theact
uat
orspr
oducemot
ionorcausesome
act
ion.
9.Di
scussdi
sadv
ant
agesofaut
omat
ion[
Apr
il2019]
 Thesensor
sdet
ectt
hest
ateoft
hesy
stem
 Technol
ogyl
i
mit
.Cur
rentt
echnol
ogyi
sunabl
eto par
amet
ers,
input
sandout
put
s
aut
omat
e
  Di
git
aldev
icescont
rol
thesy
stem pr
epar
edwhi
char
ewor
kedouti
nsuf
fi
cientdet
ail
t
oindi
cat
ether
equi
redf
unct
ions
 Condi
ti
oni
ngandi
nter
faci
ngci
rcui
tsandt
he
i
nput
/out
putdev
ices 5.Sel
ect
ion of sui
tabl
e sol
uti
on: t
he v
ari
ous
sol
uti
onsar
eev
aluat
edandt
hemostsui
tabl
eone
 Gr
aphi
caldi
spl
aypr
ovi
desv
isualf
eedbackt
o
sel
ect
ed.
user
s
6.Pr
oduct
ionofdet
ail
eddesi
gn:t
hedet
ailsol
uti
on
11.
Expl
aint
heel
ement
sofmechat
roni
csdesi
gnpr
ocedur
e
oft
hesel
ect
edsol
uti
onhast
obewor
kedout
.Thi
s
[Oct2019]
mi
ghtr
equi
ret
hepr
oduct
ionofpr
otot
ype.

Thedesi
gnpr
ocessf
oranysy
stem canbeconsi
der
edas
7.Pr
oduct
ion ofwor
king dr
awi
ngs:t
he sel
ect
ed
i
nvol
vi
nganumberofst
ages
desi
gni
sthent
ransl
atedi
ntowor
kingdr
awi
ngs,

1 Theneed:t
hedesi
gnpr
ocessbegi
nswi
thneed ci
rcui
tdi
agr
amset
c

f
rom cust
omer

2.Anal
ysi
s of t
he pr
obl
em: t
he f
ir
st st
age i
n
MODULEI
I
dev
elopi
ngadesi
gni
stof
indoutt
het
ruenat
ure
oft
hepr
obl
em Twomar
kquest
ions

3.Pr
epar
ati
onofspeci
fi
cat
ion:i
ntheanal
ysi
sthe 1.Def
inesensor
s[apr
il2018]

speci
fi
cat
ionoft
her
equi
rement
scanbepr
epar
ed. Thet
erm sensori
susedf
oranel
ementwhi
ch
Thi
swi
l
lst
atet
hepr
obl
em,
anyconst
rai
ntspl
aced pr
oducesasi
gnal
rel
ati
ngt
othequant
it
ybei
ngmeasur
ed.
ont
hesol
uti
onandcr
it
eri
awhi
chmaybeusedt
o
j
udge t
he qual
i
tyoft
he desi
gn.I
n st
ati
ng t
he
pr
obl
em al
lthef
unct
ionr
equi
redf
ort
hedesi
gn 2.Gi
vet
henamesofanyt
wot
emper
atur
esensor
s[oct2018]
shoul
dbespeci
fi
ed.
Ther
mocoupl
e,t
her
mist
or
4.Gener
ati
onofspeci
fi
cat
ions:out
li
nesol
uti
onsar
e
 3.Def
inet
ransducer[
apr
il2019]

Theyar
edef
inedasel
ement
sthatwhensubj
ectt
o
some phy
sicalchange exper
ience a r
elat
ed change.
Tr
ansducer
sar
eusedi
naddi
ti
ont
othesensor
s.

4.Def
iner
angeandspanwi
thexampl
e[oct2019]
Fi
gur
eshowst
hebasi
cfor
m ofani
ncr
ement
al
Ther
angeofat
ransduceri
sthel
i
miti
nwhi
cht
he
encoderf
ort
hemeasur
ementofangul
ardi
spl
acement
.A
i
nputcanv
ary
.
beam ofl
i
ghtpassest
hrought
hesl
otsi
nadi
scandi
s
Thespani
sthemaxi
mum v
alueoft
hei
nputmi
nus det
ect
ed byl
i
ghtsensor
.When t
hedi
sci
srot
ated a
mi
nimum v
alueofi
nput pul
sedout
puti
spr
oducedbyt
hesensorwi
tht
heno.of
pul
sesbei
ngpr
opor
ti
onalt
otheangl
ethr
oughwhi
cht
he
Span=maxi
mum v
alueofi
nput-mi
nimum
di
scr
otat
es.Thust
heangul
arposi
ti
onandhencet
he
v
alueofi
nput
shaf
trot
ati
ngi
tcanbedet
ermi
nedbyt
henumberof
Eg.v
olt
met
er pul
sespr
oducedsi
ncesomedat
um posi
ti
on.

6mar
k,7mar
kand8mar
kQuest
ions 2.Di
scuss r
esi
stance t
emper
atur
e det
ect
or. Wr
it
e
appl
i
cat
ions[
apr
il2018]
1.Descr
ibebr
ief
lyt
hewor
kingpr
inci
pleofani
ncr
ement
al
encoder
[apr
il2018] The r
esi
stance ofmostmet
alsi
ncr
eases wi
th
t
emper
atur
e.RTD'
sar
esi
mpl
eresi
sti
veel
ement
sint
he
f
orm ofcoi
l
sofwi
re.Pl
ati
num i
sthemostcommonl
y
usedmet
al.Thi
nfi
l
m pl
ati
num el
ement
sar
eof
tenmade
bydeposi
ti
ngt
hemet
alonasui
tabl
esubst
rat
e.Wi
re
 woundel
ement
sinv
olv
ingapl
ati
num wi
rehel
dbyahi
gh  I
nexpensi
ve
t
emper
atur
egl
assadhesi
vei
nsi
deacer
ami
ctube.Such
 Hi
ghsensi
ti
vi
tyt
osmal
ldi
spl
acement
s
det
ect
ors ar
e hi
ghl
y st
abl
e and gi
ve r
epr
oduci
ble
r
esponsesov
erl
ongper
iodsoft
ime

3.Wi
th neat sket
ch expl
ain eddy cur
rent pr
oxi
mit
y 4.Expl
aint
he wor
king ofan opt
icalencoderwi
th neat
sensor
[apr
il2018,
oct2019] sket
ch[
apr
il2018]

Opt
icalencoder
s ar
e suppl
i
ed f
ormount
ing i
n
shaf
tsandcont
ainanLEDl
i
ghtsour
ceandacodewheel
.

An encoderi
s a dev
ice t
hatpr
ovi
des a di
git
al
out
putasar
esul
tofl
i
nearorangul
ardi
spl
acement
s.
Opt
ical encoder
s ar
e of t
wo t
ypes. Absol
ute and
i
ncr
ement
alencoder
.Incr
ement
alencodert
hatdet
ect
I
facoi
lissuppl
i
edwi
thanal
ter
nat
ingcur
rent
,an
changes i
nrot
ati
on f
rom some dat
um posi
ti
on and
al
ter
nat
ingmagnet
icf
iel
dispr
oduced.I
fther
eisamet
al
absol
uteencoder
swhi
chgi
vet
heact
ual
angul
arposi
ti
on.
obj
ecti
ncl
osepr
oxi
mit
ytot
hisal
ter
nat
ingmagnet
icf
iel
d,
t
heEddycur
rent
sar
einducedi
nit
.TheEddycur
rent
s I
NCREMENTALENCODER
t
hemsel
vespr
oduceamagnet
icf
iel
d.Thi
sdi
stor
tst
he
magnet
icf
iel
d,whi
chwi
l
lchanget
hecoi
limpedanceand
t
heampl
i
tudeoft
heal
ter
nat
ingcur
rent
s,t
hischangewi
l
l
t
ri
ggert
heswi
tch.Thi
sty
peofsensori
susedf
ort
he
det
ect
ionofnonmagnet
icconduct
ivemat
eri
als.

Adv
ant
ages

 Smal
lsi
zewi
thhi
ghr
eli
abi
l
ity Fi
gur
eshowst
hebasi
cfor
m ofani
ncr
ement
al
encoderf
ort
hemeasur
ementofangul
ardi
spl
acement
.A t
henumberoft
racks
beam ofl
i
ghtpassest
hrought
hesl
otsi
nadi
scandi
s
5.Expl
aini
nduct
ivepr
oxi
mit
ysensorwi
thneatsket
ches.
det
ect
ed byl
i
ghtsensor
.When t
hedi
sci
srot
ated a
Li
stanyt
woappl
i
cat
ions[
apr
il2018,
oct2018]
pul
sedout
puti
spr
oducedbyt
hesensorwi
tht
heno.of
pul
sesbei
ngpr
opor
ti
onalt
otheangl
ethr
oughwhi
cht
he Ther
ear
eanumberoff
ormsofswi
tchwhi
chcan
di
scr
otat
es.Thust
heangul
arposi
ti
onandhencet
he beact
ivat
edbyt
hepr
esenceofanobj
ecti
nor
dert
ogi
ve
shaf
trot
ati
ngi
tcanbedet
ermi
nedbyt
henumberof apr
oxi
mit
ysensorwi
thanout
putwhi
chi
sei
theronorof
f
pul
sespr
oducedsi
ncesomedat
um posi
ti
on.

ABSOLUTEENCODER
MI
CROSWI
TCH

I
tis a smal
lel
ect
ri
calswi
tch whi
ch r
equi
res
phy
sicalcont
actandasmal
loper
ati
ngf
orcet
ocl
oset
he
Theygi
vet
heact
ualangul
arposi
ti
on.Thi
sgi
vesan
cont
act
s.
out
puti
nthef
orm ofbi
nar
ynumberofsev
eraldi
git
s.
Each such numberr
epr
esent
ing a par
ti
cul
arangul
ar Foreg.I
ncaseofdet
ermi
ningt
hepr
esenceofan
posi
ti
on.Ther
otat
ingdi
schast
hreeconcent
ri
cci
rcl
esof i
tem i
naconv
eyorbel
t,t
hismi
ghtbeact
ivat
edbyt
he
sl
otsandt
hreesensor
stodet
ectt
hel
i
ghtpul
ses. wei
ghtoft
hei
tem ont
hebel
tandhenceaspr
ingl
oaded
pl
atf
orm underi
t.Wi
tht
hemov
ementoft
hispl
atf
ormt
he
The sl
ots ar
e ar
ranged i
n such a way t
hatt
he
swi
tchcl
oses
sequent
ialout
putf
rom t
hesensor
sisi
nthebi
nar
ycode.
Thenumberofbi
tsi
nthebi
nar
ynumberwi
l
lbeequalt
o REEDSWI
TCH
 oct2018]

Pr
obl
em occur
sint
hemechani
calswi
tchi
sswi
tch
bounce.Whenamechani
calswi
tchi
sswi
tchedt
ocl
oset
he
cont
act
s,wehav
eonecont
actbei
ngmov
ingt
owar
dst
he
I
t consi
sts of t
wo magnet
ic swi
tch cont
act
s ot
her
.Itmaybounceano.oft
imesbef
oref
inal
l
yset
ti
ngt
ois
seal
edi
nagl
asst
ube.Whenamagneti
sbr
oughtcl
ose cl
osedst
ateaf
ter
,ty
pical
l
ysomet
ime.Eachoft
hecont
act
s
t
otheswi
tch,t
hemagnet
icr
eedsar
eat
tr
act
edt
oeach dur
ingt
hebounci
ngt
ime.Eachoft
hecont
act
sdur
ingt
he
ot
herandcl
oset
heswi
tchcont
act
s.Thi
sty
peofswi
tch bounci
ngt
imecanr
egi
sterasasepar
atecont
act
.Si
mil
arl
ya
i
swi
del
yusedf
orchecki
ngt
hecl
osur
eofdoor
s. mechani
calswi
tch i
s opened,bounci
ng can occur
.Thi
s
pr
obl
em canbesol
vedbyusi
nghar
dwar
eorsof
twar
e.
PHOTOSENSI
TIVESWI
TCH

Sof
twar
eMet
hod:wi
thsof
twar
e,mi
cropr
ocessor
i
spr
ogr
ammedt
odet
ecti
ftheswi
tchi
scl
osedandt
hen
wai
t.Af
terchecki
ngt
hatbounci
nghasceasedandt
he
swi
tchi
sint
hesamecl
osedposi
ti
on,t
henextpar
tof
I
tcanbeusedt
odet
ectt
hepr
esenceofanobj
ect
pr
ogr
am cant
akepl
ace.
byi
tbr
eaki
ngabeam ofl
i
ghtori
nfr
aredr
adi
ati
on,f
all
i
ng
onsuchadev
iceorbydet
ect
ingt
hel
i
ghtr
efl
ect
edback Har
dwar
emet
hod
byt
heobj
ect
.
i
. Useoff
li
pfl
op:A SPDT swi
tchcanbe
denouncedbyt
heuseofD f
li
pfl
op.The
6.Expl
aindebounci
ngofmechani
calswi
tches[
apr
il2018, out
putf
rom such f
li
pfl
op onl
ychanges
 when t
he cl
ocksi
gnalchanges.Thusby
choosi
ngacl
ockper
iodwhi
chi
sgr
eat
er
t
hant
het
imef
orwhi
cht
hel
astbounces,
t
hebouncesi
gnal
wil
lbei
gnor
ed.

7.Expl
aint
het
erm nonl
i
near
it
yer
rori
nsensor
s[oct2018,
apr
il2019]
i
i
. Useofscmi
ttt
ri
gger
:wi
tht
heswi
tchopen,
capaci
torbecomeschar
gedandt
hev
olt
age Non l
i
near
it
yer
ror
:Tr
ansducer
shav
ing a l
i
near
appl
i
edt
otheSchmi
ttt
ri
ggerbecomeshi
gh, r
elat
ionshi
p bet
ween i
nput and out
put
, but some
so i
tgi
vesal
owout
put
.whent
heswi
tchi
s Tr
ansducer
shav
easmal
ler
roroccur
s,i
nthei
rli
near
cl
osed, t
he capaci
tor di
schar
ges v
ery r
elat
ionshi
p.Thi
s er
rori
s cal
l
ed non l
i
near
it
y er
ror
.
r
api
del
yandsot
hef
ir
stbouncedi
schar
ges Var
iousmet
hodsar
eusedf
orusedf
ort
henumer
ical
t
he capaci
tor
. The scmi
ttt
ri
gger t
hen expr
essi
onoft
henonl
i
near
it
yer
ror
.
swi
tchest
ogi
veahi
ghout
put
.Successi
ve
i
. Onemet
hodi
stodr
awt
hest
rai
ghtl
i
nej
oini
ngt
he
swi
tch bounces do not hav
e t
ime t
o
out
putv
aluesatt
heendpoi
ntsoft
her
ange.
r
echar
ge t
he capaci
tor t
othe r
equi
red
t
hreshol
dval
ueandsof
urt
herbouncesdo
notswi
tcht
hescmi
ttt
ri
gger

i
i
.Anot
heri
stof
indt
hest
rai
ghtl
i
nebyusi
ngt
he
met
hodofl
eastsquar
est
odet
ermi
net
hebestf
itl
i
ne
 whenal
ldat
aval
uesar
econsi
der
edequal
l
yli
kel
ytobei
n
er
ror
I
tconsi
stsofamul
tibl
adedr
otort
hati
ssuppor
ted
cent
ral
l
yint
hepi
peal
ongwhi
cht
hef
low occur
s.The
f
lui
dfl
owr
esul
tsi
nrot
ati
onofr
otor
.Theangul
arv
eloci
ty
bei
ngappr
oxi
mat
elypr
opor
ti
onalt
othef
low r
ate.The
r
ateofr
evol
uti
onoft
her
otorcanbedet
ermi
nedusi
nga
i
i
i.Anot
heri
stof
indt
hest
rai
ghtl
i
nebyusi
ngt
he magnet
icpi
ckup.Thepul
sesar
ecount
edandsot
he
met
hodofl
eastsquar
es t
odet
ermi
net
hebestf
it numberofr
evol
uti
onsoft
her
otorcanbedet
ermi
ned.
l
i
newhi
chpassest
hroughz
eropoi
nt.
9.Li
stoutt
hef
act
orst
obeconsi
der
edwhi
l
esel
ect
inga
sui
tabl
esensor[
oct2018,
oct2019]

 Thenat
ureofMeasur
ementr
equi
red,eg.Var
iabl
e
t
obemeasur
ed,i
t'
snomi
nalv
alue,t
her
angei
f
v
alue,
theaccur
acyet
c

 Thenat
ureofout
putr
equi
redf
rom t
hesensor
,thi
s
det
ermi
nest
hesi
gnal
condi
ti
oni
ngr
equi
rement
sin
8.Expl
aint
hewor
kingofat
urbi
nef
lowmet
erwi
thsui
tabl
e or
dert
o gi
ve sui
tabl
e out
putsi
gnalf
rom t
he
sket
ch[
oct2018] measur
ement
.

 Thepossi
blesensor
scanbei
dent
if
iedt
aki
ngi
nto
account r
ange, l
i
near
it
y, speed of r
esponse,
r
eli
abi
l
ity
,av
ail
abi
l
ity
,costet
c

10.
Descr
ibet
hef
oll
owi
ng dy
nami
c char
ect
eri
sti
csof a
 sensor

a.Responset
ime b.Ti
meconst
ant

Response t
ime:t
hisi
sthe t
ime el
apses af
tera
const
anti
nput
.Whenast
epi
nputi
sappl
i
edt
othe
Capsul
e:I
tcanbeconsi
der
edt
obej
ustt
wocor
rugat
ed
t
ransducerupt
othepoi
ntatwhi
cht
het
ransducer
di
aphr
agmscombi
nedandgi
vegr
eat
ersensi
ti
vi
ty.
gi
vesanout
putcor
respondi
ngt
o95%oft
hei
nput
.

Ti
meconst
ant
:thi
sist
he63.
2%ofr
esponset
ime.I
t
i
sameasur
eoft
hei
ner
ti
aoft
hesensorandsohow
f
asti
twi
l
lreactt
ochangesi
nit
sinput
.Bi
ggert
he
t
imeconst
antsl
owerwi
l
lbei
tsr
eact
iont
oachange Bel
l
ows:Ast
ackofcapsul
esi
sjustabel
l
owsandev
enmor
e
i
ninputsi
gnal sensi
ti
ve.Forabel
l
owsi
tcanbecombi
nedwi
thaLVDTt
o
gi
veapr
essur
esensorwi
thanel
ect
ri
cal
out
put
.
11.
Expl
ainanyt
wof
lui
dpr
essur
emeasur
ementdev
iceswi
th
neatsket
ches[
oct2018]

Di
aphr
agm,Bel
l
ows,Capsul
eandTubepr
essur
e
sensor
sar
eusedf
ort
hemeasur
ementoff
lui
dpr
essur
e.

Di
aphr
agm:Fora di
aphr
agm when t
her
eisa
di
ff
erencei
npr
essur
ebet
weent
wosi
des,
thent
hecent
er
Tube:Adi
ff
erentf
orm ofdef
ormat
ioni
sobt
ainedusi
nga
oft
hedi
aphr
agm becomesdi
spl
aced.Thi
smov
ement
t
ube wi
th an el
l
ipt
icalcr
oss sect
ion.I
ncr
easi
ng t
he
canbemoni
tor
edbysomef
orm ofdi
spl
acementsensor
.
pr
essur
eint
het
ubecausesi
ttomor
eci
rcul
arcr
oss
Cor
rugat
ionsi
nthedi
aphr
agm r
esul
tsi
ngr
eatsensi
ti
vi
ty.
sect
ion.
 Li
qui
d f
low measur
ement
s i
nvol
ves t
he
measur
ementi
fthepr
essur
edr
opoccur
ri
ngwhent
he
f
lui
dfl
owst
hrough aconst
ri
cti
on.Ther
ear
edi
ff
erent
t
ypesofl
i
qui
dfl
ow.Namel
yor
if
icepl
ate,Tur
binemet
er
andf
loat
12.
Expl
aint
he st
ati
c char
ect
eri
sti
cs ofa t
ransducer
[oct
2018] ORI
FICEPLATE

1.Rangeandspan I
tissi
mpl
yadi
scwi
thacent
rehol
e,whi
chi
s
pl
acedi
nthet
ubet
hroughwhi
cht
hef
lui
disf
lowi
ng.The
2.Er
ror
pr
essur
edi
ff
erencei
smeasur
edbet
weenapoi
ntequal
to
3.Accur
acy t
hedi
amet
eroft
het
ubeupst
ream andapoi
ntequalt
o
t
hehal
foft
hedi
amet
erdownst
ream
4.Sensi
ti
vi
ty

5.Repr
oduci
bil
i
ty

6.Hy
ster
esi
ser
ror

7.Nonl
i
near
it
yer
ror

8.Resonance Adv
ant
ages

9.Deadband  Si
mpl
e

10.
Out
puti
mpedance  Cheap

13.
Wit
h neat sket
ches expl
ain any t
wo l
i
qui
d f
low  Nomov
ingpar
ts
sensor
s[oct2018]
 Wi
del
yused
 Di
sadv
ant
ages [
oct2019]

 Doesnotwor
kwi
thsl
urr
ies I
tisusedt
omeasur
eangul
arv
eloci
ty.Ther
ear
e
t
wo di
ff
erentf
orms,one f
orm i
svar
iabl
erel
uct
ance
 Nonl
i
near
t
achogener
atorand ot
herf
orm i
s AC gener
atorf
orm
 Pr
oducespr
essur
eloss t
achogener
ator

VARI
ABLERELUCTANCETACHOGENERATOR

TURBI
NEMETER

I
tconsi
sts ofa t
oot
hed wheeloff
err
omagnet
ic
mat
eri
alwhi
chi
sat
tachedt
other
otat
ingshaf
t.Pi
ckup
coi
liswound onaper
manentmagnet
.Ast
hewheel
I
tconsi
stsofamul
tibl
adedr
otort
hati
ssuppor
ted
r
otat
est
heai
rgapbet
weent
hecoi
landt
hef
err
omagnet
ic
cent
ral
l
yint
hepi
peal
ongwhi
cht
hef
low occur
s.The
mat
eri
alchanges.The r
esul
ti
ng change i
nthe f
lux
f
lui
dfl
owr
esul
tsi
nrot
ati
onofr
otor
.Theangul
arv
eloci
ty
pr
oducesanal
ter
nat
ingemfi
nthecoi
l
bei
ngappr
oxi
mat
elypr
opor
ti
onalt
othef
low r
ate.The
r
ateofr
evol
uti
onoft
her
otorcanbedet
ermi
nedusi
nga Themaxi
mum v
alueofemf(
Emax)i
smeasur
edas
magnet
icpi
ckup.Thepul
sesar
ecount
edandsot
he t
heangul
arv
eloci
ty.
numberofr
evol
uti
onsoft
her
otorcanbedet
ermi
ned
I
nst
ead ofmeasur
ing t
hev
alueofi
nduced emf
,a
14.
Expl
aint
hewor
kingoft
achogener
atorwi
thaneatsket
ch pul
se shapi
ng si
gnal condi
ti
oner can be used t
o
 t
ransf
ormt
heout
puti
ntoasequenceofpul
seswhi
ch
can be count
ed bya count
er,t
he numberofpul
ses
count
edi
napar
ti
cul
art
imei
nter
valbei
ngameasur
eof
angul
arv
eloci
ty.

ACGENERATORFORM TACHOGENERATOR

At
her
mocoupl
eisacompl
eteci
rcui
tinv
olv
ingt
wo
j
unct
ions,
wher
etwodi
ff
erentmet
alsar
ejoi
nedt
oget
her
.
I
fbot
hjunct
ionsar
eatsamet
emper
atur
ether
eisnonet
emf
.Ift
het
woj
unct
ionsar
eatdi
ff
erentt
emper
atur
e
t
her
eisanemf
.Thi
semfdependsont
het
womet
alsand
I
tconsi
stsofacoi
lter
medt
her
otorwhi
chr
otat
es t
het
emper
atur
eoft
hebot
hjunct
ions.
wi
tht
her
otat
ingshaf
t.Anal
ter
nat
ingemfi
sinducedi
n
t
he magnet
icf
iel
d.The ampl
i
tude or f
requency of
i
nducedemfcanbemeasur
edast
heangul
arv
eloci
tyof 16.
Expl
ainbi
met
all
i
cst
ri
p[oct2019]
t
her
otor
Thi
sdev
iceconsi
stsoft
wodi
ff
erentmet
alst
ri
ps
bondedt
oget
her
.Themet
alshav
edi
ff
erentcoef
fi
cient
s
ofexpansi
on.Whent
het
emper
atur
echangest
hest
ri
p
15.
Expl
aint
hewor
kingoft
her
mocoupl
e[oct2019]
bendsi
ntoacur
vedst
ri
p.Thi
sdef
ormat
ionmaybeused
asat
emper
atur
econt
rol
l
edswi
tch.Thesmal
lmagnet
enabl
est
hesensort
oexhi
bithy
ster
esi
smeani
ngt
hatt
he
swi
tch cl
ose ata di
ff
erentt
emper
atur
efr
om t
hatat
whi
cht
heyopen.
  They r
espond v
ery r
api
dly t
o changes i
n
t
emper
atur
e

 Theygi
vev
eryl
argechangesi
nresi
stancei
nper
degr
eechangei
ntemper
atur
e.

Di
sadv
ant
ages

o Nonl
i
near
it
y

17.
Wri
teshor
tnot
esont
her
mist
or[
oct2019]

MODULEI
II

Twomar
kquest
ions

1.Sket
cht
hesy
mbol
ofanyt
wocont
rol
val
ve[
apr
il2018]

Ther
mist
ors ar
e smal
lpi
eces of made f
rom
mi
xtur
e of met
al oxi
des. These oxi
des ar
e
semi
conduct
ors.When t
he t
emper
atur
eincr
eases t
he
r
esi
stanceoft
hemet
aloxi
dedecr
easeswi
thanonl
i
near
manner
.

Adv
ant
ages 2.St
atet
hewor
kingpr
inci
pleofst
eppermot
or[
apr
il2019]

 Ruggedandsmal
l The st
eppermot
ori
s a dev
ice t
hatpr
oduce r
otat
ion
 t
hroughequalangl
essocal
l
edst
eps,Foreachdi
git
al
pul
se suppl
i
ed t
oit
sinput
.Ther
e ar
ethr
ee t
ypes of
st
eppermot
or

3.Dr
awt
hesy
mbol
ofa4/
2val
ve[
oct2018,
oct2019]
Whent
woPNj
unct
iondi
odesar
Ejoi
nedt
ogeat
hert
ofor
ma
t
hyr
ist
ororSCR.I
tisa3 j
unct
ion,3 t
ermi
nal
s,4 l
ayer
semi
conduct
ordev
ice.Thel
ayer
sar
eal
ter
nat
ivel
yofP-
type
andN-
typesi
l
icon.Thet
hreej
unct
ionsar
eJ1,
J2,J3andt
he
t
hreet
ermi
nal
sar
eanode,cat
hodeandgat
e.Theout
erP-
t
ype semi
conduct
or r
efer
red as anode, out
er N-
type
6mar
k,7mar
kand8mar
kQuest
ions
semi
conduct
or r
efer
red as cat
hode and i
nner P-
type
1.Wi
thneatsket
chesdescr
ibet
hesequenci
ngofdoubl
e semi
conduct
orr
efer
redasgat
e.Thef
unct
ionofgat
eist
o
act
ingcy
li
nder
s[apr
il2018,
oct2019] cont
rol
thef
unct
ioni
ngofSCR.

2.Di
scusst
heneedf
oract
uat
ors.Expl
ainanyt
woact
uat
ors VIchar
act
eri
sti
csofSCR
wi
thneatsket
ches[
apr
il2018]
When t
he anode and cat
hode t
ermi
nal
s ar
efor
war
d
3.Expl
aint
hewor
kingoft
hyr
ist
or(
SCR)wi
thneatsket
ches bi
ased,t
hej
unct
ionsJ1,J3 get
sfor
war
dbi
asedandJ2
anddr
aw i
tsv
olt
agecur
rentchar
ect
eri
sics[
apr
il2018, get
srev
ersebi
ased,hencet
her
eisnocur
rentcanf
low
oct2018] t
hrought
heSCRexceptl
eakagecur
rent
.Thi
sst
agei
s
cal
l
edf
orwar
dbl
ocki
ngst
ateofSCR.

When t
he anode and cat
hode t
ermi
nal
s ar
erev
erse
bi
ased.TheJ1,J3j
unct
ionsar
erev
ersebi
asedand J2
f
orwar
dbi
ased.Agai
nther
eisnocur
rentf
low t
hrough
t
heSCR.Thi
sst
atei
scal
l
edr
ever
sebl
ocki
ngst
ateof
 SCR. andanN-
typesemi
conduct
orj
oinedt
oget
hert
ofor
m
aP j
unct
iondi
ode.TheP – r
egi
onr
efer
redast
he
I
nfor
war
dbl
ocki
ngst
atet
hecur
renti
sbl
ockedduet
o
anode and t
he –r
egi
on r
efer
red as cat
hode.I
t
t
her
ever
sebi
asedj
unct
ionJ2.Whenev
eraposi
ti
vegat
e
conduct
sonl
ywhent
hedi
odei
sfor
war
dbi
ased
v
olt
agei
sappl
i
edt
her
ever
sebi
asedj
unct
ionJ2 br
eaks
downandSCRswi
tchessuddenl
ytoahi
ghl
yconduct
ing
st
ate.Thi
siscal
l
edt
hef
orwar
dbl
ocki
ngst
ate.
2.SI
LICONCONTROLLEDRECTI
FIER(
SCR)

Whent
woPNj
unct
iondi
odesar
Ejoi
nedt
oget
her
t
ofor
m at
hyr
ist
ororSCR.I
tisa3j
unct
ion,
3ter
minal
s,4
4.Descr
ibev
ari
oussol
i
dst
ateswi
tches[
apr
il2018] l
ayersemi
conduct
ordev
ice.Thel
ayer
sar
eal
ter
nat
ivel
y

1.DI
ODE ofP-
typeandN-
typesi
l
icon.Thet
hreej
unct
ionsar
eJ1,
J2,
J3andt
het
hreet
ermi
nal
sar
eanode,cat
hodeandgat
e.
Theout
erP-
typesemi
conduct
orr
efer
redasanode,out
er
N-
typesemi
conduct
orr
efer
redascat
hodeandi
nnerP-
t
ypesemi
conduct
orr
efer
red asgat
e.Thef
unct
ion of
gat
eist
ocont
rol
thef
unct
ioni
ngofSCR.

2. TRANSI
STOR

Ger
mani
um orSi
l
icon semi
conduct
orsar
eused t
o
const
ructaPj
unct
iondi
ode.AP-
typesemi
conduct
or
 3.Dr
aw t
hesy
mbolofapr
essur
esequencev
alv
eand
expl
ainhowi
tcanbeusedf
orsequenci
ngt
wodoubl
e
act
ingcy
li
nder
s[oct2018]
I
tisat
hreet
ermi
nalsemi
conduct
ordev
ice;t
het
hree
t
ermi
nal
sar
eemi
tt
er,
col
l
ect
orandbase.Ther
ear
etwot
ypesof 4.Expl
ainwi
thbl
ockdi
agr
am,
thewor
kingofahy
draul
i
c
t
ransi
stor
s,PNPandNPN. act
uat
ionsy
stem.Al
sodr
awt
heci
rcui
twi
thsy
mbol
s
[
oct2018]
I
nPNPt
ransi
storal
ayerofN-
typemat
eri
ali
ssandwi
ched
bet
weent
wol
ayer
sP-
typemat
eri
al.I
nNPNt
ransi
storal
ayerof 5.Di
ff
erent
iat
e bet
ween v
ari
abl
e r
eluct
ance and
Pt
ypemat
eri
ali
ssandwi
chedbet
weent
wol
ayer
sofN t
ype per
manentmagnetst
eppermot
or[
oct2018]
mat
eri
al.
6.Thest
eppermot
ori
sadev
icet
hatpr
oducer
otat
ion
TRI
AC t
hroughequalangl
essocal
l
edst
eps,Foreachdi
git
al
pul
sesuppl
i
edt
oit
sinput
.Ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypesof
I
tisat
hreet
ermi
nalbi
dir
ect
ionaldev
icewhi
chcanbe
st
eppermot
or
t
ri
gger
edi
ntoconduct
ionbybot
hposi
ti
veandnegat
ivev
olt
ages
ati
tsanodeandwi
thposi
ti
veandnegat
ivet
ri
gger
ingpul
sesat
i
tsgat
e.I
tbehav
esl
i
ket
woSCRconnect
edi
nant
ipar
all
el.I
thas
1.Var
iabl
eRel
uct
ancest
eppermot
or
2anodet
ermi
nal
sandonegat
eter
minal
.
 Fi
gur
eshowst
hebasi
cfor
m ofper
manentst
eppermot
or.
Fi
gur
e shows t
he basi
cfor
m ofv
ari
abl
erel
uct
ance
Themot
orshownhasst
atorwi
th4pol
es.Eachpol
eis
st
eppermot
or.Ther
otormadeofl
essernumberofpol
es
woundwi
thaf
iel
dwi
ndi
ng.Thecoi
l
sonopposi
tepai
rsof
t
hanont
hest
ator
,whent
hecur
rentswi
tched t
othe
pol
esbei
ng i
n ser
ies.Cur
renti
ssuppl
i
ed f
rom a DC
wi
ndi
ngamagnet
icf
iel
dispr
oducedwi
thl
i
nesoff
orce
sour
cet
othewi
ndi
ngs.Ther
otori
saper
manentmagnet
whi
chpassf
rom st
atorpol
est
hrought
henear
estsetof
andt
huswhenapai
rofst
atorpol
escur
rentswi
tchest
oit
.
r
otorpol
es.Ther
otorwi
l
lmov
eunt
ilt
her
otorandst
ator
Ther
otorwi
l
lmov
etol
i
neupwi
thi
t.Thesi
tuat
ionshown
pol
esl
i
neup.Thi
sfor
m ofst
eppermot
orgi
veast
ep
i
nthef
igur
ether
otormov
est
othe45degr
eer
otat
ion.I
f
angl
eof7.
5degr
eeor15degr
ee
t
hecur
renti
sthenswi
tchedsot
hatt
hepol
ari
ti
esar
e
r
ever
sedf
urher450i
t nor
dert
oli
neup.

7.3.
Hybr
idSt
epperMot
or

2.Per
manentMagnetSt
epperMot
or

I
tcombi
nest
hef
eat
uresofbot
hthev
ari
abl
erel
uct
ance
and per
manentr
eluct
ance st
eppermot
or.I
thav
ing a
per
manentmagnetencasedi
nir
oncapswhi
char
ecut MODULEI
V
i
ntohav
eteet
hes.Ther
otorset
sit
sel
fint
hemi
nimum
r
eluct
anceposi
ti
on,i
nresponset
oapai
rofst
atorcoi
l
s
bei
ngener
gized. Twomar
kquest
ions

1.St
atet
heneedf
oranaut
omat
ionsy
stem i
nani
ndust
ry
[
apr
il2018]

 I
tis used t
o cont
roli
ndust
ri
almachi
ner
y and
8.Di
scussahy
draul
i
cpowersuppl
ysy
stem wi
thneat
pr
ocesses.
sket
ch[
apr
il2019,
oct2019]
 I
treducest
heneedf
orhumansensor
yandment
al
9.St
ate t
he wor
king pr
inci
ple of pr
ocess cont
rol
r
equi
rement
s.
v
alv
e[apr
il2019]
 Pr
ocessesandsy
stemscanal
sobeaut
omat
ed
10.
Expl
ain spooland poppetcont
rolv
alv
eswi
th neat
sket
ches[
apr
il2019,
oct2019]

11.
Expl
ainapneumat
icsy
stem wi
thaneatsket
ch[
apr
il 2.Li
stt
he st
eps i
nvol
ved i
n dat
a handl
i
ng wi
th a PLC
2019] sy
stem[
apr
il2019]

12.
Descr
ibev
ari
ouspr
essur
econt
rolv
alv
eswi
thneat  Mov
ingdat
a
sket
ches[
apr
il2019]
 Compar
isonofmagni
tudesofdat
a,i
egr
eat
ert
han,
13.
Expl
aint
hewor
kingofsi
ngl
eact
ingcy
li
nderwi
tha
equal
toorl
esst
han
neatsket
ch[
apr
il2019]
 Ar
it
hmet
ic oper
ati
ons such as addi
ti
on and
14.
Dif
fer
ent
iat
e bet
ween hy
draul
i
c and pneumat
ic
subst
ract
ion
sy
stem[
oct2019]
 Conv
ersi
onsbet
weenbi
nar
ycodeddeci
maland
oct
al
 ascal
ewhi
chwi
l
lreadt
hewei
ghtoft
heper
son.

3.Def
ineshi
ftr
egi
ster
s[apr
il2019]

A numberofi
nter
nalr
elay
s can be gr
ouped
t
oget
hert
ofor
m ar
egi
sterwhi
chcanpr
ovi
deast
orage
ar
eaf
oraser
iessequenceofi
ndi
vi
dualbi
ts.Thusa4-bi
t
r
egi
sterwoul
dbef
ormedbyusi
ngf
ouri
nter
nalr
elay
s.
Thebi
tscanbeshi
ft
edal
ongbyonebi
t,whent
her
eisa
sui
tabl
einputt
other
egi
ster

4.Whati
sthef
unct
ionofat
imer[
oct2019]
The pl
atf
orm can be mount
ed on l
oad cel
l
s,
At
imerci
rcui
tisspeci
fi
edbyst
ati
ngt
hei
nter
valt
o empl
oyi
ngel
ect
ri
calr
esi
stancest
rai
ngauges.Whent
he
bet
imedandt
hecondi
ti
onst
hatar
etost
artorst
opt
he per
sonst
andsont
hepl
atf
ormt
hegaugesar
emount
edi
n
t
imer aWheat
stonebr
idge,t
hent
hev
olt
ageout
putf
rom t
he
br
idgei
sameasur
eoft
hewei
ghtoft
heper
son.
6mar
k,7mar
kand8mar
kQuest
ions

1.Expl
aint
hemechat
roni
cssol
uti
onofbat
hroom scal
e[oct
2019] 2.Expl
aint
imeri
napr
ogr
ammabl
elogi
ccont
rol
l
er[
apr
il
2018,
oct2018]
BATHROOM SCALE
At
imerci
rcui
tisspeci
fi
edbyst
ati
ngt
hei
nter
valt
obe
a)Par
all
ell
eafspr
ingsar
rangement
t
imedandt
hecondi
ti
onst
hatar
etost
artorst
opt
he
I
tusest
hewei
ghtoft
heper
sonont
hepl
atf
ormt
o t
imer
.Theyar
ecommonl
yregar
dedasr
elay
swi
thcoi
l
s.
def
lectanar
rangementoft
wopar
all
ell
eafspr
ings.Wi
th Whent
her
eisani
nput
,thet
imeri
sener
gisedandst
art
s
suchanar
rangementt
hedef
lect
ioni
sindependentof t
imi
ng.Af
tersomepr
esett
imet
hecont
act
sassoci
ated
wher
eont
hepl
atf
ormt
heper
sonst
ands.Thedef
lect
ion wi
tht
het
imercl
oseandt
heout
putoccur
s
canbet
ransf
ormedi
ntot
hemov
ementofpoi
nteracr
oss
 cont
rol
l
er[
apr
il2018,
oct2018,
apr
il2019]

3.Li
stt
he f
act
orsf
orsel
ect
ing a pr
ogr
ammabl
elogi
c
cont
rol
l
er[
apr
il2018,
oct2018]

1.Whati
nput
/out
putcapaci
tyr
equi
red.I
enumber
ofi
nput
/out
put

2.Whatt
ypesofi
nput
s/out
put
sar
erequi
red,i
e
i
sol
ati
on,
signal
condi
ti
oni
nget
c

3.Whatsi
zeofmemor
yisr
equi
red?Thi
sisl
i
nked
t
o t
he number of i
nput
/ out
put
s and t
he
Thef
igur
eshowst
hebasi
cint
ernalst
ruct
ureofPLC.I
t
compl
exi
tyoft
hepr
ogr
am used
consi
stsofaCPU,
memor
yandi
nput
/out
putuni
t.
4.Whatspeedandpoweri
srequi
redoft
heCPU.
 TheCPUcont
rol
sandpr
ocessesal
ltheoper
ati
ons
Thi
sist
othenumberoft
ypesofi
nst
ruct
iont
hat
wi
thi
nthe PLC.I
tis suppl
i
ed wi
th a cl
ock
canbehandl
edbyaPLC.
f
requencyof1-
8MHz.t
hisf
requencydet
ermi
nes
t
he oper
ati
ng speed oft
he PLC and pr
ovi
des
t
imi
ng.

 ABussy
stem car
ri
esi
nfor
mat
iont
oandf
rom t
he
4.Expl
ain t
he bl
ock di
agr
am of pr
ogr
ammabl
e l
ogi
c
CPU,
memor
yandi
nput
/out
putuni
t
  A sy
stem ROM gi
vesper
manentst
oragef
ort
he compar
ingt
her
esul
ts.I
ntheabsenceoff
aul
titi
sassumed
oper
ati
ngsy
stem andf
ixeddat
a t
hatt
he r
esul
ts shoul
d be t
he same.I
ftwo r
esul
ts ar
e
di
ff
erentt
her
eisaf
aul
tint
hesy
stem.
 RAM f
oruser
s pr
ogr
am and t
empor
ary buf
fer
st
ores 2.EXPECTEDVALUECHECKS

 Thepr
ogr
am i
nRAM canbechangedbyuser Sof
twar
e er
ror
s ar
e commonl
y det
ect
ed by checki
ng
whet
heran expect
ed v
alue i
s obt
ained when a speci
fi
c
 Abat
ter
yisl
i
kel
ytobeusedi
nthePLCt
opr
event numer
icali
nputi
s used. I
fthe expect
ed v
alue i
s not
t
hel
ossofpr
ogr
amswhent
hepowersuppl
yis obt
ainedt
hent
her
eisaf
aul
t
swi
tchedof
f
3.TI
MINGCHECKS
 The i
nput
/out
put uni
t pr
ovi
des t
he i
nter
face
Thi
sinv
olv
es t
he use oft
imi
ng checks t
hatsome
bet
weent
hesy
stem andout
sidewor
ld.
f
unct
ionhasbeencar
ri
edoutwi
thi
naspeci
fi
edt
ime.These
checksar
ecommonl
yref
err
edt
oast
imer
s.Forexampl
e,
wi
thaPLCwhenanoper
ati
onst
art
sat
imeri
sal
sost
art
ed
andi
ftheoper
ati
oni
snotcompl
etedwi
thi
naspeci
fi
edt
ime
5.Descr
ibe t
he f
aul
t det
ect
ion t
echni
ques used i
n af
aul
tassumedt
ohav
eoccur
red.
measur
ement
,cont
rolanddat
acommuni
cat
ionsy
stems
4.REVERSALCHECKS
[
apr
il2018,
oct2018,
apr
il2019,
oct2019]

Wher
ether
eisadi
rectr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weeni
nputand
FAULTDETECTI
ONTECHNI
QUES
out
putv
alues,
thev
alueofout
putcanbet
akenandt
hei
nput
Ther
ear
enumberoft
echni
quest
hatcanbeusedt
o whi
chshoul
dhav
ecausedi
tcomput
edwi
tht
heact
ual
input
.
det
ectf
aul
ts
5.PARI
TYANDERRORCODI
NGCHECKS
1.REPLI
CATI
ONCHECKS
Thi
sfor
m checki
ng i
s commonl
y used f
ordet
ect
ing
Thi
sinv
olv
esdupl
i
cat
ingorr
epl
i
cat
inganact
ivi
tyand memor
yanddat
atr
ansmi
ssi
oner
ror
s.Todet
ectwhet
her
dat
ahasbeencor
rupt
edapar
it
ybi
tisabi
taddedt
othe The gener
al mi
crocont
rol
l
er has pi
ns f
or ext
ernal
t
ransmi
tt
eddat
awor
ld.Thepar
it
ybi
tischosent
omaket
he connect
ions ofi
nput
s and out
put
s,power
,cl
ock and
r
esul
ti
ngnumberof1si
nthegr
oupei
theroddorev
enpar
it
y. cont
rol
signal
s
I
foddorev
enpar
it
y.I
foddpar
it
ythent
hewor
ldcanbe
Thepi
nsf
ori
nput
sandout
put
sar
egr
oupedi
ntouni
ts
checkedaf
tert
ransmi
ssi
onseei
fiti
sst
il
lodd,t
hent
her
eis
cal
l
edi
nput
/out
putpor
ts
nof
aul
t,ot
her
wiset
her
eisaf
aul
t.

6.DI
AGNOSTI
CCHECKS

Di
agnost
ic checks ar
e used t
otestt
he behav
iorof
component
sinasy
stem.I
nput
sar
eappl
i
edt
ocomponent
and t
he out
put
s ar
e compar
ed wi
tht
hose whi
ch shoul
d
occur
.

6.Expl
aint
he wor
king of mi
cro cont
rol
l
er wi
th bl
ock
di
agr
ams[
apr
il2018]

Forami
cropr
ocessort
ogi
veasy
stem whi
chcanbeused
f
orcont
rol
,addi
ti
onal
chi
psar
enecessar
y.

Eg.Memor
ydev
icesf
orpr
ogr
am anddat
ast
orageand
i
nput
/out
putpor
tst
oal
l
ow i
ttocommuni
cat
ewi
tht
he
ext
ernal
wor
ldandr
ecei
vesi
gnal
sfr
om i
t. 7.Compar
ethe mechani
caland mechat
roni
cs desi
gn
sol
uti
onsf
orat
imedswi
tch[
oct2018]
The mi
crocont
rol
l
er i
s t
he i
ntegr
ati
on of a
mi
cropr
ocessorwi
thmemor
yandi
nput
/out
puti
nter
faces TI
MEDSWI
TCH

andot
herper
ipher
alssuchast
imer
s,onasi
ngl
echi
p
 component
sandsy
stems

1.SENSORS

I
fther
ear
efaul
tsi
nameasur
ementsy
stem t
hent
hesy
stem
mi
ghtbeatf
aul
t.Asi
mpl
etesti
stosubst
it
utet
hesensor
wi
thanew oneandseet
her
esul
tsgi
venbyt
hesy
stem.I
f
t
her
esul
tschange,
thent
heor
igi
nalsensorwasf
aul
ty.I
fthe
Thecam woul
dber
otat
edataconst
antr
ateand r
esul
tsdonotchanget
hent
hef
aul
tisi
nthesy
stem.
t
hecam f
oll
owerusedt
oact
uat
easwi
tch.Thel
engt
hof
2.SWI
TCHESANDRELAYS
t
het
imef
orwhi
cht
heswi
tchi
scl
oseddependi
ngont
he
shapeoft
hecam. Di
rt and par
ti
cles of wast
e bet
ween swi
tch
cont
act
sisacommonf
aul
tofmechani
calswi
tches.A
The PLC woul
d hav
ethe adv
ant
age ov
ert
he
v
olt
met
erused acr
oss a swi
tch shoul
dindi
cat
ethe
r
otat
ing cam hav
ing OFF and O t
imes whi
ch can be
appl
i
edv
olt
agewhent
hecont
act
sar
eopenandnear
ly
adj
ust
edbypur
elychangi
ngt
het
imerpr
esetv
aluesi
nthe
zer
owhent
heyar
ecl
osed
pr
ogr
ams.

I
nspect
ionofr
elaycanbedi
scl
osedev
idenceof
A mi
cropr
ocessorbased sol
uti
on coul
d hav
ea
ar
cingorcont
actwel
ding.
mi
cropr
ocessorst
oragememor
ychi
pandi
nput
/out
put
i
nter
faces.Thepr
ogr
am i
sthenusedt
ogi
veanout
put 3.MOTOR
ONandt
henOFFaf
tersomet
imedel
ay
I
ndcmot
orcommonl
ythef
aul
toccur
sinbr
ushesand
8.Descr
ibe common har
dwar
efaul
tsi
n a sy
stem [
apr
il commut
ator
.Insi
ngl
ephasei
nduct
ionmot
ort
hef
aul
toccur
2019] i
nst
art
ing capaci
tor
.Int
hreephasei
nduct
ionmot
ort
he
mai
ntenanceoccuri
nper
iodi
clubr
icat
ion.
COMMONHARDWAREFAULTS

4.HYDRAULI
CANDPNEUMATI
CSYSTEMS
The f
oll
owi
ng ar
e some of t
he commonl
y
encount
eredf
aul
tst
hatcanoccur
ewi
thspeci
fi
cty
pesof I
nhy
draul
i
candpneumat
icsy
stem t
hef
aul
tiscausedby
 di
rt
.

9.Expl
ain t
he wor
king of mi
cropr
ocessor wi
th bl
ock
di
agr
ams[
apr
il2019]

MI
CROPROCESSOR

 A mi
cropr
ocessori
s a componentt
hatper
for
ms t
he
i
nst
ruct
ionsandt
asksi
nvol
vedi
ncomput
erpr
ocessi
ng

 I
nacomput
ersy
stem t
hemi
cropr
ocessori
sthecent
ral
uni
tthatexecut
esandmanagest
hel
ogi
cali
nst
ruct
ions
passedt
oit

 Themi
cropr
ocessororCPUr
eadseachi
nst
ruct
ionf
rom
t
hememor
ydecodesi
tandexecut
esi
t.I
tpr
ocessest
he
dat
aasr
equi
redi
nthei
nst
ruct
ions.Thepr
ocessi
ngi
sin
t
hef
orm ofar
it
hmet
icandl
ogi
cal
oper
ati
ons
10.
Faul
tfi
ndi
ngt
echni
quesusedwi
thmi
cropr
ocessorbased
 Thedat
aret
ri
evedf
rom memor
yort
akenf
rom ani
nput sy
stems[
oct2019]
dev
ice and t
he r
esul
tofpr
ocessi
ng i
s st
ored i
nthe
FAULTFI
NDI
NGTECHNI
QUESI
NMI
CROPROCESSOR
memor
yordel
i
ver
edt
oanappr
opr
iat
eout
putdev
iceal
l
peri
nst
ruct
ions 1.Vi
sual
inspect
ion

Justcar
eful
l
ylooki
ngataf
aul
tysy
stem mayr
evealt
he
sour
ceofaf
aul
t.

2.Mul
ti
met
er
 Thi
sisofl
i
mit
edusewi
thmi
cropr
ocessorsy
stemsbut I
tisadev
icewhi
chcl
i
pst
oani
ntegr
atedci
rcui
tand
canbeusedt
ocheckf
orshor
tci
rcui
toropenci
rcui
t makescont
actwi
theachoft
hei
ntegr
atedci
rcui
tpi
ns.
connect
ionsandt
hepowersuppl
i
es Thel
ogi
cst
ateoft
heeachpi
nist
henshownbyLED
i
ndi
cat
ors,
ther
ebei
ngonef
oreachpi
n.
3.Osci
l
loscope
8.Logi
ccompar
ator
I
tisessent
ial
l
yli
mit
edt
owher
erepet
it
ivesi
gnal
soccur
andt
hemostobv
ioussuchsi
gnal
ist
hecl
ocksi
gnal
. The l
ogi
c compar
atort
est
sini
ntegr
ated ci
rcui
tby
compar
ingt
hem t
oagood,r
efer
ence,i
ntegr
atedci
rcui
t
4.Logi
cpr
obe
wi
thoutr
emov
ingt
hei
ntegr
atedci
rcui
tbei
ngt
est
edf
rom
I
tisahandhel
ddev
iceshapedl
i
keapen,whi
chcanbe i
tsci
rcui
t
usedt
odet
ermi
net
hel
ogi
clev
elatanypoi
nti
ntheci
rcui
t
9.Si
gnat
ureanal
yser
t
owhi
chi
tisconnect
ed.
Wi
th anal
ogue sy
stems,f
aul
tfi
ndi
ng usual
l
yinv
olv
es
5.Logi
cpul
ser
t
raci
ng t
hrough t
he ci
rcui
tr
y and exami
ning t
he
I
tisahandhel
dpul
segener
ator
,shapedl
i
keapent
hati
s wav
efor
ms at v
ari
ous nodes, compar
ison of t
he
usedt
oinj
ectcont
rol
l
edpul
sesi
ntoci
rcui
ts.I
tisof
ten wav
efor
mswi
thwhatwoul
dbeexpect
edenabl
i
ngf
aul
ts
usedwi
tht
hel
ogi
cpr
obet
ocheckt
hef
unct
ionsofl
ogi
c t
o bei
dent
if
iedandl
ocat
ed.Wi
thdi
git
alsy
stemst
he
gat
es pr
ocedur
eismor
ecompl
ex.Toi
dent
if
ywhet
hert
her
eis
f
aul
tthesequenceofofpul
sesi
sconv
ert
edi
ntor
eadi
l
y
6.Cur
rentt
racer
i
dent
if
iabl
efor
m t
ermed as si
gnat
ure.The si
gnat
ure
I
tissi
mil
art
ologi
cpr
obebuti
tsensespul
sat
ingcur
rent obt
ainedatanodecanbet
hencompar
edwi
tht
hatwhi
ch
i
n a ci
rcui
trat
hert
han v
olt
agel
evel
s.Thet
ip oft
he shoul
doccur
.
cur
rentt
raceri
smagnet
ical
l
ysensi
ti
veandi
susedt
o
10.
Logi
canal
yser
det
ectt
he changi
ng magnet
icf
iel
d neara conduct
or
car
ryi
ngapul
sat
ingcur
rent
. I
tisusedt
osi
mul
taneousl
ysampl
eandst
orei
na‘
fi
rst
-i
n-
f
ir
st-
out
’(FI
FO)memor
y,l
ogi
clev
elsofbusandcont
rol
7.Logi
ccl
i
p
 si
gnal
sinauni
tundert
est
.

11.
Wri
te shor
tnot
esonPLCpr
ogr
ammi
ng/l
adderpr
ogr
am
[
oct2019]

I
tconsi
stsoft
wov
ert
icall
i
nesr
epr
esent
ingt
hepower
r
ail
s.Ci
rcui
tsar
econnect
edashor
izont
all
i
nes,i
ethe
r
ungsoft
hel
adderbet
weent
wov
ert
ical
.Indr
awi
ngt
he
ci
rcui
tli
ne f
ora r
ung,i
nput
s mustal
way
s pr
ecede
out
put
sandt
her
emustbeat
leastoneout
putoneach
l
i
ne.Eachr
ungmustst
artwi
thani
nputoraser
iesof 12.
Compar
emi
cropr
ocessorandmi
crocont
rol
l
er[
oct2018,
i
nputandendwi
thanout
put
. oct2019]

COMPARI
SON BETWEEN MI
CROPROCESSOR AND
MI
CROCONTROLLER

MI
CROPROCESSOR MI
CROCONTROLLER
 Mi
cropr
ocessor i
s t
he cent
ral  Mi
crocont
rol
l
er i
s a speci
al
pr
ocessi
nguni
tofagener
alpur
pose pur
pose comput
er i
mpl
ement
ed
mi
crocomput
er onasi
ngl
echi
p

 I
tcont
ainsnoRAM,noROM andno  I
thasaCPUi
naddi
ti
ont
oaf
ixed
I
/Opor
tont
hechi
pit
sel
f amountofRAM,ROM,I
/O por
ts
and a t
imerar
eint
egr
ated on a
 Mustneed manyaddi
ti
onaldi
git
al
si
ngl
echi
p
par
tst
ooper
ateasasy
stem
 Can f
unct
ion as a comput
er
 Maket
hem bul
ki
erandexpensi
ve
wi
thoutanyaddi
ti
onal
digi
tal
par
ts
 I
thasmanyi
nst
ruct
ionsf
ormov
ing
 Make t
he sy
stem si
mpl
e and
dat
abet
weenext
ernalmemor
yand
economi
c
CPU
 I
thasoneort
woi
nst
ruct
ionsf
or
 Accesst
imei
smor
e
t
hepur
pose
 Used i
n mi
crocomput
er wher
e
 Accesst
imei
sless
most
lyi
nfor
mat
ic pr
ocessi
ng i
s
done  Most
ly used i
n smal
l sy
stems
per
for
ming cont
rol or
ient
ed
act
ivi
ti
es