 Planning: When you think of planning in a management role, think about it as the process

of choosing appropriate goals and actions to pursue and then determining what strategies to
use, what actions to take, and deciding what resources are needed to achieve the goals.
 Organizing: This process of establishing worker relationships allows workers to work
together to achieve their organizational goals.
 Leading: This function involves articulating a vision, energizing employees, inspiring and
motivating people using vision, influence, persuasion, and effective communication skills.
 Staffing: Recruiting and selecting employees for positions within the company (within
teams and departments).
 Controlling: Evaluate how well you are achieving your goals, improving performance,
taking actions. Put processes in place to help you establish standards, so you can measure,
compare, and make decisions.

Management Hierarchy

All levels of management perform these functions. However, the amount of time a manager
spends on each function depends on the level of management and the needs of the
organization—factors which play a role in organizational design.

 Top-level managers include the board of directors, president, vice-president, CEO, and

other similar positions. They are responsible for planning and directing the entire
organization.
 Middle-level managers include general managers, branch managers, and department
managers, all of whom are accountable to the top-level management for the functions
of their departments. They devote more time to organizing and directing.
 First-level managers include supervisors, section leads, foremen, and similar positions.
They focus on controlling and directing.
About The Government

The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government wherein power is

equally divided among its three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The
government seeks to act in the best interests of its citizens through this system of check and
balance.

One basic corollary in a presidential system of government is the principle of separation of

powers wherein legislation belongs to Congress, execution to the Executive, and settlement
of legal controversies to the Judiciary.

The Legislative branch is authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them through the power
vested in the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the Senate and the House of
Representatives.

The Legislative Branch enacts legislation, confirms or rejects Presidential appointments, and
has the authority to declare war. This branch includes Congress (the Senate and House of
Representatives) and several agencies that provide support services to Congress.

The Senate is composed of 24 Senators who are elected at large by the qualified voters of the
Philippines.

The House of Representatives is composed of about 250 members elected from legislative

districts in the provinces, cities, and municipalities, and representatives elected through a
party-list system of registered national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations.

The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per cent of the total number of
representatives including those under the party list. For three consecutive terms after the
ratification of this Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to party-list representatives
shall be filled, as provided by law, by selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban
poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, youth, and such other sectors as may be
provided by law, except the religious sector.

The Executive branch is composed of the President and the Vice President who are elected by
direct popular vote and serve a term of six years. The Constitution grants the President
authority to appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a large portion of the country’s
bureaucracy.

The executive branch carries out and enforces laws. It includes the President, Vice
President, the Cabinet, executive departments, independent agencies, boards, commissions,
and committees.

The President leads the country. He or she is the head of state, leader of the national
government, and Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces of the Philippines. The President
serves a six-year term and cannot be re-elected.

The Vice President supports the President. If the President is unable to serve, the Vice
President becomes President. He or she also serves a six-year term.

Cabinet members serve as advisors to the President. They include the Vice President and the
heads of executive departments. Cabinet members are nominated by the President and must
be confirmed by the Commission of Appointments.

The Judicial branch holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable. This branch determines whether or not there has been a grave
abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality
of the government. It is made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts.

The judicial branch interprets the meaning of laws, applies laws to individual cases, and
decides if laws violate the Constitution. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme
Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.

Each branch of government can change acts of the other branches as follows:

 The President can veto laws passed by Congress.

 Congress confirms or rejects the President's appointments and can remove the
President from office in exceptional circumstances.
 The Justices of the Supreme Court, who can overturn unconstitutional laws, are
appointed by the President. 
The Constitution expressly grants the Supreme Court the power of Judicial Review as the
power to declare a treaty, international or executive agreement, law, presidential decree,
proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance or regulation unconstitutional.