Maths Review

Rule # 1

Any non-zero digit is significant.

a) 123,786 6 s.f.
b) 8.26 3 s.f.
Rule # 2

Zeros between non-zero digits are

significant.

a) 10.1 3 s.f.
b) 9,043 4 s.f.
Rule # 3

Leading zeros are NOT significant.

a) 0.402 3 s.f.
b) 0.072 2 s.f.
Rule # 4

Trailing zeros are NOT significant.

a) 12,000 2 s.f.
b) 5050 3 s.f.
 What is a Prime Number?
A prime number is divisible by itself
AND one ONLY.
But why isn't 1 a prime number?

One is divisible by itself OR one.

 Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)

• The smallest number in two or more

numbers’ times tables.
 Highest Common Factor (HCF)

• The largest number that can be divided

into two or more numbers exactly.
 Prime Factors

• We can use a ‘factor tree’ to write a number

as a product of its prime factors

• Each time you reach a prime number circle

that number
 For both: write the number as a product of its primes
Place these numbers into a Venn diagram to calculate the HCF & LCM

2x2x2x2x3 2x2x3x5
Using a Venn diagram
First, draw a Venn diagram with each circle representing one of the numbers

2x2x2x2x3 2x2x3x5
2
2 2 5
2 3
48 60

Then place the common prime factors in the overlap.

And the unique factors in that numbers’ circle.

Using a Venn diagram HCF = 2 2 x = 12
LCM = 2 x 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 x 5 = 240

HCF 2 LCM
2 2 5
2x2x3 2 3 12 x 2 x 2 x 5
= 12 48 60 = 240

• Multiply the numbers in the overlap to get the HCF

• Multiply all the numbers in the Venn diagram to get the LCM
Standard Form
How can we use indices to display very large, or
very small, numbers?

First, we write a number between 1 and 10

Next, we use the base ten power (x 10n)

Standard Form
Using base 10 means we can easily show numbers
to the scale of thousands or millions without
writing the whole number:

4.2 x 106 = 4,200,000

INDICES
Indices is the mathematical term for ‘power’
Indices is the plural term for ‘index’

5 4
The index
(power)
The base
number

Indices apply only to the base to the left of it!

INDICES
In this case, the letter is acted upon by the power, but
the number is not.

5a 4
Indices apply only to the base to the left of it!
 What is a Ratio?
A ratio is a comparison of two (or more) numbers.
Ratios can be written in two different ways:

a to b Ratios are
expressed in
simplest form
This is NOT a a:b
divide!
A 35 ml orange drink is made by mixing orange
juice and water in the ratio 4 : 3.

5 5 5 5 5 5 5
 What is a Proportion?
a c A proportion is an equation

b d that equates two ratios

The ratio of boys and girls was 3:2

The ratio was doubled and is now 6:4

3 6

2 4
Properties of Proportion: Cross Product Property

3 6

2 4

2 x 6 = 12 3 x 4 = 12
Properties of Proportion: Reciprocal Property

If Then
3 6 2 4
 
2 4 3 6
Proportion
Solve for x (to 1 dp):

6 7 7x  6 2
 7 x  12
x 2 x  12 / 7
x  1 .7
Elimination method:

Either add or subtract the equations to get an equation with one

variable, which can then be solved.

＋ When the coefficients of one variable are opposites, you add

the equations to eliminate a variable.

－ When the coefficients of one variable are the same, you

subtract the equations to eliminate a variable.
 Using the Elimination Method: Step 1
EXAMPLE 1
Subtract the
3 x  y  11 two equations
to eliminate
2x  y  8 the y variable...

Solution: x  3
 Using the Elimination Method: Step 2
EXAMPLE 1
Plug the x
3 x  y  11 value back into
one of the
2x  y  8 equations...

Solution:
3(3)  y  11
x3
y2
 Using the Elimination Method: Step 3
EXAMPLE 1
Place both your
3 x  y  11 values back into
one of the
2x  y  8 equtions to check

Solution:
2(3)  2  8
x3
y2
Substitution method:

Insert one equation into the other to get an equation with one
variable, which can then be solved.

x y  3
3y  x  5
 Using the Substitution Method: Step 1
EXAMPLE 1
Insert -2y from
2 x  7 y  12 the bottom
equation into
x  2 y the top one...

Solution: 2( 2 y )  7 y  12
 4 y  7 y   12
y  4
 Using the Substitution Method: Step 2
EXAMPLE 1
Plug the y
2 x  7 y  12 value back into
the bottom
x  2 y equation...

Solution: x  2( 4)

x 8
y  4
 Using the Substitution Method: Step 3
EXAMPLE 1
Place both your
2 x  7 y  12 values back into
one of the
x  2 y equtions to check

Solution: 2(8)  7 ( 4)  12

x8 16  28   12
y  4
 12   12
 Expand

Multiply every term inside the brackets by the term outside:

3(5�+2)

= 3 × 5� + 3×2

= 15� + 6
 Expand

Multiply both terms inside the first brackets by both terms

inside the second brackets:

(� + 4)(� - 2)

= � 2 -2� +4� -8

= �2 + 2� - 8
 Factorise

x2 - 4x - 45

Let’s think of the expression as ax2 + bx + c.

We must find 2 numbers that:

have product (x) = c
have sum (+) = b
 Factorise

x2 - 4x - 45

ax2 + bx + c

product (x) = -45

sum (+) = -4

Can you think of 2 numbers that work?

 Factorise

x2 - 4x - 45

product (x) = -45

sum (+) = -4

-9 and +5, we can show the answer as

(x - 9)(x + 5)
Reverse algebraic operation!
Example 1 (simple)

Make t the subject of the formula: r = k - ct

+ct +ct
r + ct = k
-r -r
ct = k - r
÷c ÷c

t= k-r
c

Answer: t = k - r
c
Example 2 (fractions)

Make u the subject of the formula:

(u  v)t
s
2
2s  (u  v)t 2s
2s u v
t
uv t
2s
v  u
t
Example 3 (multiple subject)

Make R the subject of the formula:

H  2R  gR
FACTORISE
H  R(2  g)
H
R
2 g
Example 4 (squares)

Make r the subject of the formula:

2
A  r
A 2
r

A
 r

Example 5 (square roots)

Make h the subject of the formula:

3h
d  2
2 2d
3h h
2
d 
2
3
2
2d  3h
Examples of Quadratic Equations
STANDARD FORM:

To solve a quadratic
equation, we should write it in
STANDARD FORM
ax 2 + bx + c = 0

x2 + 81 = 18x x2 - 18x + 81 = 0

x2 = 9x - 18 x2 - 9x + 18 = 0
Parts of the Quadratic Equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0
If a is +ve the curve
will point up
If a is -ve the curve
will point down

Factorising tells us
where the graph
c tells us where the crosses the x-axis
graph crosses the y-axis
e.g. (x + 1)(x - 3)
 Solve Quadratic Equations
by FACTORISING

Step 1: Write the equation in standard form.

Step 2: Factorise completely.

Step 3: Solve each bracket.

EXAMPLE 1
x2 = 9x - 18

x2 - 9x + 18 = 0
(x - 6)(x - 3) = 0

x=6,x=3
 Example 1: Using the Quadratic Formula

6x2 + 5x – 4 = 0

6x2 + 5x –4 = 0
Identify a, b, and c.

Use the Quadratic Formula.

Substitute values for a, b and c.

 Example 1: Using the Quadratic Formula

Simplify.

Write as two equations.

x = 0.5 , x = –1.3 Solve each equation.

(both to 1 dp)
Percentages
 Percentage change
Percentage change is the difference between two
values.
This difference is found as a percentage, in relation to
the original value.

General rule:
��� ����� − �������� �����
���������� �ℎ���� = × 100
�������� �����
Percentage change A computer accessories shop increased the
price of one of its printers from £80 to £100.
Find the percentage increase in price.

0
£80 £10

Original Price New Price

��� ����� − �������� �����

���������� �ℎ���� = × 100
�������� �����

100 − 80
���������� �ℎ���� = × 100
80 ���������� ��������
20 = ��%
���������� �ℎ���� = × 100
80
Reverse Percentage - unitary method

A new washing machine costs £376

This price includes 17.5% VAT (value added tax)
Work out the cost of the washing machine before VAT was added.

117.5% = £376
1% = £3.20
100% = £320
Reverse Percentage

A new washing machine costs £376

This price includes 17.5% VAT (value added tax)
Work out the cost of the washing machine before VAT was added.

376 ÷ 1.175 = £320

Simple Interest example 1

How much money will be in the bank if you invest $100 with 4%
simple interest per annum for a period of 4 years?

I = 100 x 0.04 x 4
I = $16
$100 + $16 = $116
Compound Interest example 1
How much money will be in the bank if you invest $15,000 with 8%
compound interest per annum for a period of 4 years?

A = 15,000(1 + 0.08)4
A = $20,407.33
For collecting Data: Frequency Table
For collecting Data: Two Way Table
Stem & Leaf Diagram

What's the
tallest student 190cm
in the class?

What's the
modal height 176cm
in the class?
Pie Chart
What's the
angle of the 10% of 360 =
sector for 36 0
peach?

What's the
angle of the 13% of 360 =
sector for 46.8 0
orange?

*100 students asked

Bar Chart
How many
students
celebrate their
birthday in
June?

How many
students
celebrate their
birthday in
December?
Pictograph

How many
apples were
sold on
Tuesday?

How many
apples were
sold on
Thursday?
Line Graph

Estimate
the produce
sales in
December

Estimate
the produce
sales in
February
 Scatter Graph
• Scatter graphs are a good
way of displaying two sets of
data to see if there is
correlation.

• For example, do you think

there is correlation between
the students' English mark
and their maths mark?
 What is a Line of Best Fit?
A line drawn as close as possible to all the points on the
scatter graph.
Note: it is only drawn if the graph shows correlation.
To draw a line of best fit:
• Use a ruler
• Roughly have an equal number of points on each side of
the line
• Try to keep the points close to the line
• Ignore any clear outliers
Scatter Graph
Line of best fit