Part 1: Lymphatic Organs & Disease

Overview

I. Immune System Functions

II. Lymphatic Organs & Tissues
III. Immune Disorders
IV. Infectious Disease
V. Immune Defenses
VI. Immunity

1. Red Bone Marrow

I. Immune System
- Function: site of stem cell production
and creation of white blood cells.
- Consists of a network of lymphatic
organs, tissues, and cells
- In adults, red marrow is found in long
and flat bones.
- Plays an important role in keeping us
healthy - In children it is found in most bones

- When homeostasis is NOT in balance,

the body has disease 5 Types of White Blood Cells

- Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil,

- Function
monocyte, lymphocyte (B lymphocyte
& T lymphocyte)
- Defends body against disease
using white blood cells to
maintain homeostasis

- White blood cells are produced by the

lymphatic organs to fight pathogens
invading the body
2. Thymus
- Pathogens are things that infect
- Located below the sternum
you and make you sick
- Larger in children, shrinks with age
- Critical to immunity
II. Lymphatic Organs
- Function: allows the body to reject

1. Red Marrow foreign tissues or invading pathogens

2. Thymus - Immature T-lymphocytes (from red
3. Spleen
marrow) move to the thymus where
4. Lymph nodes & vessels
5. Tonsils & Adenoids they mature
6. Appendix & Peyer’s patches
3. Spleen

- Located on the left side of the

abdomen

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 - Function: Filters blood cells and Symptoms of allergic reaction
destroys worn out blood cells, engulfs - Hives, itching, swelling
debris - Tightness of chest, difficulty breathing
- Can live with out the spleen but more - Swelling of tongue
- Dizziness, drop in BP
susceptible to infections
- Anaphylactic shock
4. Lymph Nodes & Vessels - Unconsciousness or cardiac arrest

- Function: Lymph nodes filter lymph B. Edema

- Lymph– excess tissue fluid carried by - Localized swelling due to the

lymphatic vessels accumulation of lymph
- Can lead to tissue damage and
- Mostly made of water and dissolved eventual death if untreated
substances (electrolytes, oxygen)

- Lymph may contain white blood cells,

bacteria, viruses, cancer cells and cell C. Autoimmune Diseases
debris - The immune system does not
- Nodes can become swollen when distinguish between self and non-self
infected
- Function: Lymph vessels transport
- The body produces white blood cells
lymph from tissues and nodes back to
that attack its own tissues
the heart

Examples of autoimmune diseases

5. Tonsils & Adenoids
- Multiple sclerosis – white matter of
- Small masses of lymphatic tissue
brain and spinal cord are destroyed
around the pharynx
- Juvenile diabetes – destroys
- Function: Trap and remove pathogens
pancreatic beta cells that produce
and other foreign materials that enter
insulin
the mouth or nose
- Rheumatoid arthritis – destroys joints
- Adenoids, like the thymus, shrink with
age

III. Infectious Disease

6. Appendix & Peyer’s Patches - Disrupts normal body function

(homeostasis)
- Both are located in intestinal wall
- Caused by a pathogen.
- Function: Encounter pathogens that
enter the body through the intestinal - Pathogen: anything that invades your
tract. body & causes a disease

- Ex: bacteria, protozoan, fungi, viruses,

parasites, worms
III. Immune Disorders
- It can be contagious (passed from
person to person)
A. Allergies

- Tricks immune system to have response

A. Disease Transmission
- Response is harmful rather than
protective because it attacks our own - People may carry a disease without
cells even knowing it.

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 - Can be spread during the incubation - Infectious forms of bacteria-
period (before symptoms occur)
- Cholera, Bubonic Plague, tuberculosis,
gonorrhea, anthrax, streptococcus,
staphylococcus
Transmission by:
- Treatment: ANTIBIOTICS
1. Direct contact

- Kissing
Antibiotic Resistance
2. Indirect contact-through the air
- Currently, many bacteria are becoming
- coughing & sneezing
resistant to antibiotics
3. Contact with object - This is because of antibiotics being over
- sharing drinks, door knobs, desks prescribed

- (often for viral infections, which they

have no effect on)
4. Infected animals
-MRSA – Methicillin-resistant
- Vector transmits disease Staphylococcus areus
- Ex: mosquito
- Bacterial strain resistant to antibiotics
5. Contaminated food or water
5. Viruses
- food poisoning
- Viruses are non-living, non-cellular
structures thousands of times smaller
B. Agents of Disease than a cell
- Structure: DNA surrounded by a protein
1. Protists
coat
- feed on nutrients in host’s blood - Virus cannot reproduce itself

- ex: malaria, dysentery - Virus relies on a HOST cell to replicate

2. Worms -A virus usually tricks the host to pull it

- parasitic flatworms & round worms
- ex: tapeworms & hook worms
3. Fungi
- attack moist areas, like the skin, scalp,
mouth & throat
- ex: ringworms & athlete’s foot
into cell
-Virus genetic material takes over the
host cell causing the cell to make new
viruses
Common types of human viruses:
- Influenza, chicken pox, polio, HIV,
common cold, and Herpes (cold sores)

4. Bacteria
Uncommon types of human viruses:
- Bacteria (prokaryotes) have a cell wall,
cell membrane, genetic material, and - Ebola, West Nile Virus, Dengue Fever,
Smallpox
ribosomes for protein production
- Bacteria do not have a nucleus or
Prevention
organelles
- Bacteria are living cells Vaccines PREVENT viral infection

- Person is injected with a weakened

They cause disease by:
virus.
- Releasing toxins that are poisonous to - The immune system can later recognize
people the normal virus and fight it off
- Break down tissues of infected - Ex: measles, mumps, rubella (MMR),
organism for food smallpox, polio, flu strains (swine flu)

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Treatment
- Viral infections are fought by the
immune system or with anti-viral drugs.
- Some viruses are too strong and too
fast for the immune system to fight.
These viruses lead to:
- Epidemics (over large areas)
- Pandemics (over whole countries)
To treat mass outbreaks: contain the area
and quarantine the infected.
Common Viruses
Influenza (Flu Virus)
- Kills 30,000 Americans every year
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Deadly Viruses
Ebola virus
- Africa
- ~90% mortality rate
SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome)
- China 2002-3
- 5328 cases, 349 deaths
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Part 2: Immune Defenses
I. Immune System Overview
- Immune System: body’s defense
system against disease
- 2 Defense Systems for foreign materials
- Nonspecific Defense System
- Specific Defense System
- Includes White Blood Cells (WBCs) to
fight infection through inactivating
foreign materials or cells
- Soldiers of your defense system
A. Pathogens & Antigens
- Pathogens (things that infect you)
contain antigens
- Antigens are like chemical markers
(name tag) that tell what the pathogen
B. WBCs & Antibodies
- WBCs can recognize the antigens
because they have antibodies.
- Antibodies are proteins that recognize
and bind to the antigen because they fit
together
- Antibodies mark the pathogen for
destruction
C. Types of WBCs
Phagocytes - “eat” & destroy pathogens
- Macrophages, Neutrophils, Monocytes
Eosinophils – deal with parasitic infections
Basophils – involved in allergic reactions
Lymphocytes – deal with specific invaders
- B-lymphocytes- make antibodies
- T-lymphocytes- cells- recognize & kill
pathogen
II. Immune Divisions
A. Nonspecific Defenses
B. Specific Defenses
C. Acquired Immunity
A. Nonspecific Defenses
- Body protects itself the SAME way
regardless of what is invading it
- Protects against variety of invaders
- Fast-acting Response
- Lines of Defense
1. Skin, Sweat, Mucus & Tears
2. Immune Response
- Fever, Macrophages,
Inflammation
1. First Line of Defense
- Skin, sweat, mucus, and tears
- Skin is a physical barrier to keep
pathogens out of the body
- Cuts or breaks in the skin allow
pathogens to enter
- Sweat, mucus, & tears contain
lysosomes and other chemicals that kill
bacteria.
2. Second Line of Defense
Immune response – pathogens are recognized
by antigens
- Fever – body raises temperature to
slow down growth & replication of
pathogen
- Macrophages – WBCs designed to eat
pathogens
- Inflammation – infected area swells
with lymph and blood bringing WBCs
and macrophages to fight pathogen
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B. Specific Defenses
Immune system attacks specific pathogen
Pathogen can be recognized by its specific
antigen
Lymphocytes (B-cells & T-cells)
- B-cells- make antibodies & have
memory
- T-cells- recognize & kill pathogen
2 Types of Specific Defense
1. Antibody Mediated Immunity
- Antibodies mark pathogens for
destruction
- Involves B cells
2. Cell Mediated Immunity
- Attacks infected self cells
- Involves T cells
A. Antibody Mediated Immunity
- aka: Humoral Immunity
- Antibodies produced by B cells mark
pathogen for destruction by
macrophages
1. Primary Response:
- First time you encounter pathogen
- 3-6 days to launch immune attack
Helper T cells signal B cells to divide and
differentiate to produce:
- Plasma Cells – make antibodies
- B memory Cells – remember antigen in
case of second infection
Antibodies attach to antigens that are
outside a cell
- Macrophages engulf anything labeled
with an antibody
 - Antibodies won’t allow viruses to infect
cells

2. Secondary Response

- You encounter the same antigen again

- 2-3 days to respond

- B-memory cells respond faster to make

antibodies
- Do not get sick
- Memory cells = IMMUNITY

B. Cell Mediated Immunity

- Immune system attacks infected cells

- T cells carry out cell mediated immunity
C. Acquired Immunity
> When viruses or pathogens get inside
cells, or when a cell turns cancerous, - Immunity is acquired after exposure to
antibodies alone cannot destroy them antigen and a memory B or T cell is
made
- Infected self cell displays antigens from -
the pathogen on cell membrane 2 Kinds

T-cells divide and differentiate to recognize 1. Active Immunity: you make antibodies in
and kill infected cell response to antigen
- Vaccine
1. Helper T-cells - Natural exposure to pathogen
- recognize antigen and recruit other
cells to fight invader 2. Passive Immunity: you obtain antibodies
- (general in command) from another source
> tell B-cells to make antibodies - Mother’s milk gives baby antibodies
> Attract Cytotoxic (Killer) T-cells
II. Immunodeficiency
2. Cytotoxic (Killer) T-cells
- Production or function of immune cells
- kill infected self-cell by injecting toxic is abnormal
chemicals (perforin) - May be congenital or acquired
- (trained assassins) - Includes AIDS (Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
3. Suppressor T cells
1. AIDS
- Release chemicals to suppress the
activity of T & B-cells from - HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is
over-reacting or harming the body a retrovirus (RNA for genetic material)
- HIV targets Helper T cells
4. Memory T cells > T cell makes new HIV viruses
> Causes slow death of T cells while
- Will cause secondary response if same making more of the virus
antigen invades again > When there are not enough T cells,
the body isleft defenseless against
invading pathogens

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AIDS progression:

Phase I: few weeks to a few years; flu like

symptoms, swollen lymph nodes, chills, fever,
fatigue, body aches. Virus is multiplying,
antibodies are made but ineffective for
complete virus removal

Phase II: within six months to 10 years;

opportunistic infections present, Helper T cells
affected, 5% may not progress to next phase

Phase III: Helper T cells fall below 200 per

cubic millimeter of blood AND the person has
an opportunistic infection or type of cancer.

- Person is now termed as having “AIDS”

- AIDS is when people get sick and

ultimately die from diseases they would
normally fight off, but cannot due to a
weak immune system.

- These diseases are called Opportunistic

infections.

- Tuberculosis, encephalitis, Kaposi’s

sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin’s
lymphoma

AIDS Pandemic

- More than 36 million infected with HIV

worldwide
- Most infections in sub-Sahara of Africa
- Increasing spread in Asia and India
- Most often spread by heterosexual
contact outside U.S.