A pattern is an arrangement which helps observers anticipate what they might see or

what happens next.

A pattern also shows what may have come before. It organizes information so that it
becomes more useful.

● Logic Patterns, Number Patterns, Geometric Patterns

Language is a “systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or

conventional symbols” (Chen, 2010, on “Language”)

A vocabulary of symbols or words

A grammar consisting of rules on the use of these symbols

A community of people who use and understand these symbols

A range of meanings that can be communicated with these symbols

Mathematics is a system of communication about objects like numbers, variables, sets,

operations, functions and equations. This language consists of some natural language
using technical terms (mathematical terms) and grammatical conventions,
supplemented by symbolic notations for mathematical formulas.

Characteristics of Mathematical Language

● Precise
- It means the language is able to make very fine distinctions of things.
● Concise
- It means the language is able to say things briefly.
● Powerful

A sentence must contain a complete thought.

Similarly, a mathematical sentence must state a complete thought. It can use symbols
or words like equals, greater than, or less than. It can be determined whether it’s true or
false.
An expression (mathematical expression) is a correct arrangement of mathematical
symbols used to represent the object of interest and does not contain a complete
thought. It cannot be determined if it is true or false.
Set theory is the branch of mathematics that studies sets or the mathematical science of
the infinite.
A well-defined collection of objects called elements.
● Sets are denoted by capital letters (e.g. A, D, C,…). The objects of a set are
separated by comma and are enclosed by braces. These objects are called
the elements or members of the set.

1. DESCRIPTIVE METHOD

 - uses a verbal statement to describe the set.    

2. ROSTER METHOD or Listing Method

     - list all the elements of the set enclosed with braces
- ellipsis (…) to indicate “and so on.”

3. RULE METHOD or SET BUILDER NOTATION

 - uses a variable (a symbol, usually a letter, that can represent different elements of a

set), braces, and a vertical bar | that is read as “such that”. This is usually used when

the elements are too many to list down.

Finite Set - limited and/or countable, last element can be identified

Infinite - unlimited

Unit Set - with only one element, also called singleton

Empty or Null Set - no elements present

Power Set - p(S) collection/set of all subsets

● All sets under investigation in any application of set theory are assumed to be
contained in some large fixed set called the universal set, denoted by the
symbol, U.
● The cardinal number of a set is the number of elements or members in the set.
The cardinality of set A is denoted by n(A).
Functions help us visualize relationships in terms of graphs and make it easier to
interpret different behavior of variables. A function is a set of ordered pairs in which no
two ordered pairs have the same first coordinate.

Relation R from A to B
A proposition (or statement) is a declarative sentence that can be objectively identified
as either true or false, but not both. If a proposition is true, then its truth value is true and
is denoted by T or 1; otherwise, its truth value is false and is denoted by F or 0.
A simple proposition is a proposition with only one subject and only one predicate.
- With subject and predicate
A truth table is a table that shows the truth value of a compound proposition for all
possible truth values of its simple propositions.