Study Guide in Mathematics in the Modern World FM-AA -CIA-15 Rev.

0 10-July-2020

GE7 Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 2 : Mathematical Language and Symbol

LEARNING CONTENTS (THE LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR OF MATHEMATICS)

Lesson 2: The Language and Grammar of Mathematics

The language of Mathematics is packed with terms and symbols, which normally used in everyday
conversation. Mathematics has grammar too, but it is the mathematical logic that determines whether the
statements are true or not true, valid or not valid. Therefore, we need to view Mathematics as a language and
must learn it in a way a language is learned.

Think about this!

Watch this video and answer the guide questions?

Math isn't hard, it's a language | Randy Palisoc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6yixyiJcos

1. What practice in learning Mathematics was emphasized by the speaker?

2. What part of the talk made you go back to the time when you were beginning to learn Mathematics?
3. Do you agree that Mathematics is a human language, and should have been taught the way an English
language is being taught? Explain.

Mathematical Expression and Sentence

A sentence must contain a complete thought. In English language, an ordinary sentence must contain a
subject and a predicate. Similarly, a mathematical sentence must state a complete thought while an
expression is a name given to a mathematical object of interest. Below are examples of mathematical
expressions:
a. An ordered pair
b. A matrix * +
c. A function
d. The set {1, 3, 5}

Below are examples of mathematical sentences or statement.

Combined Mathematical
English Translations
Sentences
- The sum of six and two all over four is two.
- The ratio of six plus two, and four is equal to two.

- Two is the quotient when the sum of six and two is divided by four.

- Twice the difference of twelve and four is sixteen. - The product of 2 and twelve less four
is sixteen

We also have some examples of algebraic sentences.

Algebraic Sentences English Translation
- Twice a number is equal to fourteen.
- Two times a number is fourteen.

- Thrice the difference of twice a number and one is four.

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GE7 Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 2 : Mathematical Language and Symbol

LEARNING CONTENTS ( THE LANGUAGES OF SETS)

Lesson 3. The Language of Sets

The concept of sets was formalized by George Cantor, a German mathematician (1845-1918). He defined set
as a collection of definite distinguished objects called elements.

3.1 Set Notations

It is important to note that in Mathematics, there are certain conventions in the ways sets are represented,
written, and interpreted. The following examples will illustrate these conventions.

The set composed of five vowels of the English alphabet may be named and can
Example 1 be denoted as
Sets like has a finite number of elements. It can be written using roster
{ }
method, where the elements are listed. Commas are used
between each element and a pair of braces is used to enclose the elements.

The set whose elements are all even integers may be named and can be written as
Example 2 {
. This is read as “set is the set}of all values of such that is an even integer”. Sets like has
infinite number of elements. It is written
using set-builder method. This notation is used whenever it is convenient or impossible to list all the elements
of a set; it merely describes the characterizing property of its elements in terms of symbols.

We also have to take note of the frequently used set of numbers:

Your turn 1 Use roster method to represent a set.

a. The set of natural numbers less than 5.

b. The solution set of
c. The set of negative integers greater than

Your turn 2 Use set-builder method to represent a set.

a. Set is the set whose elements are numbers greater than negative five but less than four.
b. Set is the set whose elements are numbers greater than or equal to zero.
c. Set is the set of even numbers greater than or equal to four but less than or equal to twenty.

More Concepts to Learn about Sets

Finite Set is a set

whose elements are
countable. o . o Set is the set of integers
greater than zero but less than five.

Unit Set or Singleton is a finite set that has only one

element. o o Set D is the set of numbers
 that is neither positive nor negative.

Infinite Set is a set where the number of elements is not countable.

o o Set is the set of
positive integers.
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GE7 Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 2 : Mathematical Language and Symbol
 Empty or null set is a set that
has no elements. o or
o Set H is the set of months that start with
the letter Z.

Cardinality of a set is the number of elements in it. For example, the cardinal number of set
A (described above) is denoted by . Take note that in finding
for the cardinality of a set, elements that are listed more than once are
counted only once. For example the set has a cardinality of 4 and is denoted as

Equivalent Sets are sets that have the same number of elements. In other words, they have the same
cardinality. For example, set and (discussed above) are equivalent sets denoted by since
they have one element each; that is . However, set and set are not equivalent because set has five
elements and set has only four elements.

Equal sets are sets that have exactly the same elements. o If and , then
sets and are equal, denoted by . o If and , then .

The symbol is used to indicate that an element belongs to a set; while is used to indicate that an element
does not belong to a set. o Given , we say that is an element of ” or in symbols, .

The symbol is used to indicate that set is a proper subset of another set. In given two sets and
, every element of set is also an element of set , but not all elements of set are in set . Such a
relation between sets is denoted by and is read as “ is a proper subset of ”. It is important to note that the
set on the right of is the one with more elements.

On the other hand, the symbol is used to indicate that a set is not a subset of another set; meaning not all
elements of the first set are also element of the second set.

The symbol is used to indicate that equal sets are subset of one another. Suppose we are given two sets,
and . Since sets and are equal sets, we say that is a subset of
, and conversely, is a subset of . In set notation, we state and .

Power set is the set composed of all the subsets of a given set. For example, the power set of set denoted
as is .
Note that an empty set is a subset of every set and every set is a subset of itself.

Sets that have common elements are called joint sets; while those that do not have common elements are
called disjoint sets.

Your turn 3 Fill in the table below with corresponding notation of statement and evaluate if
what it states is true or false.

Notation Statement True/False

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Module 2 : Mathematical Language and Symbol

Your turn 4

Do you notice any relation between the number of elements in a set and number of
elements in its power set; that is the number of subsets (proper subsets plus its equal
set)?What seems to be the pattern? Can you come up with a formula? Go and
investigate! Put your observations in the table.
 or set
or

both
 a.

The intersection of two sets and is the set of elements that belong to both sets and , and is denoted
by which reads as intersection .

If D is the set of single-syllable months, E is the set of months with letter and
Example 4 F is the set of months with four letters or less, then D = {March, May, June}
{January, February, July} and {May, June, July}.

Find , and .

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Module 2 : Mathematical Language and Symbol
 Solution
{July}
D
{May, June}

Set D and E are disjoint sets so their intersection is empty set.

Your turn 6

Perform the indicated operation. Use the same sets given in example 4.

a.
b.
c.

can be understood also as the

 {May, June, July}.

Example 6 Let

Find and .

Solution:

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GE7 Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 2 : Mathematical Language and Symbol

Your turn 8

Perform the indicated set operations.

a.
 b.
c.
d.

The Cartesian product of two sets and is the set of all possible pairs of elements and is denoted by
(read as “the Cartesian product of and ”). Each pair of elements is called an ordered pair

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GE7 Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 2 : Mathematical Language and Symbol
 Figure 1

Example 8 Determine Regions that Represent Sets

Use the figure above to answer each of the following.

a. Which regions represent ?
b. Which regions represent ?
c. Which regions represent ?

Solution :
a. is represented by all the regions common to
circles A and C . Thus is represented by regions i and iv.

b. is represented by all the regions obtained by joining the regions in

circle A (i, ii, iv, v) and the regions in circle C (i, iii, iv, vii).
Thus
is represented by regions i, ii, iii, iv, v, and vii.
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GE7 Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 2 : Mathematical Language and Symbol
c. is represented by all the regions common to circle A and
the regions that are not in circle B. Thus. is
represented by regions iv and v.

Refer to Figure 3 to find the following:

Example 9 a. c.
b.
d.

Figure 3
Solution:
a. { } c. {}
b. { } d. { }

Counting problemsoccur in many areas of applied mathematics. To solve these counting problems,
we often make use of a Venn diagram. In the next example, we can use
diagram
Venn to help us solve some
word problems.

A movie company is making plans for future

movies it wishes to produce. The
Example 10 company has done a random survey of 1000 people. The results of the survey
are shown below.

695 people like action adventures.

340 people like comedies.
180 people like both action adventures and comedies.

Of the people surveyed, how many people

 c. do not like either of these types of movies?

Solution

A Venn diagram can be used to illustrate the results of the survey. We use two overlapping circles
(see Figure 4). One circle represents the set of people who like action adventures and the other represents
the set of people who like comedies. The region i where the circles intersect represents the set of people who
like both types of movies.
We start with the information that 180 people like both types of movies and write 180 in region i. See Figure 5.

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GE7 Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 2 : Mathematical Language and Symbol

a. Regions i and ii have a total of 695 people. So far we have accounted for 180 of these people in region i.
Thus the number of people in region ii, which is the set of people who like action adventures but do not like
comedies, is .

b. Regions i and iii have a total of 340 people. Thus the number of people in region iii, which is the set of
people who like comedies but do not like action adventures, is .

c. The number of people who do not like action adventure movies or comedies is represented by region iv.
The number of people in region iv must be the total number of people, which is 1000, less the number of
people accounted for in regions i, ii, and iii, which is 855. Thus the number of people who do not like either
type of movie is

An activities director for a cruise ship has surveyed 240 passengers. Of the 240
Your turn 10 passengers,

135 like swimming. 80 like swimming and dancing.

150 like dancing. 40 like swimming and games.
65 like games. 25 like dancing and games.
15 like all three activities.
How many passengers
a. like exactly two of the three types of activities?
b. like only swimming?
c. like none of these activities?

{ }
LEARNING POINTS
Sets like has a finite number of elements. We use roster method, which is, listing all elements of the set,
in describing
{ finite sets. }
The set whose elements are all even integers may be named and can be written as
. This is read as “set is the set of all values of such that is an even integer”. Sets
like has infinite number of elements. It is written using set-builder method. This notation is used whenever it

{ }
{ }
{ }
 { } { } { } { }

is convenient or impossible to list all the elements of a set; it merely describes the characterizing property of its
elements in terms of symbols.
The different set operations are Union, Intersection, Difference, Complementation, and Cartesian product.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 2

In exercises 1 to 3, use the roster method to write each of the given sets .
1. The set of whole numbers less than 4.
2. The set of negative integers between -5 and 7.
3. The set of integers x that satisfy

In exercises 4 to 6 , use the rule method to describe the following sets.

4.
5.
6.

In exercises 7 to 15, Consider the following sets .

A C B = – Universal Set
Find the following sets and identify the cardinality of the sets.
7. 11.
8. B C 12.
9. A B C) 13.
10. AxB 14.
15. A U

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GE7 Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 2 : Mathematical Language and Symbol

In exercises 16 to 17, if {even counting numbers } and {odd counting numbers}, then which of the following
are true or false .
16. (2, 3)
17. 22

In exercises 18 to 19 . Draw a Venn diagram with each of the given elements placed in the correct region.
18.
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ }
19. Hal, Marie, Rob, Armando, Joel, Juan, Melody}
{
{Marie, Armando, Melody}
{Rob, Juan, Hal}
{Hal, Marie, Rob, Joel, Juan, Melody}

20. Use Venn Diagram to answer the following problem

Mrs. Cruz asked her 30 students who among their mother, father, or sibling will attend the quarterly
conference. Sixteen students said their mother will attend, another 16 said their father will attend, and 11 said
their siblings will attend. Five said their mother and sibling will attend, and of these, 3 said their father will also
attend. Five said only their sibling will attend and 8 said only their father will attend. How many students said
only their mother will attend? Support your answer by illustrating the Venn Diagram which represents the
given data.

LEARNING CONTENTS ( THE LANGUAGE OF LOGIC)

Lesson 4: The Language of Logic
The term logic refers to the science that studies the principle of correct reasoning. Logic requires the act of
reasoning to form thoughts and opinions, as well as classification and judgments. The foundation of logical
argument is its proposition or statement. A simple proposition or just a proposition is a declarative sentence
 that is either true or false (truth values) but not both. The argument is then built on premises. The premises
are the propositions used to build the argument.

Determine if each sentence is a proposition or not a proposition.

Example 1
a. Read the sentences.
b. The word dog has four letters.
c. How are you?
d.

Solution
a. This is not a proposition because it is not a declarative sentence.
b. This sentence is a proposition because it is a declarative sentence. Its truth value is false.
c. The sentence “How are you?” is a question and not a declarative sentence. Thus, it is not a proposition.
d. is not a proposition. This is known as an open statement and can be a proposition if we give values for
x. It is true for and it is false for any other values of . For any given value of , it is true or false but not
both.

Determine whether each sentence is a proposition or not a proposition.

Your turn 1

a. Open the door. c. In the year 2020, the president of the United States will be a woman. b.
7055 is a large number. d. .

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Compound Propositions

George Boole (the one who published The Mathematical Analysis of Logic in 1848) used symbols such as p, q,
r, and s to represent propositions and the symbols and to represent connectives. See Table
c. The number 10 is not a prime number / The number 10 is a composite number.
d. The fire engine is red.

Write the negation of the following propositions.

a. Mayon Volcano is in Naga.

b. Ninoy is a hero.
c. The dog was fed.
d. Maria is not a teenager.
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Example 3 Write compound propositions in symbolic form.

Consider the following simple

propositions. p: Today is Friday. q: It is
raining. r: I am going to a movie. s: I am
not going to the basketball game.

Write the following compound propositions in symbolic form.

a. Today is Friday and it is raining.
b. It is not raining and I am going to a movie.
c. I am going to the basketball game or I am going to a movie.
d. If it is raining, then I am not going to the basketball game.

Solution
a. b. c. d.

Your turn 3

Use p, q, r, and s as defined in Example 3 to write the following compound propositions in symbolic
form.

a. Today is not Friday and I am going to a movie.

b. I am going to the basketball game and I am not going to a movie.
c. I am going to the movie if and only if it is raining.
d. If today is Friday, then I am not going to a movie.

Translate symbolic propositions into English sentences.

Example 4
Consider the following propositions.
p: The game will be played in
Atlanta. q: The game will be shown
on CBS.
r: The game will not be shown on ESPN.
s: The Dodgers are favored to win.

Write each of the following symbolic propositions in words.

a. b. c.

Solution
a. The game will be shown on CBS and the game will be played in Atlanta.
b. The game will be shown on ESPN and the Dodgers are favored to win.
c. The Dodgers are favored to win if and only if the game will not be played in Atlanta.

Conjunction Operator (and )

This is a proposition which is the result of combining two other propositions with the connective word
“and”.
The conjunction of two propositions is true only if both propositions are true.

Truth table for

 T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

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Disjunction Operator (and )
This is a proposition which is the result of combining two other propositions with the connective word
“or”.
The disjunction of two propositions is false only if both statements are false.

Truth table for

T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Example 5 Determine the truth value of the following propositions.

a.
b. 5 is a whole number and 5 is an even number.
c. 2 is a prime number and 2 is an even number.

Solution
a. means 7 > 5 or 7 5. Because 7 > 5 is true, the statement 7 5 is a true statement. b.
This is false because 5 is not an even number.
c. This is true because each simple statement is true.

Determine whether each proposition is true or false.

Your turn 4

a. 21 is a rational number and 21 is a natural number.

b.
c.

Conditional Operator (if …then )

Conditional statement can be written in “if p, then q” form or “if p, q” form. For instance, all of the following
are conditional statements. o If you passed the test, then I will give you a reward. o If you get sick, then you
will be absent.
In any conditional statement represented by “if , then ” or by “If p, q,” the p statement is called antecedent /
hypothesis and the q statement is called consequent/ conclusion.
The conditional statement is true in all cases, except when the antecedent is true and the consequent is false.
In other words, a true statement is hypothesis cannot imply a false conclusion.

Truth table for

T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

Determine the truth value of each of the following.

Example 6
a. If 2 is an integer, then 2 is a rational number.
b. If 3 is a negative number, then
c. If , then

Solution
a. Because the consequent is true, this is a true statement.

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Module 2 : Mathematical Language and Symbol
)
T T T T F T T
T T F T T T T
T F T F F F F
T F F F T T F
F T T F F T F
F T F F T T F
F F T F F F F
F F F F T T F

row 1 row 2 row 3 row 4 row 5 row 6 row 7 row 8

b. In row 2 of the above truth table, we see that is true when p is true, q is true,
and r is false.

a. Construct a truth table for

Your turn 9 b. Use the truth table that you constructed in part a to determine the truth value of given that
p is false, q is true, and r is false.

LEARNING POINTS

The term logic refers to the science that studies the principle of correct reasoning. Logic requires the act of
reasoning to form thoughts and opinions, as well as classification and judgments. The foundation of logical
argument is its proposition or statement. The proposition is either accurate (true) or not accurate (false) but
not both true and false. The argument is then built on premises. The premises are the propositions used to
build the argument.

A simple statement is a statement that conveys a single idea. A compound statement is

a statement that conveys two or more ideas.
Connecting simple statements with words and phrases such as and, or, if . . . then, and if and only if creates a
compound statement.
George Boole (the one who published The Mathematical Analysis of Logic in 1848) used symbols such as
p, q, r, and s to represent simple statements and the symbols and to represent connectives.

The truth value of a simple statement is either true (T) or false (F).
The truth value of a compound statement depends on the truth values of its simple statements and its
connectives. A truth table is a table that shows the truth value of a compound statement for all possible
truth values of its simple statements.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 3

In exercises 1 to 5. Determine which of the following sentences are propositions and indicate their truth values.
1. Legazpi is the capital of Albay.
2.
3.
for every pair of real numbers and
5. if
5. Answer this question.

In exercises 6 to 8 .Write each sentence in symbolic form. Use and as

defined below. p: Dwayne Wade is a football player. q: Dwayne Wade is a basketball
player. r: Dwayne Wade is a rock star.
s: Dwayne Wade plays for the Miami Heat.
6. Dwayne Wade is a rock star, and he is not a basketball player or a football player.
7. Dwayne Wade is a basketball player, if and only if he is not a football player and he is not a rock star.
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 10. The intersection of the three sets includes the 15 people who like all three activities.

a. Because 140 students like volleyball and 85 like both sports, there must be students who like only volleyball.
b. Because 120 students like basketball and 85 like both sports, there must be students who like only
basketball.
c. The Venn diagram shows that the number of students who like only volleyball plus the number who like only
basketball plus the number who like both sports is 55 + 35 + 85=175. Thus of the 200 students surveyed, only do
not like either of the sports.

Answers to Your turn (lesson 3)

1. a. The sentence “Open the door” is a command. It is not a statement.

b. The word large is not a precise term. It is not possible to determine whether the sentence “7055 is a large
number” is true or false, and thus the sentence is not a statement.
c. You may not know whether the given sentence is true or false, but you know that the sentence is either
true or false and that it is not both true and false. Thus the sentence is a statement.
d. The sentence is a statement because for any given value of , the inequality is true or false, but not both.

2. a. Mayon Volcano is not in Naga.

b. Ninoy is not a hero.
c. The dog needs to be fed.
d. Maria is a teenager.

3. a. c.
b. d.

4. a. True. A conjunction of two statements is true provided that both statements are true.
b. True. A disjunction of two statements is true provided that at least one statement is true.
c. False. If both statements of a disjunction are false, then the disjunction is false.

5 . a. Because the antecedent is true and the consequent is false, the statement is a false statement.
b. Because the antecedent is false, the statement is a true statement.
c. Because the consequent is true, the statement is a true statement.

6. a. Let . Then the first inequality of the biconditional is false, and the second inequality
of the biconditional is true. Thus the given biconditional statement is false.
b. Both inequalities of the biconditional are true for , and both inequalities are false for .
Because both inequalities have the same truth value for any real number x, the given biconditional is true.

7. a.

T T F F F T T row 1 row 2
T F F T T F T row 3 row 4
F T T F F T T
F F T T F T T

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