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Sets
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Sets
Any group or collection of objects is called a set. The
objects that belong in a set are the elements, or members,
of the set. For example, the set consisting of the four
seasons has spring, summer, fall, and winter as its
elements.
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Sets
The following table gives two examples of sets, where each
set is designated by a word description and also by using
the roster method.
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Example 1 – Use the Roster Method to Represent a Set
Solution:
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Example 2 – Use a Word Description to Represent a Set
Solution:
Set A is the set of letters of the English alphabet.
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Sets
The following sets of numbers are used extensively in
many areas of mathematics.
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Sets
The set of natural numbers is also called the set of
counting numbers. The three dots ... are called an ellipsis
and indicate that the elements of the set continue in a
manner suggested by the elements that are listed.
The integers ... , –4, –3, –2, –1 are negative integers. The
integers 1, 2, 3, 4, ... are positive integers. Note that the
natural numbers and the positive integers are the same set
of numbers. The integer zero is neither a positive nor a
negative integer.
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Sets
If a number in decimal form terminates or repeats a block
of digits without end, then the number is a rational number.
Rational numbers can also be written in the form
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Sets
The bar over the 27 means that the block of digits 27
repeats without end; that is,
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Example 3 – Use the Roster Method to Represent a Set of Numbers
Solution:
a. The set of natural numbers is given by
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ...}. The natural numbers less than 5
are 1, 2, 3, and 4. Using the roster method, we write this
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Definitions Regarding Sets
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Definitions Regarding Sets
A set is well defined if it is possible to determine whether
any given item is an element of the set. For instance, the
set of letters of the English alphabet is well defined. The set
of great songs is not a well-defined set.
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Definitions Regarding Sets
The statement “4 is an element of the set of natural
numbers” can be written using mathematical notation
as 4 N. The symbol is read “is an element of.”
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Example 4 – Apply Definitions Regarding Sets
Solution:
a. Since 4 is an element of the given set, the statement is
true.
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Definitions Regarding Sets
The empty set, or null set, is the set that contains no
elements. The symbol or { } is used to represent the
empty set. As an example of the empty set, consider the
set of natural numbers that are negative integers.
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Definitions Regarding Sets
For instance, in set-builder notation, the set of natural
numbers greater than 7 is written as follows:
Solution:
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Definitions Regarding Sets
A set is finite if the number of elements in the set is a
whole number.
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Example 6 – The Cardinality of a Finite Set
Solution:
a. Set J contains exactly two elements, so J has a
cardinality of 2. Using mathematical notation, we state
this as n (J) = 2.
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Definitions Regarding Sets
The following definitions play an important role in our work
with sets.
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Example 7 – Equal Sets and Equivalent Sets
Solution:
a. The sets are not equal. However, each set has exactly
five elements, so the sets are equivalent.
b. The first set has three elements and the second set has
four elements, so the sets are not equal and are not
equivalent.
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