What are principle of critical thinking

3.1 Structure of argument

3.2 Evaluating argument
3.3 Types of argument

Lecturer: SNA( Syed Noman Ali)

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 Learning objective
•Differentiate proposition from other kinds of statement
•Define and identify the arguments and its parts; premises & conclusion
•Evaluate an argument as valid or invalid, sound or unsound
•Build an argument
•Compare inductive and deductive argument

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Logic is…
• The study of argument
• The study of criteria for distinguishing successful from unsuccessful
arguments and the study of methods for applying those criteria.

• An argument is a set of statements, some of which—the premises—are

supposed to support, or give reasons for, the remaining statement—the
conclusion
• In a successful argument the premises
genuinely support the conclusion
• The study of related properties such as
consistency, logical truth, etc.
• The key to a world of wonder
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Non argumentative
Logos--logical arguments

Pathos--causes of emotion in humans

Ethos--character, human goodness, virtue

Definitions:
Statement:
A statement is a declarative sentence; a sentence which attempts to state a fact—as
opposed to a question, command, exclamation, etc.
Argument:
an argument is a (finite) set of statements, some of which—the premises—are supposed to
support, or give reasons for, the remaining statement—the conclusion
Truth Value:
The truth value of a statement is just its truth or falsehood; we assume that every statement
has either the truth value true, or the truth value false, but not both
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STRUCTURE
Reasons
+
Conclusion
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Syllogism
• Man is mortal
• Socrates is a man
• Therefore Socrates is also mortal.

• All A are B
• All B are C
• Therefore All A are D
• ARGUMENT PREMISES
INFERENCE
CONCLUSION

SYLLOGISM

Key Terms
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Cue words for reason

• Since
• Given that
• For
• In view of
• Assuming that
• Furthermore
• Because
• May be derived from
• As indicated by
• Secondly
• As shown by
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Cue words for conclusions

• Then
• Therefore
• Thus
• As a result
• Implies that
• Thereby
• Agree that
• It follows that
• Suggest
• Hence
• Infer that
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EVALUATE
Valid or Invalid
Sound or Unsound
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Activity
• On the average, a person with a college degree will earn more than 50,000
per month than just diploma holder.
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Evaluate
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Evaluating argument
• Only crows are black.
• John is black.
• So, John is a crow

• All actors are celebrities

• Atif is an actor
• Therefore atif is a celebrities

• All monkeys eat banana

• George eats banana
• Therefore ,George is a monkey
 All premises True At least one premise False
Conclusion True 1A 1B

All whales are mammals All whales are fish

All mammals are air-breathers All fish are air-breathers
All whales are air-breathers All whales are air-breathers

Valid & Sound Valid but Unsound

1C 1D
Conclusion False

All whales are reptiles

No Possible Instance All reptiles are birds
(No possible counterexample) All whales are birds

Valid but Unsound

F1 G2
• An argument is valid if the premises do provide conclusive grounds for the
conclusion. Otherwise, the argument is invalid.

• Validity follows the different rules of inference.

What is meant by VALIDITY?

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TYPE OF ARGUMENT
Inductive
Deductive
1.) Deductive argument
- An argument that has premises which gives conclusive grounds for the
truth of the conclusion, or if the premises claim to support the conclusion
with necessity.
- The process is exact.
All priests are humans.
All Popes are priests.
:: All Popes are humans.

Kinds of Argument
2.) Inductive Argument

- Makes the wilder claim that its premises support but do not guarantee the
necessity of its conclusion.
- The conclusion is only given a high probability of correctness and “not”
exactly valid or invalid.
Example
Of all the 50 million swans I saw,
nothing is black.
:: No swan is black.

Kind of argument
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Type
Evaluating Deductive Arguments
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ACTIVITY
Review
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Identify conclusion
1.Forbear to judge ,for we are sinners all.
2.T.V serials should be censored as adolescent experiment with vulgarity as the
media project it as cool.
3.To him belong all that is in the heavens and all that is on earth. And verily ,
Allah is rich ,worthy of all praise.
4.You can't separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace
unless he has freedom.
5.Love is blind. It looks with eyes of heart else from mind.
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Identify sound argument

1. It must be rained lately because I found dream of rain last night.
2. All leopards with lungs are carnivores. Therefore, all leopards are
carnivores.
3. Since some fruits are green, and some fruits are apples, it follows that some
fruits are green apples.
4. Coca-Cola is an extremely popular soft drink. Therefore, probably someone,
somewhere, is drinking a Coke right this minute.
5. Since x + y = 10, and x = 7, it follows that y = 4.
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Deductive or inductive
1.The rainfall in Seattle has been more than 15 inches every year for the past
thirty years. Therefore, the rainfall next year will probably be more than 15
inches.
2.Cholesterol is endogenous with humans. Therefore, it is manufactured inside
the human body.
3.Eternity is simultaneously whole. But time has a before and an after.
Therefore time and eternity are not the same thing.
4.90% chances are to win this game so we will win.
5. Every time I've walked by that dog, it hasn't tried to bite me. So, the next time
I walk by that dog it won't try to bite me.